AP Comparative Government AP Comparative Government

AP Comparative Government and Politics

Politics in Great BritainPolitics in Great Britain

Country Bio: United KingdomCountry Bio: United Kingdom

Pop: 59.6 million Territory: 94,525 sq. miles Year of Independence: 12th

century Constitution: unwritten;

partly statutes, partly common law and practice

Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II

Head of Government: Prime Minister Tony Blair

Language: English, plus about 600,000 who regularly speak Welsh and 60,000 who speak the Scottish form of Gaelic

Pop: 59.6 million Territory: 94,525 sq. miles Year of Independence: 12th

century Constitution: unwritten;

partly statutes, partly common law and practice

Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II

Head of Government: Prime Minister Tony Blair

Language: English, plus about 600,000 who regularly speak Welsh and 60,000 who speak the Scottish form of Gaelic

Religion: Anglican: 26.1 million Roman Catholic: 5.7

million Presbyterian: 2.6 million Methodist: 1.3 million Other Christian: 2.6

million Muslim: 1.5 million Hindu: 500,000 Sikh: 330,000 Jewish: 260,000 Other: 300,000 No religion: 8.6 million Did not state a religion:

4.4 million

Religion: Anglican: 26.1 million Roman Catholic: 5.7

million Presbyterian: 2.6 million Methodist: 1.3 million Other Christian: 2.6

million Muslim: 1.5 million Hindu: 500,000 Sikh: 330,000 Jewish: 260,000 Other: 300,000 No religion: 8.6 million Did not state a religion:

4.4 million

United KingdomUnited Kingdom

Old democracy Britain did not become a democracy

overnight. Evolution not revolution Democratization was a slow process Contrasts with the dominant European

practice of countries switching between democratic and undemocratic regimes

Old democracy Britain did not become a democracy

overnight. Evolution not revolution Democratization was a slow process Contrasts with the dominant European

practice of countries switching between democratic and undemocratic regimes

Policy Challenges Facing BritainPolicy Challenges Facing Britain Thatcher and Blair governments

Opened Britain up to international trade Forced the British economy to become more

competitive Problems

Maintaining economic growth Fighting crime Multiculturalism Blair government: too much “emphasis on selling” Who will succeed him in the Labour Party? What of the Conservative Party?

Cameron

Thatcher and Blair governments Opened Britain up to international trade Forced the British economy to become more

competitive Problems

Maintaining economic growth Fighting crime Multiculturalism Blair government: too much “emphasis on selling” Who will succeed him in the Labour Party? What of the Conservative Party?

Cameron

Policy Challenges Facing BritainPolicy Challenges Facing Britain Liberal Democratic Party

Closest approximation to a “left” party that Britain has today

General Election Where does Britain belong? How should

it act? Leading world power or small neutral

country? 49% favored being a small neutral power; 34%

world power

Liberal Democratic Party Closest approximation to a “left” party that

Britain has today General Election Where does Britain belong? How should

it act? Leading world power or small neutral

country? 49% favored being a small neutral power; 34%

world power

Policy Challenges Facing BritainPolicy Challenges Facing Britain British Empire Commonwealth

Antigua and Australia to Zambia and Zimbabwe differ from each other in many ways including their commitment to democracy.

Special relationship with U.S. Britain’s world position has declined European Community (1957) – now the EU

Britain did not join until 1973. Created more policy challenges: beer in metric

units or a British pint

British Empire Commonwealth

Antigua and Australia to Zambia and Zimbabwe differ from each other in many ways including their commitment to democracy.

Special relationship with U.S. Britain’s world position has declined European Community (1957) – now the EU

Britain did not join until 1973. Created more policy challenges: beer in metric

units or a British pint

The Environment of PoliticsThe Environment of Politics

One Crown but five nations United Kingdom

Great Britain and Ireland created in 1801 Great Britain, the principal part of the UK

was divided into England, Scotland and Wales.

Wales Scotland Northern Ireland

The remainder of Ireland rebelled against the Crown in 1916 and a separate Irish state with its capital in Dublin was recognized in 1921.

One Crown but five nations United Kingdom

Great Britain and Ireland created in 1801 Great Britain, the principal part of the UK

was divided into England, Scotland and Wales.

Wales Scotland Northern Ireland

The remainder of Ireland rebelled against the Crown in 1916 and a separate Irish state with its capital in Dublin was recognized in 1921.

The Environment of PoliticsThe Environment of Politics

A union: a political system having only one source of authority, the British Parliament

National identity – UK is a multinational state Historically, Scotland and Wales have been governed by

British Cabinet ministers accountable to the Westminster Parliament. In May, 1999, a Scottish Parliament with powers to legislate, tax,

and spend was first elected to sit in Edinburgh. 129 seat Parliament Mixed system: first pas the post and proportional ballots.

Welsh Parliament (1999) 60 seat Welsh Assembly; Mixed system

Northern Ireland is the most un-English part of the UK Formally a secular polity National identity questions: Catholics and Protestants In turmoil since 1968; IRA British policy in N.Ireland has been erratic Good Friday Agreement

A union: a political system having only one source of authority, the British Parliament

National identity – UK is a multinational state Historically, Scotland and Wales have been governed by

British Cabinet ministers accountable to the Westminster Parliament. In May, 1999, a Scottish Parliament with powers to legislate, tax,

and spend was first elected to sit in Edinburgh. 129 seat Parliament Mixed system: first pas the post and proportional ballots.

Welsh Parliament (1999) 60 seat Welsh Assembly; Mixed system

Northern Ireland is the most un-English part of the UK Formally a secular polity National identity questions: Catholics and Protestants In turmoil since 1968; IRA British policy in N.Ireland has been erratic Good Friday Agreement

A Multiracial BritainA Multiracial Britain

Relatively small but noteworthy number of immigrants from other parts of Europe

The worldwide British Empire was multi-racial but not democratic. It is now a multiracial commonwealth. These immigrants have only one characteristic in common: they are

not white. 2001 census estimated the nonwhite population of the UK had risen

from 74,000 to 4.6 million 2006 the Home Office minister (immigration control) admitted that

there were hundred of thousands of illegal immigrants in Britain. British born offspring of immigrants largely see themselves as

British, but many do not. Only 2/5s of Chinese identify as Chinese. Since 9/11 Labour’s focus has been to stress the integration of

immigrant families into the British way of life. Response to terrorist attacks: increase police powers;

restrictions on asylum seekers; deportation made easier

Relatively small but noteworthy number of immigrants from other parts of Europe

The worldwide British Empire was multi-racial but not democratic. It is now a multiracial commonwealth. These immigrants have only one characteristic in common: they are

not white. 2001 census estimated the nonwhite population of the UK had risen

from 74,000 to 4.6 million 2006 the Home Office minister (immigration control) admitted that

there were hundred of thousands of illegal immigrants in Britain. British born offspring of immigrants largely see themselves as

British, but many do not. Only 2/5s of Chinese identify as Chinese. Since 9/11 Labour’s focus has been to stress the integration of

immigrant families into the British way of life. Response to terrorist attacks: increase police powers;

restrictions on asylum seekers; deportation made easier

The Legacy of HistoryThe Legacy of History

Britain has a long past; limits current choices General positive legacy Great continuity of political institutions

When did it develop a modern system of government? No agreement on this question Queen Victoria’s reign (1837-1901)

Britain has a long past; limits current choices General positive legacy Great continuity of political institutions

When did it develop a modern system of government? No agreement on this question Queen Victoria’s reign (1837-1901)

The Legacy of History: Developments since WWII can be divided into five stagesThe Legacy of History: Developments since WWII can be divided into five stages

1944 - Churchill: mixed economy Keynesian welfare state

1951-1965 – Churchill and the Conservative Party maintained a consensus about the welfare state – led to consumer prosperity. Failure to seize the Suez Canal.

1944 - Churchill: mixed economy Keynesian welfare state

1951-1965 – Churchill and the Conservative Party maintained a consensus about the welfare state – led to consumer prosperity. Failure to seize the Suez Canal.

The Legacy of History: Developments since WWII can be divided into five stagesThe Legacy of History: Developments since WWII can be divided into five stages

Early 1960s – age of “hyper-innovation” – Labour Party- “Let’s go with Labor” 1970s Heath’s Conservative government – Britain

becomes member of the European Community Fourth stage: Thatcher’s radical break with

both the Wilson and Heath policies Thatcher never won more than 43% of the total vote

but division within the other parties helped her win. But public spending continued to grow in her era. Autocratic governing style; replaced by John Major

Fifth state; Tony Blair – Labour leader in 1994. 2nd longest serving prime minister of the past

century Successor

Early 1960s – age of “hyper-innovation” – Labour Party- “Let’s go with Labor” 1970s Heath’s Conservative government – Britain

becomes member of the European Community Fourth stage: Thatcher’s radical break with

both the Wilson and Heath policies Thatcher never won more than 43% of the total vote

but division within the other parties helped her win. But public spending continued to grow in her era. Autocratic governing style; replaced by John Major

Fifth state; Tony Blair – Labour leader in 1994. 2nd longest serving prime minister of the past

century Successor

The Structure of GovernmentThe Structure of Government

Descriptions of a government often start with its constitution. England never had a written constitution. Unwritten constitution

Vagueness makes it flexible Few constraints in an unwritten constitution

compared to a written one U.S. Constitution amendment procedure Britain: can be changed by majority vote in

Parliament or by the government of the day choosing to act in an unprecedented manner

English courts claim no power to declare an act of Parliament unconstitutional.

Descriptions of a government often start with its constitution. England never had a written constitution. Unwritten constitution

Vagueness makes it flexible Few constraints in an unwritten constitution

compared to a written one U.S. Constitution amendment procedure Britain: can be changed by majority vote in

Parliament or by the government of the day choosing to act in an unprecedented manner

English courts claim no power to declare an act of Parliament unconstitutional.

The Crown and GovernmentThe Crown and Government

Crown rather than a constitution symbolizes the authority of government. Monarch only ceremonial head of state.

What constitutes the Crown? Government Government officials Whitehall Downing Street Parliament Collectively referred to as Westminster

Crown rather than a constitution symbolizes the authority of government. Monarch only ceremonial head of state.

What constitutes the Crown? Government Government officials Whitehall Downing Street Parliament Collectively referred to as Westminster

The Prime MinisterThe Prime Minister

Prime minister Primus inter pares Imperatives of the prime minister

Winning elections Campaigning through the media Patronage Parliamentary performance Making and balancing policies

Prime minister Primus inter pares Imperatives of the prime minister

Winning elections Campaigning through the media Patronage Parliamentary performance Making and balancing policies

The Cabinet and Cabinet MinistersThe Cabinet and Cabinet Ministers Consists of senior ministers appointed by the

prime minister. They must be either members of the House of Commons or of the House of Lords.

No longer a place for collective deliberation about policies.

Remain important as department heads Major Whitehall departments differ greatly from

each other Home Office – Home Secretary Treasury – Chancellor of the Exchequer

Political reputation of Cabinet ministers depends on their success in promoting the interests of their department in parliament, in the media and in battles within Whitehall.

Consists of senior ministers appointed by the prime minister. They must be either members of the House of Commons or of the House of Lords.

No longer a place for collective deliberation about policies.

Remain important as department heads Major Whitehall departments differ greatly from

each other Home Office – Home Secretary Treasury – Chancellor of the Exchequer

Political reputation of Cabinet ministers depends on their success in promoting the interests of their department in parliament, in the media and in battles within Whitehall.

The Civil ServiceThe Civil Service

Largest number of civil servants are clerical staff with little discretion.

The most important group of civil servants is the smallest Advise ministers and oversee work of their departments Top civil servants are bipartisan, being ready to work for

whichever party is the winner of an election Thatcher: focus on making civil service more

businesslike Save money for tax cuts

Blair continued to focus on businesslike civil service but with the goal of providing more public services without raising taxes.

Largest number of civil servants are clerical staff with little discretion.

The most important group of civil servants is the smallest Advise ministers and oversee work of their departments Top civil servants are bipartisan, being ready to work for

whichever party is the winner of an election Thatcher: focus on making civil service more

businesslike Save money for tax cuts

Blair continued to focus on businesslike civil service but with the goal of providing more public services without raising taxes.

The Role of ParliamentThe Role of Parliament

The principal division in Parliament is between the party with a majority of seats in the House of Commons and the opposition party. If a bill or motion is identified as a vote of confidence

in the government, the government will fall if it is defeated.

MPs from the majority party generally vote as the party leadership instructs Only by voting as a bloc can their party maintain control of

government If you vote against, it is a “rebellion”

Whitehall departments draft bills presented to Parliament

Government rather than Parliament sets the budget

The principal division in Parliament is between the party with a majority of seats in the House of Commons and the opposition party. If a bill or motion is identified as a vote of confidence

in the government, the government will fall if it is defeated.

MPs from the majority party generally vote as the party leadership instructs Only by voting as a bloc can their party maintain control of

government If you vote against, it is a “rebellion”

Whitehall departments draft bills presented to Parliament

Government rather than Parliament sets the budget

The Role of ParliamentThe Role of Parliament

Functions of MPs First, weigh political reputations MPs in the governing party have

private access to the government ministers. Role of the whip

Third, publicizing issues Scrutinizing legislation Examine how Whitehall departments

administer public policies

Functions of MPs First, weigh political reputations MPs in the governing party have

private access to the government ministers. Role of the whip

Third, publicizing issues Scrutinizing legislation Examine how Whitehall departments

administer public policies

The Role of ParliamentThe Role of Parliament

House of Lords Unique as a second chamber because it was initially

composed of hereditary peers 1999 the Labour government abolished the right of all

but 92 hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords Big majority of its members are life peers who have been

given a lifelong title for achievement in one or another public sphere

No party has a majority there 750 members

Government often introduces relatively noncontroversial legislation in the Lords if it deals with technical matters

Uses the Lords as a revising chamber to amend bills Lords cannot veto legislation, but it can and does

amend or delay the passage of some government bills

House of Lords Unique as a second chamber because it was initially

composed of hereditary peers 1999 the Labour government abolished the right of all

but 92 hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords Big majority of its members are life peers who have been

given a lifelong title for achievement in one or another public sphere

No party has a majority there 750 members

Government often introduces relatively noncontroversial legislation in the Lords if it deals with technical matters

Uses the Lords as a revising chamber to amend bills Lords cannot veto legislation, but it can and does

amend or delay the passage of some government bills

The Role of ParliamentThe Role of Parliament

The limited influence of both houses of Parliament encourages proposals for reform.

Controversies around the House of Lords Necessary but… Legitimacy issues

The limited influence of both houses of Parliament encourages proposals for reform.

Controversies around the House of Lords Necessary but… Legitimacy issues

Government as NetworkGovernment as Network

Within the Whitehall network, a core set of political figures are especially important in determining policies. Prime minister Chancellor of the Exchequer, head of

the Treasury

Within the Whitehall network, a core set of political figures are especially important in determining policies. Prime minister Chancellor of the Exchequer, head of

the Treasury

Political Culture and LegitimacyPolitical Culture and Legitimacy

Trusteeship theory of government Interest group theory Individualist theory

Trusteeship theory of government Interest group theory Individualist theory

The Legitimacy of GovernmentThe Legitimacy of Government Evidenced by the readiness of the

British people to comply with basic political laws

Not related to economic calculations Symbols of a common past, such as

the monarchy, are sometimes cited as major determinants of legitimacy.

Habit and tradition

Evidenced by the readiness of the British people to comply with basic political laws

Not related to economic calculations Symbols of a common past, such as

the monarchy, are sometimes cited as major determinants of legitimacy.

Habit and tradition

Abuses of PowerAbuses of Power

Power of the government to get away with mistakes is support by Official secrecy Doctrine of collective cabinet responsibility

Examples of misleading parliament and the people

Distrust of elected representatives Decline in ministerial accountability to

parliament

Power of the government to get away with mistakes is support by Official secrecy Doctrine of collective cabinet responsibility

Examples of misleading parliament and the people

Distrust of elected representatives Decline in ministerial accountability to

parliament

Culture as a Constraint on PolicyCulture as a Constraint on Policy The values of the political culture

impose limitations on the scope of public policy. Cultural norms about freedom of speech

prevent political censorship. Today, the most significant limits on the

scope of public policy are practical and political. Health care limited by the economy and the

reluctance to raise taxes

The values of the political culture impose limitations on the scope of public policy. Cultural norms about freedom of speech

prevent political censorship. Today, the most significant limits on the

scope of public policy are practical and political. Health care limited by the economy and the

reluctance to raise taxes

Political SocializationPolitical Socialization

Socialization influences the political division of labor. Family and Gender Education Class Mass Media

Socialization influences the political division of labor. Family and Gender Education Class Mass Media

Political ParticipationPolitical Participation

The wider the definition of political participation, the greater the number who can be said to be involved.

The most politically involved are no more than 1/10 of the electorate. Those who say they are interested in

politics, take part in a demonstration or are active in a party or pressure group.

The wider the definition of political participation, the greater the number who can be said to be involved.

The most politically involved are no more than 1/10 of the electorate. Those who say they are interested in

politics, take part in a demonstration or are active in a party or pressure group.

Political RecruitmentPolitical Recruitment

The most important political roles in Britain are those of Cabinet minister, higher civil servant, partisan advisers, and intermittent public persons (experts).

Each group has its own recruitment pattern.

Selective recruitment

The most important political roles in Britain are those of Cabinet minister, higher civil servant, partisan advisers, and intermittent public persons (experts).

Each group has its own recruitment pattern.

Selective recruitment

Organizing Group InterestsOrganizing Group Interests

Civil society (institutions independent of government) has flourished in Britain for centuries. Confederation of British Industries Big business- direct contacts with

Whitehall and with ministers Trades Union Congress

Civil society (institutions independent of government) has flourished in Britain for centuries. Confederation of British Industries Big business- direct contacts with

Whitehall and with ministers Trades Union Congress

What Interest Groups WantWhat Interest Groups Want

Most interest groups pursue four goals: Information about government policies and changes

in policies Sympathetic administration of established policies Influence on policymaking Symbolic status

Reciprocal benefits to government Cooperation in administering and implementing

policies Information about what is happening in their field Evaluation of the consequences of policies under

consideration Support for government initiatives

Most interest groups pursue four goals: Information about government policies and changes

in policies Sympathetic administration of established policies Influence on policymaking Symbolic status

Reciprocal benefits to government Cooperation in administering and implementing

policies Information about what is happening in their field Evaluation of the consequences of policies under

consideration Support for government initiatives

Organizing for Political Action in Civil SocietyOrganizing for Political Action in Civil Society

Insider pressure groups Outsider pressure groups State-distancing strategy

Less reliance on negotiations with interest groups and more on independent authority of the Crown

Insider pressure groups Outsider pressure groups State-distancing strategy

Less reliance on negotiations with interest groups and more on independent authority of the Crown

Party System and Electoral ChoiceParty System and Electoral Choice A general election must occur at least once every five years Within that period, the prime minister is free to call an

election at any time. Winner is the candidate who is first past the post (plurality) The winner nationally is the party that gains the most

constituency seats. Two party system Multiparty system To win a substantial number of seats in the House of

Commons, a party must either gain at least one-third of the popular vote nationally or concentrate its votes in a limited number of constituencies.

The distribution of seats in the House of Commons different from the distribution of the share of votes

May have as little as 35 percent of the popular vote

A general election must occur at least once every five years Within that period, the prime minister is free to call an

election at any time. Winner is the candidate who is first past the post (plurality) The winner nationally is the party that gains the most

constituency seats. Two party system Multiparty system To win a substantial number of seats in the House of

Commons, a party must either gain at least one-third of the popular vote nationally or concentrate its votes in a limited number of constituencies.

The distribution of seats in the House of Commons different from the distribution of the share of votes

May have as little as 35 percent of the popular vote

Control of Party OrganizationControl of Party Organization

Much of the work of party organizations is devoted to keeping together three disparate parts of the party: Those who vote for it; The minority who are active in its

constituency associations; And the party in Parliament.

Much of the work of party organizations is devoted to keeping together three disparate parts of the party: Those who vote for it; The minority who are active in its

constituency associations; And the party in Parliament.

Control of Party OrganizationControl of Party Organization

Each British party leader is elected by rules that differ from party to party. Labor Party

Electoral college composed of three groups: Labour MPs, constituency party members, and trade unions

Conservative Party Until 1965 the party leader was not elected but “emerged” as a result

of consultation among senior MPs and peers. Since then they have elected their leader.

First a ballot among Conservative MPs; then the two MPs with the most votes are then voted on by the party membership at large

Liberal Democrats Have a small central organization Candidates for leadership are nominated by Liberal MPs and the

leadership is determined by vote of the party’s membership. Party leader is strongest when he or she is also prime minister.

Each British party leader is elected by rules that differ from party to party. Labor Party

Electoral college composed of three groups: Labour MPs, constituency party members, and trade unions

Conservative Party Until 1965 the party leader was not elected but “emerged” as a result

of consultation among senior MPs and peers. Since then they have elected their leader.

First a ballot among Conservative MPs; then the two MPs with the most votes are then voted on by the party membership at large

Liberal Democrats Have a small central organization Candidates for leadership are nominated by Liberal MPs and the

leadership is determined by vote of the party’s membership. Party leader is strongest when he or she is also prime minister.

Party Images and AppealsParty Images and Appeals

While the terminology of the left and right is part of the language of elite politicians, it is rejected by the great majority of British voters. Median voter tends to choose the central position Only a tenth place themselves on the far left or far right Much consensus among voters on a variety of issues Big divisions in contemporary British politics often cut across party

lines European Union Iraq War

Parties increasingly emphasize collectivist economic interests and consensual goals.

While the terminology of the left and right is part of the language of elite politicians, it is rejected by the great majority of British voters. Median voter tends to choose the central position Only a tenth place themselves on the far left or far right Much consensus among voters on a variety of issues Big divisions in contemporary British politics often cut across party

lines European Union Iraq War

Parties increasingly emphasize collectivist economic interests and consensual goals.

Party Images and AppealsParty Images and Appeals

In office, the governing party has the votes to enact any parliamentary legislation it wishes, regardless of protests by the opposition. For every government bill that the opposition votes

against on principle in the House of Commons, three are adopted with interparty agreement.

New governments must also enforce the laws enacted by the previous governments.

In office, the governing party has the votes to enact any parliamentary legislation it wishes, regardless of protests by the opposition. For every government bill that the opposition votes

against on principle in the House of Commons, three are adopted with interparty agreement.

New governments must also enforce the laws enacted by the previous governments.

Central Authority and Decentralized Delivery of Policies

Central Authority and Decentralized Delivery of Policies In a unitary state, political authority is centralized.

They are binding on all public agencies through Acts of Parliament and regulations prepared in Whitehall.

Delivery of services Turning good intentions into a program takes time and money. Running the Whitehall obstacle race is the first step in intra-

governmental politics. Because of Treasury control of public expenditure, before a bill

can be put to Parliament, the Treasury must authorize the additional expenditures required, because increased spending implies increased taxation.

A departmental minister must pilot a bill through Parliament. If controversial, attacks from the Opposition and a host of

amendments designed to test the minister’s understanding of a policy.

Minister may also negotiate agreement with public agencies outside Whitehall, and with affected interest groups.

In a unitary state, political authority is centralized. They are binding on all public agencies through Acts of

Parliament and regulations prepared in Whitehall. Delivery of services

Turning good intentions into a program takes time and money. Running the Whitehall obstacle race is the first step in intra-

governmental politics. Because of Treasury control of public expenditure, before a bill

can be put to Parliament, the Treasury must authorize the additional expenditures required, because increased spending implies increased taxation.

A departmental minister must pilot a bill through Parliament. If controversial, attacks from the Opposition and a host of

amendments designed to test the minister’s understanding of a policy.

Minister may also negotiate agreement with public agencies outside Whitehall, and with affected interest groups.

Central Authority and Decentralized Delivery of Policies

Central Authority and Decentralized Delivery of Policies Local government is subordinate to central government and

in Scotland and Wales to devolved representative assemblies.

Local council elections are fought on party lines. Local government is usually divided into two tiers of county

and district councils, each with responsibility for some local services. Jumble of more or less local institutions delivering such public

services as education, police protection, refuse collection, housing, and cemeteries.

Central government financial grants are the largest source of local government revenue.

Both Conservative and Labour parties are centralist. Centralization is justified in terms of territorial justice.

Local government is subordinate to central government and in Scotland and Wales to devolved representative assemblies.

Local council elections are fought on party lines. Local government is usually divided into two tiers of county

and district councils, each with responsibility for some local services. Jumble of more or less local institutions delivering such public

services as education, police protection, refuse collection, housing, and cemeteries.

Central government financial grants are the largest source of local government revenue.

Both Conservative and Labour parties are centralist. Centralization is justified in terms of territorial justice.

Central Authority and Decentralized Delivery of Policies

Central Authority and Decentralized Delivery of Policies Devolution Executive agencies

National Health Service (NHS) Quangos

Quasi-Autonomous Non-Governmental Organizations Advisory Committees Administrative Tribunals

Turning to the Market Privatization

Devolution Executive agencies

National Health Service (NHS) Quangos

Quasi-Autonomous Non-Governmental Organizations Advisory Committees Administrative Tribunals

Turning to the Market Privatization

Central Authority and Decentralized Delivery of Policies

Central Authority and Decentralized Delivery of Policies Civil service has relied on trust in delivering policies. Trust has been replaced by contracts. Theory of British government is centralist.

All roads lead to Downing Street; influence is contingent - it varies with the problem at hand

Public policy matters Government relies on three major resources to produce

the benefits of public policy: laws, money, and personnel. Social security most costly program of the British

government Stealth taxes

Civil service has relied on trust in delivering policies. Trust has been replaced by contracts. Theory of British government is centralist.

All roads lead to Downing Street; influence is contingent - it varies with the problem at hand

Public policy matters Government relies on three major resources to produce

the benefits of public policy: laws, money, and personnel. Social security most costly program of the British

government Stealth taxes

Policy Outcomes and Changes in SocietyPolicy Outcomes and Changes in Society

In an open society, like that of Britain, social conditions are a consequence of the interaction of public policies, the national and international economy, the not-for-profit institutions of civil society, and individual and household activities free of state control. Defense is a unique responsibility of government. Crime prevention

Policing AND whether there are lots of unemployed youths ready to violate the laws in pursuit of money.

British economy has grown since WWII. Living standards are high. Everyone makes use of publicly financed health and

education services.

In an open society, like that of Britain, social conditions are a consequence of the interaction of public policies, the national and international economy, the not-for-profit institutions of civil society, and individual and household activities free of state control. Defense is a unique responsibility of government. Crime prevention

Policing AND whether there are lots of unemployed youths ready to violate the laws in pursuit of money.

British economy has grown since WWII. Living standards are high. Everyone makes use of publicly financed health and

education services.

Policy Outcomes and Changes in SocietyPolicy Outcomes and Changes in Society

Popular expectations Generally low

Decades of economic difficulties have lowered expectations of what government can do to make the economy grow or prevent unemployment.

British people do not hold government responsible for what is most important in their lives

Personal circumstances are evaluated very differently from public policy.

Popular expectations Generally low

Decades of economic difficulties have lowered expectations of what government can do to make the economy grow or prevent unemployment.

British people do not hold government responsible for what is most important in their lives

Personal circumstances are evaluated very differently from public policy.