CANADA CANADA

Capital:Capital: OttawaOttawa45°24′N 75°40′W45°24′N 75°40′W

Largest city:Largest city: TorontoTorontoOfficial languages:Official languages: English and English and

FrenchFrench

CANADA  CANADA  is a is a North American country consisting of  country consisting of 

ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of . Located in the northern part of

the continent  . the continent  .

Government and politicsGovernment and politics

Canada has a Canada has a parliamentary system within  within the context of a the context of a constitutional monarchy, , the the monarchy of Canada being the  being the foundation of the executive, foundation of the executive, legislative, , and and judicial branches.The sovereign is branches.The sovereign is Queen Queen Elizabeth II, who also serves as , who also serves as head of state of head of state of 15 other Commonwealth countries and  and each of Canada's ten provinces. As such, each of Canada's ten provinces. As such, the Queen's representative, the the Queen's representative, the Governor General of Canada (at present  (at present David Lloyd Johnston), carries out most of ), carries out most of the federal royal duties in Canada.the federal royal duties in Canada.

ECONOMYECONOMY

Canada is the world's Canada is the world's eleventh-largest economy, with a 2012, with a 2012

nominal GDP of approximately US$1.77  of approximately US$1.77 trillion.It is a member of the trillion.It is a member of the 

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

 (OECD) and the  (OECD) and the G8, and is one of the , and is one of the world's top ten world's top ten trading nations, with a , with a

highly highly globalized economy . economy .Canada is a Canada is a mixed economy, ranking above the US and , ranking above the US and

most western European nations on the most western European nations on the Heritage Foundation's index of economic freedom. 's index of economic freedom.

  is the world's is the world's second-largest country by total area

, and its , and its common border with  with the the United States is the world's  is the world's

longest longest land border. .

Science and technologyScience and technology

In 2011, Canada spent approximately C$29.9 In 2011, Canada spent approximately C$29.9 billion on domestic billion on domestic research and development. As . As of 2012, the country has produced fourteen of 2012, the country has produced fourteen Nobel laureates in  in physics,,chemistry and  and medicine,[165] and was ranked fourth worldwide ,[165] and was ranked fourth worldwide for scientific research quality in a major 2012 for scientific research quality in a major 2012 survey of international scientists.It is additionally survey of international scientists.It is additionally home to a number of global technology home to a number of global technology firms.] Canada ranks seventeenth in the world for firms.] Canada ranks seventeenth in the world for Internet users as a proportion of the population, Internet users as a proportion of the population, with over 28.4 million users, equivalent to around with over 28.4 million users, equivalent to around 83 percent of its total 2012 population.83 percent of its total 2012 population.

Science and technology in CanadaScience and technology in Canada

Canada is a participant in the International Space Canada is a participant in the International Space Station (ISS), and is a pioneer in space robotics, Station (ISS), and is a pioneer in space robotics, having constructed having constructed the Canadarm,Canadarm2 and Dextre robotic the Canadarm,Canadarm2 and Dextre robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA's Space manipulators for the ISS and NASA's Space Shuttle.  Shuttle.  anada has also produced a anada has also produced a successful and widely used sounding successful and widely used sounding rocket, the Black Brant; over 1,000 Black rocket, the Black Brant; over 1,000 Black Brants have been launched since the Brants have been launched since the rocket's introduction in 1961.rocket's introduction in 1961.

sportsport Canada's official national sports are ice hockey Canada's official national sports are ice hockey

and lacrosse.Seven of Canada's eight largest and lacrosse.Seven of Canada's eight largest metropolitan areas – Toronto, Montreal, metropolitan areas – Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton and Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton and Winnipeg – have franchises in the National Winnipeg – have franchises in the National Hockey League (NHL). Other popular spectator Hockey League (NHL). Other popular spectator sports in Canada include curling and football; the sports in Canada include curling and football; the latter is played professionally in the Canadian latter is played professionally in the Canadian Football League (CFL). Golf, baseball, skiing, Football League (CFL). Golf, baseball, skiing, soccer, cricket, volleyball, rugby league and soccer, cricket, volleyball, rugby league and basketball are widely played at youth and basketball are widely played at youth and amateur levels, but professional leagues and amateur levels, but professional leagues and franchises are not widespread.Canada has franchises are not widespread.Canada has participated in almost every Olympic Games.participated in almost every Olympic Games.

Some important monuments in Some important monuments in canadacanada

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