Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Why are pre printing skills important?
Developing pre printing skills within a project based learning model
Attention span
Behavior
Language
Gross Motor
Visual Perception
Fine Motor
Visual motor integration
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Allows students to be creative and flexible
about how they demonstrate mastery of
prerequisite skills
Allows students to work at their level of
development
Provides opportunity to be successful
Keeps students interested and engaged
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Opportunities
› Provide multiple
activities that work
on the same skills.
› “something for
everyone”
Materials
› Materials to address
skills as multiple
developmental levels
› Use a wide variety
and BE CREATIVE!
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Prerequisite to printing acquisition:
A child must demonstrate an ability to sit
in place for at least 10 minutes
A child should be able to stay on task
(doing a preferred activity) for at least 10
minutes
Pre printing skills- July 2010
The child must be cooperative and
demonstrating some interest in doing fine
motor/ table top activities
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Must be able to understand and follow
basic instructions
› Developmental issue
› ESL
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Must have sufficient
balance to sit
unsupported and
reach outside centre
of gravity
Importance of proper
seated position
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Proximal support allows distal movement› Lying on floor supported by arms
› Working on vertical surfaces
› Tug of war
› Climbing
› Animal walks
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Spatial words (on self,
others, objects)
› Big, little, up, down,
beside, near, touching,
left/ right
Visual Discrimination
› Same/different
› Visual figure ground
(Where’s Waldo?)
› Orientation in space
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Grasp patterns
Controlled Release
Grip/ pinch strength
In-Hand
manipulation
Bilateral
Coordination
Ability to cross
midline
Hand dominance
Separation of skilled
side of the hand
Pencil Grasp
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Develops from Palm
fingers and Pinkie
thumb
Grasp patterns
› Palmar (power)
› multi-digital
› pincer
› tripod
› Lateral (key)
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Muscle strength of the hand and fingers increase
as children grow and participate in everyday
activities.
Climbing, playing with toys and performing self
care activities help to develop and strengthen the
muscles of the hands and fingers.
Strengthening the muscles of the hand and
fingers helps to develop endurance
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Grip Strength refers to strength of the whole hand.
› encourage independence in everyday activities
› Provide a wide variety of fine/gross motor experiences
› Gross motor activities (climbing, hanging, bat/ball
activities)
› Activities that involve gripping against resistance will
increase hand strength (Playdoh, lego, pop beads,
hammering, stapling, opening/ closing/ twisting
activities, mixing/kneading, tug-of-war)
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Pinch strength refers to the thumb and index finger
(and the middle finger if required)
› Make small balls (beads) of playdoh using only the
thumb and index finger
› Pick up small objects using clothespins, tweezers
or a strawberry huller
› Beading, lacing cards, nuts and bolts, wind up
toys,
› Self care activities (buttoning, zippers, tying shoes)
Pre printing skills- July 2010
In-hand manipulation involves manipulating an
object within one hand and is one of the most complex
fine motor skills.
Children who have difficulty with in-hand
manipulation may be slow or unable to complete
some everyday tasks (especially pencil paper tasks).
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Encourage use of the preferred hand and
discourage use of the other hand, chest or
tabletop for assistance.
Squirreling
De-squirreling
Rotating objects
Translation/ pencil activities
Pre printing skills- July 2010
The ability to use two hands together in a
coordinated fashion 1 – 3 months: awareness of two hands.
3 – 6 months: reach hands out together to get an object.
5 – 10 months: transfer objects between hands.
10 – 18 months: stabilizes with one hand, manipulates
object with the other; for example, hold drum with one
hand while the other hits it with a stick.
18 – 36 months: both hands manipulate but do different
actions.
Pre printing skills- July 2010
This is an important developmental milestone that develops
simultaneously with hand dominance.
Occurs when one hand reaches across the centre of the body
(trunk) to the other side, without shifting the whole body. Those
who have difficulties with this tend to shift the body to the side,
or do the activity with the closest hand regardless of hand
dominance. This is not considered to be an efficient pattern of
movement for task completion.
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Most literature cites that hand dominance is
established by age seven. Hand dominance is seen
as early as age three.
Dominance is mainly influenced by genetics, and there
is a strong predisposition for one hand to be more skilled
than the other. About 10% of the general population has a
left hand dominance.
Ambidextrous is defined as "using both hands with
equal ease" About 1% of the population is ambidextrous-
they can use either hand interchangeably to complete a
fine motor task.
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Mixed Hand Preference-
There are people who interchange their dominance
depending on the task. For example, those who
swing right with a baseball bat, but left with a golf
club.
Their dominance is task specific. (some students
print with their right and cut with their left.) If the
quality of their work does not suffer, these students
are functional for all intents and purposes. These
students should be encouraged to always use the
same hand for a given activity.
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Laterality- Refers to the relationship of the
dominance of the eye, hand and
foot. Individuals are referred to as having a
right eye-hand-foot dominance. When this
is mixed, i.e., right eye-left hand-right foot,
this is referred to as a Mixed Dominance.
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Skilled side (thumb) vs. stabilizing side (pinkie)
› Materials: scissors, tongs, tweezers, clothespins,
spray bottles,
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Palmar- grasp
1-1.5 years
Static tripod grasp
3.5-4 years
Digital-pronate grasp
2-3 years
Dynamic Tripod grasp
Pre printing skills- July 2010
4.5-6 years
15-20% have an atypical grasp (some are functional)
To be functional a pencil grasp must :
› Provide adequate pencil control
› Allow the user to see pencil tip
› Have dynamic movement
› Be sustainable without fatigue
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Small sponges
Small pieces of chalk or crayons
Pencils etc that are sized for small hands
For students who use a palmar grasp use a
practice golf ball or egg shaped chalk,
crayons and markers
Pencil grips
Pencil seat belt
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Small chalk pieces Sponges for wet-dry-
try
Pencil seat belt Practice golf ball
Grotto Grip Appropriately sized pencilsPre printing skills- July 2010
Twist and Write The pencil grip
Pencil seat belt Practice golf ball
Grotto Grip
Pre printing skills- July 2010
General Eye/Hand Coordination
› Ball skills (change size and speed)
› Beading
› Building with blocks or Lego
› Popping bubbles
› Finger games (Itsy bitsy spider)
› Crafts
› Pencil Control activities
Colouring, drawing, dot to dots, mazes
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Holds Crayon (small bits to encourage correct grasp)
Aim/ Target
Fill in colouring
› Random scribbling
› Linear without control
Unaware of lines
Aware of lines but unable to stay within
› Linear with control
Controls stroke length
Adjusts stroke direction
Changes colours
Outlines pictures
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Directed Drawing
› Imitation
copying
Independent
› Helps develop spatial
relationships
› Helps develop
partwhole
› Increases confidence
› Can correct common
errors
Draw a Person
› Draws a circle with
eyes, nose and mouth
› Arm and legs (no
body)
› Body but parts not
connected
Facial features, hands
and feet, clothes
Pre printing skills- July 2010
Help develop shoulder
stability
Promotes an extended
wrist position
“Up is up and down is
down”
Pre printing skills- July 2010
While Fine motor skills are developing rapidly at this
age, visual perceptual abilities develop slower and
follow a very predictable order.
Should be able to imitate then copy the following
shapes:
Pre printing skills- July 2010
2;10 5;6
Although students will not be receiving
formal printing instruction in
kindergarten, it is important to correct bad
habits if they are observed:
› Awkward pencil grasps
› Letter reversals
› Incorrect letter formations (starting letters at
the bottom)
Pre printing skills- July 2010