Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments · 2004-03-22 · Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments ... See the back of this report for further

ISBN 1-85957-435-1

Plastic Flame Retardants:Technology and Current

Developments

J. Innes and A. Innes(Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham)

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Item 1Macromolecules33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICALBEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANESPil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae HanAkron,University

The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- andether-based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injectionmoulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on thevariations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with timeobserved during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicatedthat variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealingvery much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with timeduring isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experimentsindicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in theheating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphaseseparation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs couldnot be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment.The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus variedwith temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs.

GOODRICH B.F.USA

Accession no.771897

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Previous Titles Still AvailableVolume 1Report 3 Advanced Composites, D.K. Thomas, RAE, Farnborough.

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Report 8 Engineering Thermoplastics, I.T. Barrie, Consultant.

Report 11 Communications Applications of Polymers,R. Spratling, British Telecom.

Report 12 Process Control in the Plastics Industry,R.F. Evans, Engelmann & Buckham Ancillaries.

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Report 14 Polymers and Their Uses in the Sports and LeisureIndustries, A.L. Cox and R.P. Brown, RapraTechnology Ltd.

Report 15 Polyurethane, Materials, Processing andApplications, G. Woods, Consultant.

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Report 17 Extrusion, G.M. Gale, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 18 Agricultural and Horticultural Applications ofPolymers, J.C. Garnaud, International Committee forPlastics in Agriculture.

Report 19 Recycling and Disposal of Plastics Packaging,R.C. Fox, Plas/Tech Ltd.

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Report 21 Materials Handling in the Polymer Industry,H. Hardy, Chronos Richardson Ltd.

Report 22 Electronics Applications of Polymers, M.T.Goosey,Plessey Research (Caswell) Ltd.

Report 23 Offshore Applications of Polymers, J.W.Brockbank,Avon Industrial Polymers Ltd.

Report 24 Recent Developments in Materials for FoodPackaging, R.A. Roberts, Pira Packaging Division.

Volume 3Report 25 Foams and Blowing Agents, J.M. Methven, Cellcom

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Report 26 Polymers and Structural Composites in CivilEngineering, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.

Report 27 Injection Moulding of Rubber, M.A. Wheelans,Consultant.

Report 28 Adhesives for Structural and EngineeringApplications, C. O’Reilly, Loctite (Ireland) Ltd.

Report 29 Polymers in Marine Applications, C.F.Britton,Corrosion Monitoring Consultancy.

Report 30 Non-destructive Testing of Polymers, W.N. Reynolds,National NDT Centre, Harwell.

Report 31 Silicone Rubbers, B.R. Trego and H.W.Winnan,Dow Corning Ltd.

Report 32 Fluoroelastomers - Properties and Applications,D. Cook and M. Lynn, 3M United Kingdom Plc and3M Belgium SA.

Report 33 Polyamides, R.S. Williams and T. Daniels,T & N Technology Ltd. and BIP Chemicals Ltd.

Report 34 Extrusion of Rubber, J.G.A. Lovegrove, NovaPetrochemicals Inc.

Report 35 Polymers in Household Electrical Goods, D.Alvey,Hotpoint Ltd.

Report 36 Developments in Additives to Meet Health andEnvironmental Concerns, M.J. Forrest, RapraTechnology Ltd.

Volume 4Report 37 Polymers in Aerospace Applications, W.W. Wright,

University of Surrey.

Report 39 Polymers in Chemically Resistant Applications,D. Cattell, Cattell Consultancy Services.

Report 41 Failure of Plastics, S. Turner, Queen Mary College.

Report 42 Polycarbonates, R. Pakull, U. Grigo, D. Freitag, BayerAG.

Report 43 Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources,J.M. Methven, UMIST.

Report 44 Flammability and Flame Retardants in Plastics,J. Green, FMC Corp.

Report 45 Composites - Tooling and Component Processing,N.G. Brain, Tooltex.

Report 46 Quality Today in Polymer Processing, S.H. Coulson,J.A. Cousans, Exxon Chemical International Marketing.

Report 47 Chemical Analysis of Polymers, G. Lawson, LeicesterPolytechnic.

Volume 5Report 49 Blends and Alloys of Engineering Thermoplastics,

H.T. van de Grampel, General Electric Plastics BV.

Report 50 Automotive Applications of Polymers II,A.N.A. Elliott, Consultant.

Report 51 Biomedical Applications of Polymers, C.G. Gebelein,Youngstown State University / Florida Atlantic University.

Report 52 Polymer Supported Chemical Reactions, P. Hodge,University of Manchester.

Report 53 Weathering of Polymers, S.M. Halliwell, BuildingResearch Establishment.

Report 54 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, A.R. Nutt,Arnold Nutt & Co. and J. Wade.

Report 55 Computer Modelling of Polymer Processing,E. Andreassen, Å. Larsen and E.L. Hinrichsen, Senter forIndustriforskning, Norway.

Report 56 Plastics in High Temperature Applications,J. Maxwell, Consultant.

Report 57 Joining of Plastics, K.W. Allen, City University.

Report 58 Physical Testing of Rubber, R.P. Brown, RapraTechnology Ltd.

Report 59 Polyimides - Materials, Processing and Applications,A.J. Kirby, Du Pont (U.K.) Ltd.

Report 60 Physical Testing of Thermoplastics, S.W. Hawley,Rapra Technology Ltd.

Volume 6Report 61 Food Contact Polymeric Materials, J.A. Sidwell,

Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 62 Coextrusion, D. Djordjevic, Klöckner ER-WE-PA GmbH.

Report 63 Conductive Polymers II, R.H. Friend, University ofCambridge, Cavendish Laboratory.

Report 64 Designing with Plastics, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.

Report 65 Decorating and Coating of Plastics, P.J. Robinson,International Automotive Design.

Report 66 Reinforced Thermoplastics - Composition, Processingand Applications, P.G. Kelleher, New Jersey PolymerExtension Center at Stevens Institute of Technology.

Report 67 Plastics in Thermal and Acoustic Building Insulation,V.L. Kefford, MRM Engineering Consultancy.

Report 68 Cure Assessment by Physical and ChemicalTechniques, B.G. Willoughby, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 69 Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire, P.J. Fardell,Building Research Establishment, Fire Research Station.

Report 70 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers,M.E. Adams, D.J. Buckley, R.E. Colborn, W.P. Englandand D.N. Schissel, General Electric Corporate Researchand Development Center.

Report 71 Rotational Moulding, R.J. Crawford, The Queen’sUniversity of Belfast.

Report 72 Advances in Injection Moulding, C.A. Maier,Econology Ltd.

Volume 7

Report 73 Reactive Processing of Polymers, M.W.R. Brown,P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson, IRC in Polymer Scienceand Technology, University of Bradford.

Report 74 Speciality Rubbers, J.A. Brydson.

Report 75 Plastics and the Environment, I. Boustead, BousteadConsulting Ltd.

Report 76 Polymeric Precursors for Ceramic Materials,R.C.P. Cubbon.

Report 77 Advances in Tyre Mechanics, R.A. Ridha, M. Theves,Goodyear Technical Center.

Report 78 PVC - Compounds, Processing and Applications,J.Leadbitter, J.A. Day, J.L. Ryan, Hydro Polymers Ltd.

Report 79 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theoryand Innovation, Part I: Vulcanising Systems,Antidegradants and Particulate Fillers for GeneralPurpose Rubbers, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.

Report 80 Anti-Corrosion Polymers: PEEK, PEKK and OtherPolyaryls, G. Pritchard, Kingston University.

Report 81 Thermoplastic Elastomers - Properties and Applications,J.A. Brydson.

Report 82 Advances in Blow Moulding Process Optimization,Andres Garcia-Rejon,Industrial Materials Institute,National Research Council Canada.

Report 83 Molecular Weight Characterisation of SyntheticPolymers, S.R. Holding and E. Meehan, RapraTechnology Ltd. and Polymer Laboratories Ltd.

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Report 85 Ring Opening Polymerisation, N. Spassky, UniversitéPierre et Marie Curie.

Report 86 High Performance Engineering Plastics,D.J. Kemmish, Victrex Ltd.

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Report 88 Plasticisers - Selection, Applications and Implications,A.S. Wilson.

Report 89 Polymer Membranes - Materials, Structures andSeparation Performance, T. deV. Naylor, The SmartChemical Company.

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Report 91 Recent Developments in Epoxy Resins, I. Hamerton,University of Surrey.

Report 92 Continuous Vulcanisation of Elastomer Profiles,A. Hill, Meteor Gummiwerke.

Report 93 Advances in Thermoforming, J.L. Throne, SherwoodTechnologies Inc.

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Report 95 Thermal Analysis of Polymers, M. P. Sepe, Dickten &Masch Manufacturing Co.

Report 96 Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology, J.A. Hickman,St Clair (Polymers) Ltd.

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Report 97 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theoryand Innovation, Part II: Processing, Bonding, FireRetardants, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.

Report 98 Advances in Biodegradable Polymers, G.F. Moore &S.M. Saunders, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 99 Recycling of Rubber, H.J. Manuel and W. Dierkes,Vredestein Rubber Recycling B.V.

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Report 103 Gas Assisted Moulding, T.C. Pearson, Gas Injection Ltd.

Report 104 Plastics Profile Extrusion, R.J. Kent, TangramTechnology Ltd.

Report 105 Rubber Extrusion Theory and Development,B.G. Crowther.

Report 106 Properties and Applications of ElastomericPolysulfides, T.C.P. Lee, Oxford Brookes University.

Report 107 High Performance Polymer Fibres, P.R. Lewis,The Open University.

Report 108 Chemical Characterisation of Polyurethanes,M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

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Report 109 Rubber Injection Moulding - A Practical Guide,J.A. Lindsay.

Report 110 Long-Term and Accelerated Ageing Tests on Rubbers,R.P. Brown, M.J. Forrest and G. Soulagnet,Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 111 Polymer Product Failure, P.R. Lewis,The Open University.

Report 112 Polystyrene - Synthesis, Production and Applications,J.R. Wünsch, BASF AG.

Report 113 Rubber-Modified Thermoplastics, H. Keskkula,University of Texas at Austin.

Report 114 Developments in Polyacetylene - Nanopolyacetylene,V.M. Kobryanskii, Russian Academy of Sciences.

Report 115 Metallocene-Catalysed Polymerisation, W. Kaminsky,University of Hamburg.

Report 116 Compounding in Co-rotating Twin-Screw Extruders,Y. Wang, Tunghai University.

Report 117 Rapid Prototyping, Tooling and Manufacturing,R.J.M. Hague and P.E. Reeves, Edward MackenzieConsulting.

Report 118 Liquid Crystal Polymers - Synthesis, Properties andApplications, D. Coates, CRL Ltd.

Report 119 Rubbers in Contact with Food, M.J. Forrest andJ.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 120 Electronics Applications of Polymers II, M.T. Goosey,Shipley Ronal.

Volume 11

Report 121 Polyamides as Engineering Thermoplastic Materials,I.B. Page, BIP Ltd.

Report 122 Flexible Packaging - Adhesives, Coatings andProcesses, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company.

Report 123 Polymer Blends, L.A. Utracki, National ResearchCouncil Canada.

Report 124 Sorting of Waste Plastics for Recycling, R.D. Pascoe,University of Exeter.

Report 125 Structural Studies of Polymers by Solution NMR,H.N. Cheng, Hercules Incorporated.

Report 126 Composites for Automotive Applications, C.D. Rudd,University of Nottingham.

Report 127 Polymers in Medical Applications, B.J. Lambert andF.-W. Tang, Guidant Corp., and W.J. Rogers, Consultant.

Report 128 Solid State NMR of Polymers, P.A. Mirau,Lucent Technologies.

Report 129 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Photo-oxidation,D.C. Wright.

Report 130 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Chemical Attack,D.C. Wright.

Report 131 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Thermo-oxidation,D.C. Wright.

Report 132 Stabilisers for Polyolefins, C. Kröhnke and F. Werner,Clariant Huningue SA.

Volume 12

Report 133 Advances in Automation for Plastics InjectionMoulding, J. Mallon, Yushin Inc.

Report 134 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers,J.L. Koenig, Case Western Reserve University.

Report 135 Polymers in Sport and Leisure, R.P. Brown.

Report 136 Radiation Curing, R.S. Davidson, DavRad Services.

Report 137 Silicone Elastomers, P. Jerschow, Wacker-Chemie GmbH.

Report 138 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, N. Chaiear,Khon Kaen University.

Report 139 Rubber Analysis - Polymers, Compounds andProducts, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 140 Tyre Compounding for Improved Performance,M.S. Evans, Kumho European Technical Centre.

Report 141 Particulate Fillers for Polymers, Professor R.N.Rothon, Rothon Consultants and ManchesterMetropolitan University.

Report 142 Blowing Agents for Polyurethane Foams, S.N. Singh,Huntsman Polyurethanes.

Report 143 Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins, D.M. Brewisand I. Mathieson, Institute of Surface Science &Technology, Loughborough University.

Report 144 Rubber Curing Systems, R.N. Datta, Flexsys BV.

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Report 145 Multi-Material Injection Moulding, V. Goodship andJ.C. Love, The University of Warwick.

Report 146 In-Mould Decoration of Plastics, J.C. Love andV. Goodship, The University of Warwick

Report 147 Rubber Product Failure, Roger P. Brown

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Report 149 Analysis of Plastics, Martin J. Forrest, RapraTechnology Ltd.

Report 150 Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning, D.E. Packham,Materials Research Centre, University of Bath

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Report 152 Natural and Wood Fibre Reinforcement in Polymers,A.K. Bledzki, V.E. Sperber and O. Faruk, University ofKassel

Report 153 Polymers in Telecommunication Devices, G.H. Cross,University of Durham

Report 154 Polymers in Building and Construction, S.M.Halliwell, BRE

Report 155 Styrenic Copolymers, Andreas Chrisochoou andDaniel Dufour, Bayer AG

Report 156 Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Impact ofPolymeric Products, T.J. O’Neill, PolymeronConsultancy Network

Volume 14

Report 157 Developments in Colorants for Plastics, Ian N.Christensen

Report 158 Geosynthetics, David I. Cook

Report 159 Biopolymers, R.M. Johnson, L.Y. Mwaikambo andN. Tucker, Warwick Manufacturing Group

Report 160 Emulsion Polymerisation and Applications of Latex,Christopher D. Anderson and Eric S. Daniels, EmulsionPolymers Institute

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Report 162 Analysis of Thermoset Materials, Precursors andProducts, Martin J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd

Report 163 Polymer/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites, MasamiOkamoto, Toyota Technological Institute

Report 164 Cure Monitoring for Composites and Adhesives,David R. Mulligan, NPL

Report 165 Polymer Enhancement of Technical Textiles,Roy W. Buckley

Report 166 Developments in Thermoplastic Elastomers,K.E. Kear

Report 167 Polyolefin Foams, N.J. Mills, Metallurgy and Materials,University of Birmingham

ISBN 1-85957-435-1

Plastic Flame Retardants:Technology and Current

Developments

J. Innes and A. Innes(Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham)

Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Developments

1

1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 3

1.1 What is a Plastic Flame Retardant and What are its Benefits? ...................................................... 3

1.2 FR Market Overview ...................................................................................................................... 3

1.2.1 Market Drivers ................................................................................................................... 41.2.2 Major FR Application Markets .......................................................................................... 51.2.3 Fire Safety Standards, Governing and Regulatory Bodies ................................................ 6

2 Key Performance Standards .................................................................................................................. 6

2.1 Flammability Tests .......................................................................................................................... 7

2.2 Smoke Tests .................................................................................................................................... 9

3 Halogen Flame Retardants ..................................................................................................................... 9

3.1 Commodity Halogen Flame Retardant Products .......................................................................... 10

3.2 Speciality Halogen Flame Retardant Products ............................................................................. 10

3.3 Recent Product Improvements .......................................................................................................11

3.4 Synergists ...................................................................................................................................... 13

3.5 Environmental Issues .................................................................................................................... 13

4 Metal Hydrate Flame Retardants ........................................................................................................ 14

4.1 Commodity Metal Hydrate Flame Retardant Products ................................................................ 14

4.2 Speciality Metal Hydrate Products ............................................................................................... 15

4.3 Metal Hydrate Product Improvements ......................................................................................... 15

5 Phosphorus Flame Retardants ............................................................................................................. 16

5.1 Commodity Phosphorus Containing Flame Retardants ............................................................... 16

5.2 Speciality Phosphorus Containing Flame Retardants .................................................................. 17

5.2.1 Intumescent Phosphorus Flame Retardant Systems......................................................... 18

5.3 New Phosphorus FR Products and FR Product Improvements .................................................... 18

5.3.1 Organic Phosphinates ....................................................................................................... 18


6 Smoke Suppressants .............................................................................................................................. 19

6.1 Speciality Smoke Suppressants .................................................................................................... 19

6.2 Smoke Suppressant Product Improvements ................................................................................. 20


7 Other Flame Retardants and Recent FR Technology Advances ....................................................... 20

7.1 Other Existing and Potential Flame Retardant Products .............................................................. 20

7.2 Recent FR Technology Advances ................................................................................................. 22

7.2.1 Nanotechnology and Flame Retardancy .......................................................................... 22

8 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 24

Contents


2

The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reflect those ofRapra Technology Limited or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility orliability of any nature shall attach to Rapra Technology Limited arising out of or in connection with anyutilisation in any form of any material contained therein.

Additional References ................................................................................................................................... 25

Abbreviation and Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... 27

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database .......................................................................................... 29

Subject Index ............................................................................................................................................... 121

Company Index ............................................................................................................................................ 135


3

1 Introduction

The April 18, 1906 San Francisco earthquake fireskilled over 315 people and caused property lossestimated at $6 billion (1996 dollars). The SSGrandcomp and Monsanto plant explosion killed 468people in Texas City, Texas, on April 16, 1947. A firein the L’Innovation store killed 325 people in Brussels,Belgium, on May 25, 1967. A Varig Airlines B707 in-flight fire killed 123 people near Paris, France, on July11, 1973. A Cinema Rex theatre fire killed 422 peopleon August 20, 1978, in Abadan, Iran. A Bradford,England, soccer stadium fire on May 11, 1985, killed56 people. A Kader toy factory fire killed 188 in NakhonPanthom Province, Thailand, on May 10, 1993 (a.1).

These are just a few of the Twentieth Century’s humanlosses caused by fire. Humans have been at risk fromfire ever since they discovered it. We have probablybeen trying to reduce that risk through various meansof control ever since. Indeed there is evidence that in360 BC vinegar was used to protect timbers againstfire. In 83 BC alum was used to impregnate woodensiege towers to prevent them from being set on fire.Much later, an English patent published in 1735described the use of alum, borax and vitriol to flameretard textiles and papers. Sometime thereafter,chemicals including ammonium phosphate, ammoniumchloride and borax were discovered to be effective inflame retarding textiles. William Henry Perkin was thefirst person known to have methodically studied flameretardant mechanisms. Modern flame retardants forplastics and other materials evolved following his workin the early 1900s (251, 413).

1.1 What is a Plastic Flame Retardant andWhat are its Benefits?

A simple answer is that a plastic flame retardant (FR)is a unique chemical compound incorporated into aplastic. The chemical compound is unique because itspurpose is to inhibit the ignition and/or retard theburning of that plastic. However, in reality the answeris far more complicated than that. A variety of elementscan be considered when defining fire retardancy. Theseinclude ease of ignition and extinction, flame spread,fire endurance, rate of heat release, smoke and toxicgas evolution.

Flame retardants increase safety and save lives. Theirincorporation in various plastic products such asconsumer electronics and appliances (telephones,coffeemakers, television cabinets, computer monitors),

trash receptacles, upholstered furniture, drapery,carpeting, etc., can add up to additional escape time ina fire. Just ask any firefighter the value of extra secondsof escape time for fire victims. Even though the benefitsof using FRs are well established, there are somecomplicating issues. Concerns about the effects ofcertain FRs on human health and the environment havetaken centre stage in recent years. In Europe, theseconcerns initially focused on the production anddisposal processes for FR plastic products. Regulationsbanning certain FR products are beginning to beenacted in Europe and voluntary restrictions on a fewselect FR products have been adopted by manufacturersaround the world. These environmental issues will bediscussed more fully in each of the FR technologysections to follow.

Flame retardant or fire retardant technology for plasticshas grown rapidly especially since the mid-1960s whendemand arose among consumers and their safetyadvocates in the USA and in Europe for flameretardants in sleepwear and in television sets. Today,the plastic flame retardant industry boasts a multitudeof products, producers, regulations, standards,screening tests, markets and specific applications. Infact, volumes have been written on each of these. It isnot reasonable to even hope to cover all of thisinformation in one publication. Our goal here is toprovide enough background information on FR producttechnology, FR markets and FR applications for thereader to appreciate the product enhancements andtechnology advancements being researched andcommercialised in today’s worldwide FR marketplace.This is a tall order but one that is needed given theongoing shake-ups in the plastic industry, acquisitions,mergers, and the resulting lay-offs, reorganisations, andchanges in technical personnel. In fact, many oftomorrow’s formulators will be brand new to the FRindustry. It is critical for these new formulators to knowthe basics about past and present FR product technologyin order to understand and effectively utilise novel FRtechnology and FR product advancements in plasticformulations and products of the future.

1.2 FR Market Overview

Flame retardants can be classified into types dependingon their technology. Halogen FRs are those productscontaining bromine or chlorine. Halogen FRs areconsidered to function in the vapour or gas phase byinterfering with the chemical radical mechanism of thecombustion process, reducing heat input to the entiresystem and reducing the supply of flammable gases.Halogen FRs are frequently paired with synergists,


4

compounds which enhance the FR performance.Antimony trioxide is a well known synergist forhalogen FR systems. Phosphorus FRs containphosphorus alone, organophosphorus compounds, orare sometimes used in combination with othercompounds such as nitrogen. These FRs, commonlyknown as char formers, thermally decompose duringthe burning process to produce phosphoric acids. Theseacids react with components in the substrate toeventually form a char which protects the substratefrom further pyrolysis. There are many theories on theactual reactions taking place for both halogen andphosphorus FRs. None is definitively established asthe unquestioned scientific explanation for the FReffectiveness of these compounds.

A third type of FR is the metal hydrate. Typical productsinclude aluminium trihydrate (ATH) and magnesiumhydroxide (Mg2OH4). These products provide FRprotection through several means but simply describedthey are heat absorbers which release water upon theirdecomposition, adversely impacting the combustionprocess.

Along with these three main classes of FR products,there are other products which do not fit neatly intoany of these three classes. Most reports on FR marketsales and volume group these products together into a‘miscellaneous’ or ‘other’ class. This class may includeboron or nitrogen containing compounds, FR synergistssuch as antimony trioxide and others, along with someof the newer product technologies (such as nanoclays)in the early stages of commercialisation. Because ourintent with this publication is to cover the moretechnical aspects of the FR industry, we follow a similarsimple FR product group classification for our FRmarket overview. Table 1 provides an estimate byvolume of the market size for each of the FR producttypes along with estimated annual growth rate (AGR)for each product segment (63, a.2).

The authors acknowledge that the market volumeinformation shown in Table 1 can be described ashighly conservative. Other reports estimate the FRmarket size somewhat higher for 2000 or 2001 and ofthe order of 1,000,000 tons versus the 907,000 tonsreported here. Reliable estimates for 2001 and 2002were not readily available in the published literature,perhaps due to world events including 9/11 and theeconomic downturn.

In 2000, the majority of the 907,000 metric tons ofFRs was used in North America. This number is heavilyweighted in that geographic segment due to the highuse of metal hydrate products. However, currently mostreports break down the geographic distribution of FRdemand with roughly 1/3 in North America, a little lessthan that in Europe and the remaining majority in Asiawith about half of the Asian FR demand in Japan (23).Such reports are most likely based on FR sales in USdollars. That makes sense as the average price of20 cents per pound or 44 cents per kilogram for ATHwould translate into a smaller share for North Americabased on sales in US dollars as compared with producttonnage. In any case, most sources agree that the highestgrowth rates for FR products are in the Asian marketsegments and will continue there for the foreseeablefuture. The highest growth rates by FR product typehave been and will continue to be in the non-halogenand non-antimony product segments with an estimatedoverall AGR of 3-3.5% for the entire FR industry.

1.2.1 Market Drivers

The most significant market drivers influencing the FRindustry today are the human health and environmentalconcerns regarding various FR products. Theseconcerns, whether based on scientific fact or not, haveresulted in a significant push to research and developnew FR products that do not contain halogens or

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antimony. In recent years, this factor has focusedtechnical investigations on FR products usingphosphorus, metal hydrates, nitrogen, boron, andsilicon including the relatively new flame retardantnanocomposite technology.

Briefly, there have been studies, reports and multiplearticles published which indicate that certain flameretardants of the polybrominated biphenyl ether varietymay endanger human health and the environment.Specifically, these flame retardants and some derivativecompounds generated during processing and disposalcan bioaccumulate in humans, in other species (fish,sea mammals), in water sources and in vegetation. Thebioaccumulation of these compounds is of concern andits occurrence could be carcinogenic or mutagenic ineffect. The actual confirmation of such harm to humanhealth and the environment remains questionable andthis feeds the continuing controversy over this issue.

As of mid-2003, there are some regulations in place inEurope and in the USA banning certain specificbromine containing FR products. Effective mid-2004,marketing or use of polybrominated biphenyl (PBB),pentabromodiphenyl ether (pentaBDE), and octaBDEis banned in the European Union. The ban is containedin the Restrictions of Hazardous Substances Directive(RHSD) which was passed by the European Counciland Parliament in October, 2002. The Directive outlawsthe marketing and use of products that includecomponents containing more than 0.1% of those threeFR products. Although this ban will have only a smallimpact on the worldwide market for FR compounds,

such a ban on certain other bromine containingcompounds such as decaBDE and/ortetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) would have a verysignificant impact. Risk assessments and further actionson these and other FRs are underway. One part of theEuropean RHSD stipulates that individual EU memberstates are forbidden from adopting their own bans onother substances. The next review of the Directive isexpected in 2005 (a.3).

In the USA, California is the first state to restrict FRchemicals and this restriction bans pentaBDE andoctaBDE starting in 2008. The California legislation,passed July 17, 2003, originally included decaBDE butFR industry groups prevailed in its exclusion from theban, citing lack of scientific evidence supportingproblems and abundant evidence of extraordinarybenefits for fire safety (a.4).

The human health and environmental concernsassociated with halogen containing FR productscontinue to be by far the most significant market driversespecially with regard to their influence on the researchand development of new FR products and technology.This significant influence looks to continue for yearsto come.

1.2.2 Major FR Application Markets

An overview of the FR market would not be completewithout some mention of FR application markets or

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where FR products and plastic products containing FRproducts are used. Table 2 provides a summary of themajor application markets and gives some examplesof actual products containing FR compounds.

1.2.3 Fire Safety Standards, Governing andRegulatory Bodies

While the number of applications for products andcomponents using FR technology is large and growingever larger, the number of standards controlling thelevel of flame retardancy required for suchapplications could be described as staggering.Requirements for flame retardancy are controlled bythe customer as influenced by economics, bygoverning bodies, and by insurance requirements.Table 3 provides a partial listing for the interestedreader of some of the world’s governing or regulatorybodies issuing fire safety standards (a.5). Somespecific flammability test standards and methods arediscussed in the next section.

2 Key Performance Standards

As might be imagined from the partial list of governingbodies and regulating organisations presented in thelast section, the actual number of flammability andsmoke tests in existence around the world today isenormous. Briefly described here are a very few ofsome commonly used flammability tests, some smalland some larger in scale. For the FR plastics formulator,these FR tests are critical and obtaining ‘pass’ resultsfor any application’s particular FR requirements is theultimate objective.

It is important to note here that the results of all suchFR tests should be used to characterise the performanceof the tested materials under test conditions only.Although usable in a fire hazard or fire risk assessment,the test results do not necessarily reflect theperformance of materials or components under actualfire conditions. To understand this concept, imaginethe number of furnishings and other elements, flameretarded or not, that might be found in a room

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undergoing destruction by fire. The number of variablesaffecting the outcome is infinite and thereforeaccurately predicting with one or more screen tests theexact behaviour of a particular component containingflame retardant chemicals is simply not possible.However, a room with furnishings, many of whichcontain flame retardants, will most likely provide itsvictims with a few precious extra seconds of escapetime than a room without such furnishings.

2.1 Flammability Tests

The UL 94 test is perhaps the most frequently usedsmall flame burner test. It provides an assessment offlammability for a variety of thermoplastic materialsintended for use in multiple applications in manymarket segments. The UL 94 standard actually containsseveral test methods. The most common method usedis the vertical burn method where a test specimen (abar of 13 mm by 125 mm by varying thickness) isignited while suspended 10 mm above a calibratedmethane (Bunsen) burner. The flame is applied to atotal of five test specimens twice for 10 seconds. Theamount of burn time is recorded after each flameapplication for each test bar. Performance is describedthrough one of three ratings, V0, V1 or V2 dependenton the number of seconds of after-flame burn time foreach specimen, the total after-flame burn time for allspecimens, the afterglow time, and the existence offlaming particles which may ignite a piece of cottonplaced beneath the test specimens. Figure 1 illustratesthe basic UL 94 vertical test apparatus.

Another flammability test, one of the oldest still in usetoday, is the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) test (ASTMD 2863). Also widely used for multiple plasticmaterials, this test essentially measures the minimumamount of oxygen in a mixture of oxygen and nitrogenthat will just support combustion. Three test specimens(6.5 mm wide or half the width of the UL 94 testspecimen) are evaluated using an apparatus designedspecifically to imitate candle-like burning conditions.The result is actually a percentage. For example, anOxygen Index test result of 30 indicates that 30% ofthe oxygen/nitrogen mixture was required to be oxygenin order to support continued combustion of the sample.This indicates a good degree of flame retardancy inthe sample when one considers that our atmosphere onplanet Earth contains approximately 21% oxygen.Theoretically then our test specimen would resistburning in a real fire scenario as atmospheric oxygencontent does not change from that 21%. Figure 2presents the basic Oxygen Index test apparatus.

Figure 1

UL 94 vertical test apparatus

Figure 2

Limiting oxygen index test apparatus

Sample burn bar

Burner

Cotton


8

Radiant panel tests are plentiful within the FR industryand most frequently used in the building industry.ASTM E162 is such a test which measures surfaceflammability of materials using a radiant heat source.The radiant panel is 300 mm by 460 mm in size and aspecimen of 150 mm by 460 mm is inclined in front ofthe radiant panel so that ignition occurs at thespecimen’s upper edge and the flame front progressesdownward from there. The test result or flame spreadindex is a factor derived from the rate of progress ofthe flame front and the rate of heat liberation by thespecimen. Figure 3 presents the basic ASTM E162radiant panel apparatus.

Another test, larger in scale and in use for many yearsin the FR industry, is the Steiner Tunnel test or ASTME84. This test is also used predominantly in the buildingand construction industry to classify the fire-spreadpotential of products such as wall and ceiling linings.In this test, a specimen about 508 mm wide by 7.32 mlong is placed on the ceiling of a tunnel designed tohold it. The specimen is exposed to fire via a naturalgas burner at one end of the tunnel and the test isconducted under a controlled forced air draft. Theseparameters were established using a calibrationstandard, a select grade red oak. The test result, a flamespread index, essentially compares the performance inthe test to that of red oak. Figure 4 presents a diagramof the basic Steiner Tunnel apparatus which is also usedto evaluate smoke performance (see Section 2.2).

In the wire and cable market, there are also a multitudeof FR test methods and standards, vertical wire, verticaltray, riser and plenum tests to name a few. One suchtest, originally established by the Institute of Electricaland Electronics Engineers, the IEEE 383 or VerticalTray test is used to measure flammability of cable afterexposure to a 20 kW propane burner applied to thebottom of the cable tray assembly. The performancevariable in this test is the maximum length of cableburned during the test. This is but one of many cabletest methods which actually use a slice of a real cabletray installation as the test specimen. Figure 5 presentsthe basic apparatus for the IEEE 383 test.

Figure 3

ASTM E162 radiant panel apparatus

Figure 4

Basic ASTM E84 Steiner Tunnel apparatus

Exhaust hood

Side view

Sample

Radiant panelBurner


9

2.2 Smoke Tests

Since smoke suppressant technology is included in thisreview, it would be helpful to describe here at least one ofthe methods used to evaluate smoke performance ofvarious plastic materials. Smoke is basically a combinationof solid and liquid particles contained in combustion gasand air. These particles include water, carbon particles,soot, ash, and other by-products of pyrolysis.

Measurement of smoke is difficult as one must takeinto consideration the multiple variables involved insmoke production during the combustion of plasticmaterials. In addition to the chemical processes whichresult in the many by-products just mentioned, othervariables include the material’s capacity to generatesmoke during the combustion process, the intensity ofthe fire, fire propagation rate, temperatures reached,etc. Then add to this the need to approximate a meansfor matching the visual perception of smoke and youhave a very complicated process indeed.

Smoke density is most frequently determined opticallyby measuring the attenuation of light through thesmoke. One such test is the ASTM E662 Standard TestMethod for Specific Optical Density of SmokeGenerated by Solid Materials. The test measures thespecific optical density of smoke generated by solidmaterials and assemblies in a vertical position up toand including thickness of 25.4 mm under conditionsof flaming combustion and non-flaming pyroliticdecomposition. The attenuation of the light beamthrough the smoke generated in a closed chamber ismeasured. The subsequent calculation which uses thechamber volume, the specimen’s exposed area, thelength of the light path through the smoke, and the lighttransmittance measured by a photosensitive instrumentresults in an expression of specific optical density.Figure 6 presents a diagram of the ASTM E662apparatus.

Other methods used to measure smoke include theASTM E84 test and the more recently developed ConeCalorimeter which is used to measure the rate of heatrelease of the burning specimen. Peak rate of heatrelease, total heat release and combustion gascomposition (carbon monoxide and dioxide), can alsobe assessed.

Many of these tests carry different test standard labelsdepending on the organisation issuing the standard. Forexample, the Cone Calorimeter test is standardised byASTM as ASTM E1354. ISO 5660 is essentially thesame standard. There are additional versions by otherstandards-issuing organisations around the world. Thisis true of most of the more commonly usedflammability and smoke test methods. This multiplicityof standards makes it critical for the FR plasticformulator to confirm with the requesting customer thetest requirements for the FR plastic material or for thecorresponding FR plastic component for the intendedapplication.

3 Halogen Flame Retardants

Simply put halogen flame retardants contain bromineor chlorine. This is the largest dollar volume flameretardant product class and there are many differenthalogen products available today. Choice of halogenflame retardant for a thermoplastic formulation is basedon the polymer resin being used, the requiredflammability performance (usually defined by one or

Figure 6

ASTM E662 smoke chamber apparatus

Figure 5

IEEE 383 test apparatus

Gascontrol

20 kW burner

Ten foot vertical traywith wire specimens

Light source

Photometer

Photodetector

Burner

Radiator

Sample holderwith melt troughand specimen


10

more flammability standards), and the required physicalproperties for the intended application for that flameretardant thermoplastic formulation. It might be helpfulto consider this class of flame retardants as a matureproduct in the FR marketplace. Many of the halogenFR products are frequently categorised as commodityproducts. This seems reasonable when considerationis given to the entire portfolio of commercial halogenflame retardants and when a commodity product isperceived as one that is more or most frequently usedand has moved somewhat down the pricing curve to amore mature or stable level.

Halogen flame retardants are thought to function mostlyin the vapour or gas phase. The burning of plasticprogresses by a complex and continuing generation ofhydrogen and carbon-hydrogen radicals producedduring the decomposition of the plastic polymer. Theburning and decomposition of the halogen flameretardant plastic releases halogen acid gas. This acidgas in essence ‘traps’ the hydrogen and carbon-hydrogen radicals, thereby interrupting the combustionprocess. This chemical vapour phase reactionsuppresses the burning process. This is a somewhatsimplistic explanation of the halogen FR process. Manymore factors are probably also involved and no singletheory of halogen flame retardance has been provenand widely accepted.

A brief look at a few of the commodity halogen flameretardants follows along with brief discussion sectionson speciality products, recent product improvements,synergists, and environmental issues. Subsequentsections on other flame retardant types will bestructured in the same fashion. Section 7.2 will includeinformation on perhaps the most exciting new FRtechnology in decades, nanotechnology.

3.1 Commodity Halogen Flame RetardantProducts

Decabromodiphenyl oxide (DECA), is a brominatedaromatic (benzene ring-containing) compound widelyused to flame retard polyolefin, polystyrene andacrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) formulations aswell as other resin formulations including polyamides,polyesters, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), epoxy andthermoplastic elastomers. DECA contains about 83%bromine and melts or decomposes in the 300-310 °Crange making it stable for higher temperatureprocessing conditions. DECA, like most other halogenFR products, is usually added to the formulation duringprocessing in a carefully selected ratio with a synergist

such as antimony trioxide. For example, a FR highimpact polystyrene (HIPS) formulation intended foran electronic housing or cabinet application (like acomputer monitor or television cabinet) mightincorporate DECA at a 12% loading level withantimony trioxide at a 4% loading level. These twocomponents comprise the 16% FR system with theremaining 84% formulation components consisting ofthe base resin, HIPS, and any other additives requiredfor the application. These might include lightstabilisers, heat stabilisers, colorants, etc.

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA), is also a brominatedaromatic compound used to flame retard ABS,polycarbonate (PC), PC/ABS, HIPS, unsaturatedpolyesters, epoxy resins and polyurethanes. TBBAcontains about 59% bromine and melts in the 178-182 °Crange. TBBA is often used as a ‘reactive’ flameretardant in epoxies and unsaturated polyesters ratherthan an ‘additive’ flame retardant. Reactive flameretardants are those that are chemically reacted intothe polymer resin matrix as is often done with thermosetresins. This prevents them from escaping the resinmatrix in any fashion and minimises the adverse effectsthat additive flame retardants often have on the physicalproperties of the polymer.

Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), is also abrominated compound but this one is aliphatic in naturemeaning it contains no benzene rings. HBCD containsabout 75% bromine and melts in the 185-195 °C range.Its usage is limited to formulations compounded below210 °C. HBCD is used in expandable polystyrene andpolystyrene foam applications as well as in adhesives,coatings and textiles. Examples of FR polystyrene foamapplications include thermal insulation (buildingindustry) and electronic goods packaging. HBCD istypically used at loading levels <5% and its usage oftenrequires heat stabilisers to prevent thermaldecomposition.

The chemical structures of these materials are shownin Figure 7.

3.2 Speciality Halogen Flame RetardantProducts

Speciality FR products include products which are lessfrequently used and are often priced higher than thecommodity products. These FR products are alsotypically used in specific resin systems and sometimesfor specific applications. Examples are shown inFigure 8.


11

Figure 7

Chemical structures of commodity halogen flameretardants

Ethylene bis(tetrabromophthalimide) is a 67%brominated aromatic compound used to flame retardpolyester resins such as polybutylene terephthalate(PBT), HIPS, ABS and polyethylene (PE) for certainwire and cable applications. This compound offers theadded benefit of UV stability and it is used in colouredappliance and electronic equipment enclosures.

TBBA-bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) is a 68%brominated aromatic compound used to flame retardpolyolefin resins especially to meet UL94 V2applications. The melting range for this compound is90-105 °C and it is therefore more suited to lowertemperature resins such as polypropylene.

The phenoxy terminated carbonate oligomer of TBBAis a 59% brominated aromatic compound used to flameretard PBT and PC resins. The largest use is inelectronic connectors.

Brominated polystyrene is a unique flame retardantadditive in that this product is actually a polymer itself.Containing 67% bromine, it is typically used to flameretard polyamide 6 and 6/6 resins along with someusage in PBT applications. The major application isagain electrical and electronic connectors.

Another speciality flame retardant compound isdecabromodiphenyl ethane. At 83% bromine and witha melting range of greater than 300 °C, it is used instyrenics and polyolefins for electronic or wire andcable applications. This product replaces DECA inthose applications where diphenyl oxide based productsare not desired or not approved.

Finally, a speciality FR compound primarily used forcertain nylon applications is dodecachlorpenta-cyclooctadeca-7,15-diene. This compound contains67% chlorine and melts at about 350 °C, it is thereforesuited for use in nylon applications requiring good LOIflammability performance. Cost considerations limitusage of this compound.

There are numerous other flame retardant compoundswhich could be classified as speciality flame retardants.These speciality products are produced by a variety ofcompanies including Great Lakes ChemicalCorporation, Albemarle Corporation, Dead SeaBromine Group, Occidental Petroleum (Oxychem),Teijin Chemical, Daihachi and others.

3.3 Recent Product Improvements

Although there are minor product improvements todiscuss, no real halogen-based technology advanceshave been introduced in recent years. This is notunexpected due to the maturity of this class of flameretardants. Briefly reviewed in this section are somenew product announcements made by major FRsuppliers during the last couple of years.

Albemarle has introduced Saytex® HP-7775 which isan extruded blend of brominated styrene and antimonytrioxide in a 77.5/22.5 ratio. Intended for engineeringthermoplastics, special features include its dust-free,free-flowing nature as well as high efficiency, goodmechanical properties, colourability and recyclability.


12

Figure 8

Examples of speciality halogen flame retardants

Phenoxy terminated carbonate oligomer of TBBA

Brominated polystyrene


13

Another Albemarle new product, Saytex® 2100, is a70% bromine product intended for polypropylene (PP)or HIPS UL94 V2 applications. A stabilised version isalso produced which allows processing up to 240 °Cin PP and 250 °C in HIPS. This product is used incombination with antimony trioxide and provides goodphysical properties, no blooming in HIPS and slowerblooming from PP compared to other widely used flameretardants (117).

Great Lakes has introduced a brominated styrenecopolymer, Firemaster® CP-44B, as an improvementin compatibility with polyester or polyamide resins.CP-44B is a copolymer of Firemaster® PBS-64 HW, ahigher molecular weight 64-65% brominehomopolymer of dibromo- and tribromo-styrene, andglycidal methacrylate. The glycidal methacrylate istypically incorporated in the 0.25-1.00% range to givethe compatibility improvement. Additional advantagesof this product include better dispersion, possiblereduction of required synergist in the order of 20-30%and/or drip suppressant action. Although somereduction of flow is reported, another advantage isimproved colourability (149).

More recently Great Lakes has improved upon CP-44Bwith the introduction of a high flow polybrominatedstyrene copolymer, CP-44HF, again for use inthermoplastic polyesters and high temperaturepolyamides. This version provides higher thermalstability and increased flow, making it useful for smallerpart applications with thin walls such as electronicconnectors (a.6).

Dead Sea Bromine Group’s new 67% brominatedpolystyrene is FR-803P. Its advantages include highcomparative tracking index, excellent thermal stability,non-blooming property and cost effectiveness. Anothernew product, F-3100, is a 53% bromine, high molecularweight epoxy-type flame retardant with a softeningrange of 180-220 °C. In glass reinforced PBT, itreportedly reduces energy consumption duringcompounding and pressure during injection moulding.Touted as offering good value for cost and balance ofproperties, its supplier predicts increased usage in moredemanding FR PBT applications (a.7).

3.4 Synergists

It would be remiss to omit synergists when discussinghalogen flame retardant additives for thermoplastics.Synergists are very often used in specific ratios withhalogen FRs in order to improve the effectiveness ofthe FR. The most common and most widely used

synergist is antimony trioxide. Supplied by companiesincluding Great Lakes Chemical, Campine (Belgium),Twinkling Star and various Chinese trading companies,antimony trioxide has been the classic flame retardantsynergist after findings of its effectiveness in manypolymers from research conducted as far back as themid-1900s.

Other synergists occasionally used include zincstannate, zinc borate, zinc molybdate and zincphosphate. These products do not share the popularityof antimony trioxide, but are selected on occasionwhere a specific application or customer requiressomething other than antimony trioxide. Zinc stannatemay be selected if smoke suppression is also arequirement in addition to flame retardance and issometimes used with metal hydrate flame retardantsto achieve a reduction in metal hydrate loading. Zincborate is often used in PVC formulations and alsoprovides smoke suppression. Zinc molybdate and zincphosphate are also used as smoke suppressants invarious polymers including PVC and nylon.

3.5 Environmental Issues

The environmental and human health concernsregarding usage and disposal of flame retardantproducts are at present mostly focused on the halogencontaining FR product group. As mentioned earlier(Section 1.2.1), there is legislation in place in bothEurope and now also in the USA banning the use of afew specific brominated flame retardants. Also,voluntary withdrawal of a few products has alreadyoccurred in the European market. The spotlight isdefinitely on the safety of halogen flame retardantsrelative to human health and the environment.However, a strong case can be made that requiresreliable scientific data proving any harmful effects.Much data has already been gathered from a variety ofsources in both Europe and the USA underscoring thebenefits to human health when flame retardantchemicals are properly used in furnishings, carpetbackings, drapery, etc. This data directly points toadditional time for victims to escape a fire and aconsequent reduction in fatalities and severity of burninjury (58). This benefit is indeed what gave rise to theflame retardant industry in the first place.

Halogen flame retardants continue to arguably be themost efficient, cost effective type of flame retardantavailable today. Most of these chemicals pose little orno risk to human health or to the environment. Pressurefrom environmental groups can and does easily lead tomisunderstanding and erroneous perception on the part


14

of consumers regarding products containing halogenflame retardants. Part of the problem is a tendency tocondemn the entire halogen class of FRs, some 75 ormore separate chemical compounds, when in fact onlya very few have demonstrated potential risks to humanhealth and the environment (58). Each chemicaladditive should be evaluated separately as to its risks.Such risk assessments are underway in Europe inparticular and have led to the banning of both penta-and octabromodiphenyl ether effective mid-2004(a.8). Specific information is available from theliterature and a variety of FR industry organisationscan provide updated information on the status of theseassessments. A partial list of some FR industryorganisations is shown in Table 4.

Mention should also be made of the adoption inFebruary 2001 by the European Commission of itsWhite Paper, ‘Strategy for a Future Chemicals Policy’.A White Paper is traditionally used by the EC to launcha dialogue on new policy initiatives in a specific area.The White Paper creates no legal obligations but doespresent a strategy for future European Communitypolicy for all chemicals including flame retardants. Itis projected to become European Law as a Directiveor regulation by 2005. Directives can be interpretedby the EU member states while regulations are directlyapplicable to all. The core of the White Paper is asystem for registration and evaluation of all new andexisting chemicals and authorisation of chemicals ofhigh concern. Code-named REACH (Registration,Evaluation, Authorisation of Chemicals) (32), itessentially means that all chemicals produced orimported by a company in amounts greater than 1 tonper year (first draft) must be registered in a centraldatabase and specific data on each chemical will bepublicly available. The earliest target date forregistration of chemicals in amounts greater than

1000 tons per year is the end of 2005. Subsequent targetdates stretch out to the end of 2012. More details canbe obtained directly from Cefic, European ChemicalIndustry Council and EFRA (a.9).

It is impossible in a short review to cover all of thedetails of this topic especially with regard to pendinglegislation, review processes, risk evaluationprocedures, etc., in both Europe and the USA.Interested readers are encouraged to pursue furtherinformation from the sources listed above or providedin abundant industry literature on this subject (5).

4 Metal Hydrate Flame Retardants

Metal hydrate flame retardants comprise the largestvolume flame retardant additive group in the FR markettoday. This group of products also presents no risk tohuman health or the environment and can therefore belabelled an environmentally friendly FR product group.Metal hydrate FRs include aluminium trihydroxide(ATH), magnesium hydroxide, and a few other lessfrequently used products like brucite, mixtures ofhydromagnesite and huntite, magnesium aluminiumhydroxycarbonates, and certain other mixed metalhydroxides. However, ATH and magnesium hydroxidetogether comprise most of the market volume of thisFR group.

4.1 Commodity Metal Hydrate FlameRetardant Products

ATH, the largest volume metal hydrate flame retardant,is used to flame retard a variety of thermoplastic and

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thermoset resins including PVC, ethylene-propylenerubber (EPR), ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymerrubber (EPDM), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer(EVA), polyethylenes, unsaturated polyesters, acrylics,epoxies and phenolics. Multiple applications includeconduit, pipe, wire and cable, bathroom ware, wallpanels, laminated countertops, electronic componentslike circuit boards, electrical potting compounds, andprofiles. Loading levels range from 5 to 70% or moredepending on the resin and application. Suppliers ofATH include Alcoa, Alcan, Huber, Aluchem andAlbemarle.

Generally, ATH is produced after extraction of amixture obtained when crushed bauxite ore is treatedwith caustic. Precipitation procedures vary amongmanufacturers and are beyond the scope of this review.Flame retardant grade ATH particle size typicallyranges from 1 to 50 microns. Finer grade FR ATHproducts are sometimes surface treated to help withdispersion and resin property retention. Surfacetreatments include fatty acids, silanes, zirconates andtitanates.

ATH provides a flame retardant effect as it decomposesand releases its chemically bonded water (about 36%by weight). This removes heat energy from thecombustion zone. Aluminium oxide is left behind andprovides a protective insulation on the surface of thesubstrate. This oxide layer also prevents transmissionof particulate smoke and other combustion productsand therefore ATH is also considered a smokesuppressant.

Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, is another metalhydrate FR product. This metal hydrate is used in avariety of thermoplastic and thermosetting resinsincluding polyolefins and thermoplastic olefinicelastomers (TPO), EVA, some polyamides, andepoxies. Although perceived as more expensive thanATH, there are some magnesium hydroxide FR grades,chiefly supplied by Martin Marietta MagnesiaSpecialties, which are equivalent in cost/pound to ATH.Applications include wire and cable, appliances, andvarious building products such as constructionlaminates, roofing membranes and plastic lumber.Other magnesium hydroxide suppliers include Kyowa,Huber, Dead Sea Bromine and Albemarle.

Like ATH, magnesium hydroxide also releases water(31% in this case) which cools the burning substrateand blankets the substrate to limit the oxygen availablefor combustion. Magnesium hydroxide absorbs moreheat per gram than ATH and therefore its waterreleasing process is actually equivalent to or better than

that of ATH. Magnesium hydroxide begins to releaseits water at 330 °C and allows processing attemperatures up to 100 °C higher than ATH. It producesmore insulative oxide than ATH which results inimproved FR effectiveness and less smoke.

Metal hydrates have no identified toxicity issues andare desirable as FRs in that regard. But both ATH andmagnesium hydroxide have one major drawback asflame retardants – the required loading levels of up to60% or more typically cause significant detrimentaleffects in the physical properties of the base resin.Various techniques, coatings, formulation adjustmentsand processing changes, are needed to help compensatefor this disadvantage. This is possible in a variety ofresins for a variety of applications. However,halogenated flame retardants are still by far the mosteffective and easiest to incorporate into FRformulations.

4.2 Speciality Metal Hydrate Products

Speciality metal hydrate products are few and arelimited in usage for FR purposes today. Alcoa hadoffered a basic aluminium oxalate product which ismore thermally stable than ATH. Its FR effectivenesswas equivalent to ATH and this more thermally stableproduct was reported to be useable in engineering resinssuch as nylon thermoplastic polyesters. However, Alcoahas decided to forego commercialisation of the product.

Mixed metal hydroxycarbonate and hydroxide productshave also made appearances as potential FR products.Magnesium and aluminium hydroxycarbonatecompounds are composed of layers of magnesiumhydroxide interspersed with aluminium and withcarbonate between the layers. Mixed metal hydroxidecompounds include magnesium hydroxide combinedwith hydroxides of iron, nickel, or zinc as examples.The aim in most cases is to attempt to reduce therequired loading levels to achieve the same or animproved level of FR performance. Unfortunately,higher cost, greater instability, or concerns overpotential toxicity issues (in the case of some of theheavier metals) has limited commercial success forthese types of products.

4.3 Metal Hydrate Product Improvements

There has been little significant technologicaladvancement in the metal hydrate FR product group.The key metal hydrate drawback, high loading level,is the principal target of many recent research efforts


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undertaken to develop product improvements.Therefore, most ‘improvements’ take the form ofsynergistic additives which may lead to a reduction inthe loading level of the metal hydrate. These additivesinclude polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibres, zinc borate, zincstannate, antimony trioxide and others (53).

Other current metal hydrate product improvementsfocus on powder handling and compound throughput.Nabaltec has recently introduced a new fineprecipitated ATH product in their metal hydrate line,Apyral® 40CD, which is described as a consistentdensity densified product. Aimed at the wire and cableindustry, this new product promises productivitybenefits in compounding and extrusion processes inthat industry (59). Albemarle has also recentlyintroduced new fine precipitated ATH grades withimproved flow and bulk density properties.

Another type of product improvement has focused oncoupling agents and/or coatings for the metal hydrateparticles. Coatings include fatty acids and silanes (bothmono- and bifunctional). Maleic anhydride graftedpolymers are among the coupling agents which can helpcompatibilise the FR system with the polymer matrix.The flammability, mechanical and electrical propertiesof metal hydrate polymer systems can be improvedthrough these means (162).

In the last couple of years Martin Marietta MagnesiaSpecialties has introduced MagShield® NB10magnesium hydroxide products which include a 1%magnesium stearate surface coating. The coating isintended to improve dispersion while allowing the userto incorporate coupling agents for specific applications.

As stated, the product improvements for the metalhydrate FR product group have not been technologicalin nature but more focused on functional issues. Thereare no environmental issues worthy of mention for thisflame retardant product group.

5 Phosphorus Flame Retardants

Phosphorus containing flame retardants includingammonium polyphosphate (APP), red phosphorus,organic phosphates and phosphonates, choroaliphaticand bromoaromatic phosphates, and a newer producttype, organic metal phosphinates, comprise the thirdmajor flame retardant group of products. These flameretardants are typically described as char formers withregard to their flame retardant mechanism. The

mechanism is actually far more complex than that andcan, depending on the phosphorus compound, includedecomposition to phosphoric and/or polyphosphoricacids which lead to the generation of a glassy layer(which protects the substrate from the combustionprocess) and which promote char formation. Theevolution of gas during this process may also play arole in flame retardance and thus, more recent theoriesbehind the phosphorus FR mechanism usually mentiona vapour phase activity (similar to halogen flameretardants) in addition to the condensed or solid phase(char forming) activity.

One recent study by DSM Research illuminates theflame retardant mechanisms of a specific phosphorusflame retardant (melamine polyphosphate) in nylon 6and 6,6. The study reached several conclusionsincluding significant crosslinking induced by this FRin nylon 6,6 and depolymerisation of nylon 6 and afinding on the char structure indicating the presenceof degraded nylon species as opposed to ‘fullyaromatised’ (47).

The largest volume phosphorus flame retardant type isthe phosphate ester type which, in addition to triarylphosphates, also includes products like resorcinoldiphosphate (RDP) and bisphenol A diphosphate(BDP). These phosphate ester type flame retardants arewidely used in PVC, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styreneterpolymer/polycarbonate (ABS/PC) andpolyphenylene oxide (PPO) applications.

5.1 Commodity Phosphorus Containing FlameRetardants

Commodity flame retardants containing phosphorusinclude the phosphate esters, APP, and chloroalkylphosphates. Phosphate ester products include RDP,BDP, triphenyl phosphate (TPP), triaryl phosphates,alkyl diaryl phosphates and trialkyl phosphates (seeFigure 9).

A major use for aryl phosphate products is in PVC asnon-flammable plasticisers. PVC is typically plasticisedwith dioctyl phthalate (DOP) for non-flame retardantapplications. Replacing part or all of this DOP with aphosphate ester will provide improved flameretardancy. Alkyl diaryl phosphates and dialkyl arylphosphates provide PVC products with better lowtemperature flexibility and less smoke (undercombustion conditions) than triaryl phosphate products.Two examples include 2-ethylhexyl diphenylphosphateand di-2-ethylhexyl phenylphosphate. Major markets


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for these types of FR products include wire and cable,especially plenum applications. Ferro Corporation’sSanticizer® 2148 (di-2-ethylhexyl phenyl phosphate)is used most frequently to meet low smoke plenumcable requirements.

RDP and BDP are widely used in ABS/PC and PPOapplications. PPO or modified PPO is a blend ofpolyphenylene oxide and high impact polystyrene(HIPS). ABS/PC applications include housings forelectronic or electrical devices such as computermonitors. PPO applications include motor housings forfans, pumps, etc.

Finally, choroalkyl phosphates are frequently used toflame retard flexible and rigid polyurethane foam. Anexample is tris monochloroethyl phosphate. Cushioningand packaging are major applications for flexible FR

polyurethane foam. Insulation is a typical applicationfor rigid FR polyurethane foam.

5.2 Speciality Phosphorus Containing FlameRetardants

Phosphorus and phosphorus containing compoundswhich are used less frequently for certain resins andspecific applications can be considered specialityproducts. Red phosphorus is a good example of aspeciality product although one that may be findingexpanding usage especially in Europe. Not at all a newflame retardant, red phosphorus is used primarily innylon electrical components particularly in Europe. Itis also used in olefinic wire and cable in the Asia Pacificregion and may additionally be found in specific

Figure 9

Chemical structures of some commodity phosphorus containing flame retardants

n=1-7

n=1-7


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polyurethane rigid foams and polybutyleneterephthalate (PBT) applications. Red phosphorus istypically encapsulated into a polymer matrix to preventreaction with atmospheric moisture which can lead toobjectionable odour production and/or self-ignition.Italmatch Chemicals is but one supplier of redphosphorus FR masterbatch products and markets theseunder the trade name Masteret®. Clariant and Rinkaare additional suppliers of red phosphorus FR products.

Other speciality FR products include melaminepolyphosphate and melamine pyrophosphate productsmarketed by Budenheim and Ciba. These products arenewly accepted into the non-halogen FR nylon marketin Europe for electrical and electronic componentapplications.

5.2.1 Intumescent Phosphorus Flame RetardantSystems

Intumescence in the flame retardant sense refers to aspecific chemical reaction simply described as afoaming char. The reaction requires a char forming(carbonific) compound such as a polyol, a catalyst oracid source like APP, and a gas generating (spumific)compound (typically nitrogen containing) likemelamine. These speciality formulated intumescentphosphorus FR compounds are primarily used inpolypropylene applications such as battery cases.Produced by several FR suppliers including Clariant(Exolit®), Great Lakes (Char-Guard®), Budenheim(Budit®) and Unitex Chemical (Uniplex® 44-94S),these products are actually self-intumescingcompounds. Disadvantages with these products includethe need for gentle compounding conditions to preventpremature activation of the FR system. Where suchconditions are possible, these products provideexcellent FR performance at loading levels in the 20to 30% range.

5.3 New Phosphorus FR Products and FRProduct Improvements

Research in the phosphorus flame retardant area isactive and diversified. Although no ‘next generation’phosphorus technological developments have beenrecently introduced, there are numerous research effortsunderway on synergistic reactions, compoundingoptimisation, particle size and coatings, andcombination FR systems. Perhaps the newestphosphorus FR product developments can be creditedto Clariant which introduced a new class of phosphorusflame retardants, organic metal phosphinates (118).

Steps can be taken by processors to widen theprocessing window particularly for the intumescentphosphorus FR products. Compounding prior toinjection moulding of parts containing these types ofFR products should be carried out with soft screwconfigurations, low melt temperatures, high output rateand low screw speed. There are also newly availableintumescent FR products which are claimed to exhibithigher thermal stability (87).

Budenheim recently reported results of studiesinvestigating particle size reduction, coatings andsynergists to improve APP based phosphorus FRproducts. New product versions were introduced to themarket based on their findings (112).

Akzo has recently introduced new phosphoruscontaining FR products for use in polyurethane foamsrequiring low fogging/VOC emissions and/or lowscorch (a.10).

Akzo has also reported recent research on thesynergistic action between aryl phosphates andphenolic (novolac type) resin in PBT. Akzo used TPP,RDP and BDP type flame retardants in this study andshowed a difference in phosphate requirements betweenglass reinforced and unreinforced PBT, although someloss of mechanical properties also occurred. Furtherinvestigation was suggested.

In 2002, a report was issued by Belarussian StateUniversity summarising the charring effect ofpoly(sulfonyldiphenylene phenylphosphonate) orPSPPP in PBT. The study also looked at PSPPP incombination with PPO, TPP, and 2-methyl-1,2-oxaphospholan-5-one 2-oxide (OP). The ultimate intentwas to show the possibility of achieving UL94 V0rating for PBT with a moderate loading of halogen-and antimony-free substances (50). Interested readersshould review the reference materials.

5.3.1 Organic Phosphinates

Clariant reported in 2002 on what it labels as a newclass of flame retardants, organic phosphinates. Theseproducts are aimed at the engineering thermoplasticmarket, specifically polyamides and polyesters. Thestructure is actually that of a phosphinic acid salt witha metal component the authors suspect may bealuminium based. As with other compounds of thisnature, extremely gentle processing conditions arerequired. Flammability performance in glass reinforcednylon is comparable to the more common brominatedpolystyrene-antimony oxide FR system (118).


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Like specific halogen flame retardants, there are humanhealth and environmental safety questions about certainphosphorus containing flame retardant products. A fewdetails related to specific compounds will be brieflysummarised here. Interested readers desiring specificinformation are advised to contact any of the foundingor associate members of Phosphate Ester FlameRetardants Consortium (PEFRC), which include AkzoNobel Phosphorus Chemicals, Bayer AG, Great LakesChemicals, Rhodia Consumer Specialties Division,Albemarle, Clariant and Ferro Corporation. PEFRCwas formed in February 2002 to support phosphate esterflame retardants through advocacy, scientificprogrammes, and education.

Globally, there are many chemical testing initiativesand much new legislation (21). Two regulatorycompliance efforts are the High Production Volume(HPV) chemicals testing programme and the EuropeanCommunity Risk Assessment programme, coveringspecifically tris-2-chloroethylphosphate (TCEP), tris-2-chloro-1-methylethylphosphate (TCPP), and tris-1,2-dichloropropylphosphate (TDCP) in the phosphorusflame retardants product segment.

The HPV chemicals testing programmes are designedto make product health, safety and environmental dataavailable to the general public and to authorities. Alongwith chemical and physical properties, some of the testdata being reported includes results from repeated dosegeneral and developmental toxicity studies, acutetoxicity to fish and aquatic invertebrates, toxicity toaquatic plants, photodegradation, fugacity, and skinsensitisation.

The Risk Assessment process investigates the effects andexposure concentrations at each stage of the life cycleof the tested compound, from manufacture todownstream use(s) and finally to recycling or disposal.The first part of the process involves data collection andsubmission to the official EU Rapporteurs. The secondpart includes the comparison of known or estimatedenvironmental or human health exposure levels toconcentrations of the tested compound previouslyidentified as not causing any adverse effects (the NoObserved Effect Levels (NOELs)). If it is determined inthe risk assessment that exposure is greater than theNOEL, there may be a subsequent investigation to definecontrol measures that produce no harmful effects for bothhumans and the environment.

A report issued in 2002 includes results from a studycarried out for the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health

to evaluate indoor air exposures of ten phosphorusbased flame retardants. These ten test compounds wereselected based on prior indications of emissions toindoor air or of risk to people exposed to thosesubstances. Samples were taken from furniture andelectronic appliance showrooms, open-plan offices, carinteriors, and in a theatre auditorium. Essentially, thisparticular study showed risks to be very low andconcluded that large-scale measuring campaigns werenot required at this time. Suggestions were made forrepeated monitoring at 5-year intervals (a.11).

6 Smoke Suppressants

FR smoke suppressants reduce or suppress theproduction of smoke during the burning process. Solidphase flame retardants such as magnesium hydroxide,Mg(OH)2, or aluminium trihydrate (ATH) by theirnature produce lower smoke and can be classified asFR smoke suppressants. Most of these types of FRsmoke suppressant products have already beendiscussed and these could be considered ‘commodity’smoke suppressants.

Char forming FRs can be considered a second class ofsmoke suppressants because they function to keepcarbonaceous material in the solid phase. There is athird class of speciality FR smoke suppressants whichwork with vapour phase flame retardants (halogencontaining compounds). These speciality suppressantstypically work by crosslinking and modifying thepyrolysis mechanisms of the polymer substrate andthereby help to keep the fuel (needed for combustion)in the solid phase.

6.1 Speciality Smoke Suppressants

There are a number of FR smoke suppressants availabletoday which comprise this third class. They arefrequently based on molybdenum or zinc compounds.Suppliers include US Borax, Climax, PolymerAdditives Group, and Sherwin-Williams.

Past research demonstrates that molybdenum acts as aflame/smoke suppressant in the solid phase. It has alsobeen shown that the difference between the vapourphase action of antimony oxide, Sb2O3, and the solidstate action of molybdenum is based on their reactivitywith halogen acid gas. Antimony oxide reacts withhydrogen chloride, HCl, at room temperature and thisantimony chloride vaporises at below 100 °C while


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molybdenum oxide reacts but does not vaporise below265 °C. It has further been demonstrated that zinc oxideis a synergist in the solid phase and its vaporisationtakes place at 730 °C.

Commercially available smoke suppressant compoundsinclude molybdenum oxide, ammonium octamolybdate(AOM), zinc borates, and supported zinc molybdatecompounds. Molybdenum oxide and AOM were thefirst products used as smoke suppressants.Formulations were developed some years ago and theyare still in use today.

Zinc borates act as FR/smoke suppressants and arecommercially available in varying zinc to boron ratios.Primarily supplied by US Borax under the trade nameFirebrake®, certain products are aimed at PVC,engineering thermoplastics, and some FR polyolefinsystems. Improved comparative tracking index andthermal melt stability are possible when used in placeof antimony in engineering thermoplastics. Firebrake®

products are also said to help reduce peak heat releaserate and smoke production in metal hydrate flameretarded polyolefin systems.

There are also more cost effective materials availablein today’s marketplace. Zinc molybdate productscommercially supplied by Sherwin-WilliamsChemicals are zinc molybdate supported on mineralcarriers. The trade name associated with these productsis Kemgard® and several modifications are provided.The largest volume zinc molybdate commercialproducts are Kemgard® 911A, 911C and 425 (a.12).

All of these speciality smoke suppressants are primarilyused with PVC and halogen containing formulationsfor wire and cable and interior building applications.The correctly designed formulation is capable ofreducing smoke from 650 to 150 as measured by theASTM E662 smoke evaluation apparatus.

Smoke density evaluation varies by application. Buildingmaterials principally use the ASTM E84 25-foot tunnelapparatus and often require smoke values below 450 oreven 100 for critical applications. The most stringentwire and cable requirement is for the plenumapplication where the NFPA 262 smoke rating must beless than 25. Other wire and cable requirementsevaluated by the ASTM E662 test are applicationspecific in that the application and/or end use definesthe smoke density requirement in that test.

Unfortunately there is no correlation between thedifferent smoke density tests. Therefore, each smokesuppressant formulation or product must be evaluatedin the particular test specified by the application.

6.2 Smoke Suppressant Product Improvements

Like flame retardants, smoke suppressant producttechnology has not seen any next generationadvancements in recent years. Minor productimprovements have been aimed at specific polymersystems for specific applications and smoke densityrequirements.

Perhaps the newest product improvements have beenin the Sherwin-Williams Kemgard® product line. AOM,zinc borate, and prior versions of extended zincmolybdate have had detrimental effects on thermalstability in PVC formulations. Two new Kemgard®

products appear to solve this thermal stability problem.Trade named Kemgard® HPSS, specifically designedfor flexible applications, and Kemgard® MZM,designed for rigid applications, these products are saidto increase the time to instability over older competitiveproducts by 21% and 32% respectively in PVCformulations.


Environmental and toxicity questions about smokesuppressant products are few and pale in intensity whencompared with the much more heated debatessurrounding specific halogen products. However, zincis classified as a heavy metal and there are concernsparticularly in some US states regarding its usage.Reporting its usage may be required in those states.

7 Other Flame Retardants and RecentFR Technology Advances

There are a variety of additional materials beingevaluated or used as flame retardants which do notspecifically fall into any of the previously discussedgroups. A few of these will be briefly reviewed here togive a further appreciation of the breadth of existingand potential FR products and technology. A briefoutline of the relatively new nanotechnology will alsobe offered.

7.1 Other Existing and Potential FlameRetardant Products

Derived from urea and characterised as a stablecompound, 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine, more


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commonly known as melamine, is used as a flameretardant in urethane foam applications. This chemicalforms stable salts with a variety of compoundsincluding phosphoric acid, ortho- and polyphosphoricacids, cyanuric, sulfuric and boric acids. Melaminecyanurate, for example, is used in polyurethane,unreinforced nylon, and polyesters. Melaminephosphate is used along with other organophosphoruscompounds in polyolefins and urethanes. Melaminepolyphosphate is relatively new to the marketplace andcan be used in reinforced nylon and polyesters, epoxiesand urethanes (a.13). Suppliers include Ciba SpecialityChemicals and Budenheim.

Hindered amines, typically used as light stabilisers, arealso available in flame retardant versions. For example,Ciba Speciality Chemicals has introduced two newproducts. TINUVIN® FR was developed especially toprovide light stability and flame retardancy topolypropylene moulded applications such as stadiumseats and other outdoor applications. FLAMESTAB®

NOR 116 is a non-halogenated, melt-processable FRfor polyolefin fibres, nonwovens, and films which areused in automotive and construction applications. FRstandards met by NOR 116 at 0.5-1.5% loading in fibresand nonwovens include MVSS 302 and DIN 4102-B2(a.14). Ciba is expected to introduce additional newproducts shortly aimed at polyolefin fabrics to meetFR requirements of both commercial and residentialupholstery, wall coverings, draperies and other high-UV applications.

Zinc borate products were briefly discussed in thesmoke suppressant Section 6.1. Used frequently incombination with metal hydrates at ratios of about 1or 2 to 10 parts in halogen-free polyolefins, they havea favourable impact on heat release and smokeevolution. One of the main benefits of their usage isthe formation of a strong char/ceramic residue thatprevents burning drips and delays oxidative pyrolysis(114).

The most used FR system for PC today is a uniquetechnology. Small amounts (<1% by weight) of sulfoneand sulfonate compounds are incorporated into the PCformulation providing flame retardance meeting theUL94 V0 3.2 mm requirements. The products used arepotassium diphenylsulfonesulfonate for transparent andtranslucent PC applications and sodiumtrichlorobenzene sulfonate for opaque PC applications(see Figure 10). Suppliers of these products includeSloss Industries as well as other speciality organicchemical producers. Sloss markets their two productsunder the product names KSS-FR® (sulfone) and STB-FR® (sulfonate). Another new compound for PC

recently introduced by 3M marketed as FR-2025contains fluorine and is used at <0.2% loading toprovide FR performance.

Expandable graphite (EG) flame retardants have beenknown for some twenty years. With increased focuson the development of non-halogen FR products, moreresearch is being done with these types of materials.EG is stable up to about 200 °C above which it willexpand very quickly. As a fire retardant EG can providelow smoke emission, low heat release, no dripping, andno migration. EG’s FR process is more mechanical thanchemical in that when exposed to fire it creates acrosslinked carbon char. Applications includepolyurethane foam and polypropylene (119). Additionalwork reported in 2001 on EG in FR polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams suggests improved fireperformance as measured by Oxygen Index and ConeCalorimeter Rate of Heat Release. The bestperformance was obtained using EG in synergisticcombination with triethyl phosphate (72).

Figure 10


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In 2002 the results of research on a silicone containingflame retardant in polycarbonate were reported. Thisresearch specifically studied the flame retardingmechanism of a trifunctional phenyl-rich siliconeadditive in PC. Pyrolysis gas chromatography and FTIRwas used for this investigation and indicated theformation of abnormal structures from the reactionbetween a silyl radical originating from the siliconeFR additive and an ether-like oxygen in the carbonatelinkage of the PC chain. Crosslinking structures andthe formation of a char barrier provide clues to the FRmechanism in this FR PC system (75).

Another silicon-containing compound appeared in aninvestigation on flame retardant polypropylene. In thiswork, the synergistic effects of silicotungistic acid(SiO2•12WO3•26H2O (SiW12)) in a polypropylenesystem incorporating a phosphorus-nitrogen FRcompound were studied using Oxygen Index, UL94,thermogravimetric analysis, FTIR and other analyticaltechniques. The study demonstrates the ability of aproper loading of SiW12 in this FR PP system toincrease the Oxygen Index and thermal stability whilepromoting the formation of charred structures (129).

Interesting research was recently conducted in Russiainvestigating the potential effects of potassiumpermanganate (KMnO4) on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).The PVA is oxidised by potassium permanganate andshows significant improvements in rate of heat releaseand ignition time. A further extension of this workinvolved evaluating the effect of an oxidised PVA andnylon 6,6 combination system. Even though theflammability results were not as desired, interestedreaders might consult the cited reference for details (52).

Yet another approach to flame retardancy wasinvestigated using lignin as the fire retardant both aloneand in combination with other additives inpolypropylene. Lignin is an amorphous polyphenolicplant constituent (about 25% of most wood) with anexcellent ability to form char structure uponcombustion. The research demonstrated that a PPsystem with 15% by weight of lignin showed a rate ofheat release in cone calorimeter studies lower than purePP and complete combustion of the PP/lignin blendtook twice as long as pure PP (49).

The above is only a very brief sample of research efforts.Indeed the study of silicon and silicon containingcompounds as flame retardants can actually be dividedinto groups which would include polydimethylsiloxane,silica, silanes, silsesquioxanes, silicates and polymerlayered-silicates (nanocomposites). It simply is notpossible to cover all of the non-halogen, non-phosphorus,

non-metal hydrate compounds which have been and arebeing studied for fire retardant performance. The interestin developing new types of FR products is significantand continues today in no small way due to the desire tofind additional FR products that are both environmentallyfriendly and free of human health concerns.

7.2 Recent FR Technology Advances

Nanotechnology is perhaps the newest technology inthe FR industry and the chemical industry in general.The Chemical Week, December 12, 2001, issuecontains an article titled ‘Nanotechnology, The Startof Something Big’ (128). Clearly this technology hasunlimited potential and may lead to next generationtechnology and products in a variety of industries. Thisreview will focus on research and discoveriesspecifically in flame retardancy. In the FR universe,nanotechnology refers to polymer layered-silicates orclay nanocomposites.

7.2.1 Nanotechnology and Flame Retardancy

The prefix nano- derives from the Latin word nanusand/or Greek word nanos. In English it means onebillionth (10-9) and is used in metrics such asnanosecond, nanometre, and nanogram. In the realmof fire retardants, the word ‘nanocomposite’ refers to anew class of polymer systems. It should be recognisedthat a nanocomposite does not imply a material that isonly a billionth of anything in size. Nanocompositepolymers are still polymers, just as we already knowthem. The difference is in the internal structure of thesefilled polymers.

Polymer layered-silicate nanocomposites are bestdescribed as a hybrid of organic polymer and inorganicsilicate materials in alternating nanometre-thick layers.The lateral dimension of the layers can be microns largegiving aspect ratios of 1000 or more. Two terms areused to describe the types of nanocomposite structure.Intercalated structures are well-ordered multilayerswhere only one (or two) layers of polymer chain aresandwiched between the silicate layers. The spacebetween these layers is called the gallery or interlayer.The other type of structure is the delaminated orexfoliated structure. In this type the layers of silicateare well dispersed throughout the polymer matrix withinterlayer spacing up to 200 nanometres. This last typemaximises the polymer-clay interactions which mightlead to more beneficial mechanical and physicalproperty effects on the polymer system.


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Clays currently used for these layered silicatenanocomposites include montmorillonite, hectorite,saponite and bentonite. Montmorillonite is actually alsothe group name of these complex clays with three-layercrystal lattice structures. Montmorillonite, a claymineral from Montmorillon, France, is a complexhydrous magnesium aluminium silicate with sodiumand calcium. A classical formula for this clay is5Al2O•2MgO•24SiO2•6H2O•(Na2O, CaO). Hectorite,found in Hector, California, with a classical formula(Mg2.67Li0.33)•Si4O10(OH)2Na0.33 absorbs water withcommensurate increase in volume. Saponite is a highmagnesium content montmorillonite clay with classicalformula Mg3.00(Al0.33Si3.67)O10(OH)2Na0.33. Bentoniteis an even more complex clay composed of mixturesof montmorillonite and beidellite. Bentonite is also atrade name given to highly adsorptive clays or drillingmuds. A classical formula for beidellite, the minoritymember in the bentonite clay, isAl2.17(Al0.83Si3.17)O10(OH)2Na0.33. These clays aremodified by treatment with compounds containingorganic cations carrying an aliphatic chain, such asalkylammonium or alkyl phosphonium salts, becomingorganophilic in nature and then referred to asorganoclays.

Very small amounts of silicate loading in thenanocomposite can result in significant improvementsin physical and mechanical properties such as tensilestrength, modulus, flexural strength and modulus, heatdistortion temperature, and in some cases thermalstability (important for flame retardancy).

Several processes can be used to synthesisenanocomposites including in situ polymerisation,solvent method, melt intercalation, intercalativepolymerisation and the sol-gel process (a.15). Processproblems are to be expected in such a new technology.So far, melt intercalation seems to have bettercommercial potential, albeit much more processdevelopment work must be done to maximise thepotential for bulk production of these types of products.Melt intercalation involves mixing a molten polymerwith the organoclay which can be accomplished in thescrew extrusion compounding process as an example.

Research on FR nanocomposite technology gainedmomentum a few years ago and many FR and plasticsadditives industry conferences now contain technicalpapers on this subject. A few of these contributionswill be reviewed here.

FR properties of an EVA nanocomposite with andwithout the addition of ATH was the focus of a recentinvestigation which showed a clear increase in thermal

stability and a large decrease in heat release in TGAand cone calorimeter testing. Addition of small amounts(5% by weight) of the nanofiller, a commercialmontmorillonite product available from Sud Chemie,to the EVA/ATH system showed a delay in degradationas measured by TGA (94). This work points to thepossibility of significantly reducing the level of ATHor other metal hydrate FR fillers if a small amount ofnanofiller is incorporated into the polymer. Reductionof metal hydrate loading will go a long way towardseliminating one of the persistent problems with metalhydrate FRs and that is the very high loadings requiredand the subsequent negative effects on physicalproperties.

In another research effort not only was the flammabilityof nanocomposites under evaluation but also theprocessing method for production. In this study,polystyrene nanocomposites were prepared using asingle screw extrusion approach. Resulting productswere studied and conclusions were offered regardingthe use of additional surface modifiers. Although resultshere were not as favourable in terms of flammabilityperformance with the use of nanofiller, there wereindications that loading levels of traditional FRs couldbe reduced and still obtain acceptable UL94flammability performance (a.15).

The flammability of nanocomposites of PP-graft-maleic anhydride with organoclays was recently studiedwith and without the presence of DECA and antimonyoxide flame retardants. In this case, synergy wasobserved between the nanocomposite and othertraditional flame retardants. Cone calorimetry was usedto evaluate combustion of these systems andrecognition is given by the researchers to the need forother traditional FR tests (such as Oxygen Index andUL94) to evaluate the FR effectiveness of these newnanocomposite compounds (104).

Reports from three separate research efforts werepresented at a June 2003 flame retardancy conference.One of these focused solely on the synergy betweentraditional phosphorus containing FRs andnanocomposites. An additive approach was evaluatedwhere the nanocomposite was formed in the presenceof phosphorus FR and a second approach was also usedwhich incorporated the phosphorus compounds ontothe clay. The largest reduction in peak heat release ratewas found for the phosphorus-containing clayapproach. Further work was indicated (a.16).

The other two equally noteworthy research reportsfocused on different aspects of the FR nanocompositeissue. One looked at quantitative characterisation of


24

dispersion of the nanoclay into the polymer matrix. Thisstudy included estimates of the interfacial area of thepolymer/clay and introduced a new concept to representthe distribution of the polymer/clay interphase in thepolymer. This metric-like approach may help in judgingthe flammability properties of a nanostructure (a.17).The second looked at the effects on flammability ofsample thickness and the accumulation and coverageof clay particles on the sample surface (a.18).

As indicated by the increasing number ofnanocomposite papers being presented at industryconferences, the interest in this technology is growingrapidly. Continued research on all aspects of processingand nanocomposite structures across a broad array ofpolymer types is necessary and not unexpected withsuch a new technology. Interested readers are advisedto check the most recent resources to stay current withrapidly occurring new findings and developments inFR nanocomposites.

Two companies have made recent nanoclay productannouncements. Laviosa Chimica Mineraria of Italyannounced that its Dellite® nanoclays can be added tomost polymer types to improve physical and mechanicalproperties including flame retardance. Different gradesof these nanoclays can be made by changing the rawmaterials and modifying agents (a.19). Süd-Chemie AGof Germany acquired the intellectual property rights tothe use of organoclays with inorganic fire retardants fromAlcan Aluminum of UK. Süd-Chemie’s Nanofil®

product range is said to combine the benefits of inorganicFRs (like ATH) and organomodified nanoclays and offersusers a premium performance FR (a.20).

8 Conclusion

The field of flame retardants is becoming increasinglycomplex with a wide variety of products currentlyavailable from a host of suppliers. Surprisingly only aportion of all FR products were mentioned in thisreview. Some of the FR products (DECA, TBBA, ATH)have become the ‘workhorses’ for certain polymerapplications. New product introductions occurregularly. These tend to focus on product modificationsoften targeted to specific aspects of usage such as easeof compounding, increasing throughput, increasingdispersion in the polymer matrix, and/or targetingimprovements of one or more mechanical or physicalproperties. One trend is to tailor products specificallyto the customer’s application. New FR technology isalso being investigated and this effort is increasing with

the continuing call for products free of environmentalor human health concerns.

Outright bans on the use of certain specific FRcompounds finally reached the USA following the leadalready well established in Europe. Driving this pointhome was an October 8, 2003, Wall Street Journal frontpage headline which reads ‘Burning Question, AsFlame Retardant Builds Up In Humans, Debate Overa Ban’ (see Section 1.2.1). States in addition toCalifornia are considering bans on certain FRs andcountries in the Asia Pacific region are also looking atsimilar measures.

New FR standards are being considered. The debate inthe USA on flame retarding polyurethane foamcushioning used in furniture is heating up. The impetusis from fire-fighters trying to reduce fire deaths fromupholstered furniture. Some 420 people lost their livesdue to this source of fire in 1998. Other reasonsinspiring possible regulation include increased costsfrom liability litigation, pressure from imports, and theincreasing possibility of government imposedrestrictions and regulations (a.21).

Changes on the legislative front are occurring morefrequently or so it seems. A concerted effort must bemade to stay on top of the developments. One exampleis the European Union’s REACH programme(Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization ofCHemicals). The original draft required testing andregistration of all chemicals manufactured in quantitiesof at least 1 ton per year. This of course would includeall flame retardant chemicals. Significant pressure fromindustry led to a revised draft which essentially raisedthe quantity to 10 tons per year. This change reducesthe number of chemicals to be tested and registeredfrom 30,000 to 10,000. Most flame retardants are stillincluded in this group of 10,000. The turnabout tookplace over the course of just a few months. It isreasonable to expect still further changes ahead.

A July 25, 2003 Wall Street Journal Marketplaceheadline reads ‘Greenpeace Warns of Pollutants fromNanotechnology’. Although the focus here appears tobe less on FR nanocomposite products and more onmanmade materials of actual nanometre size (carbonnanotube wires are pictured as an example), the articleserves to underscore the active and ongoing vigilanceby environmentalist groups in all chemical and materialproduct areas. Since the nanocomposite technologycurrently under research and development in the FRindustry does not really produce nanometre sizedmaterials, perhaps this new activist front will not


25

seriously impact the improved FR products which mayemerge from this novel technology.

Some of the debate over the potential ill effects ofcertain FR chemicals on human health and theenvironment may indeed be valid and substantiated byscientific testing. However, generalisation to all flameretardant products is a serious mistake. With all thedebate and regulation issues facing the FR industry,one might easily lose track of the extraordinary valuethese products bring to our lives. In Europe alone eachyear, some 4,000 to 5,000 people lose their lives to fireand the majority of these occur in the home. Even morevictims suffer painful burn injuries. These numbers arefar lower than in the past due to the use of FR chemicalsacross a wide variety of applications includingfurnishings of all types. As briefly reviewed here,plastic flame retardants include a variety of chemicalcompounds which can be added or applied tothermoplastic polymers. A few of these chemicals canbe reacted directly into the plastic polymer. Flameretardants are also used in thermosets, textiles, andlumber. However incorporated, they function toincrease resistance to ignition and delay the spread offire. Fire-fighters worldwide applaud the use of thesevery effective chemical compounds. They provideprecious extra seconds of escape time for humanvictims and they also protect property.

Additional References

a.1 1996 NFPA Centennial Calendar, National FireProtection Association, Quincy, MA, USA,1995.

a.2 Special Chem Editor, Halogen-free fireretardancy: Overview and new approaches(Part I), www.specialchem4polymers.com,March 26, 2001.

a.3 T. Hull, Regulatory Activity GoverningBrominated Flame Retardants in Europe andthe US, The Fourteenth Annual BCCConference on Flame Retardancy, Stamford,CT, June, 2003.

a.4 S. Toloken, Plastics News, 2003, July 21, 3.

a.5 C.J. Hilado, Flammability Handbook forPlastics, Technomic Publishing Company, Inc.,Lancaster, PA, 1998.

a.6 Special Chem Editor, Great Lakes developsnew flame retardant and smoke suppressant

products, www.specialchem4polymers.com,July 4, 2003.

a.7 Dead Sea Bromine Group, Plastics Additivesand Compounding, 2003, 5, 2, 21.

a.8 V. Steukers, Overview of FR related EUlegislative activities, Fire Retardant ChemicalsAssociation International Fire SafetyConference, New Orleans, LA, March, 2003.

a.9 B. Dero and A. Beard, The New EU ChemicalsPolicy and Its Impact on Flame Retardants,Fire Retardant Chemicals AssociationInternational Fire Safety Conference, NewOrleans, LA, March, 2003,

a.10 S. Levchik, New Developments in FlameRetardant Polyurethanes, The FourteenthAnnual BCC Conference on FlameRetardancy, Stamford, CT, June, 2003, .

a.11 D. Bürgi, Translation of excerpts from thedocument: Phosphorbasierte Flammschutzmittelin der Innenraumluft – Schlussbericht, FriedliGeotechnik AG, Färberstrasse 31, 8008 Zürich,Report no. 02.59 (1), 24 June 2002.

a.12 J.D. Innes and A.W. Cox, Journal of FireSciences, 1997, 15, 3, 227.

a.13 A. Mukherjee, Plastics Engineering, 2001, 57,2, 42.

a.14 Chemicals Material Purchase, Ciba SpecialityChemicals expands its product range,www.indianpurchase.com/magonline, June2002.

a.15 R. Yngard, F. Yang, G. Nelson, FlameRetardant or Not: Fire Performance ofPolystyrene/Silica Nanocomposites Preparedvia Extrusion, The Fourteenth Annual BCCConference on Flame Retardancy, Stamford,CT, June, 2003.

a.16 C.A. Wilkie, G. Chigwada, X. Zheng, RecentAdvances in Fire Retardancy Based onNanocomposites, The Fourteenth Annual BCCConference on Flame Retardancy, Stamford,CT, June, 2003.

a.17 S. Bourbigot, J. Gilman, R. Davis, D.LanderHart, C. Wilkie, A. Morgan, PolystyreneClay Nanocomposite: Processing,Characterization, Thermal Stability andFlammability, The Fourteenth Annual BCCConference on Flame Retardancy, Stamford,CT, June, 2003.


26

a.18 T. Kashiwage, J. Shields, R. Harris, W. Awad,Flame Retardant Mechanism of a PolymerClay Nanocomposite, The Fourteenth AnnualBCC Conference on Flame Retardancy,Stamford, CT, June, 2003.

a.19 Plastics Additives & Compounding E-news,Nanoclays enhance properties at low dosage,www.addcomp.com, August, 2003.

a.20 Special Chem Editor, Sud-Chemie acquiresAlcan technology for organo-clays in fireretardants for the polymer industry,www.specialchem4polymers.com, August 25,2003.

a.21 S. Toloken, Plastics News, 2003, October 13, 3.


27

Abbreviation and Acronyms

JSA Japanese Standards Association

LOI Limiting Oxygen Index

MVSS Motor Vehicle Safety Standard

NFPA National Fire Protection Association

NOEL No Observed Effect Level

octaBDE octabromodiphenyl ether

OP 2-methyl-1,2-oxaphospholan-5-one 2-oxide

PAN polyacrylonitrile

PBB polybrominated biphenyl

PBT polybutylene terephthalate

PC polycarbonate

PE polyethylene

PEFRC Phosphate Ester Flame RetardantsConsortium

pentaBDE pentabromodiphenyl ether

PP polypropylene

PPO polyphenylene oxide

PSPPP poly(sulfonyldiphenylenephenylphosphonate)

PVA polyvinyl alcohol

PVC polyvinyl chloride

RDP resorcinol diphosphate

REACH Registration, Evaluation, Authorisationof Chemicals

RHSD Restrictions of Hazardous SubstancesDirective

SiW12 silicotungistic acid

SP Sveriges Provings ochForskningsinstitut

TBBPA tetrabromobisphenol A

TCEP tris-2-chloroethylphosphate

TCPP tris-2-chloro-1-methylethylphosphate

TDCP tris-1,2-dichloropropylphosphate

TPO thermoplastic olefinic elastomers

TPP triphenyl phosphate

UL Underwriters Laboratories

UV ultraviolet radiation

VDE Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker

VOC volatile organic compound

ABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene

AFNOR Association Française de Normalisation

AGR annual growth rate

ANSI American National Standards Institute

AOM ammonium octamolybdate

APP ammonium polyphosphate

ASTM American Society for Testing andMaterials

ATH aluminium trihydrate

BDP bisphenol A diphosphate

BFRIP Brominated Flame Retardant IndustryPanel

BSEF Bromine Science and EnvironmentalForum

BSI British Standards Institute

Cefic European Chemical Industry Council

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

DECA decabromodiphenyl oxide

decaBDE decabromodiphenyl ether

DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung

DOP dioctyl phthalate

EBFRIP European Brominated Flame RetardantIndustry Panel

EFRA European Flame Retardants Association

EG expandable graphite

EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymerrubber

EPR ethylene-propylene rubber

EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer

FM Factory Mutual Insurance

FR flame retardant

FRCA Fire Retardant Chemicals Association

FRCJ Fire Retardant Chemicals AssociationJapan

HBCD hexabromocyclododecane

HIPS high impact polystyrene

HPV High Production Volume

ICBO International Conference of BuildingOfficials

IEC International ElectrotechnicalCommission

ISO International StandardizationOrganization


28

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited 29

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database

Item 1Additives for PolymersSept.2003, p.2/3GREAT LAKES TO PRODUCE NEWSTABILIZER AND FLAME RETARDANTADDITIVES

New additive products from US company Great LakesChemical Corp. are the subject of this article. Theproducer has recently introduced a hindered phenolicantioxidant (“Anox 20”), a range of “Anox FiberPlus”polymer stabiliser blends, and several flame retardants:“Smokebloc AOM-100”, “Firemaster CP-44HF”,“Firemaster 520”, “Firemaster 550”, and “Reofos”.Details on each are presented.

GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP.EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEANUNION; ITALY; NORTH AMERICA; SAUDI ARABIA; SOUTHKOREA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.896186

Item 2Journal of Applied Polymer Science89, No.11, 12th Sept.2003, p.3137-42FLAME RETARDANT FLEXIBLE POLY(VINYLCHLORIDE) COMPOUND FOR CABLEAPPLICATIONChunming Tian; Hai Wang; Xiulan Liu; Zhiguang Ma;Huazhi Guo; Jianzhong XuHebei,University

The effects of ZnO/MgO, ZnO/CaO and ZnO/MgO/CaOsolid solution flame retardants (SSFRs) and antimonytrioxide were studied on the flame retardancy, thermaldegradation, mechanical properties and electricalproperties of flexible PVC compounds for use in powercables. The results suggested that a small amount of SSFRand antimony trioxide showed synergistic effects. Theycould greatly increase the limiting oxygen index and thechar yield, and the thermal degradation temperature andthe activation energy decreased. SSFRs were thought toact by means of a condensed phase mechanism. Theresults were discussed. 23 refs.CHINA

Accession no.896084

Item 3Reinforced Plastics47, No.8, Sept.2003, p.20STUDY COULD BROADEN SCOPE FOR LFRT

A team at the Institut fur Verbundwerkstoffe, Universityof Kaiserslautern, has been looking at economical waysof producing flame retardant long fibre reinforcedthermoplastics without using halogens. The aim is toproduce LFRT components which comply with future EU

legislation governing the use of halogens, but withoutcompromising the material’s mechanical properties. Twosuitable additive types were found: magnesiumhydroxides and organic phosphorous synergists, whichavoided the need to develop a specific flame retardantadditive and therefore shortened the time to market.

INSTITUT FUER VERBUNDWERKSTOFFE GMBHEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.895752

Item 4Polymer International52, No.8, Aug.2003, p.1309-14INTUMESCENCE IN POLYBUTYLENETEREPHTHALATE. THE EFFECT OFMETHYLOXAPHOSPHOLANONE OXIDE ANDAMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATEBalabanovich A I; Balabanovich A M; Engelmann JBelarus,State University; BASF AG

The flame retardant effect of methyloxaphospholanoneoxide and ammonium polyphosphate in PBTP was studiedby the limiting oxygen index and the UL94 test. A self-extinguishing formulation was achieved. Mechanisticstudies were performed using TGA, FTIR of solid residuesand gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of thegaseous and high-boiling products. 15 refs.BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.895696

Item 5Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2003, pp.148, 29cm, 54FFLAME RETARDANTS FOR PLASTICSDufton PRapra Technology Ltd.

This report provides information and comment on recentevents in the environmental and legislative spheresrelating to flame retardants in plastics, and covers someof the product developments in the various families offlame retardant chemicals currently commerciallyavailable. Some longer-term ideas and potential areas ofchemical development are also described. The major end-use industries covered include automotive and othertransportation; electrical and electronic equipment andcables; building and construction. Fire testing, fire safety,environmental issues and legislation, are also discussed.A listing is included of European suppliers of flameretardants, with addresses.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.894761


30 © Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 6Polymer Degradation and Stability81, No.2, 2003, p.207-13THERMAL STABILITIES AND MECHANICALPROPERTIES OF EPOXY MOLDINGCOMPOUNDS(EMC) CONTAININGENCAPSULATED RED PHOSPHOROUSJinhwan Kim; Seokyoon Yoo; Jin-Young Bae;Hyo-Chang Yun; Jwangwon Hwang; Byung-Seon KongSung Kyun Kwan University; Kumkang KoreaChemical Co.Ltd.

Four types of red phosphorus with different types ofencapsulation were used as flame retardants for epoxymoulding compounds(EMC) consisting of ortho-cresolnovolac epoxy(EOCN) and phenol novolac(PN) resinsin order to investigate the effects of the encapsulatingmaterials on the flame retardancy and mechanicalproperties of the EMC formulations. It was found thatred phosphorus particles encapsulated with resol resin(F/R-1) showed better flame retardancy that thoseencapsulated with melamine or titanium dioxide. Furtherencapsulation of F/R-1 with EOCN was also studied withthe aim of inducing network formation between the matrixand encapsulated layer. It was found that furtherencapsulation improved the interfacial adhesion andsignificantly enhanced the mechanical properties. Thehygrothermal stability of various types of encapsulatedred phosphorus was also investigated and the effects ofencapsulation methods are discussed. 14 refs.SOUTH KOREA

Accession no.894637

Item 7Journal of Cellular Plastics39, No.4, July 2003, p.323-39FIRE BEHAVIOR OF POLYURETHANE FOAMSBastin B; Paleja R; Lefebvre JShell Chemicals; UPRES EA

The results are reported of an investigation into the effectsof two liquid flame retardants with and without the solidflame retardant, melamine, on the combustibility of PUfoam according to BS 5852, part 2, Crib 5 source. Theliquid flame retardants employed were tris(2-chloropropyl)phosphate and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)phosphate. The rate of dynamic totalweight loss was used to provide a clear insight intocombustion behaviour and TGA and cone calorimeter wereutilised to support the discussions. 4 refs. (PolyurethanesConference 2002, 13th-16th Oct., Salt Lake City, Utah)BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.894101

Item 8Composites Science & Technology63, No.8, 2003, p.1141-8

ELABORATION OF EVA-NANOCLAY SYSTEMS- CHARACTERIZATION, THERMALBEHAVIOUR AND FIRE PERFORMANCEDuquesne S; Jama C; Le Bras M; Delobel R; RecourtP; Gloaguen J MEcole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille;Lille,Universite des Sciences et Technologies; CREPIM

The fire retardances of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer(EVA) nanocomposites were investigated. Nanocompositeswere formed by melt mixing of EVA with either sodiummontomorillonite or different loadings of tallow ammoniummontmorillonite. The materials were characterised bythermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopyand small angle X-ray scattering, as well as the fire tests.The ammonium montmorillonites exhibited superior fireretardance by the measures of time to ignition, heat releaserate, peak heat release rate, total heat release and weightloss. The structural investigations showed that theammonium nanocomposites were more dispersed than thesodium montmorillonite materials. 17 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.893726

Item 9Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research42, No.13, 25th June 2003, p.2897-905POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANTSWITH INCREASED HEAT RESISTANCECichy B; Luckowska D; Nowak M; Wladyka-Przybylak MGliwice,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry;Poznan,Institute of Natural Fibres

The synthesis of melamine polyphosphate by thermalcalcination of melamine orthophosphate produced bydirect reaction of phosphoric acid with melamine, andthe investigation of its thermal properties by DTA, TGand DSC, is described. The effectiveness of melaminepolyphosphate as a flame retardant for polypropylene,with or without the addition of pentaerythritol, was testedby using a cone calorimeter according to ISO 5660, andthe results are discussed. 19 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.893484

Item 10Journal of Fire Sciences21, No.2, March 2003, p.89-115X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPYSTUDY OF THE AMMONIUMPOLYPHOSPHATE-POLYURETHANE SYSTEMUSED AS FIRE-RETARDANT ADDITIVE IN EVADuquesne S; Le Bras M; Delobel R; Camino G;Gengembre LENSCL; Torino,Politecnico; UPRESA CNRS

The efficiency of a mixture PU/APP as fire retardant inan ethylene-vinyl acetate matrix is investigated. It is



shown that the fire performance is sharply improved. Themechanism of fire retardancy of MAPP is discussedconsidering the protective surface material, investigatedby X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is shown that APPcontributes to the formation of the intumescent shield,creating stable nitrogenated as well as phosphoruscompounds via reaction with PU and/or with itsdegradation products. Such species modifies themechanical properties of the shield, resulting in animprovement of its fire retarding properties. 39 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.892692

Item 11Polyolefins 2003. Proceedings of a conference heldHouston, Tx., 24th-26th Feb. 2003..Brookfield, CT, SPE, 2003, p.601-624, 27 cm, 012CHLORINATED PARAFFINS AS EFFECTIVELOW COST FLAME RETARDANTS FORPOLYETHYLENEStein D; Stevenson DDover Chemical Corp.(SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,ThermoplasticMaterials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers &Additives Div.)

Due to improvements in manufacturing, chlorinatedparaffins with improved thermal stability are nowavailable, which makes it possible to use them inpolyolefin flame retardance. This work examines the useof chlorinated paraffins in combination with other fireretardants and synergists in low cost flame retardantpackages for HDPE. In combination with other flameretardant additive such as antimony trioxide, magnesiumhydroxide and nanomers, chlorinated paraffins are shownto provide flame retarded HDPE formulations whichretain good physical properties. 9 refs.USA

Accession no.892574

Item 12Polyolefins 2003. Proceedings of a conference heldHouston, Tx., 24th-26th Feb. 2003..Brookfield, CT, SPE, 2003, p.517-524, 27 cm, 012COMPOUNDING OF HIGHLY FILLEDSYSTEMS - NEW PRODUCTS AND THEIRBENEFITLuther D W; Herbiet RAlbemarle Corp.; Martinswerk GmbH(SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,ThermoplasticMaterials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers &Additives Div.)

Plastics flame retarded with mineral fillers typically havea loading level of around 45-65 wt.%. Such highly filledmaterials can be compounded with appropriate equipment.However, the bad flow characteristics and low bulk

density of the filler, especially after conveying processes,are reported to often reduce the throughput and thus, theprofitability of the compounding line. This paper presentsa new generation of aluminium hydroxide (ATH) fillerswith improved flow characteristics and very high bulkdensity, even after conveying processes have taken place.Details of are included of suitable compounding machinesfor highly filled systems, including the internal mixer andthe Buss Ko-Kneader, and the twin-screw extruder. Thenew products from Albermarle include ATH grades ofMartinal OL-104/LFF and Martinal OL-107/LE flameretardants which are free flowing. Martinal OL-104/LCDand OL-107/LCD flame retardants, in addition toimproved flowability, have constant bulk density. Benefitsof using them are discussed. 13 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.892568

Item 13Polyolefins 2003. Proceedings of a conference heldHouston, Tx., 24th-26th Feb. 2003..Brookfield, CT, SPE, 2003, p.395-406, 27 cm, 012MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE AS A FLAMERETARDANT IN TPO ROOFINGAshton H C; Chen T; Lynch T JHuber J.M.,Corp.(SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,ThermoplasticMaterials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers &Additives Div.)

The use of magnesium hydroxide as a flame retardant inthermoplastic polyolefin roofing applications, isdiscussed. Particular reference is made to the need forsurface treatment of the magnesium hydroxide particlesto ensure proper compounding, fire resistance, and colourstability. Such treated magnesium hydroxide with properlyengineered particle characteristics is shown to provideexcellent compounding and dispersion characteristics inPP and PE resins, together with good mechanical andweathering performance.USA

Accession no.892559

Item 14Fire & Materials27, No.2, March-April 2003, p.51-70FLAME RETARDANT MECHANISM OFPOLYOLEFINS MODIFIED WITH CHALK ANDSILICONE ELASTOMERHermansson A; Hjertberg T; Sultan B AChalmers University of Technology; Borealis AB

The flame retardant effect of the individual componentsof Casico, i.e. calcium carbonate, silicone elastomer andethylene-acrylate copolymer, was studied by conecalorimetry and oxygen index tests. The formation of anintumescent structure during heating was also examined.



Heat treatment was carried out under different conditionsto provide information on the flame retardant mechanism.The results indicated that the mechanism for Casico wascomplex and was related to a number of reactions, e.g.ester pyrolysis of acrylate groups, formation of carbondioxide by reaction between carboxylic acid and chalk,ionomer formation and formation of an intumescentstructure stabilised by a protecting char. Particularattention was paid to the formation of the intumescentstructure and its molecular structure as evaluated bycarbon-13 magic angle spinning(MAS) NMR and silicon-29 MAS-NMR, ESCA and X-ray diffraction analysis.After treatment at 500C, the intumescent structureconsisted mainly of silicon oxides and calcium carbonate,while after treatment at 1000C the intumescent structureconsisted of calcium silicate, calcium oxide and calciumhydroxide. 28 refs.EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERNEUROPE

Accession no.891782

Item 15Journal of Fire Sciences21, No.4, July 2003, p.319-29STUDY ON THE FLAME-RETARDINGMECHANISM OF BROMINATEDPOLYSTYRENE WASTE IN CURED EPOXYRESINWeidong Xiao; Peixin He; Benqiao He; Fuming ZhangHubei,University

Bromopolystyrene(BPS) prepared by a solvent methodfrom waste PS foam was shown to be effective for flameretardation of cured epoxy resin by gas phase andcondensed phase mechanisms. BPS was very stable below200C in air and could be used to flame retard materialsused at higher temperature. Its pyrolysis reaction involvedloss of bromine atoms and backbone pyrolysis and it veryrapidly lost its bromine atoms at 310 to 420C by zeroorder kinetics. This was extremely advantageous forBPS’s flame retarding activity. 8 refs.CHINA

Accession no.891780

Item 16Journal of Fire Sciences21, No.4, July 2003, p.285-98EFFECT OF AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATEON THE COMBUSTION AND THERMALDECOMPOSITION BEHAVIOR OFPOLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)Balabanovich A IBelarus,State University

Ammonium polyphosphate(APP) was found to exhibitfire retardant activity in polybutylene terephthalate(PBT),the limiting oxygen index increasing and the UL94 ratingimproving. TGA, FTIR and gas chromatography/mass

spectrometry data provided evidence that APP interactedwith PBT. The addition of APP changed the compositionof the solid, high and low boiling decomposition productsas compared with those of neat PBT. The main reactionoccurring on pyrolysis was shown to be ammonolysis ofPBT, resulting in the formation of various aromaticnitriles. The fire retardant effect was mainly attributed tothe condensed-phase activity of APP. 17 refs.BELARUS; BELORUSSIA

Accession no.891779

Item 17Kunststoffe Plast Europe93, No.4, 2003, p.32-3FLAME PROOFING AND LIGHTSTABILISATION OF POLYPROPYLENEZingg J; Diemunsch RCiba Spezialitatenchemie AG

Problems involved in the use of flame retardants,particularly brominated ones, in plastics materials arediscussed with reference to processing difficulties and tothe reduction of the long-term stability of the product.The development by Ciba of an additive system, TinuvinFR, which allows PP parts to be both UV resistant andflame resistant is described. It is shown that the additivesystem can be tailored to meet particular fire protectionrequirements and the life expectancy of the final product.(For graphs/tables, see German version in Kunststoffe,4, 2003, p.82-4)SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.891322

Item 18Journal of Applied Polymer Science89, No.3, 18th July 2003, p.753-62MECHANOCHEMICAL IMPROVEMENT OFTHE FLAME-RETARDANT AND MECHANICALPROPERTIES OF ZINC BORATE AND ZINCBORATE-ALUMINUM TRIHYDRATE-FILLEDPOLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)Hong Pi; Shaoyun Guo; Yong NingSichuan,University

The effect of the high-energy mechanical milling of a mixtureof PVC with zinc borate(ZB) or ZB-aluminiumtrihydrate(ATH) on the flame retardant and mechanicalproperties of ZB- and ZB-ATH-filled PVC was studied. Themilling was shown to result in chemical bonding betweenPVC and ZB or ZB-AH, increasing the interfacial interactionof PVC/ZB and PVC/ZB-ATH blends, which resulted in amarked increase in the limiting oxygen index, impact andyield strengths, and the EB of PVC/ZB and PVC/ZB-ATHblends. UV spectroscopic and gas chromatography-massspectroscopy results showed that mechanochemicalmodification of ZB and ZB-ATH effectively suppressed therelease of aromatic compounds in PVC/ZB and PVC/ZB-ATH blends during burning. Mechanochemical modification



thus provided an effective route for the improvement of theflame retardant and mechanical properties of flame retardant-filled PVC. 27 refs.CHINA

Accession no.891296

Item 19Journal of Materials Chemistry13, No.6, June 2003, p.1248-9NEW APPROACH FOR THE SIMULTANEOUSIMPROVEMENT OF FIRE RETARDANCY,TENSILE STRENGTH AND MELT DRIPPING OFPOLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATEWang Y-Z; Chen X-T; Tang X-D; Du X-HSichuan,University

Details are given of the use of a thermotropic liquid crystalcopolyester containing phosphorus with high flameretardancy to prepare reinforced PETP composites. Dataconcerning flame retardancy and mechanical propertieswere compared with pure PETP. The melt drippingbehaviour was also investigated. 14 refs.CHINA

Accession no.889483

Item 20Journal of Materials Science Letters22, No.6, 15th March 2003, p.455-8DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATIONOF A FIRE RETARDANT EPOXY RESIN USINGAN ORGANO-PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDHussain M; Varley R J; Mathus M; Burchill P; Simon G PMonash,University; Australia,CSIRO;Australia,Defence Science & Technology Org.

A fire retardant epoxy resin was prepared by reacting adiglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide andcured with a mixture of 3,5-diethyltoluene-2,4-diamineand 3,5-diethyltoluene-2,6-diamine (Ethacure-100). Thethermal properties and fire retardant behaviour of the resinwere determined as a function of phosphate content usingTGA, DMTA and a cone calorimeter. Graphs showingthe char yield variation with phosphorus content, tan deltavariation with temperature and rate of heat releasevariation with time for DGEBA and/or phosphorus-DGEBA are included. 14 refs.AUSTRALIA

Accession no.888748

Item 21Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2003, p.xx, 448,ISBN 185957372X, 25cm, 9TPRACTICAL GUIDE TO CHEMICAL SAFETYTESTING: REGULATORY CONSEQUENCES -CHEMICALS, FOOD PACKAGING ANDMEDICAL DEVICES

Edited by: Knight D J; Thomas M B(Safepharm Laboratories Ltd.)

A Practical Guide to Chemical Safety Testing describesthe different tests that must be performed on newchemicals and other materials to demonstrate to theregulatory authorities that they are safe for use. It is aimedat manufacturers, distributors and users and hence coversindustrial and household chemicals, food packaging andmedical devices. This book is divided into two main parts:Safety testing and assessment and Regulatory framework.Chapters within the safety testing section includemammalian toxicology, genetic toxicology, Physico-chemical properties, alternatives to animal testing,environmental risk assessment. Chapters within theregulatory section include EU chemical Legislation,chemical control in Japan, chemical control in the USAand the rest of the world, regulation of food packaging inthe EU and US and regulation of biocides.EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEANUNION; JAPAN; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.888366

Item 22Polymer Preprints. Volume 43. Number 2. Fall 2002.Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Boston, Ma.,18th-22nd Aug.2002.Washington, DC, ACS, Div.of Polymer Chemistry,2002, p.1215-6, 28cm, 012GENERATION OF 2,4,6-TRI(BROMOXANILINO)-1,3,5-TRIAZINES ASEFFICIENT FLAME RETARDANTS FORPOLYMERIC MATERIALSHowell B A; Wu HCentral Michigan,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

The demand for flame retardant polymer additives isexpected to grow 3.7% a year over the next three years.Organobromine products are projected to post the greatestrate of growth. The popularity of these additives arisesfrom their effectiveness and relatively low cost. Thesecompounds are gas-phase active flame retardants. Theyundergo degradation in the burning polymer to liberatehydrogen bromide and/or bromine atoms which areeffective scavengers of name propagating radicals,principally oxygen and hydroxyl radicals. Despite theeffectiveness of organobromine flame retardants, their useis receiving increasingly critical notice, particularly fromEuropean regulatory agencies. There is an increasingdemand for more environmentally benign, i.e. ‘greener’,flame retardants. Effective flame retardants that containlower levels of halogen (or no halogen at all) are neededto be responsive to this concern. In contrast to the actionof organohalogen flame retardants, several other additivespromote flame retardance by action in the solid phase.These materials facilitate the formation of a protectivelayer at the surface of the degrading polymer whichinhibits heal feedback from the flame and limits the



production of fuel fragments by thermal degradation ofthe polymers. Most solid-phase active flame retardantsare compounds that can promote crosslinking and charformation. Crosslinking facilitates char formation bycreating a carbon-carbon network whereby chaincleavage, which produces volatile components, isretarded. Organic compounds promoting char formationare those containing phosphorus, nitrogen, sulphur,phenoxy oxygen, and a few other heteroatoms. Onemethod of achieving enhanced flame retardant activity isto construct compounds displaying more than a singlemode of action or that are capable of a synergy of flamesuppressant properties. Compounds containing both a highlevel of halogen, in particular bromine, and anotherelement which may be converted to a crosslinking, char-promoting agent during the combustion process mightdisplay these characteristics. Accordingly, a series of2,4,6-tri(bromoxanalino)-1,3,5-trizines is prepared. Thesecompounds contain high levels of both bromine andnitrogen. 7 refs.USA

Accession no.888208

Item 23Plastics Additives & Compounding5, No.3, May-June 2003, p.6-7FLAME RETARDANT USE TO GROWSTEADILY

The total market for flame retardants in the US, WesternEurope and Asia in 2001 amounted to more than 1.2million metric tonnes and was valued at almost 2bn USdollars, according to a report by SRI Consulting. Themarket is expected to grow at an average annual rate ofabout 3-3.5% on both a value and a quantity basis overthe 2001-2006 period, exceeding 1.4 million metric tonnesvalued at just under 2.4bn US dollars. Flame retardantconsumption reached a peak during 1999/2000, but hassuffered severely with the economic downturn of 2001.Asia/Pacific (excluding Japan) represents the most rapidlygrowing market for flame retardants since manufactureof consumer goods requiring flame retardants has beenmigrating to this area.

SRI CONSULTINGWORLD

Accession no.887304

Item 24Handbook of Polymer Blends and Composites. Volume 2.Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, p.165-99, 627NEW APPROACHES TO REDUCE PLASTICCOMBUSTIBILITYZaikov G E; Lomakin S M; Usachev S V; KoverzanovaE V; Shilkina N G; Ruban L VRussian Academy of Sciences; Indian PetrochemicalCorp.Ltd.; Petru Poni,Institute of MacromolecularChemistry

Edited by: Kulshreshtha A K; Vasile C

An outline is presented on the mechanisms of action offlame retardants followed by a discussion on the hazardsencountered with the use of halogenated diphenyl ethersand dioxins. New trends in flame retardants are thenconsidered, focusing on intumescent systems, polymer -organic char formers, polymer nanocomposites andintercalated flame retardants based on triphenylphosphine.Finally, the results of studies on the thermal degradationof triphenyl phosphine and intercalated triphenyl phosphinecarried out using DSC and gas chromatography-massspectrometry and of combustion tests on PSnanocomposites with and without intercalated triphenylphosphine are reported. 42 refs.RUSSIA

Accession no.886389

Item 25Handbook of Polymer Blends and Composites. Volume1.Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, p.333-64, 627FLAME RETARDANT POLYESTER RESINSPatel V S; Patel R G; Patel M PSardar Patel University; Petru Poni,Institute ofMacromolecular Chemistry; Indian PetrochemicalCorp.Ltd.Edited by: Vasile C; Kulshreshtha A K

A discussion is presented on the use of inorganic flameretardant additives, organic flame retardant additives andorganic/inorganic flame retardant additives in polyesterresins and flame retardant components in monomers andflame retardant vinyl monomers or crosslinking agentsfor polyester production. The preparation of halogen-freeflame retardant polyesters, end-use applications ofpolyester resins with reduced flammability and methodsfor testing flammability are also discussed. 155 refs.INDIA

Accession no.886380

Item 26Handbook of Plastic Films.Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2003, p.159-186, 25cm. 625ECOLOGICAL ISSUES OF POLYMER FLAMERETARDANTSZaikov G E; Lomakin S MEdited by: Abdel-Bary E M(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

The choice of environmentally friendly alternatives totraditional flame retardants for plastics is examined. Themechanism of action of the four main families of flameretardant chemicals based on halogen, phosphorus,nitrogen, and inorganic compounds is described, anddetails are given of new systems which include the use ofintumescent systems, polymer nanocomposites,



preceramic additives, low-melting glasses, different typesof char-formers and polymer morphology modification.37 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.885601

Item 27(St. Louis, MO.) 2002, pp.2, 26 cm, 15/4/03INTRODUCING MOLDX A120, THE NEXTGENERATION FLAME RETARDANT FORMOLDING COMPOUNDSHuber J.M.,Corp.

MoldX A120 is a next generation flame retardant fromHuber for use in moulding compounds. It is an aluminatrihydrate product that when used as a flame retardantand smoke suppressant, in addition, features exceptionalprocessing and performance properties. Selectivelychosen raw material feedstocks combined with advancesin grinding and classifying technology are reported to haveyielded a product with unique features. Advantagesinclude lowered resin demand, improved dispersibility,and improved mould flow. Viscosity vs loading in amoulding compound is indicated, together with a typicalchemical analysis, typical physical properties, and particlesize.USA

Accession no.884908

Item 28Urethanes Technology20, No.1, Feb.-March 2003, p.43/4FLAME RETARDANT MAKER EASING PENT-UP PRESSURE FROM ENVIRONMENTALRULESRaleigh P

It is explained that the regulations governing the use ofpentabromodiphenyl ether (penta-DBE) flame retardant,which is used almost exclusively in flexible PU foams,are different on each side of the Atlantic - it is the mostwidely-used flame retardant in the United States, but isshortly to be banned in the European Union. This articlelooks at the strategy of major flame retardant supplierGreat Lakes Chemical Corp., who now offers twoalternatives: Firemaster 550 and Reofos NHP.

GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP.;DAIMLERCHRYSLERASIA; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;GERMANY; LATIN AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; SOUTHAMERICA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL; WORLD

Accession no.883369

Item 29Materials and Processing - Ideas to Reality. Vol. 34.Proceedings of the 34th International SAMPE technicalconference held Baltimore, Md., 4th-7th Nov.2002.Carina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,2002, p.1130-41, 23 cm, 012FIRE SAFETY, REGULATORY, AND END-OF-LIFE ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH FLAMERETARDANT ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICEQUIPMENTDawson R B; Landry S DAlbemarle Corp.(SAMPE)

The electrical and electronic equipment (EEE)marketplace continues to go through tremendous growth.With improvements in technology constantly taking place,this growth is expected to continue. End-of-life issues,such as reuse-reduce-recovery-recycle, safety andcompliance with regulatory matters are all of majorconcern and are being addressed. The shear volume ofold EEE to be disposed of is tremendous. Efforts areongoing to address the reuse-reduce-recycle aspects ofEEE. Safety is being addressed in much of today’s EEEby the use of flame retardants which significantly reducefire risks. This in turn saves lives and the destruction ofproperty. Compliance with regulatory matters greatlyimpacts the selection criteria of flame retardants that areused in EEE. This will be impacted by the proposedEuropean directives regarding waste electrical andelectronic equipment (WEEE) and the restriction on theuse of certain hazardous substances in electrical andelectronic equipment (RoHS). These end-of-life issuesfor EEE are examined, as are the effect that particularflame retardants can make toward meeting variousdemands placed on electrical and electronic equipment.26 refs.USA

Accession no.882837

Item 30Polymers for Advanced Technologies13, No.10-12, Oct.-Dec.2002, p.1091-102THE SYSTEM POLYAMIDE/SULFAMATE/DIPENTAERYTHRITOL: FLAMERETARDANCY AND CHEMICAL REACTIONSLewin M; Brozek J; Martens M MBrooklyn,Polytechnic University

The use of sulphur compounds and particularlysulphamates for flame-retarding cellulose and otherpolymers is reviewed. Recent results on flame retardingpolyamides are presented. The system developed requiresthe use of 1.5-2.5 wt.% of ammonium sulphamate (AS)or diammonium imidobisulphonate (DIBS) together with0.4-0.85 wt.% of pentaerythritol (petol) ordipentaerythritol (dipenta) to obtain fully flame retardantpolyamide 6 and 66. The properties of the flame retarded



products, obtained both by Brabender mixing and by twin-screw extrusion are: UL-94 rating of V-0 on bars of 1/16"and 1/32"; no flaming drips; very low burn time; tensilestrength of 11 KPSI; 10-20% elongation and CTI valuesof ca. 600 V. Thermoanalytical and FTIR data arepresented that indicate the thermal stability of the systemand the chemical reactions occurring. Mechanisms arediscussed. 11 refs.USA

Accession no.882564

Item 31Plastics Additives & Compounding5, No.2, March-April 2003, p.18-9FLAME RETARDANTS - A GUIDE TO THEBASICS

The mode of action of flame retardants is discussed andthe main types of flame retardants available are described.A list is given of various flame retardant additives, withnotes on their mechanisms of action and the types ofpolymers in which they are used.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.882247

Item 32Adhesives Age46, No.2, March 2003, p.8FAR-REACHING REGULATIONS IN EUROPEBowtell M

There is currently much concern in Europe over an officialand far-reaching piece of legislation which has beenproduced by the European Commission. This legislationsets out a strategy for a future Community Policy forChemicals. The project is called Registration, Evaluation,Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH). Essentially, therequirements of the proposed legislative system dependon the proven or suspected hazardous properties, uses,exposure and volumes of chemicals produced and/orimported into the European Union. The key revisionproposed for new substances is to change the volumethreshold at which mandatory testing becomes arequirement. The British Adhesives and SealantsAssociation has concerns about a range of issues, includingthe cost to industry, where estimates are put at up to 100,000pounds sterling per chemical substance, which it believeswill lead to a significant loss of raw materials.EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.881666

Item 33Polymer Degradation and Stability78, No.2, 2002, p.349-56A STUDY OF THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITIONAND SMOKE SUPPRESSION OF POLY(VINYL

CHLORIDE) TREATED WITH METAL OXIDESUSING A CONE CALORIMETER AT A HIGHINCIDENT HEAT FLUXBin LiHarbia,Northeast Forestry University

The thermal decomposition, the flame retardancy and thesmoke emission behaviour of PVC formulations containingtransition metal oxides, Cu2O, CuO, MoO3 and Fe2O3were investigated. Cone calorimetry was carried out at anincident heat flux of 50 kWm-2. The results showed thatthe four transition metal oxides imparted good flameretardancy and smoke suppression by effectively reducingpeak and average heat release rate, peak smoke productionrate and total smoke production. The copper oxides werefound to be more effective than MoO3 and Fe2O3 inreducing smoke emission in the PVC. The transition metaloxides can change the thermal decomposition behaviourof the PVC. They reduce the mass loss rate and mass lossof the PVC backbone, and promote char residue formationat the end of flaming. 23 refs.CHINA

Accession no.881550

Item 34Polymer Degradation and Stability78, No.2, 2002, p.341-7FLAME RETARDANCY OFPOLYISOCYANURATE-POLYURETHANE FOAMS:USE OF DIFFERENT CHARRING AGENTSModesti M; Lorenzetti APadova,Universita

The effects of different charring agents on the physical-mechanical properties and fire behaviour is studied. Theuse of varying amounts of ammonium polyphosphate,melamine cyanurate and expandable graphite has beeninvestigated. When involved in fire they all lead to theformation of a char layer on the polymer surface, but theirways of providing fire retardancy are different.Ammonium polyphosphate leads to the formation of achar layer through the linking of phosphates to the estergroup, melamine cyanurate acts through endothermicdecomposition leading to evolution of ammonia andformation of condensation polymers. Expandable graphiteleads to formation of char layer characterised by thepresence of ‘worms’ resulting from its expansion. It wasfound that the higher the filler content the lower thecompression strength. The presence of ammoniumpolyphosphate of melamine cyanurate results inworsening of thermal conductivity while the expandablegraphite leads to increase in thermal conductivity. Conecalorimetry and the oxygen index test have been used tostudy the fire behaviour and the best results were obtainedwith expandable graphite. 10 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.881549



Item 35Polymer Degradation and Stability78, No.2, 2002, p.219-24DIFFERENCES IN THE FLAME RETARDANTMECHANISM OF MELAMINE CYANURATE INPOLYAMIDE 6 AND POLYAMIDE 66Gijsman P; Steenbakkers R; Furst C; Kersjes JDSM Research; Johannes-Kepler-University; DSMMelapur

Melamine cyanurate (MC) is known to be more effectiveas a flame retardant in polyamide 66 than in polyamide6. In order to determine the chemical reactions betweenMC and PA6 and PA66 at 350-450 degree C modelcompounds were studied first. Cyclopentanone (modelcompound for degraded PA66) and caprolactam (modelcompound for degraded PA6 and for amide linkagecontaining polymers). The degradation of the polymerswith and without MC was studied in order to determinethe relevance of the results obtained with the modelcompounds. The results from these studies suggested thatthe difference in activity of MC in PA66 and PA6 is dueto the difference in the degradation mechanisms of thetwo polymers. The degradation products formed in PA66(cyclopentanone) may crosslink with MC degradationproducts (mainly NH3), which results in less flammablehigh molecular weight structures. PA6 degrades to lessreactive compounds which do not crosslink. 16 refs.AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.881536

Item 36Polymer International52, No.1, Jan.2003, p.146-52FIREPROOFING OF POLYURETHANEELASTOMERS BY REACTIVEORGANOPHOSPHONATESEl Khatib W; Youssef B; Bunel C; Mortaigne BRouen,Institut National des Sciences Appliquees;Arcueil,Centre Technique

PU elastomers (PUE) were synthesised fromhydroxytelechelic polybutadiene as polyol, modified MDIas liquid polyisocyanate and phosphonate diols as fireretardant chain extenders. PUEs with phosphorus contentsfrom 0 to 3% w/w remained stable up to 250C. Thepercentage of residual char at 600C increased withincreasing phosphorus content. For the soft segments, novariation in the glass transition temperature occurred withincreasing phosphorus content, but that of the hardsegment increased. Above 0.5% w/w phosphorus content,the limiting oxygen index became higher than thepercentage of oxygen in the air. 19 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.881324

Item 37Fire & Materials26, No.6, Nov.-Dec.2002, p.291-3SHORT COMMUNICATION: CARBONNANOTUBES AS FLAME RETARDANTS FORPOLYMERSBeyer GKabelwerk Eupen AG

Flame retardant nanocomposites are synthesised by melt-blending EVA multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Fireproperty measurements by cone calorimeter reveal thatthe incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes intoEVA significantly reduces peak heat release ratescompared with the virgin EVA. Peak heat release rates ofEVA with multi-walled carbon nanotubes are slightlyimproved compared with EVA nanocomposites based onmodified layered silicates. Char formation is the mainimportant factor for these improvements. There is also asynergistic effect by the combination of carbon nanotubesand organoclays ynergistic resulting in an overall moreperfect closed surface with improved heat release values.12 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.880581

Item 38Polymer Degradation and Stability79, No.2, 2003, p.309-18EFFECTS OF TIN ADDITIVES ON THEFLAMMABILITY AND SMOKE EMISSIONCHARACTERISTICS OF HALOGEN-FREEETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMERCross M S; Cusack P A; Hornsby P RTin Technology Ltd.; Brunel University

In a halogen-free EVA cable compound, zinchydroxystannate(ZHS) was shown to be an effectivepartial replacement for the conventional hydrated fire-retardant fillers alumina trihydrate(ATH) and magnesiumhydroxide. In contrast to earlier results for halogen-containing polymers, ZHS-coated versions of the fillerswere less effective than equivalent composition mixturesof ZHS plus filler. Incorporation of ZHS also significantlyenhanced the performance of an ATH/nanoclay synergisticfire retardant system in the EVA formulation and allowedmarked reductions to be made in overall filler contentwith no or only slight adverse effect on the flame retardantand smoke suppressant properties. 22 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.879812



Item 39Fire & Materials26, No.4-5, July-Oct.2002, p.201-6INVESTIGATION INTO THE MECHANISM OFFLAME RETARDANCY AND SMOKESUPPRESSION BY MELAMINE IN FLEXIBLEPOLYURETHANE FOAMPrice D; Yan Liu; Milnes G J; Hull R; Kandola B K;Horrocks A RSalford,University; Bolton Institute

Results are presented of an investigation of the mechanismof flame retardancy and smoke suppression of PU foamby melamine carried out by means of cone calorimetry,TGA, DSC and pyrolysis gas chromatography/massspectroscopy. The results indicate that interaction occursbetween melamine and the evolved toluene diisocyanatefraction arising from the decomposition of PU foam. Theresulting polymeric structures then reduce the amount ofaromatic smoke precursors evolved, thus suppressingsmoke in the event of a fire. This polymeric structure alsodegrades to a char, reducing the amount of combustiblesvolatilised and hence the rate of heat release. The char formsa protective layer on the surface of the PU foam. 10 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.879796

Item 40Fire & Materials26, No.4-5, July-Oct.2002, p.173-82ENHANCING POLYMER FLAMERETARDANCY BY REACTION WITHPHOSPHORYLATED POLYOLS. II.CELLULOSE TREATED WITH APHOSPHONIUM SALT UREA CONDENSATE(PROBAN CC) FLAME RETARDANTHorrocks A R; Sheng ZhangBolton Institute

The phosphorylation of cellulose flame retarded with anammonia-cured, polycondensed tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)-phosphonium-urea derivative (Proban CC from Rhodia)with a polyol diphosphoryl chloride orphosphorochloridate such as spirocyclic pentaerythritoldi(phosphoryl chloride) was shown to yield phosphoruslevels in excess of 10% w/w. These high levels suggestedup to 82% yields of reaction if phosphorylation of thefree secondary amine groups present in the crosslinkedflame retardant was the assumed site. The presence ofsubstituted pentaerythritol phosphate moietiessignificantly increased char formation above 400C andSEM indicated that the char had an intumescent structure.The char-forming characteristic was not affected bysubjecting the phosphorylated flame retardant celluloseto boiling in a 1% detergent solution in water. Thepotential of this reaction to create a durable, intumescentflame retardant for cellulose is discussed. 10 refs.

RHODIAEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.879795

Item 41Fire & Materials26, No.4-5, July-Oct.2002, p.149-54POLYURETHANE/CLAY ANDPOLYURETHANE/POSS NANOCOMPOSITES ASFLAME RETARDED COATING FORPOLYESTER AND COTTON FABRICSDevaux E; Rochery M; Bourbigot SEcole Nationale Superieure des Arts & Ind.Text.

PU resins are widely used as coatings for textile fabricsin order to improve some of the properties of the fabrics.The use of two types of additives, montmorillonite clayand polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes(POSS), toprepare PU nanocomposites for providing flameretardancy to coated textile structures is discussed. Someresults obtained for PU/clay and PU/POSS coatedpolyester or cotton fabrics, using cone calorimetry andTGA, are presented. The efficiency of these additives isclearly demonstrated and discussed, with particularreference to the potential of using POSS for fire retardantapplications. 14 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.879792

Item 42Polymers for Advanced Technologies14, No.1, Jan.2003, p.3-11CATALYSIS OF INTUMESCENT FLAMERETARDANCY OF POLYPROPYLENE BYMETALLIC COMPOUNDSLewin M; Endo MBrooklyn,Polytechnic University

Details are given of the intumescent flame retardancy ofPP. Emphasis is given to the synergistic effects observedwith various co-additives to ammonium polyphosphateand pentaerythritol. Flame retardant and synergisticeffectivity were determined for a number of systemsincluding chlorine, bromine, phosphorus, nitrogen andsulphur compounds. 20 refs.USA

Accession no.879720

Item 43ENDS ReportNo.337, Feb.2003, p.11GREAT LAKES’ FLAME RETARDANT FACESRESTRICTIONS

Restrictions on the brominated flame retardant HBCDappear likely after a Government expert committee



confirmed the chemical to be “very persistent and verybioaccumulative” in February. New data suggest thatGreat Lakes Chemical’s works in Newton Aycliffe hascontaminated the local environment with the compoundthrough releases to both air and water.Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is used as a flameretardant in expanded PS foam and textiles. HBCD is oneof ten compounds short-listed by the Government’sChemicals Stakeholder Forum, which is charged withidentifying hazardous substances for voluntary, earlyphase-out ahead of EU legislation.

GREAT LAKES CHEMICALEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.879345

Item 44Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 3, Paper 4, p.347-63, 27 cm, 012FIRE AND FLAME RETARDANTS FOR PVCCoaker A WCoaker A.W.,& Associates Inc.(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

The flammability performance of PVC plays a significantrole in its selection for many applications. Its relativelyhigh chlorine content (58.6%) makes it more resistant toignition and burning than most organic polymers. In thecase of flexible PVC, the plasticisers which contributeflexibility, in most instances, detract from its resistanceto fire. To meet specifications such as oxygen index, heatrelease, smoke evolution or extent of burning in cabletests, flame retardant (FR) and smoke suppressant (SS)additives are often incorporated. Synergistic combinationsof FR and SS additives to PVC formulations facilitatepassing many stringent FR specifications cost effectively.30 refs.USA

Accession no.877697

Item 45Polyurethanes Conference 2002. Proceedings of aconference held Salt Lake City, Utah, 13th-16thOct.2002.Arlington, Va., Alliances for the PolyurethanesIndustry, 2002, Technical Session F - Combustibility ,Paper 2, p.234-43, 28 cm, 012FUNDAMENTALS OF FLAME RETARDATION:THE BURNING PROCESS AND THE MODE OFACTION OF FLAME RETARDANTSBleuel E; rotermund U; Seitz C; Boehme P; Reichelt MBASF Schwarzheide GmbH; Elastogran GmbH; BASFBelgium SA NV

(American Plastics Council; Alliance for thePolyurethanes Industry)

The modern material plastic is used where conventionalmaterials like wood, stone or metal are not suitable orwhere a better processing, simpler manufacturing or alower weight is required. But plastics are organicsubstances and therefore naturally inflammable andcombustible. For that reason in most applications in theelectronics, construction, automotive and furnitureindustries several standards for the inflammability andcombustibility of plastics exist. To pass the standards,flame retardants are added to the plastics. Flame retardantsact by different mechanisms and guarantee the fulfillmentof the required standards. In addition, the flame retardantsand the flame retarded plastics have to be suitable for thedesired application in regard to the mechanical, electricaland thermal characteristics of the compound. Processingand toxicity are important, as is price. Because of theirhigher specific surface area, plastics such as PU rigidfoams are more combustible than compact materials.Further, in Europe these PU foams have been producedwith highly inflammable blowing agents, such aspentanes, for years. The pentanes remain in the cell gasand do not harm the global ozone layer. In addition theydo not contribute to the greenhouse effect. Therequirements for pentane blown rigid foams are thereforeparticularly high. For this reason, PU rigid foams willserve as examples for considerations concerning thecombustion of plastics and the mode of action of flameretardants. 11 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.877560

Item 46International Polymer Science and Technology29, No.12, p.T/62-4NEW FLAME-RETARDANT MODIFIERS FOREPOXY RESINSIdrisova S ShSumgait,State University

In order to produce flame retardant epoxy resins, newflame retardant modifiers were synthesised. The synthesisis described of imide (III) and carboxybenzimidazole (IV)of trans-4,5-dibromocyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.The epoxy composites were prepared with a ratio ofcomponents (parts by weight) of 80-95 parts epoxy resin,5-15 parts flame retardant modifier III, IV or a blendthereof. Tests showed that flame retardant modifiers III,IV or blend thereof provided the composites with a self-extinguishing capacity, adhesion, high dielectric indices,and crack resistance. Best ratios are suggested. 2 refs.(Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.2, 2002,pp.21-2).RUSSIA

Accession no.877147



Item 47Polymer44, No.1, 2003, p.25-37EFFECT OF MELAMINE PHOSPHATE ONTHERMAL DEGRADATION OF POLYAMIDES:A COMBINED X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANDSOLID-STATE NMR STUDYJahromi S; Gabrielse W; Braam ADSM Research

The effect of the fire retardant melamine polyphosphateon the thermal degradation of both polyamide 66 andpolyamide 6 was studied using a combination of X-raydiffraction and solid state NMR techniques. The mixturesof melamine polyphosphate with the polyamides wereheated for different times at 350 and 450C. It was shownthat melamine polyphosphate induced significantcrosslinking in polyamide 66 and led to a dramaticdepolymerisation of polyamide 6. The results were usedto explain the performance of melamine polyphosphateas a flame retardant in the polyamides. 43 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.876727

Item 48European Polymer Journal39, No.2, Feb.2003, p.263-8IMPROVEMENT ON FIRE BEHAVIOUR OFWATER BLOWN PIR-PUR FOAMS; USE OF ANHALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANTModesti M; Loernzetti APadova,Universita

Expandable graphite (EG) was used as a flame retardantin polyisocyanurate-polyurethane (PIR-PUR) water-blown foams. A marked decrease of compression strengthand significant increase in the thermal conductivity wasobserved only at very high EG content (25 wt%). Thefire behaviour of the PIR-PUR foams was significantlyimproved by the use of EG. The results were discussed.10 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.876705

Item 49Polymer Degradation and Stability79, No.1, 2003, p.139-45FLAME RETARDANTS FOR POLYPROPYLENEBASED ON LIGNINDe Chirico A; Armanini M; Chini P; Cioccolo G;Provasoli F; Audisio GCNR; Pomezia,Centro Sperimentale di Volo

Lignin was evaluated as a flame retardant either alone orin combination with aluminium hydroxide, PVAL,melamine phosphate, monoammonium phosphate or

ammonium polyphosphate, in isotactic PP using TGA andcone calorimetry. The effect of lignin on the dynamicmechanical properties of PP was also investigated as wassynergism between the lignin and the above additives.The data obtained confirmed that lignin acted as a flameretardant both alone and in combination with some of theabove additives. 11 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.875390

Item 50Polymer Degradation and Stability79, No.1, 2003, p.85-92FIRE RETARDANT AND CHARRING EFFECTOF POLY(SULFONYLDIPHENYLENEPHENYLPHOSPHONATE) IN POLY(BUTYLENETEREPHTHALATE)Balabanovich A I; Engelmann JBelarus,State University; BASF AG

Poly(sulphonyldiphenylene phenylphosphonate)(PSPPP), either alone or in combination withpolyphenylene oxide (PPO), triphenyl phosphate or 2-methyl-1,2-oxaphospholan-5-one 2-oxide (OP), wasevaluated as a halogen-free flame retardant inpolybutylene terephthalate. The combustion behaviour ofthe compositions was studied by limiting oxygen indexand the UL94 test and the fire retardant effect of the flameretardant was evaluated by means of TGA, IRspectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.It was found that the UL94 test V-O rating was achievableby adding 10 wt.% PSPPP, 10 wt.% PPO and and 10 wt.%OP to the polyester. 18 refs.BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.875383

Item 51Polymer Degradation and Stability79, No.1, 2003, p.13-20THERMAL DEGRADATION AND FLAMERETARDANCY OF ETHYLENE-VINYLALCOHOL COPOLYMER BLENDED WITHAMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATEMatsuda N; Shirasaka H; Takayama K; Ishikawa T;Takeda KShibaura,Institute of Technology

The thermal degradation and flame retardancy ofethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer containing ammoniumpolyphosphate were investigated using TGA, pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and elementalanalysis. Burning and ignition times were measured usingthe UL-94 test and heat release rates and otherflammability parameters were determined using a conecalorimeter. The effect of ammonium polyphosphatecontent on flame retardancy, burn time and total heat



release was examined and the formation of a crosslinkedstructure as a result of the reaction of ammoniumpolyphosphate with OH radicals on the polymer chainidentified. 26 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.875375

Item 52Journal of Applied Polymer Science86, No.10, 5th Dec.2002, p.2449-62ECOLOGICAL ISSUE OF POLYMER FLAMERETARDANCYZaikov G E; Lomakin S MRussian Academy of Sciences

The use of polymer flame retardants has an importantrole in saving lives. The main flame retardant systemsfor polymers currently in use are based on halogenated,phosphorous, nitrogen and inorganic compounds. All ofthe flame retardant systems basically inhibit or evensuppress the combustion process by chemical or physicalaction in the gas or phase. Conventional flame retardants,such as halogenated, phosphorous or metallic additives,have a number of negative attributes. An ecological issueof the application of conventional flame retardantsdemands the search of new polymer flame retardantsystems. Among the new trends of flame are intumescentsystems, polymer nanocomposites, preceramic additives,low-melting glasses, different types of char formers andpolymer morphology modification processing. Briefexplanations on the three major types of flame retardantsystems (intumescent, polymer nanocomposites andpolymer organic char formers) are presented. 39 refs.RUSSIA

Accession no.875169

Item 53ANTEC 2002. Proceedings of the 60th SPE AnnualTechnical Conference held San Francisco, Ca., 5th-9thMay 2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Paper 312, Session T16-Polymer Modifiers and Additives. Functional Fillers,pp.5, CD-ROM, 012SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS IN HALOGEN-FREEPOLYMER COMPOUNDS CONTAININGHYDRATED MINERAL FILLERSHornsby P R; Ahmadnia ABrunel University(SPE)

Hydrated mineral fillers, particularly magnesium andaluminium hydroxides, are used as fire retardant fillersfor polymers, but the high additions required (typically60 wt%) adversely affect the mechanical properties. Theuse of additives which have a synergistic effect, leadingto reduced filler additions, are briefly reviewed. Theintroduction of these additives may reduce smoke

emission, modify the filler decomposition endotherms andwater release rates, and change char formationcharacteristics. Additives discussed include zinc borate,antimony trioxide, carbon powder, polyacrylonitrilefibres, transition metal oxides (nickel and cobalt), andzinc stannate. 11 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.874793

Item 54Popular Plastics and Packaging47, No.12, Dec.2002, p.41GREAT LAKES LAUNCHES HIGHERREACTIVITY FLAME RETARDANT FORPOLYURETHANE AND POLYISOCYANURATEFOAM

Great Lakes Chemical has announced the introduction ofFiremaster 520, a higher reactivity flame retardant forrigid PU and polyisocyanurate foam applications.Firemaster 520, with its primary hydroxyl reactive groups,offers faster reaction rates, lower viscosity and improvedcompatibility in water blown foams. In many applications,a higher reactivity flame retardant is preferred to reducecycle time and surface friability.

GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP.USA

Accession no.874774

Item 55Addcon World 2002. Proceedings of a conference heldBudapest, Hungary, 22nd-23rd.Oct. 2002.Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, Paper 19,p.221-25, 29 cm, 012COMBINATION OF FLAME-RETARDANT ANDUV-STABILIZER MASTERBATCHES FOROUTDOOR SEATING AREASSuschnig JGabriel-Chemie GmbH(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

The development is described of a masterbatch for outdoorstadium seating made from blow moulded PP, whichincorporates a blend of flame retardant and UV stabiliser.It is claimed to have been previously impossible tocombine a UV stabiliser with a halogenated flameretardant without considerable chalking effects within ashort exposure time, due to the incompatibility betweenthe halogenated flame retardant and HALS stabilisers,which results in a deactivation of the UV stabiliser. Furtherproblems involved the limited heat stability of flameretardants used for polyolefins. These were solved bymeans of a combination of co-stabilisers.AUSTRIA; EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN UNION;HUNGARY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.874518



Item 56Addcon World 2002. Proceedings of a conference heldBudapest, Hungary, 22nd-23rd.Oct. 2002.Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, Paper 18,p.213-220, 29 cm, 012OPTIMISING PROPERTIES OF HALOGENFREE FLAME RETARDANT POLYOLEFINSTHROUGH THE USE OF ZINC BORATES ASMULTI-FUNCTIONAL SYNERGISTSLeeuwendal RBorax Europe Ltd.(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

Flame retardant halogen-free polyolefins are commonlydeveloped with the use of high concentrations of metalhydrate additives such as alumina trihydrate andmagnesium hydroxide. It is argued that there is a need toimprove the fire performance of such material at existinghigh loadings as well as significantly reduce the totalflame retardant additive loading. It is demonstrated thatsmall additions of other additives including silicones,nanoclays, and phosphates, in combination with zincborate, can have a significant effect on the rate of heatrelease and structure and quality of the combusted residueafter testing in a cone calorimeter. New generations ofadditives with zinc borate also demonstrate that lowerloadings can be achieved at 50w% than usually possiblewith metal hydrates, in addition to improved flameretardancy and physical properties. As such, this paperaddresses the beneficial effects of Firebreak zinc borateswith other additives in polyolefin based materials tocombine their mode of action with metal hydrateadditives. 9 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEANUNION; HUNGARY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.874517

Item 57Addcon World 2002. Proceedings of a conference heldBudapest, Hungary, 22nd-23rd.Oct. 2002.Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, Paper 17,p.203-212, 29 cm, 012EXCELLENT FLOW- AND CONVEYANCE-BEHAVIOUR, LOW DUST EMISSION ANDOUTSTANDING PROPERTIES OF HALOGENFREE FLAME RETARDANT COMPOUNDSREALIZED BY A NEW GENERATION OFALUMINIUM-TRI-HYDRATESauerwein RNabaltec GmbH(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

This paper presents a new generation of non-post treatedfine precipitated aluminium trihydrate (ATH), which isclaimed to offer excellent powder processing and alsooutstanding compound properties in its use as a flameretardant additive. Details are given of the performanceof Apyral 40CD in wire and cable applications, and in

the compounding industry, where large productivitybenefits can be realised, it is demonstrated.EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEANUNION; GERMANY; HUNGARY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.874516

Item 58Addcon World 2002. Proceedings of a conference heldBudapest, Hungary, 22nd-23rd.Oct. 2002.Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, Paper 2, p.15-32, 29 cm, 012FLAME RETARDANTS CONTROVERSY: FIRESAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONBeard A; Steukers VClariant Ltd.; Albermarle Co.(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

Whilst flame retardants provide the necessary level offire safety for many common polymers in a variety ofend-use applications, they are also perceived as potentialenvironmental pollutants. This slide presentation isconcerned with the controversy surrounding the use offlame retardants and the balance between fire safety andenvironmental protection. It gives a summary of currentscientific and European regulatory issues, including anoverview of current regulatory issues relating to the useof flame retardants, such as the European Directive onWaste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, and the EUrisk assessments of flame retardants. In addition, the wayin which flame retardants are dealt with in the variousecolabel schemes, is also discussed.EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY; USA

Accession no.874501

Item 59Plastics Additives & Compounding4, No.12, Dec.2002, p.22/9NEW ATH DEVELOPMENTS DRIVE FLAMERETARDANT CABLE COMPOUNDINGSauerwein RNabaltec GmbH

Halogen-free flame retardant compounds used in the cableand wire industry for cable sheathing as well as for wireinsulation are commonly considered as Low Smoke, Freeof Halogen (LSFOH) compounds. These compounds aremainly based on LDPE and blends of LDPE and EVA.The majority of LSFOH compounds use alumina trihydrate(ATH) as a flame retardant filler. A new generation of non-post treated fine precipitated ATH offering good powderprocessing and compound properties has been developedby Nabaltec GmbH. Results have been obtained onprocessing behaviour, in particular flow-, conveyance-,feeding- and dust-behaviour. Low melt viscosities and highextrusion speeds in the production of LSFOH cables areidentified as core properties of compounds filled with thisnew grade of ATH.



EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.874495

Item 60Plastics Additives & Compounding4, No.10, Oct.2002, p.22-8NANOCOMPOSITES - A NEW CLASS OFFLAME RETARDANTS FOR POLYMERSBeyer GKabelwerk Eupen AG

In this long and detailed article, the author reviews thecurrent state of development of nanocomposites as a newclass of flame retardants for polymers. Section headingsinclude: introduction, layered silicates as fillers,nanocomposite synthesis, nanocomposite structures,nanocomposite properties, thermal stability, flameretardancy, flame retardant combinations, and conclusions.

US,NATIONAL INST.OF STANDARDS &TECHNOLOGYBELGIUM; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;EUROPEAN UNION; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.872695

Item 61designed Monomers and Polymers5, No.2-3, 2002, p.183-93NEW ACHIEVEMENTS IN FIRE-SAFE FOAMSBrzozowski Z K; Kijenska D; Zatorski WWarsaw,University of Technology; Warsaw,CentralInstitute of Labour Protection

2,3-Dibromo-2-butene-1,4-diol (DBBD) is found to beone of the most effective bromine flame retardants (FR)used to prepare fire-resistant PU foams. The productionand application of DBBD is environmentally friendly. Thecompositions of DBBD with other flame retardantsavailable on the market: tri(2-chloropropyl) phosphate and2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl-2-hydroxypropyl-3,4,5,6-tetabromophthalate are investigated. The environmentallyfriendly blowing agent, pentane, is applied. ComputerStatgraphics 2.0 program is applied for the generation ofvariable quantities of flame retardants used to prepare PUfoam. The foams obtained have characteristics of goodfire resistant materials without reduction in other usefulproperties. Four stop-burning chemical structures -aliphatic bromine, aromatic bromine, phosphorus and alsoaliphatic chlorine - cause synergistic effects in fire-extinguishing. 10 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.871964

Item 62Kunststoffe Plast Europe92, No.9, Sept.2002, p.18-20English; German

FLAME RETARDANTS. TRENDS ANDINNOVATIONSTroitzsch J

Flame retardants for plastics are discussed with reference toenvironmental issues, market growth, company acquisitionsand joint ventures, developments and future prospects. Thedevelopments considered include halogen-containing andhalogen-free additives from several different companies. TheGerman version of this article appears on p.41-4.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.871163

Item 63Plastics Additives & Compounding4, No.9, Sept.2002, p.12-5ADDITIVES IN THE NORTH AMERICANELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS MARKETMarkarian J

Additives such as stabilisers, colourants, flame retardantsand conductive materials are key to meeting demandingperformance requirements for plastics in electrical andelectronic applications. The wire and cable market isgrowing in stabiliser use and requires increasing additiveconsistency as wire and cable production lines increase.Flame retardant demand for all markets will grow at about3.7% AAGR from 2000 to 2005, while the demand forelectrical and electronic applications will grow about 5%/year to 145 million kg in 2005. Conductive materials rangefrom the traditional workhorse carbon black to therelatively new carbon nanotubes. Additives vary in theamount of conductivity they provide, from dissipatingstatic charge to EMI shielding.NORTH AMERICA

Accession no.868194

Item 64Polymer Degradation and Stability78, No.1, 2002, p.167-73HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANTS FORPOLYMERIC FOAMSModesti M; Lorenzetti APadova,Universita

The effect of a novel intumescent system composed ofexpandable graphite mixed with triethyl phosphate or redphosphorus on the fire behaviour and physicomechanicalproperties of polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams blown withn-pentane was investigated. It was found that the incorporationof increasing amounts of expandable graphite into foamscontaining triethyl phosphate or red phosphorus had an adverseeffect upon their physicomechanical properties and that foamsfilled with expandable graphite and triethyl phosphateexhibited greatly improved fire behaviour. 20 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.865319



Item 65Polymers & Polymer Composites10, No.6, 2002, p.447-56POLYOLEFIN COMPOSITES FILLED WITHMAGNESIUM HYDROXIDEZhu S; Zhang Y; Zhang YShanghai,Jiao Tong University

Modified and non-modified composites of PP and LLDPEfilled with magnesium hydroxide were investigated, andmaleic acid anhydride-grafted PP or LLDPE were usedas polymeric modifiers, (MAH-g-PP, or MAH-g-LLDPE)to enhance the interaction between the flame retardantfiller and the polymer. When LLDPE was partiallyreplaced by MAH-g-LLDPE, it was found that the notchedIzod impact strength, tensile strength, and flexural strengthof the composites increased, while the modulus decreased.When the PP was partially replaced by MAH-g-PP, thetensile strength and flexural strength of the compositesincreased, and the impact strength and modulus changedslightly. The phase structure of the composites wascharacterised using SEM, DMTA, and DSC whichprovided evidence to suggest an encapsulation of LLDPEor PP around magnesium hydroxide filler particles in thePP/LLDPE composites containing MAH-g-LLDPE orMAG-g-PP. 13 refs.CHINA

Accession no.864342

Item 66Polymer Degradation and Stability77, No.2, 2002, p.345-52DISCOLOURATION OF POLYPROPYLENE-BASED COMPOUNDS CONTAININGMAGNESIUM HYDROXIDETitelman G I; Gonen Y; Keidar Y; Bron SIsrael,IMI Institute for Research & Development

The effect of the temperature and processing technologyand of various properties of magnesium hydroxide usedas a flame retardant and smoke suppressant (impurities,particle size and morphology) on colour formation in PPmatrices was investigated. One of the causes ofdiscolouration appeared to be the interaction between themagnesium hydroxide and antioxidants containingphenolic groups. This reaction took place rapidly whenthe magnesium hydroxide was added to the polymer meltcontaining the antioxidant. The amount and type ofcoating and its continuity over the particle surface couldrepresent a means of preventing the chemical interactionbetween the filler and plastics components and avoidingdiscolouration. A method for quantitative evaluation ofcoating quality and continuity was developed. Based onthis research, methods of improving the quality ofmagnesium hydroxide as a fire retardant were proposed.One of these methods, the addition of titanium dioxide,was particularly interesting. Apart from its pigmentationeffect, titanium dioxide was synergistic with magnesiumhydroxide in terms of flame retardancy and improved the

thermal stability of PP. 4 refs. (8th European Conferenceon Fire Retardant Polymers, Alessandria, Italy, June 2001)ISRAEL

Accession no.863597

Item 67Polymer Degradation and Stability77, No.2, 2002, p.333-44COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE MECHANISMOF ACTION OF AMMONIUMPOLYPHOSPHATE AND EXPANDABLEGRAPHITE IN POLYURETHANEDuquesne S; Delobel R; Le Bras M; Camino GENSCL; Torino,Universita

A new method was developed which provided a betterunderstanding of the intumescence process. Many studiesinvestigated char formation from a chemical aspect butthe foaming and strength of the char had not previouslybeen studied. Thermal scanning measurements using arheometer as a fire reactor enabled a correlation to bemade between the fire behaviour and thermal behaviourand the viscoelastic properties of the material. Therheological modifications of PU thermoset coatings withor without fire retardant were investigated. Therheological and mechanical degradation properties of theprotective char layer were correlated with fire retardantperformance for two additives, ammonium polyphosphateand expandable graphite. The expansion of pure PU andof intumescent materials under normal force was studiedand the viscoelastic behaviour was then investigated inorder to evaluate the different steps of the intumescentprocess (development, stability and degradation).Mechanical properties of the intumescent chars arediscussed. 19 refs. (8th European Conference on FireRetardant Polymers, Alessandria, Italy, June 2001)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.863596

Item 68Polymer Degradation and Stability77, No.2, 2002, p.325-31FIRE RETARDANT MECHANISM OFALIPHATIC BROMINE COMPOUNDS INPOLYSTYRENE AND POLYPROPYLENEKaspersma J; Doumen C; Munro S; Prins A MGreat Lakes Technology; Great Lakes Chemical Corp.

The effective flame retardance of PS and PP with aliphaticbromine compounds was studied. By examining glowwire and UL94 V2 performance of aliphatichexabromocyclododecane in PS and the mixed aliphatic/aromatic compound tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) in PP with and without synergistslike antimony trioxide and dicumene, it appeared that itwas the combination of chain scission and flame poisoningmechanisms that caused these compounds to be so



effective. The effectiveness of a synergist depended onthe use ratio and could be negative, depending on the fireretardant test. The effect of neutral fillers such as talcwas also studied and it was shown that particle size hadthe strongest effect on the fire retardant test whichdepended most on polymer flow. The effect of polymermolec.wt. was in line with the mechanisms involved. 11refs. (8th European Conference on Fire RetardantPolymers, Alessandria, Italy, June 2001)BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.863595

Item 69Polymer Degradation and Stability77, No.2, 2002, p.305-13USING POLYAMIDE-6 AS CHARRING AGENTIN INTUMESCENT POLYPROPYLENEFORMULATIONS. I. EFFECT OF THECOMPATIBILISING AGENT ON THE FIRERETARDANCY PERFORMANCEAlmeras X; Dabrowski F; Le Bras M; Poutch F;Bourbigot S; Marosi G; Anna PEcole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille;CREPIM; ENSAIT; Budapest,Technical University

Ethylene-butyl acrylate-maleic anhydrideterpolymer(EBuAMA) and ethylene-vinyl acetatecopolymer(EVA) were used as interfacial agents tostabilise the flame retardant formulation in a PP/ammonium polyphosphate/polyamide-6 blend. Theeffects of the interfacial agents on the fire performanceand on the mechanical properties of the formulations weredetermined using different compatibiliser weight loadings.It was shown that improvement was strongly dependenton both the nature and the amount of interfacial agentused. The incorporation of EVA was found to give betterresults that that of EBuAMA, giving better fireperformance (cone calorimeter and limiting oxygen index)and better mechanical properties (higher EB) at muchlower cost. 13 refs. (8th European Conference on FireRetardant Polymers, Alessandria, Italy, June 2001)EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEANUNION; FRANCE; HUNGARY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.863593

Item 70Polymer Degradation and Stability77, No.2, 2002, p.243-7INTUMESCENT FLAME RETARDANTSYSTEMS OF MODIFIED RHEOLOGYAnna P; Marosi G; Bourbigot S; Le Bras M; Delobel RBudapest,Technical University; ENSAIT; EcoleNationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille

A model system of intumescent flame retardants,composed of ammonium polyphosphate andpentaerythritol, was prepared and investigated both in PP

and without the polymer matrix. Thermal scanningoscillation rheometric investigation in the temp. range 170to 500C was used to detect the rheological behaviour inthe region of melting of the polymer and the plasticity ofthe char formed at higher temp. Addition of borosiloxaneto the model system caused advantageous changes in bothregions. Increased complex viscosity and viscoelasticityof the melt and char, respectively, contributed to betterflame retardancy. The results of differential TGA andFTIR studies indicated that the reactions of borosiloxanewith pentaerythritol and ammonium polyphosphate werethe reasons for the rheological changes. 13 refs. (8thEuropean Conference on Fire Retardant Polymers,Alessandria, Italy, June 2001)EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEANUNION; FRANCE; HUNGARY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.863584

Item 71Polymer Degradation and Stability77, No.2, 2002, p.221-6FLAME RETARDANCY OF RADIATION CROSS-LINKED POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)(PVC) USEDAS AN INSULATING MATERIAL FOR WIREAND CABLEBasfar A ASaudi Arabia,Institute of Atomic Energy Research

Attempts were made to improve the flame retardancy offormulations of radiation-crosslinked PVC for wire andcable insulation applications. Limiting oxygen index(LOI)was used to characterise the flammability of theformulations developed. The effect of plasticisers, suchas dioctyl phthalate(DOP), diisodecyl phthalate and tri-2-ethylhexyl trimellitate, and different flame retardantfillers, i.e. antimony oxide, zinc borate, aluminiumhydroxide and magnesium hydroxide, on the mechanicalproperties and flammability was investigated. Theinfluence of radiation dose on the mechanical propertieswas minimal both at room temp. and after thermal ageingfor 168 hours at 136C. The highest LOI was 39% for PVCformulations containing DOP as a plasticiser andtrimethylpropane triacrylate at absorbed doses of 90 and120 kGy. Both differential TGA peak maxima and temp.for loss of 50% mass decreased with increasing irradiationdose. No influence of plasticiser type or flame-retardantfiller on the thermal properties was observed. 13 refs. (8thEuropean Conference on Fire Retardant Polymers,Alessandria, Italy, June 2001)SAUDI ARABIA

Accession no.863581

Item 72Polymer Degradation and Stability77, No.2, 2002, p.195-202EXPANDABLE GRAPHITE AS ANINTUMESCENT FLAME RETARDANT IN



POLYISOCYANURATE-POLYURETHANEFOAMSModesti M; Lorenzetti A; Simioni F; Camino GPadova,Universita; Torino,Universita

Flame-retarded polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams weresynthesised by use of a new flame retardant, expandablegraphite, and a mixture of expandable graphite andtriethylphosphate. Physical-mechanical and morphologicalcharacterisation showed that the presence of filler causedonly slight worsening of physical and mechanical properties.Increasing the amount of triethylphosphate did not influencethe thermal conductivity, but an increase in the amount ofexpandable graphite caused a worsening of the insulatingproperties, probably due to the larger dimensions of the foamcells. The filled foams showed an overall improvement oftheir fire behaviour, the oxygen index increasing and therate of heat release decreasing with increasing filler content.The best fire performance was obtained using triethylphosphate and expandable graphite in synergisticcombination. 20 refs. (8th European Conference on FireRetardant Polymers, Alessandria, Italy, June 2001)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.863578

Item 73Plastics Additives & Compounding4, No.7-8, July-Aug.2002, p.28-31SCIENTIFIC DATA AND HEIGHTENED PUBLICSAFETY CONCERNS TO DRIVE GROWTH INFLAME RETARDANTS

The use of flame-retardant additives is expected toexperience strong growth in the next five years. Theanticipated growth is being attributed to two factors. Firstly,there will be a more scientific-based approach to evaluatingthe effects of such additives on the environment andsecondly, an increased global emphasis on public safety.One global trend is using science to confirm the key reasonfor using flame retardant polymer additive technology inthe first place, namely, that these products save lives andproperty. This article examines developments in a numberof countries which reveal the strength of this trend. Fivenew flame retardant products introduced by Great Lakes’Polymer Additives division are outlined.

GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.862698

Item 74Kunststoffe Plast Europe92, No.7, July 2002, p.39MORE RELIABLE WASHING. FLAMERETARDANT POLYAMIDE FOR AQUA-STOPDreisbach MRadiciNovacips SpA

Refer to Kunststoffe, 92, No.7, 2002, p.93-4 for graphsand tables. Brief details are given of the use of RadiflamA FR flame retardant polyamide 6,6 in the manufactureof a micro-switch holder in a washing machine. The holderwas made using injection moulding.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.862424

Item 75Polymer Bulletin48, No.6, July 2002, p.483-90FLAME RETARDING MECHANISM OFPOLYCARBONATE CONTAININGTRIFUNCTIONAL PHENYLSILICONEADDITIVE STUDIED BY ANALYTICALPYROLYSIS TECHNIQUESHayashida K; Ohtani H; Tsuge S; Nakanishi KNagoya,University; Dow Corning Toray SiliconeCo.Ltd.

Pyrolysis-gas chromatography was used to study changesin the molecular structure of polycarbonate containing asilicone-based flame retardant following heat treatmentat 380C. The thermal degradation behaviour of thepolycarbonate and the characteristic products of the heattreated polycarbonate and flame retarded polycarbonatedetected by the analytical procedure in the presence ofan organic alkali were determined. The formation of aphenyl silyl ether linkage during heat treatment wasconfirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and a flame retardingmechanism for the silicone additive-containingpolycarbonate proposed. 15 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.862298

Item 76Chemical Marketing Reporter262, No.3, 22nd July 2002, p.11UPWARD PRICING SUGGESTS FLAMERETARDANTS’ RECOVERYLerner I

Since the beginning of June, the major flame retardant(FR) producers have reported a string of price increases,with 12 being announced so far. Great Lakes Chemical,Albemarle and Dead Sea Bromine Group have allannounced increases, which analysts say is an attempt togain back the price erosion that has plagued the plasticadditives market. Producers and observers generally agreethat price increases have been engendered by theincreasing cost of raw materials, the supply/demandbalance, and the ‘unacceptable profitability that hadresulted from the last three to five years of price erosionthat a lot of the products had experienced’. Albermarlemade the decision to implement price increases at thebeginning of the year ‘when we started to see some signsof positive improvements in terms of volumes’. Last year,



during the peak of the electronics market slowdown,operating rates for some of the company’s larger volumeproducts were down to 50-60%. Details are given.ISRAEL; USA; WORLD

Accession no.860873

Item 77Reuse/Recycle32, No.5, May 2002, p.37-9APME REPORTS ON BROMINE RECYCLING

APME has issued a report titled “Recycling of brominefrom plastics containing brominated flame retardants instate-of-the-art combustion facilities”. This is a report ontrials at the TAMARA pilot scale municipal solid wastecombustion facility in the Karlsruhe Research Centre thatdemonstrated that in modern plants with suitable wetscrubbing equipment, recycling of the bromine in plasticswaste containing brominated flame retardants istechnically feasible. The trials at the TAMARA facilityincluded both plastics from waste electrical and electronicequipment and insulation foams containing brominatedflame retardants.

APMEEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.860709

Item 78Journal of Macromolecular Science CC42, No.2, 2002, p.139-83FLAME RETARDING EPOXIES WITHPHOSPHORUSJain P; Choudhary V; Varma I KIndian Institute of Technology

A review is presented on the flame retardation of epoxyresins with phosphorus-containing flame retardants orincorporation of phosphorus in the epoxy monomer ashardeners. Types of hardeners covered includephosphorus-containing amines, novolacs, anhydrides,acids and amides. The effect of phosphorus on curingcharacteristics and the heat stability of the cured resinsare discussed and a correlation is established between thelimiting oxygen index and anaerobic char residue.Mechanisms of thermal decomposition of the cured epoxyresins and of flame retardation in the presence ofphosphorus-containing derivatives are also considered.118 refs.INDIA

Accession no.860560

Item 79GPEC 2002: Plastics Impact on the Environment.Proceedings of a conference held Detroit, MI, 13th-14th Feb. 2002.Brookfield, CT, SPE, Paper 8, p.81-92, CD-ROM, 012

RECYCLABILITY OF FLAME RETARDEDELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENTLandry S D; Dawson R B; Hardy M L; Yamada HAlbemarle Corp.(SPE,Environmental Div.)

With trends towards better, smaller, and cheaper productsin the electrical/electronic industries, end-of-life concernshave become a major issue. Recyclability as well as safetyand compliance with regulatory issues are a few of theimportant factors that are prime concerns in end-of-lifemanagement of these products. Proposed Europeandirectives regarding waste electrical and electronicequipment and the restriction on the use of certainhazardous substances in their manufacture, will have animportant impact on the selection criteria of flameretardants. The contributions that particular flameretardants can make towards helping the industry meetthese various ene-of-life demands are addressed. Resultsfrom recycling studies, physical property evaluations, anddioxin analysis of UL-94 V-0 rated high impactpolystyrene formulations containing several differentflame retardants are included. In particular, the potentialof UL-94 V-0 rated HIPS formulations based on ethane1,2 bis(pentabromophenyl), (ETP) and ethylene 1,2bis(tetrabromophthalamide) (EBTBP) to successfullymeet material properties, fire safety standards, regulatoryrequirements and end-of-life disposable criteria, isdiscussed. 13 refs.USA

Accession no.859595

Item 80Polyolefins 2002. Proceedings of a conference heldHouston, Tx., 24th-27th Feb. 2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, Paper 42, p.329-52, 27cm., 012OVERVIEW OF FLAME RETARDANTTECHNOLOGY AND ASSOCIATEDAPPLICATIONS FOR POLYOLEFIN RESINSGlass R D; Luther DAlbemarle Corp.(SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,ThermoplasticMaterials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers &Additives Div.; Society of Plastics Engineers)

An overview of the technologies, which make use oforganic and inorganic flame retardant additives for thedevelopment of ignition-resistant polyolefins, ispresented. Aspects covered include the modes of actionfor flame retardancy, types of flame retardantscommercially acceptable in polyolefins, currentapplications of flame retardant technology in polyolefinsand test methods available for evaluating the performanceof flame retardant polyolefin compositions.USA

Accession no.859179



Item 81Polyolefins 2002. Proceedings of a conference heldHouston, Tx., 24th-27th Feb. 2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, Paper 27, p.187-94, 27cm., 012OPTIMIZATION OF MOLDING CONDITIONSFOR NEW INTUMESCENT FLAMERETARDANTFarner R; Munro S; McKeown JGreat Lakes Chemical Corp.(SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,ThermoplasticMaterials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers &Additives Div.; Society of Plastics Engineers)

The results are reported of an investigation carried out todetermine the sensitivity of a new intumescent, nitrogen-phosphorus flame retardant, CN 2626 (Reogard 1000),to time and temperature during the injection moulding ofpolypropylene. The results are also reported of the effectof moulding temperature on the mechanical properties ofthe PP and changes in the flame retardant during injectionmoulding, as determined by differential scanningcalorimetry. It is shown that tensile elongation and DSCare valuable tools for the study and optimisation ofprocessing conditions for this particular formulation andprocessing machine.USA

Accession no.859168

Item 82Polyolefins 2002. Proceedings of a conference heldHouston, Tx., 24th-27th Feb. 2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, Paper 24, p.145-57, 27cm., 012RECENT ADVANCES IN FLAME RETARDANTCOMPOSITIONSKaprinidis N; Zingg JCiba Specialty Chemicals Corp.(SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,ThermoplasticMaterials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers &Additives Div.; Society of Plastics Engineers)

The flame retardant efficacy and UV light stability ofsystems containing Flamestab NOR 116 and halogenatedand non-halogenated flame retardants in moulded PParticles are discussed. The benefits of non-halogenatedN-alkoxy hindered amines as flame retardant synergistsin moulding compounds are considered and theirmechanism of synergism is briefly postulated. 10 refs.SWITZERLAND; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.859165

Item 83High Performance PlasticsJune 2002, p.8BROMINE-BASED FLAME RETARDANTSFOUND IN ARCTIC ANIMALS

A new study by three environmental chemists in Canadais the first to measure the levels of polybrominated

diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the environment. PBDEs arecommonly used as fire retardants in plastics, and havebeen found by the researchers to be accumulating rapidlyin animals in the Arctic. Details of the study and itsunhappy findings are presented here.

CANADA,DEPT.OF FISHERIES & OCEANS;CANADA,INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES;ENVIRONMENT CANADACANADA; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEANUNION; NORTH AMERICA; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN;WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL; WORLD

Accession no.859075

Item 84Composites Part A: Applied Science andManufacturing33A, No.6, 2002, p.805-17EFFECT OF INTUMESCENTS ON THEBURNING BEHAVIOUR OF POLYESTER-RESIN-CONTAINING COMPOSITESKandola B K; Horrocks A R; Myler P; Blair DBolton Institute; Hexcel Composites

Cone calorimetric experiments were conducted on a seriesof composites comprising a combination of glassreinforcing elements, selected intumescents (based onmelamine phosphate), the flame retardant Visil viscosefibre and selected unsaturated polyester resins. The resultsshowed that the introduction of the intumescent/Visilcould significantly reduce the peak heat release valuesand, in some cases, the peak smoke intensities evolvedby composite samples exposed to 50 kW/sq m heat flux.Furthermore, mass loss rates were reduced and residualchars were increased. There was a clear indication that anovel route had been established to increasing the fireresistant properties of rigid composites. 19 refs.

SATERI FIBRESEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND;SCANDINAVIA; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.858462

Item 856th World Pultrusion Conference: A Stronger Profilefor the Future. Proceedings of a conference heldPrague, 4th-5th April 2002.Leusden, EPTA, 2002, Paper 15, pp.8, 29cm, 012HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANTPULTRUSION PROFILES FOR BUILDING ANDPASSENGER TRAINSKnop S; Hoerold S; Sommer M; Schoewe HClariant GmbH; BYK-Chemie GmbH; Exel(European Pultrusion Technology Assn.)

A report is presented of the development, as the result ofa joint project between the above companies, of newformulations for flame-retarding pultrusion profiles foruse in building and public transport applications. Theformulations include aluminium trihydrate and/or



polyphosphates to achieve high flame retardancy withacceptable glass loadings. It is shown that, with selectionof suitable fillers and the best additive combinations,several formulations are available to fulfil standards forthese applications. The parts are pigmented and exhibitgood coverage of the fibres and very good mechanicalproperties.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.856333

Item 86Plastics Additives & Compounding4, No.4, April 2002, p.34-7NEW RED PHOSPHORUS MASTERBATCHESFIND NEW APPLICATION AREAS INTHERMOPLASTICSGatti NItalmatch Chemicals SpA

The term red phosphorus is used for describing one ofthe allotropic forms of phosphorus, a largely amorphousinorganic polymer described as a complex three-dimensional polymer. Red phosphorus has been knownas a highly effective flame retardant in many polymerapplications for more than 20 years. Its flame retardingeffect reduces the formation of toxic smoke and heatrelease, preventing the outbreak of large fires even fromsmall ignition sources. Its most important application isin the flame retardancy of glass fibre-reinforcedpolyamides where its high efficiency at low loadingsmaintain the good mechanical and electrical propertiesof the polymer while obtaining the highest flame proofingcharacteristics. Recent developments in improving thehealth, safety and environmental aspects of redphosphorus and are described, and some of the newthermoplastic application areas for the flame retardantare outlined.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.855875

Item 87Plastics Additives & Compounding4, No.4, April 2002, p.28/33COMPOUNDING WITH AMMONIUMPOLYPHOSPHATE-BASED FLAMERETARDANTSSchacker O; Wanzke WClariant GmbH

Like other flame retardants, systems based on phosphoruscompounds are particularly sensitive to processingconditions and exhibit a limited processing window. Theprocessing properties of ammonium polyphosphate (APP)based flame retardants are described, together with howpolymer compounding can be optimised for theseadditives. The aim of the tests undertaken is to protect

flame retardants in compounds from decomposition asearly as the processing stage. The findings can easily beimplemented by the processor. Compounding prior toinjection moulding should be carried out with a soft screwconfiguration, with the lowest possible melt temperatureand a high output rate with low screw speed. Theprocessing recommendations for extrusion differ onlywith regard to the suitable screw configuration - in thiscase, sharper screws may also be used. When theseprocessing rules are observed, polyolefins may easily begive excellent fire protection. 4 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.855874

Item 88Plastics Additives & Compounding4, No.4, April 2002, p.22-6COMPOUNDING METAL HYDRATE FLAMERETARDANTSInnes J; Innes AFlame Retardants Associates Inc.

Magnesium hydroxide and aluminium trihydroxide flameretardants require much higher loadings than halogen-based flame retardants. Various flame retardant standardsand the amount of metal hydrate needed in specificpolymer systems are reviewed. In addition, changes incompounding techniques and formulation technology arerequired to incorporate these flame retardant types intouseable products, as well as the use of processing aidsand modification of the metal hydrate flame retardant.Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties has launchedextensive research programmes to combine magnesiamagnesium hydroxide flame retardants into polymers.Some of the results recently produced are presented. 2refs.

MARIETTA M.,MAGNESIA SPECIALTIES INC.USA

Accession no.855873

Item 89Plastics Additives & Compounding4, No.4, April 2002, p.6US FLAME RETARDANT DEMAND TOCONTINUE GROWING

A new study by the Freedonia Group predicts that demandfor flame retardants in the USA will increase by 3.7%/yrto reach 544 million kg in 2005 - valued at 1.2 billion USdollars. In value terms, growth will increase at 6.2%annually as higher value speciality flame retardantsincrease their share of the market. The gains will beconcentrated in brominated and phosphorus compoundsand in more specialised antimony oxide and magnesiumhydroxide formulations, while alumina trihydrate (thelargest volume product) will record less rapid growth. Thiswill be due to performance limitations that will restrict



its use in plastics. Brominated products will continue topost above-average gains, despite some efforts to restricttheir use. Nevertheless, there will be an increased focuson non-halogenated phosphorus products, which workeffectively in plastics and are not subject to environmentalrestrictions. However, chlorinated products will seedecelerating growth due to environmental concerns. Briefdetails are presented.

FREEDONIA GROUP INC.USA

Accession no.855862

Item 90Plastiques & Elastomeres Magazine53, No.9, Dec.2001, p.12-5FrenchFLAME PROOFING COMPOSITES WITHALUMINA TRIHYDRATELe Lay F; Gutierrez JDCN; Centre d’Etudes des Structures et MateriauxNavals

Two types of alumina trihydrate (ATH) of differentparticle size were evaluated as flame retardants for glassfibre-reinforced unsaturated polyester composites for usein ship construction. Studies were made of the influenceof ATH on resin viscosity, curing behaviour, mechanicaland dynamic mechanical properties and reaction to fire.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.854900

Item 91Plastiques & Elastomeres Magazine53, No.9, Dec.2001, p.8-10FrenchFLAME PROOFING ADDITIVES: MAKINGPRODUCTS SAFERGouin F

Consideration is given to types of flame retardants forplastics, their mechanisms of action and polymers andproducts in which they are used. Developments by anumber of companies are reviewed.WORLD

Accession no.854899

Item 92Kunststoffe Plast Europe92, No.5, May 2002, p.34-5POLYPROPYLENE-FLAX COMPOUNDS ...INCLUDING FLAME RETARDANTSSchwartz U; Pflug G; Reinemann SOstthueringische Materialpruefgesellschaft mbH;TITK e.V

The suitability of expandable graphite as a flame retardantin PP/flax composites is examined and the mechanical

properties of PP/flax composites containing expandablegraphite or ammonium polyphosphate, as flameretardants, compared. A potential application of thesecomposites is considered to be vehicle trim and buildingapplications. (Kunststoffe, 92, No.5, 2002, p.93-4)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.854549

Item 93European Plastics News29, No.5, May 2002, p.19FAN THE FLAMESReade L

Proposals from Europe, which could result in the banningof some brominated flame retardants, such as deca- andocta-BDE, are discussed and the reactions of the EuropeanFlame Retardants Association and the EuropeanBrominated Flame Retardants Industry Panel to suchproposals are reported.

EUROPEAN COMMISSION; EUROPEAN FLAMERETARDANT ASSN.; EUROPEAN BROMINATEDFLAME RETARDANT IND.COMMITTEEEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.853526

Item 94Fire & Materials25, No.5, Sept./Oct.2001, p.193-7FLAME RETARDANT PROPERTIES OF EVA-NANOCOMPOSITES AND IMPROVEMENTS BYCOMBINATION OF NANOFILLERS WITHALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATEBeyer GKabelwerk Eupen AG

Flame retardant nanocomposites are synthesised by melt-blending EVA with modified layered silicates(montmorillonites). Thermogravimetric analysis performedunder different atmospheres (nitrogen and air) demonstratesa clear increase in the thermal stability of the layeredsilicate-based nanocomposites. Use of cone calorimetry toinvestigate the fire properties of the materials indicates thatthe nanocomposites cause a large decrease in heat release.Char formation is the main factor important forimprovement and its function is outlined. Furtherimprovements in flame retardancy by combinations ofnanofillers and traditional FR additives on the basis of metalhydroxides are also studied. 15 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852891

Item 95PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.



London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 60,p.590-601, 21cm, 012EVALUATION OF FLAME RETARDANTS ANDSMOKE SUPPRESSANTS FOR RIGID PVCThomas N L; Harvey R JEVC (UK) Ltd.(Institute of Materials)

The fire performance of several inorganic flame retardantsin rigid PVC formulations was investigated using conecalorimetry and limited oxygen index testing. Flameretardants evaluated were antimony trioxide, zinc borate,zinc hydroxystannate and ammonium octamolybdate. Theinfluence of the flame retardants on properties of the PVC,including heat stability, colour and impact strength, wasalso evaluated. Zinc hydroxystannate was found to exhibitthe best overall fire retardant and smoke suppressantcharacteristics and to have no detrimental effects onimportant physicomechanical properties. The optimumlevel of zinc hydroxystannate was found to be from 3 to4 phr. 11 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852796

Item 96PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 59,p.579-89, 21cm, 012LOW-SMOKE, THERMALLY STABLE, LEAD-FREE FLEXIBLE PVC COMPOUNDSFerm D J; Leeuwendal R; Shen K KRio Tinto Borax(Institute of Materials)

The results are reported of studies on PVC formulations,which show that lead-free, heat stable, flexible PVCcompounds can be prepared through the proper selectionof calcium/zinc stabilisers combined with selectedcostabilisers, fillers and other additives. The preparationof PVC insulation and sheathing compounds havingoxygen index values greater than 30% using acombination of Firebrake ZB zinc borate and a phosphateester plasticiser is also demonstrated. 6 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852795

Item 97Journal of Fire Sciences20, No.1, Jan. 2002, p.71-83FIRE RETARDANT SYNERGISM BETWEENCYCLIC DIPHOSPHONATE ESTER ANDMELAMINE IN POLYBUTYLENETEREPHTHALATEBalabanovich A I; Levchik G F; Levchick S V;Engelmann JBelorussian,State University; BASF AG

The fire retardant performance of a cyclic diphosphonateester and melamine in PBTP were investigated. Theinteraction between the fire retardant additives and PBTPwas studied by thermal analysis and IR spectroscopy.Synergism between the additives is discussed in terms ofchemical interactions between the additives and PBTP.18 refs.BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.851739

Item 98Kunststoffe Plast Europe92, No.2, Feb. 2002, p.27-9THE CRUCIAL QUESTION IN FIREPROTECTIONde Bie FGE Plastics Europe

Factors to be taken into account by raw material producerswhen selecting flame retardants for electrical engineeringand electronics applications, including flame retardanteffectiveness and environmental and health protection,are considered. Modern solutions to provide effective andenvironmentally safe flame retardants are discussed andrecent developments in flame-retardant, semi-crystallinepolymer blends, which are free of red phosphorus, fromGE Plastics, are briefly reported. (Kunststoffe, 92, No.2,2002, p.70-3)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.850992

Item 99Injection Moulding 2002. Proceedings of a conferenceheld Barcelona, 18th-19th March 2002.Barcelona, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, Paper 12,p.167-76, 30cm, 012RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF FLAMERETARDANTS SYSTEMS TO IMPROVE MELTFLOW OF THERMOPLASTICSWilmer R; Reznick G; Yaakov Y B; Finberg I;Georlette PDSBG Eurobrom BV; Dead Sea Bromine Co.(Rapra Technology Ltd.; ASCAMM)

Recent developments in flame retardant systems, whichprovide high levels of flame retardancy in engineeringthermoplastics while retaining the performance levelsrequired for particular applications, are described. Theflame retardant systems includepoly(pentabromobenzyl)acrylate, high molec.wt.brominated epoxies and brominated trimethylphenylindan, which acts as a cost effective flame retardant inpolyamides and reinforced polyamides.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ISRAEL;NETHERLANDS; SPAIN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.850455



Item 100Industrial FocusJan./Feb.2002, p.95DSM MELAPUR - THE WORLD LEADER INMELAMINE BASED FLAME RETARDANTSGrabner RDSM Melapur BV

DSM Melapur falls into the performance materials focuswithin DSM and is part of the newly formed businessgroup ‘Corporate Venturing and New BusinessDevelopment’. Technology capabilities has led it intomelamine chemistry, combined with engineeringthermoplastic technology and a vast expertise in finechemicals technology. The advantage of melamine basedflame retardants is linked with the simplified perceptionof being a halogen-free product. DSM Melapur firmlybelieves that ‘halogen free’ has more meaning than justthe word and the perceptions linked with it. Details ofthe company’s flame retardant products are noted.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.850177

Item 101Modern Plastics International32, No.4, April 2002, p.50NEW REGULATIONS PUT HEAT ONEUROPEAN FLAME RETARDANTS INDUSTRYMapleston P

Beginning in 2004, the European Union will requireelectrical and electronic equipment waste containingbrominated flame retardants to be collected and recycledseparately from other E/E waste. The EU is also banningthe use of pentabrominated diphenylether FRs as of July2003, and decisions are expected on whether“precautionary action” on octa- and deca-BDEs shouldbe implemented. Meanwhile, there is an increasingmovement to improve the flame retardancy of Europeanconsumer products, notably television sets. Last year,Sony began using a halogen-free, V-0 rated grade of GEPlastics’ Noryl PS/PPO for rear housings and it isconsidering using V-2-rated materials for front panels.EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.849619

Item 102Polymers & Polymer Composites10, No.1, 2002, p.33-6HALOGENATED AND NON-HALOGENATEDFLAME RETARDANT ADDITIVES INPOLYPROPYLENE (PP) HOMOPOLYMER FORBATTERY APPLICATIONSRangaprasad R; Rangen K; Vasudeo Y BReliance Industries Ltd.

Experimental work is described to develop flame retardantPP using halogenated and halogen-free additives, to meetV0 requirements according to the UL94 standard for themanufacture of injection moulded battery cases, and tostudy the effects of the flame retardant on the mechanicalproperties of PP. The batteries investigated are used asback-up units in the telecommunications industries, anduse sulphuric acid as the electrolyte. The effect of flameretardant additives on the heat sealing properties is alsoinvestigated.INDIA

Accession no.848385

Item 103International Polymer Science and Technology29, No.2, 2002, p.T/1-5FLAME RETARDANT PLASTICS: A GENERALREVIEWVan Wabeeke LResinex AG

The appropriate type of flame retardant material isdetermined not only by the required flame resistancestandard and the physical dimensions for the particularapplication, but also by the class of polymers used. Inorder to differentiate between the material compositionsused for flame retardant materials, this article includes ashort discussion of the different types of plastics, followedby a brief overview of the different types of flameretardant materials, and their respective activemechanisms used to obtain the required flame resistancestandard values. In particular, reference is made to theuse of flame retardant masterbatches or substancemixtures in thermoplastics, and the contribution of theResinex product range. 1 ref. (Article translated fromGummi Fasern Kunststoffe, No.7, 2001, pp.460).SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.848369

Item 104Chemistry of Materials14, No.1, Jan.2002, p.189-93FIRE RETARDANT HALOGEN-ANTIMONY-CLAY SYNERGISM IN POLYPROPYLENELAYERED SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITESZanetti M; Camino G; Canavese D; Morgan A B;Lamelas F J; Wilkie C ATorino,Universita; US,National Inst.of Standards &Technology; Marquette,University

The flammability of nanocomposites of PP-graft-maleicanhydride with organically modified clays was studiedwith and without the presence of both decabromodiphenyloxide and antimony trioxide fire retardants. Thecombustion behaviour was evaluated using oxygenconsumption cone calorimetry. Synergy was observedbetween the nanocomposite and the fire retardants, which



did not occur when antimony oxide and the brominatedfire retardant were added to the virgin polymer. 28 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; USA;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.848147

Item 105Polymer International51, No.3, March 2002, p.213-22ZNS AS FIRE RETARDANT IN PLASTICISEDPVCSchartel B; Kunze R; Neubert D; Tidjani AGermany,Federal Institute for Materials Research &Testing

Plasticised PVC containing different combinations ofadditives such as 5% ZnS, 5% antimony oxide and 5% ofmixtures based on antimony oxide and ZnS was studied.The thermal degradation and the combustion behaviourwere studied by TGA coupled with FTIR or with massspectrometry(MS) and using a cone calorimeter,respectively. Data on the decomposition and release ofthe pyrolysis products were obtained using both TGA-MS and TGA-FTIR. The influence of ZnS, antimonyoxide and the corresponding mixtures on the thermaldecomposition of plasticised PVC was demonstrated.Synergism was observed for the combination of the twoadditives. The combustion behaviour (time to ignition,heat release, smoke production, mass loss, CO production)was monitored versus external heat fluxes between 30and 75 kW/sq m with the cone calorimeter. Addition of5% ZnS had no significant influence on the fire retardant.Synergism of ZnS and antimony oxide allowed thepossibility of replacing half the antimony oxide with ZnSto reach equivalent fire retardancy. 29 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.847565

Item 106Analytical Chemistry74, No.4, 15th Feb.2002, p.790-8DETERMINATION OF POLYBROMINATEDDIPHENYL ETHERS AND POLYCHLORINATEDBIPHENYLS IN HUMAN ADIPOSE TISSUE BYLARGE-VOLUME INJECTION-NARROW-BORECAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/ELECTRON IMPACT LOW-RESOLUTIONMASS SPECTROMETRYCovaci A; de Boer J; Ryan J J; Voorspoels S;Schepens PAntwerp,University; Netherlands,Institute for FisheriesResearch; Health Canada

A report is presented on the use of large-volume (up to20 microL) injection combined with narrow-bore capillarycolumn gas chromatography and electron impact low-resolution mass spectrometry for the determination of

individual polybrominated diphenyl ether(PBDEs)congeners in human adipose tissue at the low parts-per-billion level. PBDEs are used extensively as flameretardants in most types of polymers. It is shown that,using narrow-bore capillaries, it is possible to analysecomplex mixtures in a short time (up to 10 min), saving50% or more of the analysis time of conventional columnswhile maintaining a similar resolution power. 35 refs.BELGIUM; CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEANUNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.847512

Item 107Journal of Applied Polymer Science82, No.2, 10th October 2001, p.276-82PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL EFFECTS OFDIETHYL N,N’-DIETHANOLAMINOMETHYLPHOSPHATE ONFLAME RETARDANCY OF RIGIDPOLYURETHANE FOAMXiu-Li Wang; Ke-Ke Yang; Yu-Zhong WangSichuan,University

Diethyl-N,N-diethanolaminomethylphosphate was shownto react with isocyanate through its hydroxyl group, andhence could be incorporated into rigid polyurethane foamas a chemically bound flame retardant. The presence ofthe retardant did not affect the structure of the foam. SEM,IR spectroscopy and thermal analysis were used toinvestigate the chemical and physical changes during thecombustion of rigid PU foam (RPUF) incorporating theretardant. The changes were such that the flame retardancyof RPUF were considerably improved.15 refsCHINA

Accession no.846551

Item 108Polyurethanes Expo 2001. Creating Opportunitythrough Innovation. Proceedings of a conference heldColumbus, Oh., 30th. Sept. - 3rd. Oct. 2001..Arlington, Va., Alliance for the Polyurethanes Industry,2001, Paper 88, p.623-6INFLUENCE OF EXPANDABLE GRAPHITE ONTHE PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIESAND FIRE BEHAVIOUR OF FLAME RETARDEDPIR-PUR FOAMSModesti M; Lorenzetti A; Simioni F; Gilbert MPadova,Universita; Graph-Tech Inc.(American Plastics Council; Alliance for thePolyurethanes Industry)

A study is carried out on rigid polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams to investigate the influence of flameretardant additives on the foam’s physical and mechanicalproperties. PIR-PUR foams were synthesised withexpandable graphite as the flame retardant halogen-freeadditive. In order to study possible synergistic effects,mixtures of expandable graphite and triethylphosphate



were used to make a fire retardant pentane-blown PIR/PUR foam with a constant NCO index equal to 250.Properties such as compression strength and thermalconductivity were tested and in order to evaluate fireperformance, the foams were studied using conecalorimeter analysis and the oxygen index test. 5 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; USA;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.846336

Item 109Plastics Additives & Compounding4, No.2, Feb. 2002, p.8GREAT LAKES ENHANCES FLAMERETARDANT OFFERING

Great Lakes Chemical Corp. has launched a number ofnew flame retardants. These include a phosphorusnitrogen-based intumescent flame retardant, calledReogard 1000, for PP, a non-scorch, phosphorus-bromineflame retardant, designated Firemaster 550, for flexiblepolyether and polyester PU foams and a halogen-free,phosphate ester flame retardant, called Reofos NHP, forPU foams.

GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP.USA

Accession no.845229

Item 110Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conferenceheld London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002.London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002,Paper 27, p.259-66, 24 cm, 012WASTE MANAGEMENT OF PLASTICSCONTAINING BROMINATED FLAMERETARDANTSTange L; Drohmann DDSBG Eurobrom; Great Lakes Chemical(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.)

Data from a number of studies carried out on plasticscontaining brominated flame retardants, which reveal thatthese plastics are compatible with an integrated wastemanagement concept, are presented. Recyclates frommechanically recycled plastics containing brominatedflame retardants are shown to comply with strictpolybrominated dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran limitvalues when handled properly. Combustion studies havedemonstrated that brominated flame retardant containingplastics can be safely added to municipal solid waste togenerate environmentally safe energy upon incineration.Finally, it has been shown that bromine recovery fromplastic waste obtained from electrical and electronicequipment os technically, economically and ecologicallyfeasible. 19 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845180

Item 111Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conferenceheld London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002.London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002,Paper 15, p.127-37, 24 cm, 012PA-6,6 FORMULATIONS USING MELAMINEPOLYPHOSPHATE AS FR AGENT FORELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS. INFLUENCE OFGLASS FIBRESDabrowski F; Le Bras M; Delobel R; Le Maguer D;Bardollet P; Aymami JENSC; Centre Regional d’Essais pour l’Ignifugationdes Materiaux; Schneider Electric(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.)

The fire performance of polyamide-6,6 formulationscontaining melamine polyphosphate, as flame retardant,was investigated using various methods, includinglimiting oxygen index measurements, UL-94 tests andcone calorimetry. The effects of short glass fibres, as filler,on fire behaviour were evaluated and the reactivitybetween the fibres and the flame retardant assessed usingelectron probe microanalysis and Aluminium 27 solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 22 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845168

Item 112Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conferenceheld London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002.London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002,Paper 13, p.113-7, 24 cm, 012HALOGEN FREE FLAME RETARDANTPOLYOLEFINS TECHNOLOGY: STUDIES ONVARIOUS SYNERGISTIC SYSTEMS BASED ONAPPFutterer T; Naegerl H-D; Goetzmann K; Mans V;Tortosa EChemische Fabrik Budenheim; Budenheim Iberica(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.)

The mode of fire-retardant action of ammoniumpolyphosphates is outlined and the development of newgrades of ammonium polyphosphate with lower particlesizes or with modified surfaces achieved using coatingtechnology is discussed. Finally, examples are presented,which illustrate the effectiveness of Budit 3127 and Budit3076 DCD ammonium polyphosphate-based intumescentsystems as flame retardants in PE and polypropylene.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;SPAIN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845166

Item 113Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conferenceheld London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002.London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002,Paper 12, p.107-12, 24 cm, 012



ANTIMONY FREE FLAME RETARDANTSYSTEMS CONTAINING FLAMESTAB NOR 116FOR POLYPROPYLENE MOULDINGKaprinidis N; Shields P; Leslie GCiba Specialty Chemicals Corp.(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.)

The efficacy and advantages of Flamestab NOR 116, anon-halogenated hindered amine, as a flame retardantsynergist in combination with halogenated and non-halogenated flame retardants in thick section PP substratesare discussed. It is shown that it is possible to achieve V-O and V-2 UL ratings with the above combinations offlame retardants and to design flame retardant PPcompositions free of antimony trioxide and with lowerlevels of halogenated or non-halogenated flame retardants.10 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845165

Item 114Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conferenceheld London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002.London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002,Paper 11, p.95-106, 24 cm, 012NEW APPLICATION DEVELOPMENTS INHALOGEN FREE FLAME RETARDANTPOLYOLEFINS AND POLYAMIDEENGINEERING PLASTICS USING FIREBRAKEZINC BORATESLeeuwendal R; Shen K; Ferm DRio Tinto Borax(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.)

The technology of halogen-free flame retardant metalhydrates and material formulation are outlined and thethermal characteristics of Firebrake zinc borate flameretardants are briefly described. The combination of thesezinc borates with metal hydrates is examined andexamples, which highlight how to use different modes ofinteraction of the zinc borates with other flame retardantsto produce flame resistant polyolefins and polyamides. 2refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845164

Item 115Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conferenceheld London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002.London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002,Paper 10, p.89-94, 24 cm, 012CREATING VALUE THROUGH FLAMERETARDANTS - THE ROLE OF MELAMINEBASED FR’SGrabner RDSM Melapur BV

(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.)

The advantages, applications and potential of DSMMelapur’s melamine-based flame retardants are discussed,the products available are identified and the suitability ofMelapur 200 for glass fibre-reinforced polyamides isdemonstrated. The development of a new grade, MelapurMC XL, for halogen-free polyamide is also reported.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845163

Item 116Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conferenceheld London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002.London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002,Paper 9, p.83-8, 24 cm, 012ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY TIN-BASEDFIRE RETARDANTSCusack P; Cross M; Hornsby PTin Technology Ltd.; Brunel University(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.)

Recent developments in more cost-effective tin-based fireretardants, including ultrafine zinc hydroxystannate andzinc stannate powders, fillers, such as alumina trihydrateor magnesium hydroxide, coated with these fire retardantsand halogen-free compositions, are described. The fire-retardant mechanism of tin-based fire retardants is alsobriefly considered. 14 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845162

Item 117Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conferenceheld London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002.London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002,Paper 75, p.75-82, 24 cm, 012SUSTAINABLE FIRE SAFETY IN ELECTRICALAND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENTDe Schryver D; DeSoto T; Dawson R; Landry S D;Herbiet RAlbemarle Europe sprl(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.)

The performance and sustainability of flame-retardant,high impact PS, which is used in a variety of electricaland electronic applications, including televisions andbusiness equipment, are examined. These resins contain,as flame retardants, ethane 1,2 bis (pentabromophenyl)(Saytex 8010) and ethylene bis(tetrabromophthalimide)(Saytex BT-93). Other flame retardants for high-impactPS and polycarbonate/ABS and some new flameretardants for engineering thermoplastics and polyamidesare also described. 5 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845161



Item 118Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conferenceheld London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002.London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002,Paper 7, p.63-74, 24 cm, 012PHOSPHORUS CONTAINING FLAMERETARDANTS - COMPOUNDING ANDMATERIAL PROPERTIESNass B; Schacker O; Schlosser E; Wanzke WClariant GmbH(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.)

The processing properties of several phosphorus-basedflame retardants are described and the ways in which theseflame retardants should be compounded to avoid typicaldeficiences, mainly as a result of partial decomposition,are demonstrated. Phosphorus-based flame retardantsconsidered include ammonium polyphosphate basedintumescent systems, red phosphorus and a new class offlame retardants, organic phosphinates, for engineeringthermoplastics, particularly polyamides and polyesters.10 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845160

Item 119Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conferenceheld London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002.London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002,Paper 6, p.57-62, 24 cm, 012NEW FEATURES OF EG BASED FIRERETARDANTSWenne NINCA AB(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.)

The features of environmentally friendly, expandablegraphite-based fire retardants are described and theproduct portfolio of INCA AB is outlined. The results ofa computer simulation, which illustrate how expandablegraphite improves the fire safety in the interior of avehicle, are also presented. 7 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845159

Item 120ENDS ReportNo.325, Feb 2002, p.50-1BAN RECOMMENDED ON TWO MOREBROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS

A brief report is presented on recommendations beingmade by EU technical experts to place precautionaryrestrictions on the marketing and use of octa- and deca-brominated diphenyl ethers to protect the environment.The action has been recommended because it is feared

that these products are bioaccumulating in wildlife andthere is also concern that they may degrade to formpersistent and bioaccumulative breakdown products.EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.845142

Item 121Polymer Degradation and Stability74, No.3, 2001, p.475-9INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT FLAMERETARDANTS ON FIRE BEHAVIOUR OFMODIFIED PIR/PUR POLYMERSModesti M; Lorenzetti A; Simioni F; Checchin MPadova,Universita; Enichem SpA

Amide modified polyurethane-polyisocyanurate foamsfilled with either ammonium polyphosphate or ammoniumpolyphosphate and melamine cyanurate flame retardantswere prepared and analysed using a cone calorimeter toevaluate the possibility of improving their fire behaviour.It was found that although the presence of the filler causedslight worsening of the physical and mechanicalproperties, the fire behaviour of the flame retarded foamsis better than for unfilled foams. The results showed thatan increasing amount of filler causes slight worsening ofphysical and mechanical properties. The presence ofmelamine causes a rapid decrease of rate of heat releaseand rate of weight loss and greatly improves the firebehaviour of the foams. 7 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.844104

Item 122Polymer Degradation and Stability74, No.3, 2001, p.441-7FLAME RETARDING POLY(METHYLMETHACRYLATE) WITH PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS: COMPARISON OFAN ADDITIVE WITH A REACTIVE APPROACHPrice D; Pyrah K; Hull T R; Milnes G J; Ebdon J R;Hunt B J; Joseph P; Konkel C SSalford,University; Sheffield,University

Phosphorus may be incorporated into PMMA in order toreduce flammability. A comparison of the flame retardanceand thermal stability has been carried out between methylmethacrylate copolymer reactively modified bycopolymerisation of the MMA withdiethyl(methacryloxymethyl) phosphonate (DEMMP)and PMMA containing equivalent amounts of the additivediethyl ethyl phosphonate (DEEP). DEEP has a similarstructure to DEMMP and it might be expected that thetwo compounds confer about the same levels of flameretardance to PMMA when used at similar concentrations.Incorporating 3.5 wt percent of phosphorous in both casesraises the LOI of PMMA from 17.2 to over 22. Cone



calorimetry shows MMA/DEMMP copolymer to be moreflame retardant than PMMA containing DEEP. The MMA/DEMMP copolymer is also more thermally stable, andthe copolymer has physical and mechanical propertiessimilar to those of PMMA, whereas DEEP plasticisesPMMA, resulting in reduced glass transition temperature.30 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.844100

Item 123European Chemical News76, No.1990, 28th Jan.-3rd Feb.2002, p.21ISSUE OF SAFETYWinder R

At the K2001 event in Dusseldorf, in October 2001, thevice president for technology, marketing and advocacyfor flame retardants at Great Lakes Chemical, said thatscientific data and heightened public safety fears woulddrive strong growth in the flame retardant additives sectorover the next five years. She said that when politics drivesthe debate over additives, the discussion often boils downto the call for a ban on all fire retardant chemicals, startingwith halogenated compounds currently in high use. Thepolitical position is at odds with trends in the marketplace,recent scientific findings and the resulting adjustmentsin official attitudes. The conclusions are different whenscience drives the issue: a global trend appears to be underway that is using science to confirm that productscontaining flame retardant additives can save lives andproperty. Although the system for collecting and reportingfire data in Europe is poor, the member states of theEuropean Union report that about 80,000 people areseriously injured in European fires each year, 75% ofwhom are hurt in their homes. Details are given.

GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP.;SWEDEN,NATIONAL TESTING & RESEARCHINSTITUTE; US,CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETYCOMMISSIONEUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.843692

Item 124Journal of Applied Polymer Science82, No.13, 20th Dec.2001, p.3262-74MECHANISM OF FIRE RETARDANCY OFPOLYURETHANES USING AMMONIUMPOLYPHOSPHATEDuquesne S; Bras M L; Bourbigot S; Delobel R;Camino G; Eling B; Lindsay C; Toels T; Vezin HENSCL; Torino,Universita; ICI Polyurethanes; USTL

The mechanism of the fire retardancy of ammoniumpolyphosphate (APP) in PU is studied. According to thelimiting oxygen index test, the efficiency of APP in PUcoating is proven. On the one hand, thermogravimetric

analyses shows that the addition of APP to PU acceleratesthe decomposition of the matrix but leads to an increasein the amount of high-temperature residue, under anoxidative or inert atmosphere. This stabilised residue actsas a protective thermal barrier during the intumescence-fire retardancy process. On the other, spectroscopicanalysis of the charring materials using IR spectroscopy,MAS NMR of the solid state and ESR enables betterunderstanding of the carbonisation process and,consequently, of the intumescence phenomenon. It isshown that the char resulting from PU consists of anaromatic carbonaceous structure which condenses andoxidises at high temperature. In the presence of APP, areaction between the additive and the polymer occurs,which leads to the formation of a phosphocarbonaceouspolyaromatic structure. Moreover, this char is stronglyparamagnetic. The presence of large radical species, suchas a polyaromatic macromolecule trapping free radicals,is demonstrated. Both of these characteristics help toexplain the fire retardant performance of PU/APP. 36 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;FRANCE; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.842149

Item 125Macplas InternationalDec. 2001, p.20/1FLAME RETARDANTS

Extracts are provided from a report by Frost & Sullivan,which asserts that new fire safety standards andenvironmental regulations will herald a period of growthfor flame retardants and affect a diverse range ofindustries.

FROST & SULLIVANUSA

Accession no.841786

Item 126London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002,pp.xii,273, 24cm, 012FLAME RETARDANTS 2002. PROCEEDINGS OFA CONFERENCE HELD LONDON, 5TH-6THFEB. 2002APME; European Flame Retardant Assn.; FireRetardant Chemicals Assn.(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.)

Twenty-seven papers are presented following the tenthconference in the ‘Flame Retardant’ series. Theconference concentrates on the practical appliactions offlame retardants and polymers, exchanging ideas on whatis needed and what is possible and practicable in thecontrol of fire in polymeric materials.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.841688



Item 127Polimeros: Ciencia e Tecnologia11, No.3, July/Sept. 2001, p.116-20UTILIZATION OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDEPRODUCED BY MAGNESIA HYDRATION ASFIRE RETARDANT FOR NYLON 6-6,6Rocha S D F; Ciminelli V S TMinas Gerais,Universidade Federal

The present work investigates the use of magnesiumhydroxide, produced by magnesia hydration, as a fireretardant in polymers. The hydration was carried out inan autoclave, at temperature of 130 deg.C, for 1 hour,and the product was further submitted to cominution in ajet mill. The solids were characterised with regard to theirchemical composition, particle size distribution, surfacearea and morphology. The performance evaluation of thehydroxide as a flame retardant for a copolymer of nylon6-6,6 was carried out according to the UL94 specificationsfor vertical burning tests. V-0 flammability rating at 1.6mm (60% magnesium hydroxide-filled nylon composite)and at 3.2 mm (40% magnesium hydroxide filled nyloncomposite) were achieved. Mechanical properties weremaintained at the desired values. These results indicatethat the hydroxide obtained from magnesia hydration canbe successfully employed as a fire retardant for nylon 6-6,6. 14 refs.BRAZIL

Accession no.840547

Item 128Chemical Week163, No.45, 12th Dec. 2001, p.23-6NANOTECHNOLOGY. THE START OFSOMETHING BIGFairley P

The impact of nanotechnology on the chemical industryis discussed and recent trends and advances innanomaterials, the market for nanomaterials and theactivities of companies involved in the production ofnanotechnology products are described. Statistics on thesales of nanotechnology products from 2002 to 2012 areincluded.USA

Accession no.839340

Item 129Polymer Degradation and Stability74, No.2, 2001, p.255-61SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OFSILICOTUNGISTIC ACID ON INTUMESCENTFLAME-RETARDANT POLYPROPYLENEQiang Wu; Baojun QuChina,University of Science & Technology

The synergistic effects of silicotungistic acid(SiW12) asa catalyst in PP flame-retarded by the intumescent flame

retardant(IFR) based on the NP28 phosphorus-nitrogencompound were studied using the limiting oxygenindex(LOI), the UL-94 test, TGA, real-time FTIR, laserRaman spectroscopy(LRS) and SEM. The LOI datashowed that SiW12 added to PP/IFR had a synergisticflame retardant effect with NP28. The TGA data showedthat SiW12 increased the thermal stability of the PP/IFRsystems at temps. above 500C. The FTIR results providedpositive evidence that IFR could improve the thermalstability of PP and SiW12 and could efficiently promotethe formation of charred layers withphosphocarbonaceous structures. The LRS measurementsprovided useful information on the carbonaceousmicrostructures. The morphological structures observedby SEM demonstrated that SiW12 could promoteformation of compact intumescent charred layers. 15 refs.CHINA

Accession no.838279

Item 130Speciality Chemicals21, No.9, Nov.2001, p.24-5TECHNOLOGIES GROW FLAMERETARDANTS MARKETRosen M RInteractive Consulting Inc.

A significant reduction in the risk of fire-related deathsand injuries is expected from the development of newperformance standards for upholstered furniture. The USConsumer Product Safety Commission has beenconducting extractability and migration studies in orderto evaluate potential health risks from flame retardantfabric treatments. For synthetic fabrics, two brominatedflame retardant treatments are most likely:decabromodiphenyl oxide and hexabromocyclododecane.Albemarle is collaborating with US Borax in a jointdevelopment agreement focused on new borate-relatedflame retardant technologies. Nanocomposites alsorepresent an encouraging class of emerging flameretardants.USA

Accession no.837824

Item 131Kunststoffe Plast Europe91, No.11, Nov. 2001, p.37-9FLAME-RETARDANT CURINGLengsfeld H; Altstadt V; Sprenger S; Utz RBayreuth,University; Schill & Seilacher Struktol AG

Recent developments in flame retardants for epoxy resins,which combine phosphorus flame retardants with curingagent and toughness modifier and permit the reactivityof the resin and its subsequent properties (Tg, fire-smoketoxicity properties and toughness) to be adapted, asrequired, are reported. The properties, recyclability andtoxicity of epoxy resins containing these combination



compounds are discussed. (Kunststoffe, 91, No.11, 2001,p.94-7)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.837221

Item 132ADDCON WORLD 2001. Conference Proceedings.Berlin, 8th-9th Oct. 2001, Paper 14, pp.27, 012NEW PROPRIETARY FLAME RETARDANTSYSTEMS MEET PLASTICS MARKETREQUIREMENTSLitzenburger AEurobrom BV(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

The properties and conditions of use of tris-(tribromophenyl) cyanurate and its competitive edgeversus several other brominated flame retardants arereviewed. The properties and applications of tris-(tribromoneopentyl phosphate) in PP and its competitiveedge versus other flame retardants are also consideredand the features of Sb2O3-free Safron 5201 in polyamideapplications and Safron 5261 in PS applications aredescribed. 5 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.837156

Item 133ADDCON WORLD 2001. Conference Proceedings.Berlin, 8th-9th Oct. 2001, Paper 12, pp.17, 012FLAME RETARDANTS FOR SUSTAINABLEFIRE SAFETY IN ELECTRICAL ANDELECTRONIC EQUIPMENTDeSoto T; Dawson R; Landry S DAlbemarle Corp.(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

The performance and sustainability of two flameretardants (ethane 1,2-bis(pentabromophenyl) andethylene bis(tetrabromophthalimide)) in high-impact PSused in televisions and business electronics, and PBTPused in electrical applications, such as connectors, areexamined. Various other issues, including toxicology andenvironmental issues and fire safety, are also addressed.13 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.837154

Item 134Kunststoffe Plast Europe91, No.10, Oct. 2001, p.68-71INNOVATIONS IN FLAME RETARDANTSBorms R; Georlette PEurobrom BV; Dead Sea Bromine Group

Recent developments in bromine flame retardants by theDead Sea Bromine Group are reported and briefinformation is provided on a new PR-5000 flame retardantseries, which is intended to provide the market with tailor-made fire safety solutions for particularly demandingapplications. The chemical structure, properties andapplications of the bromine flame retardants are listedtogether with the properties of flame retarded ABS and30% glass-reinforced flame retarded polyamide-6.(Kunststoffe, 91, 10, 2001, p.195-200)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ISRAEL;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.834985

Item 135International Polymer Science and Technology28, No.9, 2001, p.T/47FIRE RETARDANTS FOR THE POLYMERINDUSTRYZaikov G E; Artsis M IRussian Academy of Sciences

A brief review is presented of papers read at the one daysymposium on ‘Fire Retardants in the Polymer Industry’,organised by the Polymer Group of Belgium and theDepartment of Polymers of the Royal Chemical Societyof Belgium. Papers covered ecologically clean fireretardants, problems of coke formation; the use of blendsand composite materials to provide inherently flameretardant materials; the use of cone calorimeters fortesting; and the synthesis, properties and application ofbromine-containing fireproofing agents.RUSSIA

Accession no.831542

Item 136Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology17, No.2, 2001, p.127-48POLYMER COMBUSTION PROCESSES. III.FLAME RETARDANTS FOR POLYMERICMATERIALSBoryniec S; Przygocki WLodz,Institute of Chemical Fibres; Lodz,Polytechnic

A review is presented of the literature on flame retardantsfor polymeric materials. Topics covered include economicimportance of flame retardants, the phenomenon ofcombustion of polymers, retardation of combustion,agents retarding the combustion of polymers (metalhydroxides, organic halogen compounds, phosphoruscompounds) and the phenomenon of synergism (antimonytrioxide, synergism in a nitrogen/phosphorus system,synergism in a phosphorus/halogen system). 111 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.829501



Item 137Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 403INFLUENCE OF RED PHOSPHOROUS UPONTHE FLAME PROPERTIES AND DIELECTRICPROPERTIES OF GLASS FIBER REINFORCEDNYLON-66Wern-Shiarng Jou; Kan-Nan Chen; Lin T Y; Jen-Taut YehTaiwan,National Kaohsiung University of AppliedScience; Tamkang,University; Taiwan,NationalUniversity of Science & Technology(SPE)

The influence of red phosphorus additions on theflammability and electrical properties of glass fibre-reinforced polyamide-66 (containing 23% and 33% glassfibre) was investigated. Flammability was evaluated bydetermining the limiting oxygen and limiting nitrous oxideindices. Dry arc resistance and dielectric strength weremeasured. The flame resistance increased, whilst the arcresistance and dielectric strength decreased withincreasing red phosphorus content. The higher fibre glasscontent materials exhibited better flame resistance anddielectric strength, but reduced arc resistance. 15 refs.TAIWAN

Accession no.827030

Item 138European Chemical News75, No.1973, 17th-23rd Sept.2001, p.34EU RULES BEFORE RISK RESULTS

In an unprecedented step, the European Parliament hasvoted to ban two chemicals for which risk assessmentsare still pending. The chemicals, octabromodiphenyletherand decabromodiphenyl ether, were lumped together withpenta-BDE during a debate on the EC’s proposed ban onthat chemical, which is based on a completed riskassessment. All three chemicals are used as flameretardants. Parliamentarians backed the call to extend aban on penta-BDE to octa-BDE, which is used in officeequipment and domestic electrical appliances, by mid-2003. It is claimed that initial results of the ongoing riskassessments already indicate that the chemical is anenvironmental and public health hazard. MEPs have seta 2006 deadline for banning deca-BDE, adding that theban should not come into force if the final results of therisk assessment show that deca-BDE is harmless.

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENTEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.826807

Item 139SAMPE Journal37, No.4, July/Aug.2001, p.59-63FIRE RETARDANT COMPOSITES FOR NAVALAPPLICATIONS: THE USE OF ALUMINA

TRIHYDRATE(ATH)Le Lay F; Gutierrez JCentre d’Etudes des Structures et Materiaux Navals

The use of alumina trihydrate(ATH) as a flame retardantin a standard polyester resin/glass fibre composite fornaval applications was studied. Two types of ATH weretested, differing only in their particle size, at the sameconcentration (60 pph). Several aspects were studied,including production processing, mechanical properties(static and dynamic tests, fatigue) and fire reaction (conecalorimeter tests at 25, 50 and 75 kW/sq m). Theproperties of the polyester composites with ATH werecompared with those of a standard polyester material. Itwas shown that the use of ATH slightly decreased themechanical properties of the polyester composite, butsignificantly improved its fire behaviour. The ATH particlesize had no effect on the mechanical behaviour of thematerials, but affected the production process and the firebehaviour, especially at high irradiation levels. 4 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.825222

Item 140SAMPE Journal37, No.4, July/Aug.2001, p.30-7NEW FORMULATIONS FOR FLAMERETARDANT HALOGEN-FREE PULTRUSIONPROFILESSommer M; Schowe H; Hoerold SBYK-Chemie; Menzolit-Fibron; Clariant

Effective fire protection without halogens and withoutantimony is a challenge for the pultrusion process thatusually allows only limited filler loads due to the highamount of glass fibres that are incorporated. Newformulations were developed using aluminium trihydrateand/or polyphosphates to achieve high flame-retardancywith acceptable glass loadings. By selection of the rightfillers and the best additive combinations, severalformulations were produced and successfully fire testedto fulfil standards for building and construction as wellas for public transport applications. The parts werepigmented and exhibited good coverage of the fibres andvery good mechanical properties.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.825218

Item 141Progress in Organic Coatings42, Nos.1-2, June 2001, p.82-8ZINC BORATES AS FLAME-RETARDANTPIGMENTS IN CHLORINE-CONTAININGCOATINGSGiudice C A; Benitez J CCONICET; Argentina,National Technical University



The effect of substitution of zinc borates of two differentformulae for antimony trioxide on the performance ofchlorinated alkyd resin flame-retardant coatings wasstudied. Experimental coatings were manufactured on alaboratory scale, applied by brush on wood panels andfinally tested in a limiting oxygen chamber, in a flamecabinet (intermittent bunsen burner rating) and in a two-foot flame tunnel (flame spread index, panel consumption,after-flaming and after-glow). The results of laboratorytests indicated that, in coatings with a chlorine-containingresin used as the film-forming material, zinc borates couldact as a flame retardant. 12 refs.ARGENTINA

Accession no.825175

Item 142Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals: Section AVol.353, 2000, p.203-210THE EFFECT OF NANOMETALS ON THEFLAMMABILITY AND THERMOOXIDATIVEDEGRADATION OF POLYMER MATERIALSAntonov A; Yablokova M; Costa L; Balabanovich A;Levchik G; Levchik SMoscow,Institute for Synthetic Polymeric Materials;Torino,Universita; Belorussian,State University

Studies showed that finely dispersed metals (nanometals)at low addition (less than or equal to 1% wt.) increaseflammability of neat polypropylene despite strongimprovement of char yield. Flammability of neat epoxyresins is not significantly affected by nanometals.However, nanometals were shown to be very efficient co-additives in combination with some phosphoruscontaining fire retardants in both polypropylene(thermoplastic) and epoxy resin (thermoset). At a specificcontent of the metals, a sharp maximum was identifiedrelating to the dependence of oxygen index onconcentration of fire retardant additives. This proves theoccurrence of a strong synergistic effect. In order tocharacterise the solid residues and to determine the modeof fire retardant action of the nanometals thermal analysiswas used. 0 refs.BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; RUSSIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.824168

Item 143UTECH 2000. Proceedings of a conference held TheHague, Netherlands, 28th-30th March 2000.London, 2000, Automotive Developments Session,Paper 13, pp.3, 012EXPANDABLE GRAPHITE. NEWDEVELOPMENTS FOR POLYURETHANESYSTEMSPostel W; Schilling BNordmann Rassmann GmbH & Co.(Crain Communications Ltd.; European IsocyanateProducers’ Association)

The manufacture and properties of expandable graphite(Nord-Min) for use as a halogen-free fire barrier additivein PU are briefly described. The basic conditionsnecessary for the use of expandable graphite are outlinedand some end-use applications, including vehicle trim andsealants, are indicated. Synergism between expandablegraphite and other flame retardants is briefly discussed.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.823967

Item 144Polymer Degradation and Stability73, No.1, 2001, p.29-31THERMAL ANALYSIS OF POLY(VINYLALCOHOL)/GRAPHITE OXIDEINTERCALATED COMPOSITESJiayan Xu; Yuan Hu; Qingan Wang; Weicheng Fan;Guangxuan Liao; Zuyao ChenHeifei,University of Science & Technology

The thermal properties of polyvinyl alcohol/graphiteoxide hybrid composites were investigated as potentiallyflame retardant materials. Intercalated nanocompositeswere synthesised and characterised by X-ray diffraction.Samples were exposed to 5 C/min and 10 C/min heatingrates under nitrogen atmosphere and analysed usingdifferential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetrictechniques. It was found that increasing graphite oxidecontent in the polyvinyl alcohol modified the glasstransmission temperature and greatly improved thethermal stability. Full details of the synthesis andanalytical techniques are given and the results discussed.8 refs.CHINA

Accession no.823936

Item 145Adhasion Kleben & Dichten42, No.9, 1998, p.33-6GermanHALOGEN-FREE AND DIFFICULT TO IGNITESprenger S; Utz RSchill & Seilacher GmbH

Adhesives are being used increasingly in newapplications. Quite a few products containing adhesiveshave to meet different fire safety regulations. At the sametime, toxicological consequences from fires are beingscrutinised more carefully as well as the harmlessness offlame-retardants. By using the example of an epoxyadhesive, this article shows that halogen-free, flame-retardant adhesives can be formulated based on reactiveorganophosphorous compounds. 9 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.823361



Item 146Chemical Marketing Reporter260, No.3, 16th July 2001, p.16-7FLAME RETARDANT MARKET IN ADOWNWARD TRENDLerner I

The flame retardants market is suffering from the doublewhammy of the economic downturn coupled with highenergy and raw material costs, as volumes, pricing andmargins are off year-over-year. Brominated FRs areheavily used in the electrical/electronics industry, so theeconomic downturn in the purchasing of computers andtelecommunications equipment has led to a reduction indemand for brominated FR. Great Lakes is the world’slargest producer of FR and Albemarle is number two. Bothcompanies report that Q1 income and sales are down fromthe year-ago period. SRI projects North Americanconsumption of FR for plastics, which totalled 771 millionpounds in 1999, to grow at an average of 5%/year to 980million pounds in 2004. Great Lakes claims FR is abusiness that has very good long-term fundamentals asmore and more of the plastics made become flameretardant.WORLD

Accession no.823278

Item 147ENHANCING POLYMERS USING ADDITIVESAND MODIFIERS II. Proceedings of a conferenceheld Shawbury, UK, 14th November 1996.Shawbury, 1996, paper 5, p.1-6. 012NEW FLAME RETARDANTSSmith REurobrom BV(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

The features of FR 1025M (pentabromobenzyl acrylate)flame retardant, which is produced by the Dead SeaBromine Group, are briefly described and the use of thisreactive brominated monomer as a flame retardant inpolycarbonate, nylon 6 and PE and in other applications,is discussed. Formulations of these thermoplastics/flameretardant combinations and properties of the compositionsare tabulated.

DEAD SEA BROMINE GROUPEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.823004

Item 148FIRE HAZARDS, TESTING, MATERIALS ANDPRODUCTS. Proceedings of a conference heldShawbury, UK, 13th March 1997.Shawbury, 1997, paper 9, p.1-6, 012ROLE OF FLAME RETARDANTS IN REDUCINGFIRE HAZARDSBuszard D L

FMC(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

The role of flame retardants in the fire process is examinedin detail in order to demonstrate how they contribute to firesafety and to reveal the misconceptions contained withinthree attitudes, which appear to question the benefits of flameretardants. Consideration is given to flame retardants in theignition and growth phases and the relationship betweenflame retardants, health and the environment. A fire safetytriangle is also illustrated. 17 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.822909

Item 149Speciality Chemicals21, No.3, April 2001, p.16-8POLYBROMINATED STYRENES FOR FLAMERETARDANTS

This detailed article describes the technology used at GreatLakes Chemical Corp. (in Indiana, USA) to producebrominated styrene polymers for flame retardants. Sectionheadings include: products developed with the technology,higher molecular weight technology, thermal stabilitytests, improving compatibility, colour co-ordination, andflexible technology.

GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP.ASIA; CHINA; JAPAN; USA

Accession no.822188

Item 150Journal of Applied Polymer Science80, No.8, 23rd May 2001, p.1181-9EXPANDABLE GRAPHITE SYSTEMS FORHALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDING OFPOLYOLEFINS. I. FLAMMABILITYCHARACTERIZATION AND SYNERGISTICEFFECTXie R; Qu BChina,University of Science & Technology

The intumescent characteristics of some types of graphitewere evaluated as flame retardant additives forpolyolefins, using a cone calorimeter, gravimetricanalysis, limiting oxygen index and the UL-94 test.Physical and electrical properties of composites were alsoexamined. Polyolefins examined were low densitypolyethylene and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer. Thesynergistic effects of expandable graphite with other non-halogen fire retardants are discussed in detail. 10 refs.CHINA

Accession no.821532

Item 151Polymer Science Series B43, Nos. 3-4,March/April 2001, p.105-8



TRANSFORMATIONS OF ANTIMONY-HALOGEN- AND NITROGEN-PHOSPHORUS-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS INPOLYOLEFINS AND THEIR PERFORMANCEBogdanova V VBelorussian,State University

Degradation products from both antimony-halogen basedand nitrogen-phosphorus based flame retardants werestudied using X-ray diffraction and atomic emissionanalysis. Evidence of the retardation mechanisms in useagainst combustion was obtained for each system and ineach case emission of volatile combustion inhibitors atthe degradation temperature of the polymer matrix wasthe critical factor. 11 refsBELARUS; BELORUSSIA

Accession no.818458

Item 152Journal of Applied Polymer Science81, No.1, 5th July 2001, p.206-14COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OFHALOGEN-FREE FLAME-RETARDEDPOLYETHYLENE CONTAINING MAGNESIUMHYDROXIDE AND SOME SYNERGISTSZhengzhou Wang; Baojun Qu; Weigheng Fan; PingHuangChina,University of Science & Technology

Halogen-free flame retarded LLDPE materials wereprepared using magnesium hydroxide as a flame retardantcombined with red phosphorus and expandable graphiteas synergists. The total filler content was limited to lessthan 50% by weight to avoid detrimental effects on themechanical properties of the filled LLDPE. The result ofstudies of the effects of the additives on the combustionbehaviour of the filled LLDPE showed that redphosphorus and expandable graphite were good synergistsfor improving the flame retardancy of LLDPE/magnesiumhydroxide formulations. Also, adding suitable amountsof EVAC to the formulation increased the limiting oxygenindex while promoting char formation and showing almostno effect on the heat release rate and specific extinctionarea values. 29 refs.CHINA

Accession no.817665

Item 153Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 1995, pp.151. 30cms., 21/6/01. Rapra Industry Analysis SeriesFIRE - ADDITIVES AND MATERIALSDufton P WRapra Technology Ltd.

The report begins with a discussion of the differentfamilies of flame retardant materials and their major uses,followed by details of product development and generalapplications. The supply chain for flame retardants is

examined, with a discussion of the use of materials bythe resin suppliers, compounders and converters. End-use markets are discussed, with particular reference toautomotive and other transportation, electrical/electronicequipment and cables, and building and construction. Alsoincluded is an overview of legislation affecting theindustry and the use of flame retardants. Names andaddresses of additives suppliers are also included.WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.817337

Item 154Kunststoffe Plast Europe91, No.4, April 2001, p.13-4LOW-VOLATILITY OR SOLID?Rose R; Buszard D; Jacobs PGreat Lakes Chemical Corp.

Trends in flame retarding flexible polyurethane foam inautomotive interiors and in furniture are discussed, withreference to developments in flame retardants, and thesubstitution of traditional halogenated products, with non-halogen, thermally stable and low volatility products. Inparticular, the use of Firemaster BZ-54 from Great Lakesis discussed, and its performance with reference to foggingand scorch in automotive foam interiors. 1 ref. (Articletranslated from Kunststoffe 91 (2001) 4, p.38-40)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.815259

Item 155Journal of Applied Polymer Science80, No.14, 28th June 2001, p.2718-28MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLAMERETARDANT FILLED POLYPROPYLENECOMPOSITESTai C M; Li K YHong Kong,City University

Polypropylene, containing a mixture of brominatedphosphate ester and antimony trioxide or magnesiumhydroxide (MH) as flame retardants, was characterisedby measurement of tensile properties, impact properties,and limiting oxygen index (LOI). The brominated system(BR) was a more effective flame retardant, an addition of30 wt% giving the same LOI as 60 wt% MH. The tensilestrength of the MH-containing composites was higher thanthat of the BR-containing composites, attributed tostronger interfacial bonding, whereas the latter exhibitedhigher fracture toughness, attributed to energy absorptionby filler-matrix debonding and matrix cracking. 19 refs.HONG KONG

Accession no.813711



Item 156Revista de Plasticos Modernos80, No.529, July 2000, p.47-55SpanishFLAME RETARDANTSBosch P; Catalina F; Peinado CInstituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros

Mechanisms of polymer combustion and methods usedin the flammability testing of polymers are examined.Types of flame retardants, their mechanisms of action andtheir advantages and limitations are reviewed. 24 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.812734

Item 157Chemical Engineering108, No.3, Mar.2001, p.51/4FLAME RETARDANTS STILL UNDER FIRECrabb C

The impact of continuing concerns about the toxicity andbioaccumulation of brominated flame retardants on themarket for other flame retardants is discussed, payingattention to directives being considered in Europe withregard to electrical and electronic applications and thegreen movement. The reaction of companies engaged inthe flame retardant market to these concerns is consideredas are recent scientific studies designed to evaluate flameretardants in the environment. Finally, flame retardants,which have been deemed safe for use in upholstery textilesby the US,National Research Council, are indicated alongwith those which are undergoing further risk assessment.

US,NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCILUSA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.812375

Item 158Plastics Additives & Compounding3, No.4, April 2001, p.28-33NEW BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTSMEET REQUIREMENTS FOR TECHNICALPLASTICSGeorlette PDead Sea Bromine Group

Brominated flame retardants continue to offer highperformance and cost efficiency for plastic compoundsmeeting demanding applications. In this article, Dead SeaBromine Group outlines some recent developments thatthe company has introduced. Tris(tribromophenyl)cyanurate is a melt blendable flame retardant thatcombines good impact properties and UV stability instyrenic copolymers and their blends. Brominatedtrimethylphenyl indan has been introduced as a costefficient flame retardant for polyamides where it exhibitssignificant improvements in flame retardancy, as well as

a processing aid effect that allows shorter moulding cyclesand thinner wall parts in GRP. Property data are presented.ISRAEL

Accession no.810106

Item 159Plastics Additives & Compounding3, No.4, April 2001, p.22-6FLAME RETARDANTS: CURRENT TRENDS INNORTH AMERICAInnes J; Innes AFlame Retardants Associates Inc.

The worldwide flame retardant market is estimated atabout one million tonnes/year. Roughly 50% of this isthe volume demand for flame retardants in the US market.Brominated flame retardants are the largest segment ofthe halogen class with a worldwide market of over300,000 tonnes. Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties hasintroduced in process coated magnesium hydroxideproducts over the past year. Great Lakes has approachedthe non-halogen market with a phosphorus product. Othernew developments and market trends are discussed.NORTH AMERICA

Accession no.810105

Item 160Plastics Additives & Compounding3, No.4, April 2001, p.16-20FLAME RETARDANTS: TRENDS AND NEWDEVELOPMENTSMurphy J

New solutions to flammability are being offered by the2.3bn US dollars flame retardants market. From a host of150-200 different materials, a few key groups areemerging, promising effective action, with low or zeroevolution of toxic or hazardous by-products. The mainflame retardant materials are discussed, includingbrominated FRs, melamine, metal hydroxides,intumescents and antimony trioxide replacements.Melapur 200 from DSM, classified as melaminepolyphosphate, is expected to have a major impact onretarding electrical and electronic products. Properties of25% glass-reinforced nylon 66 with Melapur 200 areoutlined. A table detailing costs and properties of flame-retarded PP is also presented.WORLD

Accession no.810104

Item 161Plastic Solutions International2000, p.27FLAME RETARDANTS - MEETING FUTUREREQUIREMENTSWalz RClariant GmbH



Some widely used flame retardants (FRs) - mainly thebrominated products - contribute to the emission of corrosivegases, and there is much debate as to whether halogens couldcontribute to the formation of dioxins and furans in a firewith adverse impact on the environment. This is an importantreason for many plastic processors turning non-halogen FRsbased on phosphorus compounds. The decision to changeto a different type of FR is not easy, however, as there aremany parameters to be considered. For instance, the productsshould not migrate out of the plastic and come into contactwith the environment and the consumer. They must be easyto process and, of course, be compatible with the raw materialand other additives. FRs based on phosphorus compoundshave proved advantageous in recent years, and the FRindustry is working hard on new developments. Themechanism by which phosphorus-based FRs suppressignition and flame spread occurs in the solid phase. When aflame is applied to an FR plastic, the phosphorus compounddecomposes and takes all the water from the plasticmolecules. This results in the formation of a char, which isbonded by the newly formed polyphosphorus acid to producea glassy, dense surface. Details are given of developmentsin red phosphorus compounds, speciality rather thancommodity flame retardants and new solutions forcomposites.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.809589

Item 162Addcon World 2000. Conference proceedings.Basel, Switzerland, 25th-26th Oct.2000, paper 10NEW METAL HYDROXIDES WITH IMPROVEDPERFORMANCE FOR FLAME RETARDANCYIN PLASTICSHerbiet RAlusuisse Martinswerk GmbH(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

Pressure on halogenated flame retardants, e.g. in theEuropean automotive industry, is growing. According tothe End-of-Life Vehicles Directive (ELV), approved bythe European Parliament at the beginning of February2000, 85% of vehicle components have to be recycled ina first step and finally 95% of used car materials have tobe recoverable. In other fields, where flame retardancyof plastics is required, ‘green’ products become more andmore popular. This results in an increasing demand ofmetal hydroxide systems based on aluminium hydroxideor magnesium hydroxide. Although much progress hasbeen made in the last decade by machine suppliers aswell as by filler producers, there is still room forimprovement regarding flame retardancy compoundingline throughput put and filler handling. An overview ofthe latest developments in metal hydroxide technology ispresented, taking into account actual market requirements.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.807851

Item 163Addcon World 2000. Conference proceedings.Basel, Switzerland, 25th-26th Oct.2000, paper 9CRITERIA AND EXAMPLES OF OPTIMALCHOICE OF FLAME RETARDANTSLitzenburger AEurobrom BV(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

Since the early 1990s, ‘green’ parties in some Europeancountries have been investing considerable effort to limitas much as possible the uses of halogenated fire retardants,claiming that these substances may be a source of toxicfumes under fire conditions or during incineration.Consequently, some producers of electronic goods havestarted to offer products with non-halogen fire retardantsor even without fire retardant in countries such as inEurope, in the Middle and Far East where standards offlame retardancy are lower than in the USA. Since then,in some European countries, a significant increase in thenumber of fires caused by such electronic goods has beenobserved. Conscious of the danger of such a trend, majorproducers of halogenated fire retardants have associatedin the Brominated Flame Retardant Industry Panel(BFRIP) and its European equivalent (EBFRIP). Theyhave started to inform the relevant authorities and theconsumers more systematically about the safety of usingcommercial halogenated fire retardants offered in themarket. Improvement of fire safety is an important factorto protect the environment as it reduces production ofconsiderable quantities of toxic compounds and smoke.In view of this, optimal use of fire retardants is highlyrecommended and a set of simple rules aimed at helpingthe user to choose the best fire retardant system for hisapplication is presented. 10 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.807850

Item 164Polymer Degradation and Stability71, No.2, 2001, p.279-84FORMATION OF A FLAME RETARDANT-CYCLODEXTRIN INCLUSION COMPOUNDAND ITS APPLICATION AS A FLAMERETARDANT FOR POLYETHYLENETEREPHTHALATEHuang L; Gerber M; Lu J; Tonelli A ENorth Carolina,State University

An inclusion compound was formed between FRAntiblaze RD-1 and beta-cyclodextrin and melt processedinto PETP films. The flammability of these melt processedfilms, pure PETP films, films containing cyclodextrin andPETP films containing the flame retardant applied froma bath and then oven cured was determined using amodified AATCC Test Method 34. The films, whichcontained the embedded inclusion compound, exhibited



substantial flame retardance compared with the otherfilms. 16 refs.USA

Accession no.805925

Item 165Fire & Materials24, No.6, Nov./Dec.2000, p.277-89FLAME RETARDANT MECHANISM OF SILICAGEL/SILICAKashiwagi T; Gilman J W; Butler K M; Harris R H;Shields J R; Asano AUS,Building & Fire Research Laboratory; US,NationalInst.of Standards & Technology

The addition of various types of silicas, (silica gel, fumedsilica and fused silica), was investigated with referenceto their mechanism and flame retardant effectiveness inPP and polyethylene oxide. Flammability was measuredin a cone calorimeter and the mass loss rate was measuredin a radiative gasification device in nitrogen. It wasobserved that the addition of low density, large surfacearea silicas such as fumed silicas and silica gel,significantly reduced the heat release rate and mass lossrate. This mechanism is concluded to be based on thephysical processes in the condensed phase instead ofchemical reactions, with the balance between the densityand the surface area of the additive and polymer meltviscosity determining whether the additive accumulatesnear the sample surface or sinks through the polymer meltlayer. 16 refs.USA

Accession no.804780

Item 166Additives for PolymersJan.2001, p.10-1USE OF POLYURETHANES AS CHAR-FORMING AGENTS IN PP INTUMESCENTFORMULATIONS

Polyols were first used as carbonising agents in polymericintumescent systems, but have now been substituted withpolymers which show a natural charring when heated.This article discusses in detail the use of polyurethanesas char-forming agents in PP intumescent formulations,reporting on recent research carried out in France.

ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE DE CHEMIEDE LILLEEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.804409

Item 167Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 559NEW HALOGEN-FREE FIRE RETARDANT FOR

ENGINEERING PLASTIC APPLICATIONSLevchik S V; Bright D A; Alessio G R; Dashevsky SAkzo Nobel Chemicals Inc.(SPE)

Triphenyl phosphate (TPP), resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenylphosphate) (BDP) were evaluated as fire retardants inblends of polycarbonate and ABS. The blends werecharacterised by combustion studies, thermogravimetricanalysis, determination of hydrolytic stability, and themeasurement of tensile, yield, flexural, and impactstrengths, and heat deflection temperature. The blendscontaining RDP and BDP had superior properties to thosecontaining TPP, and blends containing BDP exhibitedsuperior fire retardant efficiency, and hydrolytic andthermal stability, compared with those containing RDP.11 refs.USA

Accession no.803856

Item 168Polyolefins 2000. Conference proceedings.Houston, Tx., 27th Feb.-1st March 2000, p.571-81ADVANCES IN A REVOLUTIONARY FLAMERETARDENT SYSTEM FOR POLYOLEFINSSrinivasan R; Rotzinger BCiba Specialty Chemicals Corp.(SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,ThermoplasticMaterials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers &Additives Div.)

A revolutionary non-halogenated, UV stable N-alkoxyhindered amine additive, NOR-1, has been introduced.Recent advances in the demonstration of the efficacy ofthis flame retardant additive are discussed. Initialinvestigations confirmed that NOR-1 provides flameretardancy to polyolefin fibres at surprisingly lowconcentrations. Polyolefin fibres containing the additivepass some industrial standard flame retardancy tests.Recent research and development efforts show that theadditive synergises with conventional brominated andphosphorus flame retardants to provide improvedperformance in polyolefin fibre and mouldingapplications. The improved performance of thesesynergistic systems allows passing of some of the morestringent, industrial standard flame retardancy tests. Thesynergistic systems allow a significant reduction in thelevel of conventional flame retardants that detrimentallyaffect light stability and mechanical properties. Theadditive is a potent long-term thermal and UV stabiliserfor polyolefins. These attributes of this product may opennew opportunities for flame retarded polyolefins. 12 refs.USA

Accession no.803481



Item 169ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.112-3USE OF CARBONISING POLYMERS ASADDITIVES IN INTUMESCENT POLYMERBLENDS - A REVIEWLe Bras M; Bourbigot SENSCL; GEMTEX(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

Generally, intumescent formulations contain three activeingredients: an acid source (such as ammoniumpolyphosphate (APP)), a carbonisation compound and ablowing agent. The first generation carbonisation agentsused in intumescent formulations for thermoplastics arepolyols such as pentaerythritol, mannitol or sorbitol.Problems with this type of additive include migration/blooming of the additives, water solubility of the additivesand reaction with the acid source during processing ofthe formulations. There is little compatibility between theadditives and the polymeric matrix and the mechanicalproperties of the polymer are then comparatively poor.Flame retardant (FR) intumescent formulations have beendeveloped using charring polymers (polyamide-6 (PA6),thermoplastic PUs (TPU) and hybrid clay-PA6nanocomposites) as carbonisation agents. The advantageof the concept is to obtain FR polymers with improvedmechanical properties and to avoid the problem ofmigration and solubility of the additives. The FR andmechanical performances of these formulations arereviewed. The influence of chemical structure of the TPUis investigated using two different TPU series, whichdiffer in the nature of the polyol used for their syntheses:polyols in the polyaddition process are either polyetheror polyester. A TPU synthesised from polyether showshard segment domains (diol + diisocyanate) larger andmore complex than those found in a polyester-based TPU.The influence of the hard segment content is studied usingdifferent R ((diol + diisocyanate/polyol) = R). 7 ref.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.802849

Item 170ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.108-9METAL CATALYSED INTUMESCENT FLAMERETARDANT SYSTEMSLabuschagne F J W J; Focke W W; Strydom C APretoria,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

Intumescent flame retardants form a foamed barrier layerwhen exposed to a flame. Conventional organic systemsare based on the acid catalysed dehydration of carbonificssuch as dipentaerythritol. Metal oxides also have utility

as catalytic flame retardants. For example, both antimonyand tin have been used to impart flame resistance tocellulosics without any assistance from halogencompounds. They appear to alter the condensed phasethermal degradation pathways in such a way that morenon-volatile char and less flammable gases are generated.It has been found that low levels of potassium bicarbonatesignificantly modify the pyrolysis kinetics of a-celluloseto yield more char. It has also been discovered thatpotassium carbonate enhances the charring of polymerscontaining pentaerythritol-silica combinations as flameretardant. This has led to the discovery of base catalysedintumescence of potassium bitartrate. Combinations ofpotassium bitartrate and pentaerythritol show improvedintumescence but carbon char oxidation by glowingcombustion has remained a problem. Base catalysis is anattractive alternative to conventional acid catalysedintumescent flame retardant systems as it could help toalleviate corrosion problems during polymer processing.Unfortunately, strongly basic residues also catalyse theoxidative destruction of the char-foam at hightemperatures. An investigation into the effect ofthe metalcation in such systems is presented. 11 refs.SOUTH AFRICA

Accession no.802847

Item 171ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.100HIGHLY BROMINATED ARYL ETHER FLAMERETARDANT AGENTSHowell B A; Zeng W; Uhl F Mcentral Michigan,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

The need to control polymer flammability long predatesthe development of modern plastics. However, it was thedramatic and rapid development of polymeric materialsfollowing World War II and their utilisation in thefabrication of a myriad of consumer products that hasdriven the need for ever more efficient, more effectiveflame retardants. Halogenated compounds, particularlybrominated aromatics, continue to be among the mostwidely used. These materials are readily available,inexpensive and effective when present in the polymer atrelatively low levels. They function by liberatinghydrogen halide or halogen atoms (or both) whichinterrupt gas phase flame propagating reactions. As theuse range for polymeric materials is extended, flameretardant compounds that function over a broader rangeof temperature are required. In particular, flame retardantsdegrading at relatively high temperatures are needed.5 refs.USA

Accession no.802842



Item 172ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.92-3REVIEW OF SYNERGISTS USED WITHHALOGEN FLAME RETARDANTSMarkezich R LOxychem; Laurel Industries(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

The synergist antimony oxide, in combination withhalogenated flame retardants, has been used for years toimpart flame retardancy to plastics. Today, many highlyefficient antimony oxide/halogen systems are used to giveflame retardancy properties to a wide variety of polymers.Other complete or partial substitutes for antimony oxidein certain polymers have been reported; they are ferricoxide, zinc oxide, zinc borate and zinc stannate. Most ofthese synergists are effective with nylons and epoxieswhen using a chlorinated flame retardant. 3 refs.USA

Accession no.802837

Item 173ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.90-1EFFECT OF FR ENCLOSURES ON THE FIREBEHAVIOR OF TV SETSSimonson MSweden,National Testing & Research Institute(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

A new life-cycle assessment (LCA) model is developed.This model aims at weighing the environmental benefitof a high level of fire safety, in terms of a reduction in thesize and number of fires, against the cost of the productionand use of the flame retardant by which this fire safety isachieved. The first full application of the LCA model tocompare a product with a high level of fire safety to onewith a lower level of fire safety is described. The productchosen for this first application is a TV set. A great dealof LCA input is required before calculations based on themodel can be carried out. This input constitutes the life-cycle inventory. The effect of the presence of a flameretardant in the TV enclosure on the size and frequencyof fires is a crucial part of this new model. A detailedinvestigation of European and US fire statistics providesthe basis for this part of the study. Results and conclusionsare presented in this article for a number ofenvironmentally important species. 6 refs.EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERNEUROPE

Accession no.802836

Item 174ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.

Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.72ANILINE-DERIVED HIGHLY BROMINATEDNITROGEN FLAME RETARDANTSHowell B A; Wu HCentral Michigan,University(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

Several highly brominated nitrogen compounds areprepared by treating cyanuric chloride with variousbrominated anilines. These compounds offer potential assuperior flame retardants - capable of displaying goodgas phase activity coupled with the simultaneouspromotion of char formation in the solid state. 4 refs.USA

Accession no.802826

Item 175ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.68-9THERMAL DEGRADATION AND COMBUSTIONMECHANISM OF FR EVABourbigot S; Carpentier F; Le Bras MGEMTEX; Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie deLille(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

Halogen compounds are widely used for flame retardingpolymers but corrosiveness and toxicity of theircombustion products and the smoke production haveattracted much attention. Current trends aim at limitationof the use of halogen-based FR systems, and research anddevelopment turn towards halogen-free FR formulations.One solution is to add metal hydroxides such asmagnesium hydroxide in a polymer matrix. Themechanisms of the thermal and fire degradations of FREVA8-based formulations are investigated using solidstate 25Mg NMR. The mode of action of FB415 isdiscussed. 6 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.802824

Item 176ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.64-7ZINC BORATES - 30 YEARS OF SUCCESSFULDEVELOPMENT AS MULTIFUNCTIONAL FIRERETARDANTSShen K KUS Borax Inc.(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

The use of an organic chlorine or bromine source to impartfire resistance to polymers is well known in the plasticsand rubber industries. To further enhance the fire testperformance of halogen-containing polymers, antimony



oxide is usually used as a synergist. In recent years,however, much effort has been expended to find eitherpartial or complete substitutes for antimony oxide. Tomeet the market demand of engineering plastics, USBorax recently developed Firebrake 500, an anhydrouszinc borate stable to at least 450 deg.C and Firebrake 415,stable to about 415 deg.C. Recent advances in the use ofzinc borates as multifunctional fire retardants in polymersare reviewed. Emphasis is placed on electrical/electronic,transportation and building material applications. 26 refs.USA

Accession no.802823

Item 177ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.45-6PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING FIRERETARDANTS IN ALIPHATIC NYLONSLevchik S V; Levshik G F; Murashko E AAkzo Nobel Functional Chemicals LLC; Belarus,StateUniversity(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

The mechanism of fire retardant action of phosphorus-containing additives in aliphatic nylons is similar to theirmode of action in other polymers. The phosphorus-containing additives seem to affect the processes occurringin the condensed phase. Phosphoric and related acidsformed at combustion may catalyse dehydration ordeamination of the nylons and promote char formation.These acids may form a thin glassy coating on the surfaceof the burning polymer, thus lowering oxygen diffusionand heat and mass transfer between the flame and thecondensed phase. It has been shown that phosphoric acidsreact with nylons upon heating to give phosphoric esterswhich are char precursors. Although phosphine oxides oresters or salts of phosphonic or phosphoric acids havebeen discussed as potential candidates for fire retardantnylons, it seems that only red phosphorus and melaminepyrophosphate are really used on an industrial scale. Theresults of an evaluation of fire retardant efficiency ofaromatic phosphates in two commercial nylons arepresented. 9 refs.BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; USA

Accession no.802812

Item 178ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.42-3MECHANISM OF EXPANDABLE GRAPHITEFIRE RETARDANT ACTION INPOLYURETHANESCamino G; Duquesne S; Delobel R; Eling B; LindsayC; Roels T

Torino,Universita; Ecole Nationale Superieure deChimie de Lille; ICI Polyurethanes(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

Expandable graphite (EG) is an intumescent additiveknown to be capable of imparting fire retardancy tovarious materials and in particular to PU. When exposedto heat, the material expands about hundred times,resulting in an expanded material of low density. Theeffects of EG on the mechanism of degradation andcombustion of PU are investigated. 5 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;FRANCE; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.802810

Item 179Speciality Chemicals21, No.1, Jan./Feb.2001, p.18PROTECTION OF PLASTICS WITH FLAMERETARDANTS

This article reviews the main types of flame retardantsused for the protection of thermoplastics and thermosetsfrom fire. It also describes some of the standard testmethods used to measure flame retardancy.

AMPACET CORP.USA

Accession no.802181

Item 180ENDS ReportNo.312, Jan.2001, p.27HOMEBASE PHASES OUT OSPAR TOXICSUBSTANCES FROM PRODUCTS

Leading DIY retailer Homebase is to phase out a rangeof hazardous substances from own-brand products by2005, based on the Ospar Convention’s priority actionlist. The substances include brominated flame retardants,nonylphenols and lead compounds. Parties to the OsparConvention are committed to moving towards endingreleases of hazardous substances by 2020. Environmentalgroups are now attempting to bypass the cumbersomeOspar process by seeking voluntary action from business.In a letter to Homebase, Greenpeace asked specificallyabout the use of brominated flame retardants in textilesand furniture, and nonyl and other alkyl phenolethoxylates used in various textile processes.

HOMEBASE LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.802160

Item 181Journal of Advanced Materials33, No.1, Jan.2001, p.24-32REACTIVE, ORGANOPHOSPHORUS FLAMERETARDANTS FOR EPOXIES



Sprenger S; Utz RSchill & Seilacher

A reactive organophosphorous substance is presented asflame retardant for epoxy resins. Data concerning flameretardant efficiency, toxicity, mechanical properties, theirperformance in adhesives and in laminates are illustrated.9 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.801596

Item 182Materie Plastiche ed Elastomeri65, No.4, April 2000, p.290/2ItalianRED PHOSPHORUS MASTERBATCHESGatti NItalmatch Chemicals SpA

Details are given of Masteret masterbatches produced byItalmatch Chemicals of Italy, and which contain redphosphorus as flame retardant. Applications in PBTP,polyamides, polyolefins, high-impact PS and polyurethanesare examined, and data are presented for the flammabilitycharacteristics and mechanical and electrical properties ofglass fibre-reinforced nylon-6,6 and PBTP compoundsformulated with these masterbatches.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.800869

Item 183Polymers & Polymer Composites8, No.8, 2000, p.551-6NEW METAL HYDROXIDES WITH IMPROVEDPERFORMANCE FOR FLAME RETARDANCYIN PLASTICSHerbiet RAlusuisse Martinswerk GmbH

An overview is presented of the latest developments inmetal hydroxide technology for the flame retardance ofplastics. Metal hydroxide systems based on aluminiumhydroxide or magnesium hydroxide act simultaneouslyas flame retardant and smoke suppressant. The importanceof smoke suppression in saving lives is emphasised, anda statistical study is referred to which analyses causes ofdeath in fire situations. The mechanism by which metalhydroxides achieve flame retardancy is explained, andthe benefits of surface modification of fillers aredemonstrated. The performance of metal hydroxide-basedflame retardants in PP and EVA is described, withreference to properties, in particular, mechanicalproperties, electrical properties and rheological properties.By use of the appropriate filler-polymer couplingadditives, these properties can be optimised. 1 ref.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.799475

Item 184Plastics Additives & Compounding2, No.12, Dec. 2000, p.24-5FLAME RETARDANTS FOR THE IT SECTOR:WHICH WAY FORWARD

A review is presented of papers presented at a recent FireRetardant Chemicals Association conference in the USAin which the use of halogenated and non-halogenatedflame retardants in information technology equipment,was debated. Market trends and environmental and firesafety developments from Europe, Japan, and NorthAmerica are discussed.

US,FIRE RETARDANT CHEMICALSASSOCIATIONUSA

Accession no.799296

Item 185Plastics Additives & Compounding2, No.5, May 2000, p.24-7FLAME RETARDANTS: SOME NEWDEVELOPMENTS

Recent developments relating to flame retardant materialsare reviewed and some statistical data are included formarket sizes, growth rates and consumption trends. Theproduction of magnesium hydroxide is forecast to rise tomeet increased demand from polypropylenecompounders. Developments in surface chemistrytechnologies using zinc stannate and zinc hydroxystannate are described, with reference to research by AlcanChemicals, and product developments in brominatedflame retardants by the Dead Sea Bromine Group arediscussed.

Accession no.798273

Item 186Plastics Additives & Compounding2, No.5, May 2000, p.20-3FLAME RETARDANT ADDITIVES

A review is presented of new product developments inflame retardants, with reference to the offerings from AkzoNobel, Borax, Clarinat, DSM Melapur, Great Lakes,Joseph Storey, Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties, andMartinswerk GmbH. Applications and specific featuresare described for a range of additives from thesecompanies.USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.798272

Item 187International Polymer Science and Technology27, No.10, 2000, p.T/94-103POLYMER COMBUSTION PROCESSES. 3.FLAME RETARDANTS FOR POLYMERICMATERIALS



Boryniec S; Przygocki W

The nature and function of flame retardants for polymericmaterials is discussed in this review of polymercombustion processes. The phenomenon of combustionis explained, together with the nature of the mechanismof retardation of combustion. Types of agents used toretard the combustion of polymers are discussed, andinclude metal hydroxides, organic halogen compounds,phosphorous compounds, and antimony trioxidesynergists. Synergism is also described in a nitrogen/phosphorous and phosphorous/halogen system. 111 refs.(Translation of Polimery, No.10, 1999, p.23).EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.797797

Item 188Materie Plastiche ed Elastomeri65, No.3, March 2000, p.130/4ItalianPOLYAMIDE COMPOUNDS FOR THEELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC SECTORVidal ILuben Plast

Electrical and electronic applications of polyamides arediscussed, and an examination is made of the flameresistance characteristics and electrical properties requiredin these applications and how these properties may bemodified at the compounding stage through the additionof fillers, fibre reinforcements and flame retardants. Typesof flame retardants used in polyamides for suchapplications are reviewed.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.797735

Item 189Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August1999. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.553-4AROMATIC BORONIC ACID FLAMERETARDANT POLYMER ADDITIVES:SYNTHESIS AND FLAME RETARDANTTESTINGMorgan A B; Jurs J L; Tour J MSouth Carolina,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

One way to prevent flame propagation in polymers isthrough the use of materials that form char upon exposureto high heat and flames. Char is a carbon-based soot/residue that undergoes very little oxidative degradationand prevents the passage of fuel molecules to the flames.Sometimes the char formed is not strictly carbon-based.For example, carbon-inorganic oxide ceramics or glassescan act as chars. Like carbon char, this ceramic or glassprovides thermal insulation and acts as a physical barrierto fuel transport. Primarily, the ceramic prevents heat from

reaching the rest of the plastic, thus preventing melt, flowand thermal decomposition. Boron compounds,specifically inorganic borates, are currently used in someplastic formulations as flame retardants but they areplagued by poor melt blendability which weakens thepolymers’ mechanical properties. The exact mechanismof action for these borates as flame retardants is unknownbut it is believed that they form a borate glass upon meltingat high temperatures. Boronic acids are known to releasewater upon heating, leading to boroxine or boronic acidanhydride structures. These materials, if they contain morethan one boronic acid functionality, may form a networkpolymer system. Specifically, they may form a boroxinenetwork that could lead to high char formation uponburning. A method of making boronic acid flameretardants using a nickel catalyst and pinacol borane isreported. The resulting boronic acids are tested inpolycarbonate using the UL-94 flame test, and a UL-94V O result is obtained. 8 refs.USA

Accession no.797475

Item 190Japan Chemical Week41, No.2100, 30th Nov.2000, p.4FLAME RETARDANTS

The movement toward a total ban on bromine-based flameretardants has subsided, but an increasing number of usersare shifting to phosphate-based flame retardants.Manufacturers in the industry are still attempting todevelop bromine-free flame retardants for use in ABS.Manufacturers of bromine-based flame retardants aredeveloping substitutes for decabromodiphenyl oxide.Dead Sea Bromine, for example, accentuates recyclabilityof pentabromobenzyl acrylate.JAPAN

Accession no.797086

Item 191Fire Retardancy of Polymers.Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998,54F, p.421-36ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF POLYMER FLAMERETARDANCYZaikov G E; Lomakin S MRussian Academy of SciencesEdited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S;Delobel R(Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille;Torino,Universita; CREPIM)

Polymer producers have been seeking non-halogen flameretardants and the search has been successful in severalpolymer systems. Non-halogen flame retardantpolycarbonate/ABS blends are now commercial. Theycontain triphenyl phosphate or resorcinol diphosphate asthe flame retardant. Modified PPO has used phosphate



esters as the flame retardant for the past 15-20 years andthe industry recently changed from the alkylated triphenylphosphate to RDP. Red phosphorus is used with glass-reinforced nylon 6/6 in Europe and melamine cyanurateis used in unfilled nylon. Magnesium hydroxide is beingused commercially in PE wire and cable. Non-halogensolutions present other problems such as poor properties,difficult processing, corrosion and handling problems.Trends in the search for new ecologically-friendly flameretardants are examined.RUSSIA

Accession no.795763

Item 192Fire Retardancy of Polymers.Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998,54F, p.304-15FIRE RETARDANT ACTION OF REDPHOSPHORUS IN NYLON 6Levchik G F; Levehik S V; Camine G; Weil E DBelarus,State University; Torino,Universita;Brooklyn,Polytechnic UniversityEdited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S;Delobel R(Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille;Torino,Universita; CREPIM)

Red phosphorus is an effective fire retardant for pure andglass fibre reinforced nylons. It was reported that charenhancers, e.g. phenolic resins, show a synergistic effectwith red phosphorus preventing the polymer dripping.However, red phosphorus is potentially very flammable.It might generate highly toxic phosphine. Furthermore, itis difficult to mask the intense red colour. The mechanismof fire retardant action of red phosphorus has beenextensively studied in various polymers, but not in nylons.There is disagreement on the mode of action of redphosphorus. In some cases purely condensed phasemechanism is suggested, whereas in others thecontribution of gas phase mechanism is also proposed.However, it is commonly accepted that red phosphorusis mostly effective in oxygen or nitrogen containingpolymers but not in polyolefins or styrenics. 23 refs.BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.795756

Item 193Fire Retardancy of Polymers.Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998,54F, p.290-303MICROENCAPSULATED FIRE RETARDANTSIN POLYMERSAntonov A; Potapova E; Rudakova T; Reshetnikov I;Zubkova N; Tuganova M; Khalturinskij NMoscow,Institute for Synthetic Polymeric Materials;Moscow,State Textile Academy; SemenovN.N.,Institute of Chemical Physics

Edited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S;Delobel R(Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille;Torino,Universita; CREPIM)

It has been previously shown that some compounds basedon methylphosphonic acid can be applied as fire retardantsfor polyolefins, such as the product of the condensationof melamine-formaldehyde resin with methylphosphonicacid and the diamide of methylphosphonic acid (DAPA).However, it has been found that DAPA reacts withpolymers during processing. In this connection, DAPAcan not be used for the development of fire retardedpolymer materials based on polycaproamide (PCA) andPETP. The potential solution for this problem related tothe use of some fire retardants consists inmicroencapsulation. Microencapsulated coatings preventthe interaction between the polymer and the fire retardantsat processing temperatures as well as the sublimation andthe exudation of fire retardants from the fire retardedpolymer. The efficiency of microencapsulated fireretardants containing DAPA in polymers is investigated.10 refs.RUSSIA

Accession no.795755

Item 194Fire Retardancy of Polymers.Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998,54F, p.280-9POLYAMIDE-6 FIRE RETARDED WITHINORGANIC PHOSPHATESLevchik G F; Levchik S V; Selevich A F; LesnikovichA I; Lutsko A V; Costa LBelarus,State University; Torino,UniversitaEdited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S; DelobelR(Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille;Torino,Universita; CREPIM)

Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is an effective fireretardant additive for polyamide 6 (PA-6). Because APPinvolves PA-6 into the charring, an intumescent char canbe produced without any additional charrable material.Practical usage of APP in aliphatic polyamides is limitedbecause the temperature at the beginning of APP thermaldecomposition is close to the temperature of the injectionmoulding of polyamides. Recently it was shown that someinorganic pigments can trap acidic species evolved at thethermal decomposition of APP and therefore thesepigments stabilise polyamide when it is compounded withAPP. Furthermore, some inorganic pigments improve fireretardant behaviour of APP-5. Mechanistic studies ofinteraction between APP and pigments show that binarymetal ammonium (BMAPs) are formed. These phosphatesare probably responsible for improving the fire retardancyof APP. Various binary metal ammonium phosphates areprepared and their fire retardant efficiency tested inpolyamide-6. Thermal decomposition behaviour of



BMAPs and their formulations with PA-6 is studied bythermal analysis. 14 refs.BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.795754

Item 195Fire Retardancy of Polymers.Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998,54F, p.175-202POLYMER COMBUSTION AND NEW FLAMERETARDANTSKashiwagi T; Gilman J W; Nyden M R; Lomakin S MUS,National Inst.of Standards & Technology; RussianAcademy of SciencesEdited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S;Delobel R(Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille;Torino,Universita; CREPIM)

The majority of polymer-containing end products (e.g.cables, carpets, furniture) must pass some type ofregulatory fire test to help assure public safety. Thus, it isimportant to understand how polymers burn and how tobest modify materials to make them less flammable inorder to pass such tests without compromising theiruniquely valuable physical properties and alsosignificantly increasing the cost of end products. Chemicaland physical processes occurring in the gas and condensedphases during the combustion of polymers and methodsto reduce their flammability are briefly described.Combustion of polymer materials is characterised by acomplex coupling between condensed phase and gasphase phenomena. Characteristics of the critical role ineach phase are outlined. 46 refs.RUSSIA; USA

Accession no.795748

Item 196Fire Retardancy of Polymers.Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998,54F, p.76-87MECHANISM OF ACTION OF HALOGEN-FREEFIRE RETARDANTS AND DEVELOPMENTALAPPROACHES TO DESIGN OF NEW FIRERETARDANTS WITH REDUCEDENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH CONCERNSCosta L; Catala J M; Gibov K M; Gribanov A V;Levchik S V; Khalturinskij N ATorino,Universita; Institut Charles Sadron;Kazakhstan,Institute of Chemical Sciences;Russia,Research Institute for High MolecularCompounds; Belarus,State University;Moscow,Institute for Synthetic Polymeric MaterialsEdited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S;Delobel R(Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille;Torino,Universita; CREPIM)

The present trend observed in some European countriesis to decrease the use of halogenated flame retardants forpolymers due to suspicion of environmental andtoxicological impact. As previous experience has shown,the alternative to halogen-containing flame retardantsmight be additives which fire retard polymers throughthe so-called intumescent mechanism. The generalmechanism of fire retardant action of these additives ismulti-step and complex. The additives having, as a rule,phosphorus and nitrogen atoms in their structure, promotecarbonisation of the polymer on heating and thereforedecrease the amount of combustible volatile products.Simultaneously, the amounts of smoke and toxic gasesdecrease because of the general decrease of volatiles. Theformed carbonaceous char plays the role of a barrier whichprotects the polymer from heat feedback from the flameand hinders both oxygen access to the polymer surfaceand diffusion of combustible gaseous products ofdegradation to the flame. The best protective effect ofthe char is reached if an intumescent layer with properphysical and mechanical properties is formed. Therefore,the fire can be stopped or at least its propagation sloweddown due to this complex action of the intumescent typefire retardants. Details are given of a project aimed atsupplying the background for development of newhalogen-free fire retardants for various plastics andthermosets. To reach the goal a consortium of six researchteams was created and a multidisciplinary approachincluded synthesis, processing, combustion testing,thermal decomposition study, characterisation of theproducts, mechanistic studies and modelling is used. 25refs.BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; ITALY; KAZAKHSTAN;RUSSIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.795740

Item 197Fire Retardancy of Polymers.Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998,54F, p.64-75FIRE RETARDED INTUMESCENTTHERMOPLASTICS FORMULATIONS,SYNERGY AND SYNERGISTIC AGENTS - AREVIEWLe Bras M; Bourbigot SEcole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de LilleEdited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S;Delobel R(Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille;Torino,Universita; CREPIM)

Intumescent technology has recently found a place inpolymer science as a method of providing flameretardancy to polymer formulations, especially PP-basedformulations. Intumescent systems interrupt the self-sustained combustion of the polymer at its earliest stage,i.e. the thermal degradation with evolution of the gaseousfuels. The intumescence process result from a combination



of charring and foaming of the surface of the burningpolymer (observed between 280 and 430 deg.C under airusing the PP/ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol(PP/APP/PER) model system). The resulting foamedcellular charred layer which density decreases withtemperature protects the underlying material from theaction of the heat flux or of the flame. 16 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.795739

Item 198Fire Retardancy of Polymers.Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998,54F, p.35-47CHAR-FORMING ADDITIVES IN FLAME,RETARDANT SYSTEMSWeil E D; Zhu W; Kim H; Patel N; Di Montelera L RBrooklyn,Polytechnic UniversityEdited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S; Delobel R(Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille;Torino,Universita; CREPIM)

Flame retarding poorly charrable polymers, especiallywith non-halogen systems, presents a challenge. Oneapproach is to use catalytic additives to initiate charformation. The discovery of the benefit of iron compoundsin nylon 4,6 came from that approach, and that of thechar-promoting action of potassium carbonate in styrenicpolymers containing diene rubbers can also be explainedby catalysis of oxidative crosslinking. A second approachis to include a flame retardant additive which itselfprovides substantial char; many examples are known, anda synergistic char-forming system was recently studiedwhich uses Monsanto’s XPM 1000, a cyclic neopentylphosphonate, as char source. A third approach is to blendinto the less char-forming polymer a better char-formingpolymer; in the best circumstances, this polymer can alsoimprove other properties as in the case of PPO-HIPS orPC-ABS blends. Good results in combining theseapproaches has been found, and in general using thesetools in combination is advocated, a ‘systems approach’to flame retardancy. Work on each approach is summarised,and some newer results are presented. 20 refs.USA

Accession no.795737

Item 199Fire Retardancy of Polymers.Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998,54F, p.3-32PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MECHANISMS OFFLAME RETARDING OF POLYMERSLewin MBrooklyn,Polytechnic University; Jerusalem,HebrewUniversityEdited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S; Delobel R

(Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille;Torino,Universita; CREPIM)

The basic mechanisms of flame retardancy wererecognised at early as 1947 when several primaryprinciples were put forward. These included the effect ofthe additive on the mode of the thermal degradation ofthe polymer in order to produce fuel-poor pyrolytic paths,external flame retardant coatings to exclude oxygen fromthe surface of the polymer, internal barrier formation toprevent evolution of combustible gases, inert gasevolution to dilute fuel formed in pyrolysis and dissipationof heat away from the flame front. Discovery of the flameinhibiting effect of volatile halogen derivativessubsequently led to the postulation of the radical trap-gasphase mechanism. The gas phase and the condensedphase-proposals have long been generally recognised asthe primary, though not the only effective mechanism offlame retardancy. This situation is now being modifiedas new mechanisms of new flame retarding systems,especially those based on physical principles, evolve andas new insights into the performance of flame retardantsis being gained. An attempt is made to review some ofthe principles and mechanisms prevailing at present inthe field of flame retardancy of polymers. 86 refs.ISRAEL; USA

Accession no.795736

Item 200Polymer International49, No.10, Oct.2000, p.1106-14IMPORTANCE OF INTUMESCENT SYSTEMSFOR FIRE PROTECTION OF PLASTICMATERIALSHoracek H; Pieh SDSM Chemie Linz GmbH

A review of recent developments in the applications andactions of intumescent fire retardance is given. An attemptis made to classify the main systems of importance suchas melamine, ammonium polyphosphate, melaminephosphate, pentaerythritol phosphate, sodium silicate,vermiculite, expandable graphite and microbeads. Theyare defined in terms of the Berthelot number which is theproduct of heat of vaporisation or decomposition andvolume of gases evolved. In principle, only two kinds ofgases are produced from this group, namely water vapourand ammonia (from melamine). The heats ofdecomposition are readily calculated from heats offormation. An important aspect which is not included inthe Berthelot number is the ignition residue in the shapeof glassy foam or a cellular enamel. 34 refs.AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.791396

Item 201Polymer International49, No.10, Oct.2000, p.1101-5



MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE/ZINC BORATE/TALC COMPOSITIONS AS FLAMERETARDANTS IN EVA COPOLYMERDurin-France A; Ferry L; Lopez-Cuesta J M; Crespy AAles,Ecole des Mines

The fire resistance of EVA filled with ternary systems(magnesium hydroxide/zinc borate/talc) is investigated.The release of water from Mg(OH)2 seems to be thepredominant phenomenon which acts in relation to fireresistance. The presence of talc as a minor component,mainly in binary compositions by partial substitution ofMg(OH)2, appears to enhance the flame retardantproperties. It acts by forming a diffusion barrier able tolimit the transfer of degradation products and oxygen.Synergism is also noticed between talc and zinc borate atconstant Mg(OH)2 loading in ternary compositions.10 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.791395

Item 202Polymer International49, No.10, Oct.2000, p.1095-100PHOSPHORUS-NITROGEN CONTAINING FIRERETARDANTS FOR POLYBUTYLENETEREPHTHALATELevchik G F; Grigoriev Y V; Balabanovich A I;Levchik S V; Klatt MBelorussian,State University; BASF AG

H e x a k i s ( p h e n y l a m i n o ) c y c l o t r i p h o s p h a z e n e ,hexakis(phenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene, tris(o-phenylenediamino)cyclotriphosphazene, tris(phenylene-1,2-dioxy)cyclotriphosphazene and tris(phenylene-1-amino-2-oxy)cyclotriphosphazene are prepared andcharacterised by IR and NMR spectroscopy. Phospham,a crosslinked phosphazene imide (PN2H)n, is preparedby heating hexaminotricyclophosphazene under vacuum.Phosphorus oxynitride (PON)m, which is likely to be acrosslinked oxyphosphazene, is prepared by intenseheating of urea, melamine and phosphoric acid. Thesephosphorus-nitrogen containing compounds added toPBTP at 10-20 wt.%, provide increase of oxygen index(OI) from 22 to 29. In spite of relatively high OI, only theV-2 rating is observed in the UL94 test because of theflaming drip phenomenon. Phosphorus oxynitride is foundto be an efficient char promoter for PBTP. 26 refs.BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.791394

Item 203Polymer International49, No.10, Oct.2000, p.1033-73FEATURED ARTICLE COMBUSTION AND FIRERETARDANCY OF ALIPHATIC NYLONS

Levchik S V; Weil E DBrooklyn,Polytechnic University

A review of the literature for a 25-year period on thecombustion and fire-retardant performance of majorcommercial aliphatic nylons is presented. It is shown thataliphatic nylons are relatively easily ignitable materialswhich support combustion and are therefore required tobe fire retarded for some applications. Nylons do notproduce vision-obscuring smoke during combustion, andthe toxicity of their combustion products is similar to orlower than that of many other man-made materials. Patentliterature and technical publications on the fire retardancyof aliphatic nylons with halogenated products,phosphorus-containing compounds, nitrogen-richcompounds, sulphur-containing, boron-containing andsilicone-containing products are discussed. Miscellaneousinorganic additives and char-forming organic products arealso discussed. It is concluded that, in spite of significantattempts, no commercial solution of fire retardancy ofaliphatic nylons without loss of mechanical properties isavailable. 334 refs.USA

Accession no.791391

Item 204Fire & Materials24, No.4, July/Aug.2000, p.201-8PA-6 CLAY NANOCOMPOSITE HYBRID ASCHAR FORMING AGENT INTUMESCENTFORMULATIONSBourbigot S; Le Bras M; Dabrowski F; Gilman J W;Kashiwagi TENSAIT; Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie deLille; US,National Inst.of Standards & Technology

New flame retardant (FR) intumescent formulations forEVA using charring polymers polyamide 6 (PA-6) andpolyamide-6 clay nanocomposite hybrid (PA-6 nano) ascarbonisation agents are reported. Use of PA-6 nanoimproves both mechanical and fire properties of FR EVA-based materials. The part played by the clay in theimprovement of the FR performance is studied using FTIRand solid state NMR. It is shown that the clay allows thethermal stabilisation of a phosphorocarbonaceousstructure in the intumescent char which increases theefficiency of the shield and, in addition, the formation ofa ‘ceramic’ which can act as a protective barrier. 44 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.790159

Item 205Speciality Chemicals20, No.7, Sept.2000, p.254/6BENEFITS OF BROMINATED FLAMERETARDANTSBromine Science & Environmental Forum



A discussion is presented on the benefits of brominatedflame retardants, concerns about which have beenexpressed with regard to their safety and impact on theenvironment. The environmental acceptability of thesecompounds is considered and their advantages overalternative flame retardants are highlighted. Reasons fornational and regional differences in fire safety standardsare examined and the compliance of brominated flameretardants with dioxin emission limits is discussed.Finally, the safe disposal and recyclability of plasticscontaining these flame retardants are addressed.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.789468

Item 206Modern Plastics International30, No.9, Sept.2000, p.56EU LEGISLATION TURNS THE HEAT ONBROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTSMapleston P

The move by the European Commission to make threeseparate pieces of legislation out of an original single draftdirective on waste electrical and electronic equipment hasprobably served to intensify the focus on brominatedflame retardants in these applications. Under the draft,EU countries shall ensure that the use of lead, mercury,cadmium, hexavalent chromium, PBB and PBDEs inelectrical and electronic equipment are substituted on 1January 2008. Additionally, the commission is proposingthat all plastics containing brominated flame retardantsbe separated out from electrical and electronic equipmentbefore recycling or disposal.

EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.789163

Item 207Hants, Gower Publishing Ltd., 1997, pp.xx,305. 2/10/00. 54FINDEX OF FLAME RETARDANTSAsh M; Ash I

This reference book is a comprehensive source ofinformation on commercially available flame retardantadditives. The information is gathered from worldwidemanufacturers, distributors, trade magazines, referencebooks and chemical databases. This book functions as asingle source for decision-making in formulating productsthat require the use of flame retardants, purchasing themand understanding the safety issues presented by their use.Current information on chemical composition, properties,function and application, toxicology, and environmentalimpact for both trade name and generic flame retardantadditives is included in this index.

Accession no.786762

Item 208Journal of Applied Polymer Science77, No.14, 29th Sept.2000, p.3119-27FLAME-RETARDANT AND SMOKE-SUPPRESSANT PROPERTIES OF ZINC BORATEAND ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE-FILLEDRIGID PVCYong Ning; Shaoyun GuoSichuan,University

Incorporating a small amount of zinc borate, aluminiumtrihydrate or a mixture of the two greatly increased thelimiting oxygen index of rigid PVC and it reduced thesmoke density of PVC during combustion. The mixtureof zinc borate and aluminium trihydrate showed a goodsynergistic effect on the flame retardance and smokesuppression of PVC. Incorporating a small amount of zincborate, aluminium trihydrate or a mixture of the twogreatly increased the char formation of PVC. The amountof aromatic products released during combustion wasdecreased and the amount of aliphatic products wasincreased as a result of a series of crosslinking reactionsof PVC after the evolution of hydrogen chloride duringcombustion. 19 refs.CHINA

Accession no.784890

Item 209Polymer Degradation and Stability69, No.1, 2000, p.83-92CHARRING OF FIRE RETARDED ETHYLENEVINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER MAGNESIUMHYDROXIDE/ZINC BORATE FORMULATIONSCarpentier F; Bourbigot S; Le Bras M; Delobel R;Foulon MUPRES; CREPIM; CNRS

Zinc borate is used as a synergistic agent in EVA-Mg(OH)2 flame retardant (FR) formulations. Solid stateNMR of carbon in the residues collected after thermaltreatment allows the study of the charring of the flameretardant system. The study shows that polymer fragmentsare in the char layer. It is suggested that zinc borate slowsthe degradation of the polymer, creating a vitreousprotective residual layer which can act as a physical barrierand a glassy cage for PE chains. 27 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.783930

Item 210Polymer Degradation and Stability69, No.3, Sept.2000, p.257-60FLAME RETARDANCY IN THERMOPLASTICPOLYURETHANE ELASTOMERS (TPU) WITHMICA AND ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH)Pinto U A; Visconte L L Y; Gallo J; Nunes R C RRio de Janeiro,Universidade Federal; Alcoa Aluminio SA



Two types of aluminium trihydrate (ATH), with or withoutsurface treatment, plus mica were incorporated into TPUcomposites. The quantity of mica that should be used hasbeen previously evaluated from mechanical properties.Different mixtures of TPU/ATH/mica were prepared andthose compositions presenting fire retardancy wereidentified through the two principal tests in this area:vertical burning (UL94) and oxygen index (ASTMD2863). The influence of mica on fire resistance was alsoevaluated. The objective of this work was to obtain goodflame retardancy in TPU-mica composites and anoptimum cost-performance balance as a consequence ofmica addition. Results indicate that the composites with70 and 80 phr of ATH present fire retardancy. The use ofmica does not cause harm to the fire resistance behaviourof the composites with ATH with surface treatment. Thesurface treatment of ATH caused a small rise in the fireresistance of the composites. 19 refs.BRAZIL

Accession no.783818

Item 211ENDS Report304, May 2000, p.6-7BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTSPOLLUTE PORPOISES

Further evidence that brominated flame retardants arepersistent and bio-accumulative emerged in April 2000,at a scientific meeting in the UK, it is reported in thisarticle. Findings show that porpoises off the east coast ofEngland are highly contaminated with these compounds.Details are given.

SOCIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY &CHEMISTRY; UK,CENTRE FORENVIRONMENT,FISHERIES & AQUACULTURESCIENCE; GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL;NETHERLANDS,INSTITUTE FOR FISHERIESRESEARCH; EUROPEAN COMMISSION; DEADSEA BROMINEEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.783707

Item 212Schwandorf, c. 2000, pp.16. 29 cms. 17/8/00APYRAL, THE FLAME-RETARDANT FILLERNabeltec GmbH

Apyral flame retardant filler is discussed with referenceto its performance and end-use applications. It is basedon aluminium hydroxide, and provides fire protection bymeans of endothermic phase transition. Its chemicalcomposition, particle size and distribution, grades andapplication guidelines are examined, and its use insynthetic resins, PU foams, elastomers, paints, carpetbackings and thermoplastics is described.


Accession no.782825

Item 213Speciality Chemicals20, No.6, July/Aug.2000, p.207FLAME-RETARDED TELEVISION MEANSSAFER VIEWING

A life cycle assessment study recently completed inSweden has found that over the lifetime of a televisionset, there are less emissions to the environment from aTV set containing brominated flame retardants in the outercasing, than a TV set without such flame retardantprotection. An investigation of recent US and EuropeanTV set fire statistics has shown that while only about 5TV fires/million TVs occur each year in the US wherethe enclosure is breached, the corresponding number inEurope is a total of 165 TV fires/million TVs. Becausefires are themselves a major source of polyaromatichydrocarbons, and dibenzodioxins and furans, the use offlame retardants significantly decreases environmentalemissions of this type.

SWEDEN,NATIONAL TESTING & RESEARCHINSTITUTEEUROPE-GENERAL; USA

Accession no.782506

Item 214Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology6, No.2, June 2000, p.109-12GUARDING AGAINST BLOOM IN FR/UVPOLYPROPYLENE FIBREKuvshinnikova O I; Lee R E; Favstritsky NGreat Lakes Chemical Corp.

Displacing polyamide and polyester fibres in the carpetindustry with PP has been hampered in a few key marketsegments. Markets that require resistance to flame andUV light have been the most difficult to penetrate due toboth technical and economical reasons. The migration ofadditives to the surface (blooming) has been onesignificant technical problem. Progress in the stabilisationof flame-retarded PP fibre is reviewed and new advancesin this field presented. 10 refs.USA

Accession no.778028

Item 215Additives for PolymersJuly 2000, p.9-10JAPANESE STUDY CHALLENGES EC VIEW ONRECYCLING OF FRS

A new Japanese study of recycling flame retarded ABScompounds throws further doubt on the wisdom of theEuropean Union’s draft proposal for disposal of Waste



Electrical and Electronic Equipment. The draft requiresthat any plastics parts containing halogenated (brominatedor chlorinated) flame retardants must be separated beforerecycling. However, the Bromine Science &Environmental Forum claims that the latest study byTechno Polymer suggests that some key plastics, flameretarded with brominated additives, are actually easier torecycle.

BROMINE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTALFORUM; TECHNO POLYMER CO.LTD.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;JAPAN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.777167

Item 216Flame Retardants 2000. Conference proceedings.London, 8th-9th Feb.2000, p.177-84FIRE GAS TOXICITY AND POLLUTANTS INFIRES: THE ROLE OF FLAME RETARDANTSTroitzsch J HFire & Environmental Protection Service(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME;European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire RetardantChemicals Assn.)

Decomposition products from flame retardants like HBr,HCl, HCN and dioxins do not play a role in the acutetoxicity of fire gases which is driven by carbon monoxide.Regarding the chronic toxicity of pollutants, in two welldocumented German fire catastrophes, the Lengerich andDusseldorf airport fires, it was found that the cancer riskfrom polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is up to 500 timeshigher than that of polyhalogenated dioxins and furans.As both pollutants are strongly bound to soot and thereforeof low bioavailability, no chronic toxicity effects werereported from the general population or peopleprofessionally involved in fires. The hazard from dioxinsand furans in fires is highly overestimated. The chronictoxicity of polybrominated dioxins and furans from theflame retardants involved in these two fires is negligible.9 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.768668

Item 217Flame Retardants 2000. Conference proceedings.London, 8th-9th Feb.2000, p.131-45COUNTERVAILING RISKS AND BENEFITS INTHE USE OF FLAME RETARDANTSStevens G CSurrey,University(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME;European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire RetardantChemicals Assn.)

A review is presented of a recent report for the UKDepartment of Trade and Industry Consumer Safety Unit

on the risks and benefits of flame retardant use inconsumer products. Some of its findings in the area ofthe toxicology of flame retardants and risk assessmentduring normal use, and also when fire conditions exist,are presented. Emphasis is placed on ways in which thebalance of risk can be assessed relating to the presenceand absence of flame retardants under pre and post ignitionconditions. The role of flame retardants in reducingpotential fire hazards is discussed against a backgroundof the hazards associated with unrestrained fire processes.Definitive evaluation of the impact of flame retardantson fire hazards and associated risks is not straightforward.However, an approach to risk-benefit analysis is proposedin the context of considering balance of risk when facedwith assessing countervailing risks during the use andoperation of flame retardants, particularly in high fire riskconsumer products. The role of fire statistics in assistingthis approach is illustrated by reference to recent workon the life safety benefits of flame retardants and the UKfurniture fire regulations. 12 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.768664

Item 218Flame Retardants 2000. Conference proceedings.London, 8th-9th Feb.2000, p.113-20MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE FLAMERETARDANTS, ARE THEY ABOUT TO REALISETHEIR POTENTIAL? MARKET ANDTECHNOLOGY TRENDS OVER THE LASTTWO DECADESRothon R M; Ritchie BFlamemag International GIE(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME;European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire RetardantChemicals Assn.)

Magnesium hydroxide is a very effective flame retardantfiller, which has been in commercial production for almost20 years. There has been numerous claims that it is aboutto emerge from the role of relatively high price specialityto a major market player, but these have to date beenlargely unfulfilled. Once again there are signs that thischange may be about to occur, with significant newcapacity being installed or planned. These claims areexamined to see what has changed and whether asignificant expansion in the use of this material isimminent. The present limiting factor appears to be cost,rather than achievable properties, and the key seems tolie in the ability of new processing technology to delivereffective products at significantly lower cost than hitherto.11 refs.USA

Accession no.768662



Item 219Flame Retardants 2000. Conference proceedings.London, 8th-9th Feb.2000, p.105-11EXPANDABLE GRAPHITE AS A FIRERETARDANT IN UNSATURATED POLYESTERRESINSPenczek P; Ostrysz R; Krassowski DWarsaw,Industrial Chemistry Research Institute; UcarGraph-Tech Inc.(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME;European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire RetardantChemicals Assn.)

Expandable graphite flake is demonstrated to be aneffective intumescent flame retardant additive for anunsaturated polyester resin. Results show that theexpandable graphite flake can decrease the flammabilityof the crosslinked polyester resin when added at a levelof 10 pph. The expandable graphite is particularlyeffective when used in conjunction with ammoniumpolyphosphate as a synergist. 13 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND; USA

Accession no.768661

Item 220Flame Retardants 2000. Conference proceedings.London, 8th-9th Feb.2000, p.99-104RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF FLAMERETARDANTS IN CHINAKan S; Schilling BMinmetals; Nordmann Rassmann GmbH & Co.(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME;European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire RetardantChemicals Assn.)

Research and development of flame retardants in Chinastarted in the late 1960s. Until the 1980s, China producedabout 40 flame retardants and total 1985 consumptionwas about 5,000 tons. The flame retardants industry hasdeveloped quickly since the 1990s. From 1990 to 1995,the increasing rate of the yield was 25%. Total capacityin 1995 was 110,000 tons. Recently, turnover has sloweddown and the main interest of the flame retardants industryhas been focused on the quality and production techniqueimprovement and application research. With thedevelopment of the flame retardants industry, China hasbuilt up a complete research and development system forflame retardants. Research into the mechanism of flameretardance, new flame retardant design and synthesis,industrial production technology and application of flameretardants in different matrixes have been carried out in aseries of research institutes and universities. A series ofnew flame retardants has been successfully developed andapplied. An overview is presented of developments offlame retardants in China. The problems of the Chineseflame retardant industry are also revealed. 3 refs.CHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.768660

Item 221Flame Retardants 2000. Conference proceedings.London, 8th-9th Feb.2000, p.87-97EXISTING FIRE RETARDANT SYSTEMS FORPOLYPROPYLENE AND ITS COPOLYMERSAND NEW DEVELOPMENTSYaakov Y B; Utevski L; Reyes L; Georlette P; Bron S;Lopez-Cuesta J MDead Sea Bromine Group; EMA(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME;European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire RetardantChemicals Assn.)

PP and its copolymers, the largest group of resinsworldwide, are found in most market sectors: packaging,textile, building, automotive, commodities, electricalappliances and office equipment. Some of theseapplications require fire retardancy. Lower levels of fireretardancy are usually obtained by addition of flameretardants, based wholly or partly on aliphatic brominewhich are efficient but often do not prevent dripping. It isin general more difficult to reach higher levels of fireretardancy requiring non-dripping without adding largeamounts of flame retardants. These flame retardantsystems based often on aromatic bromine are not costefficient. Some of the existing range of brominated flameretardants offered for applications in PP is reviewed,together with the properties achievable in various typesof polymeric systems such as homo- and copolymers withand without reinforcement. New developments to improvecost efficiency are also reviewed and include acombination of surface treated magnesium hydroxide withbrominated flame retardants. 9 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;ISRAEL; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.768659

Item 222Flame Retardants 2000. Conference proceedings.London, 8th-9th Feb.2000, p.77-85GLOW WIRE AND V-2 PERFORMANCE OFBROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS INPOLYPROPYLENEPrins A M; Doumen C; Kaspersma JGreat Lakes Chemical Corp.(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME;European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire RetardantChemicals Assn.)

The flame retardance of PP by tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) is described. To betterunderstand the polymer specific flame retardantmechanism involved, UL 94 V-2 and glow wire behaviourare studied as a function of PP type, part thickness andantimony trioxide content. Also copolymers and talc filledsystems are investigated. Tetrabromobisphenol A bis (2,3-dibromopropyl ether) appears to be a very effective flameretardant for UL 94 V-2 and Glow Wire 850-960 deg.Crequirements for PP, PP copolymers and talc-filled



systems with minimal loss of physical properties of thebase resin. 7 refs.USA

Accession no.768658

Item 223Speciality Chemicals20, No.3, April 2000, p.92FLAME RETARDANTS FOR AUTOMOTIVEAPPLICATIONS

Clariant’s Exolit flame retardant range offers non-halogenated additives for flexible polyether slabstock andmoulded foams and can be used for applications in theautomotive industry. Benefits of the range include highefficiency, low emissions, good odour characteristics andhigh ageing resistance. Exolit OP flame retardants are non-halogenated liquid phosphorus polyols. Exolit AP 422 isan established flexible polyester foam and can bedispersed easily in conventional polyols.

CLARIANT GMBHEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.768522

Item 224Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology5, No.4, Dec.1999, p.172-85ADVENTURES IN FIRE RETARDANCYWilkie C AMarquette,University

Studies on fire retardancy by the author’s research groupover the past twenty years are reviewed. The focus of allthe investigations is the development of basic knowledgeon the mechanisms of condensed phase fire retardants.Particular attention is paid to degradation of PMMA, graftcopolymerisation to enhance fire retardancy, Friedel-Crafts chemistry to enhance thermal stability of PS, andrelationship between crosslinking and thermal stability.57 refs.USA

Accession no.764906

Item 225Additives for PolymersApril 2000, p.9-10PHOSPHORUS-BASED RETARDANTS MEETRAILWAY SPECIFICATIONS

Recently-developed synergist blends of halogen-freeflame retardants based on phosphorus allow a much lowerloading in order to meet safety requirements. They alsoexhibit a very low smoke density, making themparticularly interesting to the transport sector. Clariantclaims the European railway sector could double its useof reinforced plastics to at least 100,000 tonnes over thenext five years. Clariant’s Exolit AP 740 phosphorus-based flame retardant meets the demand for halogen-free

materials for pultrusion, RTM, filament winding and handlay-up processes, giving highly retarded composites at acomparatively low addition rate.

CLARIANT GMBHEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.764647

Item 226Polymers & Polymer Composites7, No.8, 1999, p.545-53FORMULATING RIGID PVC TO OPTIMISEFLAME RETARDANCY AND SMOKESUPPRESSIONThomas N L; Harvey R JEuropean Vinyls Corp.(UK) Ltd.

Results are presented of fire performance tests, whichhave been carried out on a number of inorganic flameretardants and fillers in rigid PVC formulations. Theseresults have been used to maximise fire retardancy andminimise smoke emission, without affecting the physicaland mechanical properties of the material. The flameretardant additives chosen and for which a brief reviewof their mechanisms is given, included antimony trioxide,zinc borate, zinc hydroxystannate, ammoniumoctamolybdate, alumina trihydrate, and magnesiumhydroxycarbonate. Test methods included limiting oxygenindex test, cone calorimetry, heat stability, colourmeasurement, and impact testing. 11 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.759535

Item 227Addcon World ’99. Conference proceedings.Prague, 27th-19th Oct.1999, paper 15, pp.4CHARACTERISTICS OF ADVANCED FLAMERETARDANTS. HOW DO MELAMINE BASEDFLAME RETARDANTS LIVE UP TOEXPECTATIONSGrabner RDSM Melapur(RAPRA Technology Ltd.)

The desirable characteristics of the ideal flame retardantare discussed. Results are given of smoke andflammability tests on two glass-reinforced polyamide-66compounds, one containing a traditional halogenatedflame retardant and one containing a new melaminepolyphosphate flame retardant (Melapur 200). Someinformation on the flame retarding effects ofmelaminecyanurate (Melapur MC) in unfilled, filled andglass reinforced polymide-6,66 is given also. A tablesummarises the application of eight melamine compoundsor synergistic formulations in ten polymers.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.758473



Item 228Addcon World ’98. Conference proceedings.London, 9th-10th Nov.1998, paper 20BORATES AND MODIFIED BORATES ASMULTIFUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCEADDITIVES IN POLYMER APPLICATIONSLeeuwendaal RBorax Europe Ltd.(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

Borates are a group of chemical structures containing theboron-oxygen bond. Examples of well-known borates arethe mineral borax (Na2O.2B2O3.10H2O), boric acid(B(OH)3) and boric oxide (B2O3). Borate salts exist madeup of earth alkaline and other positive ions. Borate saltscan be found in ores as minerals but also refined mineralsand synthetic borates are being produced. Boron-oxygenstructures share several chemical functionalities whichaccount for a number of highly diversified chemicalreaction possibilities. This is the reason why borate basedproducts are considered to be multi-functional and areused in glass fibre, ceramics, detergents, agriculturalapplications, anti-corrosion products in coatings andbiocidal and flame retardant applications in cellulosic andsynthetic materials. Some examples of borate productsand properties are addressed and some of thedevelopments and applications of borates inthermoplastics reviewed.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.757032

Item 229Addcon World ’98. Conference proceedings.London, 9th-10th Nov.1998, paper 19LATEST DEVELOPMENTS ON THE FLAMERETARDANCY OF ENGINEERINGTHERMOPLASTICSDe Schryver DAlbemarle Corp.(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

An outline is presented of Albemarle’s flame retardantsfor engineering thermoplastics, with emphasis on thecompany’s Saytex HP-7010 brominated PS additive.Results of the use of Saytex HP-7010 in PBTP andpolyamide formulations are presented.USA

Accession no.757031

Item 230Addcon World ’98. Conference proceedings.London, 9th-10th Nov.1998, paper 18REACTIVE, HALOGEN-FREE FLAMERETARDANTS FOR EPOXIESSprenger S; Utz RSchill & Seilacher GmbH & Co.(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

In epoxies, a broad range of different flame retardantsare used to meet fire safety requirements, depending onthe respective epoxy application. Non-reactive flameretardants like magnesium hydroxide, zinc borates oraluminium trihydrate act like fillers: high levels ofaddition are necessary. For applications like adhesives oflaminates, where good mechanical properties are a must,reactive flame retardants are used. The most versatile one,used in nearly all of these applications istetrabromobisphenol A; it is often used with antimonytrioxide as synergist. Due to the very corrosive substanceswhich are formed in case of a fire from TBBA and thefact that brominated dioxines could be formed andcontaminate the surroundings of a fire, new ways for ahalogen-free, safe fire protection were required. Reactivephosphorous organic substances are such a class of flameretardants. Especially user-friendly are prereacted epoxyresins, where the phosphorous organic substance isalready chemically linked to the resin. 9 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.757030

Item 231Addcon World ’98. Conference proceedings.London, 9th-10th Nov.1998, paper 17MATCH OUT FIRE AND ENVIRONMENTALRISKSSchmidt RMartinswerk GmbH(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

Ways of ensuring levels of protection against fire hazardsare outlined. Aspects covered include fire hazard testmethods, an overview of the flame retardant market,mineral flame retardants and an outlook. Flame retardantsbased on aluminium and/or magnesium hydroxide areconcluded to make possible the development of plasticsproducts showing a low tendency to ignite, no flamepropagation, generate a very low amount of smoke anddo not form toxic gases in case of fire.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.757029

Item 232Fire & Materials23, No.3, May-June 1999, p.109-16EFFECTS OF BROMINATED FLAMERETARDANTS ON THE ELEMENTS OF FIREHAZARD: A RE-EXAMINATION OF EARLIERRESULTSClarke F BBenjamin/Clarke Associates Inc.

Results are reported of a re-examination of results of anearlier series of experiments carried out at the U.S.National Bureau of Standards, in which product pairs were



studied, one product in each pair being treated with abrominated flame retardant and one not being treated.Polymeric materials studied included high-impact PS, PUfoam and glass-reinforced polyester. Comparative hazardanalysis, using information not available to the originalinvestigators, showed that, for the products under study,all three aspects of hazard (heat, smoke obscuration andfire effluent toxicity) were either reduced or unaffectedby the action of the brominated agents. In particular,hydrogen bromide, a component of the fire effluent whenbrominated agents were present, was shown to beunimportant in the toxic hazard of full-scale firesinvolving BFR-treated products. 16 refs.

US,NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDSUSA

Accession no.752024

Item 233High Performance PlasticsOct.1999, p.1-2BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS GET AGREEN LIGHT FOR RECYCLING

Studies carried out in Germany have established thatbrominated flame retardants do not present a problem inthe recycling of plastics containing them, and canwithstand at least five recycling cycles, it is claimed. Testscarried out on high impact polystyrene flame retarded withdecabromyl-diphenyl ether show that it meets therequirements of the German Banning Ordinance, whichis regarded as one of the strictest regulations in the world.Commissioned by the Bromine Science andEnvironmental Forum, three studies were carried out:formation of dioxins and furans; debromination; andworkplace exposure.

GFA LABORATORY; ERLANGEN,UNIVERSITAT;BROMINE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTALFORUMEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.751704

Item 234Additives for PolymersNov.1999, p.8-11USE OF MELAMINE WITH OTHER MINERALSAS FLAME RETARDANTS

Researchers at Montell and Turin University have beenstudying the optimum mix of melamine with other mineralfillers to obtain the best balance of properties. The additionof melamine to mineral filler fire retardants for PP, whilstimproving its flammability behaviour, is not sufficientlythermal stable and requires special precautions inprocessing. However, it does reduce the specific weightof fire retarded PP which results in an economicadvantage, and allows the use of relatively cheap inertfillers such as kaolin and talc. Results are given of the

tests carried out to determine the effects of individualfillers on UL94 test of PP, and mineral fillers/melaminecombinations on PP on OI and UL94 tests. For all fillersexamined, the mixtures containing 40% of melamine and25% of mineral filler (ratio 60/40 w/w/) showed the bestcompromise between Oxygen Index and UL94.

MONTELL; TURIN,UNIVERSITYEUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.751703

Item 235Journal of Applied Polymer Science74, No.5, 31st Oct.1999, p.1317-9FLEXIBLE POLYURETHANE FOAM. III.PHOSPHORIC ACID AS A FLAME RETARDANTRavey M; Pearce E MIsrael,IMI Institute for Research & Development;Brooklyn,Polytechnic University

The effectiveness of phosphoric acid as a flame retardantfor a polyether-based flexible PU foam was investigated.A linear relation was found between the initial acid contentof the foam and the length of burn prior to self-extinguishment. The mechanism of action was examined.15 refs.ISRAEL; USA

Accession no.751474

Item 236ENDS ReportNo.295, Aug.1999, p.31NEC DEVELOPS ‘ENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLY’ FLAME RETARDANTS

NEC of Japan has developed a flame retardantpolycarbonate tradenamed NuCycle for use in its liquidcrystal display monitors and battery packs for portablecomputers, and also an inherently flame retardant epoxyresin, which is used to make microchip housings forselected integrated circuits and printed wiring boards. Theproducts are offered as replacements for brominated orphosphorous-based flame retardants used in theelectronics industry. NEC has sold the manufacturinglicences to Sumitomo Dow, and hopes that demand fromother companies will bring down production costs.

NEC CORP.; SUMITOMO DOWJAPAN

Accession no.750699

Item 237High Performance TextilesOct.1999, p.6-7CHEAPER AND MORE EFFECTIVE FIRE-RETARDANT TREATMENT

CFB plc of the Isle of Man has developed a family of fireretardant materials and additives, which do not containbromine. Firestop materials are claimed to be 50% cheaper



as well as more effective than existing products. Theycan be used with textiles, plastics and rubbers, and aresaid to be particularly well suited to fabrics with a highsynthetic content. Its mechanism of flame retardancy isdescribed, and tabulated data are included to demonstratethe reduced levels of release of volatile products on treatedfabrics.

CFB PLCEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.750409

Item 238Modern Plastics International29, No.10, Oct.1999, p.90-2FLAME RETARDANTS

Developments in flame retardants are outlined. Pelletisedmasterbatch versions of the various Thermoguard flameretardants make it easier to handle materials. Two non-halogenated flame retardant systems, Exolit AP740TP forpolyester gel coats and grade 750 for epoxy gel coats,protect plastics against flames, while also reducing smokedensity and heat release.WORLD

Accession no.749346

Item 239Modern Plastics International29, No.10, Oct.1999, p.84FLAME-RETARDANT SUPPLIERS SHIFT TOHALOGEN-FREE GRADESNg W

Widespread adoption of PC/ABS alloys for electronichousings, coupled with demand for zero-halogen flame-retardant systems, has spurred interest in phosphorus-typeflame retardants. Albemarle has announced the firstoffering ofits NcendX line of halogen-free FRs tocomplement its brominated materials. Great LakesChemical acquired FMC’s Process Additives Div. in theUK, a leading maker of phosphate ester flame retardants.Magnesium hydroxide-based additives may also gainattention due to low toxicity and corrosiveness, as wellas expanding use of PP for business machines.USA

Accession no.749343

Item 240Reinforced Plastics43, No.10, Oct.1999, p.44-50ALTERNATIVES TO HALOGENS IN PCBLAMINATESBrown N; Aggleton MMartinswerk GmbH; Mica & Micanite (Ireland) Ltd.

Fire safety of printed circuit board materials isincreasingly related to the toxicity of gases released on

combustion both during operation and on disposal. Themove to replace halogenated fire retardant materials inPCBs is gathering momentum. New grades of aluminiumhydroxide which meet the thermal stability requirementsof copper clad laminates offer the PCB industry a wayforward which is cost effective and involves nocompromises with fire safety of the composite materialsused.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;IRELAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.749260

Item 241Kunststoffe Plast Europe89, No.7, July 1999, p.30-2FLAME RETARDANTSTroitzsch J

A survey of the use of flame retardants in the plasticsindustry is presented, covering increasing technicaldemands on fire safety, market growth, consolidation offlame retardant producers, mechanism of action, testingof the environmental properties of each product, productdevelopment based on known systems (bromine-containing flame retardants and synergists, phosphorusand nitrogenous flame retardants, inorganic flameretardants, flame-retarded polymer products) and futureprospects. (German version of this paper, which includesgraphs and tables, is on p.96/100)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747380

Item 242International Polymer Science and Technology25, No.12, 1998, p.14-27RECENT STUDIES OF THE USE OF ZINCBORATES IN ETHYLENE VINYLACETATECOPOLYMERSLe Bras M; Bourbigot S; Carpentier F; Leeuwendaal R;Schubert D

Results are presented of a detailed investigation of thesynergistic effect of zinc borates with metal hydroxidesin the flame protection of EVA copolymers. Two differentzinc borates, Firebrake 415 and Firebreak ZB, were used.The mechanism of flame retardance is discussed. 36 refs.(Full translation of Gummi Fas.Kunst., No.12, 1998,p.972)

US BORAX CORP.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.743213



Item 243Focus on Plastics AdditivesNo.19, 1999, p.6-7FLAME RETARDANTS - WHAT’S NEW?

This article outlines recent developments in flameretardants and covers a selection of patents and researchpapers. Topics covered include phosphorus flameretardants with or without nitrogen, phosphorus and boronor silicon, silicon compounds, metal hydroxides andbrominated compounds. 12 refs.WORLD

Accession no.742828

Item 244Focus on Plastics AdditivesNo.12, 1999, p.3CHANGE IN THE AIR AT ALBRIGHT ANDWILSON

Phosphorus based flame retardants are Albright &Wilson’s main contribution to the plastics additivesbusiness. Phosphorus based flame retardants arerecommended for use in polyolefins, PETP, thermoplasticPUs, styrenics, unsaturated polyesters and epoxies. WithPS or polyolefins, there is often a need to use phosphorusin combination with other flame retardant additives.

ALBRIGHT & WILSON LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.742823

Item 245ENDS ReportNo.294, July 1999, p.9-10NEW HEALTH CONCERNS OVER FLAME-RETARDED PLASTICS

Research carried out by the Lund University Hospital andthe University of Stockholm, has found that one of the mostwidely used compounds in brominated flame retardants,decabromodiphenyl ether, can accumulate in human tissue.The study also discovered that recyclers of electronicequipment were found to have levels in blood up to 70 timeshigher than average. Results of the studies are discussed,and the effects on the flame retardant industry are considered.

STOCKHOLM,UNIVERSITY; LUND,UNIVERSITYHOSPITALSCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.742676

Item 246Fire & Flammability BulletinMay 1999, p.4-5WHO ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW OF PBDDS/PBDFS

The World Health Organisation has recently published areport reviewing the scientific understanding related to

polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans.This article supplies the WHO’s main conclusions fromthe report, which include statements that “brominatedflame retardants should not be used where suitablereplacements are available.” It also recognises thatalternative flame retardants need to be assessed againsttheir toxicity. The BSEF, in Belgium agree with theWHO’s findings, aimed at reducing the risk of suchadditives, but the report was written three years ago, basedon even earlier research, and the issue has moved on sincethen. BSEF believe that the findings of the WHO reportdo not support its conclusions that brominated flameretardants should not be used where suitable replacementsare available.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION; BROMINESCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL FORUMBELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.742214

Item 247Polymer Degradation and Stability64, No.3, 1999, p.545-56REGULATORY STATUS ANDENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTIES OFBROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTSUNDERGOING RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE EU:DBDPO, OBDPO, PEBDPE AND HBCDHardy M LAlbemarle Corp.

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are a structurally diversegroup of compounds; their major point in common is nottheir chemical structure but rather that of their use as flameretardants. BFRs undergoing risk assessment in the EU underthe existing chemicals regulation are polybrominateddiphenyl oxides (ethers; PEDPO), decabromodiphenyl oxide(DBDPO), octabromodiphenyl oxide (OBDPO) andpentabromodiphenyl oxide (PeBDPO), and the cyclicaliphatic, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Thetoxicology and environmental properties of these flameretardants are addressed, as are research and regulatoryactivities affecting them. The physicochemical propertiesof BFRs minimise their potential to move into and in theenvironment irrespective of their lack of readybiodegradability. In addition, DBDPO, which has beenextensively studied, hag been found to have a short half lifein rats, minimal absorption from the gastrointestinal tract,rapid elimination and to lack bioaccumulation potential infish. These properties, coupled with the minimal effects onmammalian species on repeated dosing of DBDPO andHBCD, and their lack of mutagenicity and skin sensitisation,indicate these brominated flame retardants can be used bysociety to provide needed protection from the hazard of fire.15 refs.EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.739434



Item 248Polymer Degradation and Stability64, No.3, 1999, p.465-70NEW FLAME RETARDANT SYSTEMS FORSTYRENIC PLASTICS AND METHOD OFPREPARATIONFinberg I; Bar Yaakov Y; Georlette PDead Sea Bromine Group Ltd.

Brominated flame retardants are known for their veryefficient role in saving lives and goods due to their optimalcombination of properties. They are found in many placesin our daily lives and they are vital to the modernelectronics industry. Large quantities of styreniccopolymers are used in the electronic industry to producehousings for television sets, PC monitors and printingmachines. These applications are very demanding in termsof weight reduction, impact strength, in some cases colourstability, and above all, cost reduction. New flameretardant systems developed by the Dead Sea BromineGroup to cope with this challenge are discussed. Thesenew flame retardants are not related to diphenyl oxidechemistry in order to satisfy users who may be sensitiveto this. 3 refs.ISRAEL

Accession no.739423

Item 249Polymer Degradation and Stability64, No.3, 1999, p.427-31PHOSPHORUS FLAME RETARDANTS INTHERMOSET RESINSHorold SClariant GmbH

Composites based on thermoset resins like unsaturatedpolyesters or epoxies are used to a wide extent in thetransportation area. In the event of a fire on board amoving train, immediate evacuation of the people is notpossible. Therefore, it is essential that the materials usedin the construction and furnishing of coaches are suchthat they are not easily ignited and have a low totalemission of heat smoke and toxic fume when exposed toan ignition source. Modern railways have to be lighterand more environmentally friendly. Production has to befaster and more inexpensive. It is shown that non-halogen,phosphorus-containing flame retardants are very effectivein thermoset resins. Their advantages lie in their higheffectiveness, which enables very low concentrations tobe used, while at the same time meeting the most stringentrequirements. The formulations can, due to the lowviscosity of the resin mixture, be processed by hand lay-up, pultrusion, spray laminating, winding and resintransfer moulding. The low density of the compositesmakes them useful for all mass transport applications.The phosphorus compounds do not affect the curingreactions of the resins and can be used in cold and hotcured systems. 12 refs.


Accession no.739417

Item 250Polymer Degradation and Stability64, No.3, 1999, p.419-25RECENT ADVANCES IN THE USE OF ZINCBORATES IN FLAME RETARDANCY OF EVABourbigot S; Le Bras M; Leeuwendal R; Shen K K;Schubert DEcole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille; BoraxEurope Ltd.; US Borax Inc.

Zinc borates are used as synergistic agents in EVA-ATH andEVA-Mg(OH)2 flame retardant (FR) formulations and assmoke suppressants. Study by solid state NMR of the residuessampled at different times during cone calorimeter experimentsof the formulations EVA-ATH and EVA-ATH/zinc borateallows to propose a mechanism of action of the FR systems.It is demonstrated that the decomposition of aluminiumtrihydroxide (ATH) to Al2O3 during the heating of the polymerresults in an increase of the ignition time. The formation ofAl2O3 in situ from ATH during the combustion of the polymeris the first event. Concurrently zinc borate degrades and it isproposed that a vitreous protective coating is created, whichyields a more efficient char. 25 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK;USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.739416

Item 251New York, N.Y., Carl Hanser, 1990, pp.xiv,517. 145.00INTERNATIONAL PLASTICS FLAMMABILITYHANDBOOK. SECOND EDITIONTroitzsch J H

This unique handbook deals with all aspects of plasticsflammability, from fundamentals to the detaileddescription and comparison of national and internationalregulations, standards, test methods and of productapproval procedures for plastics and plastics componentsin the various fields of application. It is mandatory andessential reference for anyone concerned with the fireperformance of plastics whether in developments,marketing of plastics products or components.

Accession no.737655

Item 252Antec ’99. Volume III. Conference proceedings.New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.3862-3. 012SYNERGISTIC FLAME RETARDANCE OFPOLYPROPYLENE. ITrivedi P J; Deanin R D; Orroth S A; Dunn R FLowell,Massachusetts University(SPE)

In burning of PP, the addition of decabromo diphenyloxide plus antimony trioxide greatly improves oxygen



index, but seriously increases smoke density. Addition ofhydrated basic magnesium calcium carbonate onlyimproves oxygen index slightly, but dramatically reducessmoke density. Combining these two flame retardingsystems makes PP very flame retardant without a seriousincrease in smoke density. 7 refs.USA

Accession no.734021

Item 253Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe7, No.1, Jan./March 1999, p.58-60USE OF MELAMINE CYANURATE TO MODIFYFIRE RETARDANT BEHAVIOUR OFPOLYAMIDE 6Boryniec S; Michalski A; Debski JPoland,Institute of Chemical Fibres; Poland,ResearchLaboratory of Nitrogen Works

Melamine cyanurate(MC), which contained almost 50%nitrogen, was used as an additive to polyamide-6 melt inthe reactor in the form of very fine powder. The polymercontaining MC was then processed into plastics and fibres.Examination of some of the mechanical properties andflammability of the obtained materials proved that theaddition of MC negatively affected the specific tenacityof the fibres while simultaneously decreasing theirflammability. The latter effect was stronger for plasticsand weaker for fibres. 7 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.733394

Item 254Journal of Fire Sciences16, No.5, 1st Sept.1999, p.383-404ENHANCED FLAME RETARDANCY OFPOLYPROPYLENE WITH MAGNESIUMHYDROXIDE, MELAMINE AND NOVOLACWeil E D; Lewin M; Ho Sheng LinBrooklyn,Polytechnic University

Even at levels of magnesium hydroxide too low to impartflame retardancy to PP, the addition of melamine wasfound to make it possible to reduce burning time underUL 94 conditions sufficiently to meet the V-2 rating.Flaming drips still persisted, however, so that a V-0 ratingby UL 94 could not be obtained. It was then found that,by the further addition of a novolac at levels as low as1%, together with melamine, a UL 94 V-0 rating could bereached. Levels of magnesium hydroxide could be as lowas 30 to 50%, allowing the formulation to be flexible.The novolac caused a useful dimension-stabilising effectabove the m.p. of PP. Some thermal evidence suggestedthat a novolac-magnesia gel could be formed. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.733362

Item 255Fire & Materials23, No.1, Jan./Feb.1999, p.1-6POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE FIRERETARDED BY 1,4-DIISOBUTYLENE-2,3,5,6-TETRAXYDROXY-1,4-DIPHOSPHINE OXIDE. I.COMBUSTION AND THERMALDECOMPOSITIONAufmuth W; Lvchik S V; Levchik G F; Klatt MBelorussian,State University; BASF AG

1,4-Diisobutylene-2,3,5,6-tetraxydroxy-1,4-diphosphineoxide (Cyagard) provides good fire retardant performancefor PBTP as measured by the UL94 test whereas thecombination of Cyagard with some co-additives helps toincrease the limiting oxygen index (L0I). A correlationbetween the solid residue measured by thermogravimetryand LOI is observed. Kinetic analysis of thethermogravimetric data shows a strong increase in theactivation energy of the thermal decomposition of PBTPin the presence of Cyagard and ferric oxide. 38 refs.BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.732320

Item 256Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology5, No.1, Mar.1999, p.21-30ZINC STANNATED-COATED FILLERS: NOVELFLAME RETARDANTS AND SMOKESUPPRESSANTS FOR POLYMERICMATERIALSCusack P A; Hornsby P RITRI Ltd.; Brunel University

Novel zinc hydroxystannate- or zinc stannate-coatedhydrated fillers are shown to be highly effective flameretardant and smoke suppressant additives for chlorinatedpolymers. The performance of these systems is discussed,with reference to PVC, polychloroprene, halogenatedpolyester resin and PP formulations. Relative tounmodified magnesium hydroxide and alumina trihydrate,coated variants of these fillers can achieve similar fireretardant properties at significantly lower additive levels.18 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.732314

Item 257Fire & Flammability BulletinApril 1999, p.3-5RISKS AND BENEFITS IN THE USE OF FLAMERETARDANTS IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS

The University of Surrey has carried out independentresearch for the DTI on the risks and benefits of flameretardants used in consumer products. The report statesthat the risk of death or injury from a fire involving



consumer products, such as upholstered furniture, can bereduced by between 30 to 90% by using flame retardants.

SURREY,UNIVERSITYEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.728714

Item 258Modern Plastics Encyclopedia75, No.12, 1998, p.C15FINE-PARTICLE COMPOUNDS MEETDEMANDING APPLICATION NEEDSSchmidt R; Coughlin GLonza Martinswerk

Aluminium hydroxide (ATH) is worldwide the highestvolume flame retardant, with a market share of greaterthan 50%. ATH undergoes an endothermic decompositionthat gives off water at elevated temperatures, starting at200C. Magnesium hydroxide exhibits a similardecomposition reaction releasing water at a temperatureof 340C. A modified manufacturing process can createfine precipitated synthetic ATH types with average particlesizes of 1 micron and a top cut below 10 microns.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.728655

Item 259Eureka19, No.3, March 1999, p.30RUSSIAN AGENT CUTS OFF BURNING DESIREShelley T

Russian scientists have developed a flame retardantadditive that makes almost any plastic or fibrous materialnon-flammable without generating toxic fumes. Thisarticle describes the properties, features and potential ofNoflan, a fine white powder, without odour, which isstable, non corrosive, non-toxic and causes no significantchanges in the thermal or mechanical properties orappearance of the polymer it is added to. It should makeup 10 to 20 per cent of the total polymer mass. Noflan iscovered by an international patent.

POLYMER BURNING LABORATORYRUSSIA

Accession no.726792

Item 260Speciality Chemicals19, No.3, April 1999, p.104-5CHEMISTRY OF NON-HALOGEN FLAMERETARDANTSWalz RClariant GmbH

Phosphorus compounds have been widely used in theplastics industry as flame retardants for several years. The

Exolit RP series of products from Clariant is comprisedof special types of red phosphorus which are speciallyretarded and stabilised. Clariant is also one of the biggestproducers of ammonium polyphosphate based products.Exolit AP 422, with very low water solubility and finegrain size, is used in the intumescent coating industry.Exolit AP and RP products meet the requirement for lowsmoke density in transport applications.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.725951

Item 261Speciality Chemicals19, No.3, April 1999, p.102ZINC BORATE FOR FIRE RETARDANCYShen KUS Borax Inc.

Firebrake ZB zinc borate fire retardant retains its waterof hydration at temperatures as high as 290-300C,enabling it to be used in polymers that require highprocessing temperatures. Firebrake ZB is used primarilyas a low-cost fire retardant synergist replacing antimonyoxide either completely or partially. In contrast toantimony oxide, it can also function as a smokesuppressant, afterglow suppressant and anti-trackingagent.USA

Accession no.725950

Item 262European Chemical & Polymer EngineerDec.1998, p.52-3‘GREEN’ ZINC STANNATES REDUCE THEHAZARDS OF MATERIALS IN FIRESCusack PITRI Ltd.

Recent statistics show that smoke inhalation accounts forover 80% of fire fatalities. Although cause of death islikely to be asphyxiation by toxicants such as carbonmonoxide and hydrogen cyanide, particulate smoke trapsthe victims. It impedes their escape by obscuring vision,due to its opacity and its irritating effects on the eyes andrespiratory system. Consequently, current fire safetyresearch places great emphasis on the design of productsthat have low flame spread and produce little smoke. Theuse of flame retardants has increased dramatically sincethe late 1960s, in parallel with the growth of the plasticsindustry. Annual worldwide consumption of all flameretardants now exceeds 750,000 tonnes. However, manyexisting flame retardants have problems associated withtheir use. Two inorganic tin compounds - zinchydroxystannate (ZHS) and zinc stannate (ZS) - have beencommercially available since the early 1990s. The non-toxic nature of ZHS and ZS, combined with their excellentsmoke-suppressant properties, has resulted in gradual



replacement of traditional flame retardants such asantimony trioxide. A recent market survey has indicatedthat current ZHS/ZS consumption in Europe is runningat 1,500 tpa, with an annual growth rate of 11%. Detailsare given.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.724240

Item 263Lancaster, 1995, pp.40. 30cms. 4/3/99FLAME RETARDANTSStorey J.,& Co.

A collection of data is presented on Joseph Storey’s rangeof zinc borate and zinc hydroxy stannate/zinc stannateflame retardants for use in plastic, foam, rubber and paint.Descriptions are given of the features and benefits of theadditives, including their non-toxic properties and smokesuppressant capabilities. Specifications give composition,properties and performance data for each available grade,and the use of zinc borate in EPDM and vinyl acetateformulations is outlined. Detailed information is providedon the use of zinc hydroxy stannate/zinc stannateretardants in halogen-free cable compounds and naturalrubber, as well as in polypropylene, polyester resins,polychloroprene, epoxy resins, PVC cables, PVCplastisol, and expanded PVC sheeting. The results ofmechanistic studies on this type of retardant are presentedand their performance compared with that of antimonytrioxide. Brief details are also given of the company’sother services, including pigment distribution, colourmatching, and contract blending and grinding.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.723135

Item 264Gerrards Cross, c.1999, pp.4. 30cms. 5/3/99FLAME RETARDANT FILLERS ANDADDITIVESAlcan Chemicals Europe

A general brochure outlines the main characteristics ofBaco aluminium trihydroxide flame retardant, smoke-suppressant fillers and Flamtard flame retardant additives.Baco products are available in general purpose FRFgrades, as well as in Superfine and Ultrafine grades withcontrolled surface areas. ‘E’ grades have been specificallydeveloped for electrical applications where low electrolytelevels are essential. Flamtard additives are produced inFlamtard H and Flamtard S low toxicity grades whichprovide alternatives to antimony trioxide. In addition, theFlamtard Z series comprises ultrafine grades of zinc boratewhich are thermally stable up to 290C. The mechanismof action of both Baco and Flamtard products is described.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.723123

Item 265Oldbury, c.1999, pp.2. 30cms. 5/3/99PROCESSING AND HANDLING ADVICE FORTHE AMGARD CPC 700 AND 725 SERIESAlbright & Wilson

Processing and handling advice is provided for theAmgard CPC 700 and 725 series of flame retardantadditives for use in epoxy and polyester resins. Theadditives consist of pastes which contain approximately60% loading of red amorphous phosphorus as the activeflame retardant, in a suitable liquid vehicle. The materialscan be compounded with further quantities of host resinto produce a flame retardant article of the final desiredcomposition. Guidelines are given for the safe handlingof pastes with low or high volatility carriers, while storageconcerns are also addressed.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.723122

Item 266Oldbury, c.1999, pp.4. 30cms. 3/3/99AMGARD P45Albright & Wilson

Information is presented on Amgard P45, anorganophosphorus flame retardant system for plasticmaterials. It can be used in both thermoplastic andthermosetting polymers but is particularly useful in epoxyresins, polyamides and some thermoplastic polyesters.Performance benefits include good thermal stability, lowvolatility and compatibility with many polymers. Detailsare given of the typical properties of the grade, togetherwith data concerning its viscosity, chemical structure, andtypical performance in epoxy resin and polyamide 6. Briefsafety and handling guidelines are provided.

CIBA; ALLIED-SIGNAL INC.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.723119

Item 267Oldbury, c.1999, pp.4. 30cms. 4/3/99AMGARD NLAlbright & Wilson

A datasheet describes Amgard NL as a phosphate-basedflame retardant system with limited solubility in water,developed for use in polypropylene, polyethylene andtheir copolymers. Performance benefits include goodthermal stability, small particle size, high efficiency andhigh phosphorus content. The typical properties of thegrade are tabulated and data presented on its thermalstability and performance when compounded into PP andPE. Processing and safety guidelines are also provided.

ICI PLC; BPEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.723116



Item 268Oldbury, c.1999, pp.2. 30cms. 3/3/99AMGARD NHAlbright & Wilson

Amgard NH is described as a melamine phosphate-basedflame retardant system of low water solubility. Thepowdered product is suitable for applications in paper,intumescent coatings, and plastics such as polyesters,polymethyl methacrylate, polyolefins, polystyrene andpolyurethane foams. The datasheet tabulates the typicalproperties of the grade, and provides guidelines on thesafe handling, storage and disposal of the additive.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.723115

Item 269Angewandte Makromolekulare ChemieVol.264, Feb.1999, p.48-55PHOSPHORUS OXYNITRIDE: A THERMALLYSTABLE FIRE RETARDANT ADDITIVE FORPOLYAMIDE 6 AND POLY(BUTYLENETEREPHTHALATE)Levchik S V; Levchik G F; Balabanovich A I; Weil E D;Klatt MBelorussian,State University; Brooklyn,PolytechnicUniversity; BASF AG

The combustion performance of nylon-6 and polybutyleneterephthalate(PBT), both fire retarded by phosphorusoxynitride(PON), was studied by oxygen index and UL94tests. It was shown that either PON alone or incombination with different co-additives was effective innylon-6 and much less active in PBT. TGA experimentsprovided evidence that PON promoted charring in bothnylon-6 and PBT. The mechanism of the char formationfrom nylon-6 and PBT in the presence of PON wasexamined on the basis of IR studies of solid residuesproduced in the thermal decomposition. The effective fireretardant action of PON in nylon-6 was related to theinteraction with the polymer to produce char, whereasthe less effective activity of PON in PBT was related tothe unfavourable acceleration of the evolution ofcombustible aliphatic fragments. 24 refs.BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.721938

Item 270Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres50, No.5, June/July 1998, p.18-9FrenchTALCS FOR IMPROVING THE FIRERESISTANCE OF PPLopez-Cuesta J M; Jouffret FAles,Ecole des Mines; Talc de Luzenac

Four different grades of talc were used in combinationwith brominated trimethylphenylindane and antimony

trioxide flame retardants in a propylene-ethylenecopolymer. Studies of flammability and mechanicalproperties showed that combinations of these flameretardants with pure, fine particle size, highly lamellartalcs optimised these properties and limited the emissionof corrosive combustion products.

DEAD SEA BROMINE CO.LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;ISRAEL; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.721716

Item 271Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference.London, Kluwer, 1998, p.339-52. 5FLAME RETARDANTS: TIN COMPOUNDSCusack P AITRI Ltd.(Institute of Materials)

Tin compounds have been known as flame retardants sincethe mid-nineteenth century, when processes based on thein situ precipitation of hydrous tin (IV) oxide weredeveloped to impart flame resistance properties to cottonand other cellulosic materials. More recently, tin salts havefound use in flame retardant treatments for woollensheepskins and rugs. The active tin species are generallyfluorostannate-based, and these are electrostaticallyattracted to the protonated amino groups in theproteinaceous wool structure. However, as far as plasticsare concerned, commercial interest in the use of tin-basedflame retardants has only developed over the past ten yearsor so. Although it is estimated that over 600,000 tonnesof chemical additives are used worldwide annually asflame retardants for synthetic polymers, recent concernsabout the toxic nature of certain additives have led to anintensified search for safer flame retardants. Hence, thegenerally low toxicity of inorganic tin compounds hasbeen a major factor in their growing acceptancethroughout the 1990s as flame retardants and smokesuppressants for plastics, elastomers and other polymericmaterials. Aspects covered include laboratory fire tests,halogen-containing polymer formulations, halogen-freeformulations, the fire retardant mechanism and recentdevelopments. 5 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.718847

Item 272Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference.London, Kluwer, 1998, p.315-26. 5FLAME RETARDANTS: POLYVINYL ALCOHOLAND SILICONE COMPOUNDSZaikov G E; Lomakin S MRussian Academy of Sciences(Institute of Materials)

In the modern polymer industry, the various existing typesof polymer flame retardants based on halogens (Cl, Br),



heavy and transition metals (Zn, V, Pb, Sb) or phosphorus-organic compounds reduce the risk from polymercombustion and pyrolysis, but may present ecologicalissues. The overall use of halogenated flame retardants isstill showing an upward trend, but the above concernshave started a search for more environmentally friendlypolymer additives. As a result it is quite possible that thefuture available flame retardants will be more limited thanin the past. One ecologically-safe flame retardant system,containing a char former, is polyvinyl alcohol combinedwith a silicone-based inorganic system which can act intwo ways: by the formation of a barrier (char) whichhinders the supply of oxygen and reduces the thermalconductivity of the material; and by trapping the activeradicals in the vapour phase (and eventually in thecondensed phase). Aspects covered include mechanismsand examples of effects. 5 refs.RUSSIA

Accession no.718845

Item 273Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference.London, Kluwer, 1998, p.307-14. 5FLAME RETARDANTS: IRON COMPOUNDS,THEIR EFFECT ON FIRE AND SMOKE INHALOGENATED POLYMERSCarty PNewcastle,University of Northumbria(Institute of Materials)

An overview of the effects which some iron compoundshave on flammability and smoke production whenpolymers burn in air is presented. A glance at chemicalabstracts indexes under iron, iron compounds or ironchemistry shows thousands of scientific papers appearingevery year; however, very few of these deal with the useof iron compounds as flame retarding/smoke suppressingadditives for polymers. The economic importance of ironis unsurpassed by any other element in the periodic table.Iron is the sixth most abundant element in the world andthe most abundant metal. Iron and iron compounds arewidely used in all aspects of economic activity. Ironcompounds also occur widely in living systems, beingfound at the active centres of many biological moleculeswhere the Fe (II)/Fe (III) redox system and the ability ofiron to form stable complexes with oxygen are used inmany vital life processes. Pure iron (III) oxide is used tomake high quality ferrites and other ceramic materialsand it is also used as a light fast UV blocking pigment inpaints and varnishes, and also in colour printing. Aspectsdescribed include polymer combustion and smokeproduction; and char formation, flammability and smokeformation. 5 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.718844

Item 274Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference.London, Kluwer, 1998, p.297-306. 5FLAME RETARDANTS: INTUMESCENTSYSTEMSCamino GTorino,Universita(Institute of Materials)

Intumescent fire retardant additives undergo thermaldegradation on heating, which produces a thermallystable, foamed, multicellular residue called ‘intumescentchar’. When these substances are added to a polymericmaterial which is later involved in a fire, they produce anintumescent char which accumulates on the surface, whilethe polymer is consumed, providing insulation to theunderlying materials and partially protecting it from theaction of the flame. The intumescent char acts essentiallyas a physical barrier to heat and mass transfer betweenthe flame and the burning material. Thus, the process ofpyrolysis of the polymer that produces combustiblevolatile products to feed the flame is reduced by a decreasein temperature, caused in turn by a lower heat supply fromthe flame. The diffusion of the volatile products towardsthe flame is hindered with further reduction of the flamefeed. Furthermore, whatever may be the role of oxygenin the combustion process, its diffusion towards thepolymer burning surface is also hindered. This series ofevents can lead to an interruption in the self-sustainedcombustion process because the flame is starved. Thus,the condensed phase mechanism of fire retardantintumescent systems aims at reducing the rate of pyrolysisof the polymer below the threshold for self-sustainedcombustion. This limits the production of volatile moietiesand hence reduces undesirable secondary effects ofvolatiles combustion such as visual obscuration, corrosionand toxicity, which are typical of the widely used halogencontaining fire retardants. Intumescent char adhesion tothe surface of the burning polymer also prevents molteninflamed polymeric particles from dripping, thus avoidinga source of fire propagation which is typical of somematerials. 7 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.718843

Item 275Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference.London, Kluwer, 1998, p.287-96. 5FLAME RETARDANTS: INORGANIC OXIDEAND HYDROXIDE SYSTEMSBrown S CAlcan Chemicals Ltd.(Institute of Materials)

The category of flame retardants represented by inorganicoxide and hydroxide systems contains the two majoradditive flame retardants in use today - aluminiumtrihydroxide and antimony trioxide. Metal hydroxides,



which in general decompose endothermically to liberatewater, are described. They are normally smoke suppressantsand work predominantly in the condensed phase ofcombustion. Metal oxides are also examined; they are onlysmoke suppressants in specific circumstances and findgreatest use as ‘synergists’ in conjunction with other flameretardant additives, notably those containing the halogenschlorine and bromine. As such they are often vapour phaseflame retardants. Two noteworthy additives, or ratherfamilies of additives, the zinc borates and zinc stannates,fall into both categories. 5 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.718842

Item 276Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference.London, Kluwer, 1998, p.277-86. 5FLAME RETARDANTS: HALOGEN-FREESYSTEMS (INCLUDING PHOSPHORUSADDITIVES)Davis JAlbright & Wilson UK Ltd.(Institute of Materials)

There are three essential conditions to be met if a polymer,once ignited, is to continue burning. There must be asupply of heat to the bulk polymer, a generation of fueland there must be a flame. Halogen-based systems act bya well-documented flame poisoning mechanism in thevapour phase. The alternative halogen- free systems,which encompass a wide variety of additives, tend to actby mechanisms which disrupt heat flow and the supplyof fuel to the flame. Here the mechanisms are not alwaysunderstood in great detail but two broad types of flameretardant action can be defined. First there are additiveswhich act to remove heat by endothermic decompositionand/or the generation of copious quantities of inert gasesto dilute the combustible polymer degradation products.The second type of flame retardant action involves theformation of char and this is most often accomplished byphosphorus-containing additives. Char formation is aprocess which occurs mostly in the condensed phase andhas several benefits. A good char layer is difficult to igniteand acts as a physical barrier. Aspects discussed includered phosphorus, organophosphorus compounds andmelamine. 4 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.718841

Item 277Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference.London, Kluwer, 1998, p.268-76. 5FLAME RETARDANTS: BORATESShen K K; O’Connor RUS Borax Inc.; Borax Europe Ltd.(Institute of Materials)

Boron compounds such as borax and boric acid are wellknown fire retardants for cellulosic products. However,the use of boron compounds such as zinc borate,ammonium pentaborate, boric oxide and othermetalloborates in the plastics industry has becomeprominent only since the late 1970s. The manufacturing,chemical and physical properties and end-use applicationsare reviewed, together with modes of action of majorboron compounds as fire retardants in polymers. 6 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.718840

Item 278Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference.London, Kluwer, 1998, p.260-7. 5FLAME RESISTANCE: THE APPROACHESAVAILABLESkinner G AKingston,University(Institute of Materials)

Organic polymers undergo thermal degradation if exposedto sufficient heat. The energy is absorbed until the carbon-carbon, carbon-nitrogen and carbon-oxygen bonds in thepolymer backbones break when lower molecular weightvolatile gases are generated. Although the mechanism issomewhat different in the presence of oxygen, giving riseto some new products, a gaseous mixture is still formedwhich is now inherently flammable. The precise natureof the degradation products is determined by the chemicalcomposition of the polymer, the additives present and thedegradation conditions. Although the stability of a givenpolymer will vary with its structure and compositionnearly all polymers will ignite and burn at temperaturesin the range 350-450 deg.C. The role of the flame retardantis to make the polymer formulation less flammable byinterfering with the chemistry and/or physics of thecombustion process. They are only effective at the growthstage of a fire. An introduction to flame retardants ispresented, reviewing the hazards of fires and the mainapproaches available to reduce these hazards. Mention ismade of some of the compounds exemplifying theseapproaches, together with their advantages anddisadvantages. 4 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.718839

Item 279Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology4, No.4, Dec.1998, p.246-58NEW SILICATE-BASED POWDERS FOR FIREPROTECTION OF THERMOPLASTICSLiu T M; Baker W E; Langille K B; Nguyen D T; Bernt J OQueen’s University at Kingston; Datco Technology Ltd.

An intumescent powdered silicate additive for plastics(PE and PVC) was investigated which gave improved



flame retardancy. Cone calorimeter evaluations of thecompounds of polymer/powder showed reduction in peakrate of heat release, total heat release and rate of massloss. The effects of various polymer/powder ratios andpowder particle sizes on the fire protection performancewere demonstrated. The morphology of this powder andthe polymer/powder compounds before and aftercombustion was observed. A fire-protection mechanismis discussed that suggests the importance of aninterpenetrating char structure. 11 refs.CANADA

Accession no.713781

Item 280Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology4, No.4, Dec.1998, p.222-8INFLUENCE OF ROTATIONAL MOLDINGCYCLE ON THE MORPHOLOGY ANDPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLAME-RETARDANT(FR) LLDPESiddhamalli S K; Lee V WICC Industries Inc.

A study was conducted of the possibility of developingformulations having maximum impact strength whilemaintaining a UL-94 V-O flammability rating. Highimpact strength and flammability performance wereachieved in the modified FR-LLDPE system at 20%impact modifier (ethylene copolymer), 22% flameretardant, 5.5% antimony trioxide, 0.25% PTFE and 0.5%functionalised silicone additive. The performance of thisoptimised FR-LLDPE composition when rotationallymoulded at various cycle times was examined. Attemptswere made to probe the influence of morphologicalcharacteristics on the physical properties of therotationally moulded parts. 7 refs.USA

Accession no.713777

Item 281Kunststoffe Plast Europe88, No.11, Nov.1998, p.27-8; p.2058-61English; GermanIN SITU FIRE EXTINGUISHERSSchmidt R; Amberg M

Plastics containing flame retardants that liberate water inthe event of fire primarily satisfy the fire protection andenvironmental requirements in the field of electricalengineering/electronics. Growth in the coming years ispredicted to exceed 10% per annum. Magnesiumhydroxide, a water-liberating flame retardant fornumerous plastics applications, constitutes a genuinealternative to classical, mainly halogen-containing flameretardants. It works purely physically by releasing water,does not enter into any chemical reactions and has provedto pose absolutely no threat to the environment.

Magnesium hydroxide also offers economic advantagesover many flame resistant systems. 4 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.705902

Item 282Kunststoffe Plast Europe88, No.11, Nov.1998, p.24-6; p.2050-2English; GermanHALOGEN-FREE, MELAMINE-BASED FLAMERETARDANTSGrabner R

One of the main areas of application for flame retardantsis in plastics for the electrical and electronics industries,where design freedom, miniaturisation, low weight andcost reduction are the major factors. Plastics areincreasingly coming into direct contact with current-carrying components. Through the application of high-performance flame retardants, it is possible to virtuallyexclude any possibility of fire risk at such points. Althoughthere are some four hundred flame retardants on themarket, plus a large number of combinations, the halogen-free flame retardant treatment of glass fibre-reinforcedpolyamides has, until now, been a problem. Thedevelopment of a new melamine-based flame retardantmay provide the solution.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.705901

Item 283International Conference on Additives for Polyolefins.Conference proceedings.Houston, Tx., 23rd-25th Feb.1998, p.69-83. 012A REVOLUTIONARY UV STABLE FLAMERETARDANT SYSTEM FOR POLYOLEFINSSrinivasian R; Gupta A; Horsey DCiba Specialty Chemicals Corp.(SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,Polymer Modifiers &Additives Div.)

It is shown that some recently developed non-halogenatedflame retardant systems can provide flame retardancy topolyolefins at surprisingly low concentrations. The novelflame retardant systems are based on N-alkoxy amine(NOR) chemistry. The specific flame retardant additiveNOR-2 seems to be extremely effective in providing flameretardancy to materials with high specific surface area, suchas fibres and films. This multi-functional additive alsoprovides UV and thermal stability to polyolefins similar tothe current state of the art high molecular weight hinderedamines. These observations have significant implicationsin opening new opportunities for UV stable flame retardedpolyolefin materials which are currently unavailable, toreplace materials based on non-olefins. 14 refs.USA

Accession no.704297



Item 284Polymers for Advanced Technologies9, Nos.10-11, Oct.-Nov.1998, p.593-600SILICONE DERIVATIVES AS NEW FLAMERETARDANTS FOR AROMATICTHERMOPLASTICS USED IN ELECTRONICDEVICESIji M; Serizawa SNEC Corp.

Details are given of the development of new siliconederivatives for use as flame retardants in electronicdevices made from polycarbonate and ABS. The effectof the additive on strength, mouldability, heat resistanceand impact properties are discussed. 18 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.702970

Item 285Journal of Applied Polymer Science70, No.10, 5th Dec.1998, p.1959-64SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OFPHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING PETP AND PEN. I.Chun Shan Wang; Jeng Yueh Shieh; Yih Min SunTaiwan,National Cheng Kung University; China,JuniorCollege of Medical Technology

2-(6-Oxido-6H-dibenz(c,e)(1,2)oxaphosphorin-6-yl)dimethyl itaconate was synthesised and used as areactive flame retardant in PETP and polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate(PEN) for film, fibre and electronicapplications. The thermal properties of the resultantcopolyesters were studied by DSC and TGA. Thephosphorus-containing copolyesters exhibited betterflame retardance, higher char yield and thermal stabilitythan homopolymers of PETP and PEN. UL 94-VO ratingcould be achieved with a phosphorus content of as littleas 0.75% for PETP and 0.5% for PEN and no fume andtoxic gas emissions were observed. 24 refs.TAIWAN

Accession no.702714

Item 286International Composites Expo ’98. Conferenceproceedings.Nashville,Tn., 19th-21st Jan.1998, Session 3-B. 627NON-HALOGENATED FLAME RETARDANTSYSTEM UTILISING ALUMINA TRIHYDRATEKan W-M J; Midgett S E; Chen P WHuber J.M.,Corp.(SPI,Composites Institute)

The use of alumina trihydrate (ATH) as a flame retardantand smoke suppressant in composite construction is welldocumented. The rising demand for non-halogenatedsystems is challenging the industry because of theviscosity and thixotropic effects of high levels of ATH invarious polymers. ATH decomposes endothermically

around 200 deg.C, releasing water and absorbing heat.The ATH acts as a heat sink by releasing water whichcools the flaming zone and dilutes the combustion gases.In order to obtain optimum fire and smoke properties,high loading levels of ATH are required but constrainedby rheological properties. Emphasis is placed on the useof the particle packing theory combined with surfacetreatment technology and unsaturated polyester (UPE)resin properties to achieve extremely high levels of ATHloading. 2 refs.USA

Accession no.702092

Item 287Modern Plastics International28, No.11, Nov.1998, p.79-82BALANCING PROPERTIES, PERFORMANCE INFR GRADESSienkowski KHanna Engineered Materials

Understanding the relationship between processing,materials, additives and design is the key to successfullymodifying engineering plastics such as nylon andpolycarbonate with flame retardants. The trend toeliminate halogen-based FRs increases the challenge.USA

Accession no.700605

Item 288Flame Retardants ’98. Conference proceedings.London, 3rd-4th Feb.1998, p.207-12. 54FFLAME RETARDANT PLASTICS AND E&EEQUIPMENT FIRE SAFETY. REQUIREMENTSAND STUDIESTroitzsch J HWiesbaden,Fire Protection Service(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME;European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire RetardantChemicals Assn.; Institute of Materials)

Fire safety is an integral part of fire precautions helpingto prevent or delay fires and therefore efficiently protectlife, health and property. Electrical and electronic (E&E)equipment fire safety has to meet Underwriters’Laboratories (UL) requirements and InternationalElectrical Commission (IEC) standards. Contrary to theUSA, where UL 94 Class V0 or V1 plastic materials areused in office and consumer electronics, in Europe, TVsets backplates only have to fulfil IEC 65 horizontalburning specifications. In a new IEC 65 Draft, noflammability requirements apply if plastics materialsexceed a certain distance from potential ignition sourceswith open circuit voltage. This would allow using TVbackplates without any fire safety classification andquestion the existing fire safety level of UL 94 V0backplates against internal and external fire sources. Asbackplates are the main plastics parts used in TV sets, the



use of non-classified materials in such appreciableamounts could dramatically affect the overall fire safetylevel of E&E equipment. Studies in the USA and Denmarkhave shown that housings meeting higher fire safetyrequirements either do not ignite or better resist ignition,delay flame propagation and flashover. In 1997, acomprehensive study on the fire behaviour of TV setsand PC monitors carried out in Germany confirmed thatEuropean TV sets can already be ignited by a simulatedmatch flame with flashover of a fully furnished roomoccurring in around seven minutes. US TV sets did notburn, even when subjected to higher energy fire sources.9 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.697356

Item 289Flame Retardants ’98. Conference proceedings.London, 3rd-4th Feb.1998, p.163-74. 54FTHE USE OF A NEW ZINC BORATE AS AFLAME RETARDANT SYNERGIST INENGINEERING PLASTICSSchubert D M; Leeuewendal R MUS Borax Inc.; Borax Europe Ltd.(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME;European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire RetardantChemicals Assn.; Institute of Materials)

The use of zinc borates in glass-filled and unfilledpolyamide engineering thermoplastics is studied.Specifically, zinc borate compounds of composition2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H20 and 4ZnO-B2O3.H2O areinvestigated in nylon 6, 6,6 and 4,6 in combination withantimony trioxide and halogenated flame retardants. Ofparticular interest is the new 4ZnO.B2O3.H2O, whichhas an unusually high thermal stability with a dehydrationonset temperature of greater than 415 deg.C. 17 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.697352

Item 290Flame Retardants ’98. Conference proceedings.London, 3rd-4th Feb.1998, p.151-61. 54FHUNTITE/HYDROMAGNESITE - MINERALFLAME RETARDANTS AS ALTERNATIVE ANDCOMPLEMENT TO METAL HYDROXIDESKirschbaum G SIncemin AG(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME;European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire RetardantChemicals Assn.; Institute of Materials)

Aluminium hydroxide (ATH) and magnesium hydroxideare used as state of the art materials in a variety of flameretardant applications. Technical problems due to thenature of the materials and often high filling rates have

been overcome by optimising formulation or tailor madeflame retardant fillers. Similar products based onnaturally-occurring huntite/hydromagnesite blends wereintroduced years ago, but have not yet been recognisedas a matter of course in the same way as the abovementioned hydroxides. Yet physical and chemicalproperties of materials demonstrate their performance inplastics and rubber applications as well as the increasingvolume in this market. An overview of the origin andproperties of huntite/hydromagnesite products, state ofdevelopment and technical performance in selectedpolymer systems (in comparison with other mineral flameretardants) is presented, together with an outlook on futuremarket developments. 9 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.697351

Item 291Flame Retardants ’98. Conference proceedings.London, 3rd-4th Feb.1998, p.139-50. 54FCOMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OFBROMINATED EPOXY OLIGOMERS INSTYRENICSPlaitin B; Fonze A; Braibant RShell Research SA(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME;European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire RetardantChemicals Assn.; Institute of Materials)

Brominated epoxy oligomers (BEOs) are well-establishedflame retardants for thermosets such as epoxy resins,phenolic resins or vinyl esters covering a broad range ofapplications. More recently BEOs have modified in orderto make them suitable for use in styrenic thermoplasticssuch as ABS and high-impact PS (HIPS). BEOs can alsobe successfully incorporated in other thermoplastics suchas PBTP, PETP, elastomers or polyolefins. Five flameretardants are compared with the three BEO types in HIPSand ABS. ABS and HIPS are compounded with the flameretardants. The blends are then injection moulded andcharacterised by their mechanical, thermal, rheological,flammable and UV resistance properties. The resultsclearly show that each of the flame retardants gives adifferent balance of properties. In addition to flameresistance, BEOs are characterised by their ability toprovide ABS and HIPS with excellent UV stability, highflow and good thermal properties. These properties meetrecent flame retardant HIPS/ABS requirements requiredin business machine applications such as computermonitor housings or printer housings. 6 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.697350



Item 292Flame Retardants ’98. Conference proceedings.London, 3rd-4th Feb.1998, p.125-37. 54FOPTIMISATION OF FLAME RETARDEDTHERMOPLASTICS FOR ENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONSReznick G; Bar Yaakov Y; Lopez-Cuesta J-MDead Sea Bromine Co.Ltd.; Ecole des Mines d’Ales(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME;European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire RetardantChemicals Assn.; Institute of Materials)

The rapid development in computerised systems for theelectronic and automotive industries is making them verydemanding with regard to plastics properties and costs.High flow during moulding, good compromise betweenimpact and stiffness as well as tolerance to high temperatureof use are some of the requirements for the plastic partsused in their production. Due to miniaturisation and theconsequent increase in operating temperature, morestringent flame resistance is needed. Some applications ofbrominated indan, brominated epoxy oligomers and homo-or copolymers of brominated acrylate in thermoplastics forengineering applications are reviewed.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;ISRAEL; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.697349

Item 293Flame Retardants ’98. Conference proceedings.London, 3rd-4th Feb.1998, p.93-102. 54FBROMINE/CHLORINE SYNERGISM TO FLAMERETARD PLASTICS AND STABILITY OF FR-POLYAMIDESMarkexich R L; Mundhenke R FOccidental Chemical Corp.(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME;European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire RetardantChemicals Assn.; Institute of Materials)

The synergist antimony oxide in combination withhalogenated flame retardants has been used for years toimpart flame resistance to plastics. Other synergists thathave been used in certain resins are iron oxide, zinc borate,zinc sulphide, zinc phosphate, zinc stannate and iron oxide.The use of certain synergists also affords improved thermalstability on processing. Not so well known is the synergisticaction between chlorinated and brominated flame retardantsin combination with antimony oxide to impart flameretardant properties to plastics. The use of antimony oxide,zinc compounds (oxide, borate, stannate, phosphate andsulphite), and the iron compounds to give flame retardantsto plastics are reviewed, as is the use of bromine/chlorinesynergism in flame retarding PP and PE. The use ofmixtures of chlorinated and brominated flame retardantsallows the flame retardant levels to be lowered, resultingin improved physical properties and lower costs. 7 refs.USA

Accession no.697347

Item 294Flame Retardants ’98. Conference proceedings.London, 3rd-4th Feb.1998, p.83-92. 54FINORGANIC FLAME RETARDANTS - ALONEAND IN COMBINATIONSRai M; Brown SAlcan Chemicals Europe(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME;European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire RetardantChemicals Assn.; Institute of Materials)

The main inorganic flame retardants fall into two classes.Flame retardant/smoke suppressant fillers such as ATHand magnesium hydroxide are a major category as aresynergists for halogens such as antimony trioxide, zincstannates and zinc borates. Particle size, size distributionand shape are important characteristics particularly fortheir effects upon process rheology. Tailored particle sizedistributions offer scope for combining inorganic flameretardants. Some combinations are claimed to give asynergy and many have been patented. Recent work hasshown that some flame retardants can be combined withinsingle particles. Another aspect of the way that flameretardants and smoke suppressants can work incombinations is by each component being most efficientat a different stage of the burning process. 9 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.697346

Item 295Flame Retardants ’98. Conference proceedings.London, 3rd-4th Feb.1998, p.71-82. 54FMG(OH)2 - OPTIMISATION OFFORMULATIONSCohen D; Link M; Gonen Y; Weissman A; Bron SIMI(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME;European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire RetardantChemicals Assn.; Institute of Materials)

Magnesium hydroxide is well known for its flameresistance and smoke suppression efficiency in variousplastics. Its high thermal stability and environmentalfriendliness are key properties promoting the growth ofthis market. However, the large amounts of Mg(OH)2 (50-65%) required to achieve good flame resistance such asUL-94 V-0 rating may affect negatively some keymechanical properties (such as elongation to break andimpact strength). A unified approach to this problem ispresented: optimisation of formulations includingMg(OH)2 in order to enjoy its benefits in terms of flameresistance and smoke suppression, while paying aminimum price in terms of mechanical properties. Twoexamples are given and discussed. One relates to theoptimisation of a formulation based on a relatively lowquality LDPE for the cable industry. Addition of EVAand of a special coupling agent, together with carefulprocessing, are the keys to achieve very large elongations



to break, rather high tensile strength and LOI values inexcess of 35%. The second example relates to the use ofMg(OH)2 as a smoke suppressant in PVC-based cableformulations. It is revealed that Mg(OH)2 is very effectivein lowering the smoke generation rate and smoke density.An upper limit for Mg(OH)2 loading is defined, takinginto account both its flame resistance efficiency and itsnegative effect on mechanical properties.ISRAEL

Accession no.697345

Item 296Speciality Chemicals18, No.7, Sept.1998, p.292-3IMPROVED-QUALITY BROMINE-BASEDFLAME RETARDANTSEchalier BElf Atochem SA

As part of a development programme for specialitybromine products, Elf Atochem has invested in newfacilities with a view to improving its Adine range of flameretardants. Decabromodiphenyl flame retardant Adine0102 is a fire extinguishing agent with a high brominecontent which is capable of improving the fire behaviourof numerous materials. Decabromodiphenyl ether Adine505, like Adine 0102, has a very high thermal stabilityand is recommended for use in thermoplastics, thermosetsand elastomers.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.695075

Item 297Advances in Plastics Technology. Conferenceproceedings.Katowice, Poland, 9th-11th December 1997, Paper 7. 8BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF BROMINATEDFLAME RETARDANTS IN POLYMERICSYSTEMSHeijboer A; Utevskii L; Yaakov I B; Finberg I;Georlette PDead Sea Bromine Group Ltd.(Institute of Plastics & Paint Industry)

A new generation of brominated flame retardants forplastics offers additional benefits, widening the use ofthe host polymeric systems. Flame retardants withappropriate softening temperatures provide processing aideffects and better flow properties. Reduced cycle timesduring injection moulding are possible with these flameretardants and they enable production of parts with thinnerwalls. Polymeric brominated flame retardants have beenshown to increase heat distortion temperature in PP basedcompounds. Improved thermal stability in several plasticshas been observed when these flame retardants are used.Brominated acrylate polymer is an excellent couplingagent between plastic and fibre or filler reinforcement,

resulting in better retention of tensile properties andelimination of blooming. Pentabromo benzyl acrylate isa new brominated monomer in powder form with a longshelf life enabling ease of handling. It can be used viareactive processing to produce a flame retardantmasterbatch concentrate providing good flame resistanceand very high impact properties in PP. A lesser knownpositive aspect of brominated flame retardants is thesignificant reduction of smoke toxicity. 3 refs.ISRAEL

Accession no.694485

Item 298Antec ’98. Volume III. Conference proceedings.Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.3310-2. 012NOVEL ZINC HYDROXYSTANNATE-COATEDFILLERS AS FIRE RETARDANT AND SMOKESUPPRESSANT ADDITIVES FORHALOGENATED POLYMERSHornsby P R; Cusack P ABrunel University; International Tin Research Institute(SPE)

Consideration is given to the influence of combinationsof zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) with hydrated fillers, onthe fire properties of plasticised PVC andpolychloroprene. It is shown that magnesium andaluminium hydroxides specially coated with ZHS, confersignificantly increased combustion resistance and lowerlevels of smoke evolution to these polymers. This permitslarge reductions to additive loading relative to unmodifiedfiller, without sacrificing flame retardant or smokesuppressant performance. 10 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.693676

Item 299Modern Plastics International28, No.9, Sept.1998, p.106/8FLAME RETARDANTS

The latest developments in flame retardants are outlined.These include a brominated FR for use in thermallydemanding electrical applications, novel FRs thatfacilitate thin-wall, large-part moulding and low-smokeFRs for PVC.WORLD

Accession no.692905

Item 300Modern Plastics International28, No.9, Sept.1998, p.42/4SILICONE FLAME RETARDANT BOOSTSPROPERTIES OF POLYCARBONATEMoore S

NEC and Sumitomo Dow have jointly developed a flame-retardant polycarbonate grade with a novel silicone-based



additive to retard combustion. The grade, the latest in aseries of non-halogenated resins launched by Japanesesuppliers, is said to have equivalent or superior physicalproperties to conventional brominated PC grades. Inparticular, impact strength is reportedly almost four timesthe level of brominated PC and close to that for neat PC.

NEC CORP.; SUMITOMO DOW LTD.JAPAN

Accession no.692895

Item 301ENDS ReportNo.283, Aug.1998, p.3-4EVIDENCE MOUNTS ON RISKS OFBROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS

New research from Sweden unveiled in August has foundthat levels of brominated flame retardants in human breastmilk are increasing “exponentially”. The findings comealongside new evidence for the compounds’ toxicity tothe nervous system and potential for endocrine disruption.Meanwhile, a new US epidemiological study has foundthat exposure to some brominated flame retardants isassociated with an increased risk of digestive systemcancers.WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.692888

Item 302Informacion Tecnologica9, No.3, 1998, p.219-22SpanishFLAME RETARDATION OF PP WITHHALOGEN-FREE ADDITIVESVelasco J I; Maspoch M L; Morhain CCatalunya,University

The efficiency of several halogen-free flame retardantson PP was determined using vertical and horizontalflammability tests. PP composites were produced by twin-screw extrusion and their mechanical properties wereevaluated. 4 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.684937

Item 303Polymer Additives: What’s new and review. Retecproceedings.Ft.Mitchell,Ky., 20th-22nd Oct.1997, p.285-93SAYTEX HP-7010 FLAME RETARDANT INGLASS-FILLED PBTPLandry S D; Reed J SAlbemarle Corp.(SPE,Polymer Modifiers & Additives Div.)

Saytex HP-7010 is a new high-temperature flameretardant introduced by Albermarle. HP-7010 is a high

molecular weight brominated PS with approximately 68%aromatic bromine. Its thermal stability is outstanding. Astudy was performed to determine comparativeperformance of various flame retardants in 30% glass-filled PBTP. Mechanical, electrical, rheological andflammability properties were measured on the flameretarded compounds. In addition, some heat agedproperties were determined. 2 refs.USA

Accession no.679968

Item 304Journal of Applied Polymer Science68, No.5, 2nd May 1998, p.715-25POLYMER FLAME RETARDANCY: A NEWAPPROACHZaikov G E; Lomakin S MRussian Academy of Sciences

Some current flame retardants are hazardous. Alternativematerials, based on high temperature polymer-organicchar formers and silicon-inorganic systems, wereinvestigated for Nylon 6,6 and polypropylene. Theobjective was to form a barrier which would hinder thesupply of oxygen and reduce thermal conductivity, andto trap active radicals in the vapour phase. Conecalorimeter and loss on ignition tests showedimprovements from the use of these materials, incomparison with the pure polymers. 20 refs.RUSSIA

Accession no.679537

Item 305Chimica e l’industria78, No.6, July/Aug.1996, p.713-6ItalianFERROCENYL DERIVATIVES AND THECOMBUSTION OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDEOrtaggi G; Bolasco A; Casale F; Manna FRoma,Universita La Sapienza; Ispesi

A number of mono- and disubstituted ferrocenes and twoferrocenophanes were evaluated as flame retardants andsmoke suppressants for PVC. Studies of limiting oxygenindex and smoke density showed that these derivativeswere generally capable of acting in both capacities. Aflame retardant mechanism in which the ferrocenescatalysed the in-situ formation of hydrogen chloride wasproposed. 14 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.677428



Item 306European Plastics News25, No.4, April 1998, p.34IN THE LINE OF FIRERobinson S

Borax has three commercial zinc borate flame retardantstargeted at the plastics market. These are Firebrake 500,Firebrake 415 and Firebrake ZB. Borax is also looking atcommercialising a non-zinc borate for flame retardantapplications. All these products are positioned as partialreplacements for antimony oxide or as synergists withother flame retardant systems. Firebrake 500 is aimed athigh temperature processing materials such as polyetherketones, polysulphones, fluoropolymers and polyesters.

BORAX LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.677020

Item 307Polymers & Polymer Composites6, No.1, 1998, p.33-8REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF BASIC IRON(III)OXIDE ACTING AS A CHAR FORMING/SMOKESUPPRESSING/FLAME RETARDING ADDITIVEIN HALOGENATED POLYMERS ANDHALOGENATED POLYMER BLENDSCarty P; White SNorthumbria,University; Anzon Ltd.

The char forming/smoke suppression action of aninorganic iron(III) compound in halogenated polymers isreviewed. Basic iron(III) oxide is known to enhance theformation of carbonaceous char via a series of crosslinkingreactions catalysed by the in-situ formation of reactiveiron(III) Lewis acids, which results in a substantialreduction in the amount of smoke produced when thesepolymers are forced to burn in air. The effects of thisiron(III) compound acting as a flame retardant are alsodiscussed, although it is less clear now the compoundfunctions as an active flame retardant in these chlorinatedpolymers. 34 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.676450

Item 308Plast’ 21No.55, Oct.1996, p.139-42SpanishFLAME PROOFING AND FLAMERETARDANTSdel Portillo F JQuimidroga SA

Mechanisms of combustion and flame propagation, typesof combustion products and methods for flammability

testing are reviewed. Approaches to the development offlameproof materials are examined, and factors to be takeninto account in the selection of flame retardants arediscussed.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.670873

Item 309Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres48, No.8, Oct.1996, p.32-5FrenchBORON AND FIRE: A FASCINATING STORYShen K; Thyot R; Lopez-Cuesta J M; Delobel RBorax US; Borax France; Ales,Ecole des Mines;Lille,Ecole de Chimie

The mechanisms by which borates act as flame retardantsare discussed, and an examination is made of applicationsof Firebrake ZB, a zinc borate additive developed byBorax, in a range of polymers alone and in combinationwith other flame retardants. Developments in intumescentflame retardant systems are also reviewed.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.670848

Item 310Urethanes Technology15, No.1, Feb/March 1998, p.8COURTAULDS COMES CLEANReed D

Courtaulds Chemicals has started its 51st year ofproducing flame retardants by commissioning a 40 kt/Year plant for making TCPP (tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate). In related moves, the company announcedthat it was now co-ordinating the global marketing oftriethyl phosphate flame retardant made by EastmanChemical, and is progressing the development of anentirely new range of FR chemicals based on amino-triazine phosphonate structures. A key benefit of the newTCPP plant, which represents an investment of up to 3million and should come on stream in March, is that it iscompletely free of aqueous. While reluctant to describethe unit in detail, the company claims that a new catalystfor the basic reaction between ethylene oxide andphosphorus oxychloride was a key factor in eliminatingthe effluent. Details are given.

COURTAULDS CHEMICALSEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.670380

Item 311Polymer Degradation and Stability58, No.3, 1997, p.297-302



FIRE RETARDANT MECHANISTIC ASPECTSOF MELAMINE CYANURATE IN POLYAMIDECOPOLYMERCasu A; Camino G; De Giorgi M; Flath D; Morone V;Zenoni RISRIM; Torino,Universita; LATI SpA

Melamine cyanurate (MC) acts as a flame retardant for anylon 6,6-nylon 6 copolymer (PA) via a condensed phasemechanism as shown by a parallel increase in oxygenindex (OI) and nitrous oxide index (NOI) as a function ofMC loading. MC induces melt dripping in verticallyburning PA, which can enhance the OI because of heatelimination via molten material. However, MC alsoincreases the OI when the PA/MC mixtures are burned ina cup, which prevents dripping. Thus, besides the well-known dripping-cooling physical action, another fireretardant role is played by MC. This is studied byinvestigating the mechanism of thermal degradation ofPA/MC mixtures by means of thermogravimetry (TG) anddifferential thermal analysis. It is seen that volatilisationbegins in PA/MC mixtures at a temperature lower thanthat expected on the basis of the behaviour of PA and MCheated separately. Burning in the cone calorimeter showsthat MC decreases the time to ignition of PA and the heatrelease rate in the first minutes of combustion, whichcould be related to the TG results. 10 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.668892

Item 312Polymer Degradation and Stability58, Nos.1-2, 1997, p.229-37ZINC HYDROXYSTANNATE AS ALTERNATIVESYNERGIST TO ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE INPOLYESTER RESINS CONTAININGHALOGENATED FLAME RETARDANTSCusack P A; Heer M S; Monk A WITRI Ltd.

Limiting oxygen index and cone calorimeter tests are usedto evaluate a number of inorganic synergists in polyesterresin formulations containing various halogenated flameretardants. Zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) is found to be agood alternative synergist to antimony trioxide,particularly with regard to reducing heat release rates andsmoke generation. Hence, ZHS is recommended for usein conjunction with chlorinated paraffins,tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, chlorendic anhydride,dibromoneopentyl glycol or hexabromocyclododecane,but not with Dechlorane Plus, tetrabromophthalicanhydride or decabromodiphenyl oxide. A degree ofsynergism between ZHS and iron (III) oxide exists incertain systems and, provided that colouration does notpreclude the use of the iron compound, such mixturescan lead to lower cost formulations. Analysis of charresidues from burnt polyester resin samples suggests that,

whereas antimony trioxide exerts its flame retardant actionalmost exclusively in the vapour phase, ZHS exhibits bothcondensed- and vapour-phase activity. 26 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.668882

Item 313European Polymer Journal33, Nos.10-12, Oct.-Dec.1997, p.1799-803POLYETHYLENE STIBINITE PHOSPHATEESTERS: NOVEL FLAME-RETARDANTPLASTICIZERS FOR PVCKannan P; Kishore KIndian Institute of Science

A series of multielement flame-retardant plasticiserscontaining polyethylene stibinite phosphate esters wasprepared by bulk polymerisation from ethylene glycolwith various antimony(III) aryloxydichlorides andarylphosphorodichloridates possessing variouscombinations of substituent (Cl, Br, NO2). All thepolymers were pink-coloured viscous fluids. They werecharacterised by inherent viscosity, density, IR, proton,carbon-13 and phosphorus-31 NMR spectroscopy. Thethermal behaviour of the polymers was compared usingTGA and correlated with their structures. Theflammability studies were carried out by means of thelimiting oxygen index(LOI) test. The polymers containingP, Sb, N and Br elements in their backbone showedsuperior thermal- and flame-retardant characteristics thanthe other polymers. A comparative study was carried outusing one of the polymers synthesised as a polymericflame retardant additive to plasticised PVC. The resultsshowed improved LOI and mechanical properties overthe conventional flame-retardant additive composition.25 refs.INDIA

Accession no.666896

Item 314Speciality Chemicals17, No.7, Sept.1997, p.266-7SYNERGY IN FLAME RETARDANT SYSTEMSCunnion J PPQ Corp.

This article describes the use of antimony pentoxide as asynergist in halogenated flame retardant systems. It looksat: the properties of antimony pentoxide, its applicationsin textiles, and its uses in thermoplastics and thermosets.USA

Accession no.665337



Item 315Plastics in Building Construction21, No.10, 1997, p.10-2NEW FIRE RETARDANT THERMOPLASTICURETHANESTerry D G; Kerr R LFuron Co.

The fire retardance of polyurethanes is discussed, and theefforts made by Furon Co. to develop a new, novelapproach to fire retarding thermoplastic polyurethanes aredescribed. Several unsatisfied performance elements inexisting commercially available fire retardant TPU gradesare noted, and details are given of a new developmentprocess undertaken to solve such weaknesses centeringon non-halogen chemistry in order to meet the objectivesof low smoke generation and reduction or elimination ofsuspected combustion.USA

Accession no.664103

Item 316Plastics Engineering53, No.11, Nov. 1997, p.61-3PHOSPHATE ESTER PLASTICIZERS ANDANTIMONY OXIDE: HOW FLAMERETARDANT ARE THEY IN PVC?Moy P YAkzo Nobel

The advantages and deficiencies of various flameretardants for PVC are examined, and the use of blendsof flame retardants is considered with particular referenceto antimony oxide and phosphate ester. Antimony oxideworks synergistically with chlorine in the resin to formfree-radical scavengers of antimony trichlorides andoxychlorides which render nonflammable the combustiblegases evolved in the degradation of the polymer.Phosphate ester effectively removes the most flammablecomponent, the plasticiser, from the flexible vinylcompound and replace it with triaryl or alkyl diphenylphosphate ester. It is thought that in certain applications,an antagonism exists between antimony oxide andphosphorous flame retardants. An examination is carriedout to acertain practical levels of additives and theircombinations of LOI flammability and cone calorimetryperformance. 3 refs.USA

Accession no.664099

Item 317Fire & Materials21, No.5, Sept.-Oct. 1997, p.199-204MECHANISTIC STUDIES ON FIRERETARDANT ACTION OF FLUORINATEDADDITIVES IN ABSRoma P; Camino G; Luda M PEnichem SpA; Torino,Universita

Details are given of the fire retardant action of smallamounts of PTFE when used as an additive in ABS.Mechanisms of action are discussed. 18 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.663235

Item 318Urethanes Technology14, No.6, Dec. 1997-Jan. 1998, p.11HICKORY SPRINGS SURPRISEUrey C

The use of melamine crystal as a flame retardant additivein flexible polyurethane foam, is discussed with referenceto patent infringement’s on Hickory Springs. Thecompany has announced it is initiating a national licencingprogramme for the use of melamine in PU foams, and tothis end has sent proposed contracts to the three melamineproducers in the USA; Melamine Chemicals Inc., DSMMelamine America Inc., and Cytec Industries. The fourpatents held by the company are said to refer to methodsof combining melamine with a variety of polyols.

HICKORY SPRINGS MANUFACTURING CO.USA

Accession no.662665

Item 319Addcon ’96. Conference proceedings.Brussels, 21st-22nd May 1996, paper 14. 5INTERACTION OF SMOKE SUPPRESSANTSWITH OTHER FR POLYMER SYSTEMCOMPONENTSInnes J DFlame Retardants Associates Inc.(Rapra Technology Ltd.; Modern Plastics International)

When flame retardant polymer systems are developed,the first priority is that of limiting ignition propensity orlimiting flame spread or burning rate. Usually then thereduction of the great amounts of smoke produced by thedecreased combustibility of the materials is addressed.There are interactions between various items in theformulation that must be considered when developing alow smoke flame retardant system. These items arereviewed and new developments available in the industrydiscussed.USA

Accession no.662105

Item 320Addcon ’96. Conference proceedings.Brussels, 21st-22nd May 1996, paper 13. 5BORATES AS FIRE RETARDANTSShen K K; O’Connor RUS Borax Inc.; Borax Europe Ltd.(Rapra Technology Ltd.; Modern Plastics International)



Boron compounds, such as boric acid and sodium borates,are well known fire retardants for cellulosic products.However, the use of boron compounds such as zincborates, boric oxide and other metallo-borates as fireretardants in the plastics and rubber industries has becomeprominent only since the late 1970s. Among all thecommonly used boron compounds, zinc borate and boricoxide are of special commercial importance. Recentdevelopments on the use of zinc borates, as well as boricoxide, as fire retardants in polymers are reviewed. 18 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.662104

Item 321Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology3, No.3, Sept.1997, p.225-32ROLE OF SILICONE POWDERS IN REDUCINGTHE HEAT RELEASE RATE AND EVOLUTIONOF SMOKE IN FLAME RETARDANTTHERMOPLASTICSPape P G; Romenesko D JDow Corning Corp.

Powdered silicone additives for plastics were developedwhich provided benefits in flame retardant formulations.Cone calorimeter evaluations of thermoplastics, with orwithout other flame retardant additives, showedreductions in rates of heat release, smoke generation andcarbon monoxide evolution. Other benefits observedincluded improved processing, reduced torque, reducedbuild-up on screws and increased impact strength. Theeffect of silicone powder additives on the combustion ofseveral thermoplastics was shown. A mechanism isproposed. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.661989

Item 322Journal of Applied Polymer Science66, No.11, 12th Dec.1997, p.2157-73COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF A NOVELFLAME RETARDANT,TETRABROMOPENTADECYLTRIBROMOPHENOLWITH DECABROMODIPHENYLOXIDE FORAPPLICATIONS IN LDPE AND EVA-BASEDCABLE MATERIALSPillai C K S; Prasad V S; Menon A R R; Sudha J D;Jayakumari V G; Kumar M B; Pavithran C; Tikku V K;Pradhan N KCSIR; NICCO Corp.Ltd.

The suitability of the flame retardanttetrabromopentadecyltribromophenol was evaluated foruse on cable insulating and jacketing materials based onLDPE and EVAC. The processability, mechanicalproperties, compatibility and miscibility, flammability,

smoke generation, acid emission, and ageing were studiedand compared with decabromodiphenyloxide. 38 refs.INDIA

Accession no.660769

Item 323International Polymer Science and Technology24, No.4, 1997, p.T/91-4LOW FLAMMABILITY POLYETHYLENE ANDPOLYPROPYLENEZubkova N S; Tyuganova M A; Butylkina N G;Khalturinskii N A; Reshetnikov I S; Potapova E V;Vilesova M S; Voronkova L I; Bosenko M S

Possessing a number of unique properties such as highcold resistance, elasticity and chemical inertness,polyolefins, particularly PE and PP, are highly flammablepolymers. The high flammability of polyolefins is due tothe specific nature of their thermal degradation, whichtakes place with the formation of gases noted for a highheat of combustion and is hardly accompanied by cokingreactions. The results of investigations on loweringflammability of PE and PP by introducingmicroencapsulated (ME) fireproofing agent T-2, whichis a mixture of ammonium salt of methylphosphonic acidamide and ammonium chloride, are presented.Microencapsulation is carried out with the use of heat-resistant polymer shells in order to make the surface offireproofing agent T-2 water-repellent and to increase thefireproofing effect. By thermogravimetric analysis anddifferential thermal analysis it is shown that, to reducethe flammability of PE and PP, it is expedient to use MEfire-proofing agent T-2 in PE and polyvinyltriethoxysilane (PVTES) shells. 5 refs.RUSSIA

Accession no.657032

Item 324Cellular Polymers16, No.4, 1997, p.284-95INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT FLAMERETARDANTS ON FIRE BEHAVIOUR OF RIGIDPU FOAMS BLOWN WITH PENTANEProciak A; Pielichowski J; Modesti M; Simioni FCracow,University; Padova,Universita

The influence of different flame retardants on theflammability of rigid PU foams blown with pentane werecompared. The effects of the same flame retardants onflammability of polyisocyanurate-PU foams were alsoinvestigated. 2 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEANUNION; ITALY; POLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.655741



Item 325Kunststoffe Plast Europe87, No.8, Aug.1997, p.16-7EXPANDABLE GRAPHITESchilling B

Chemical intumescence systems have been used for manyyears. They contain several components, such aspentaerythritol as carbon donor, ammonium polyphosphateas acid donor and products such as melamine as blowingagent. For aqueous systems, polymer dispersions areneeded to act as binders. In plastics applications, thepolymer itself can be viewed as the binder. Phosphoric acid,which reacts with the polyol, is liberated by thermolysis ofthe acid donor in this system at temperatures below 300deg.C. The acid ester decomposes with the formation ofcarbon-rich products and simultaneous thermolysis of theblowing agent. The resulting expanded plastic then servesas a heat insulator on account of the low thermal diffusivityof the insulating layer. Depending on formulation, theexpanded volume may be 10 to 100 times the originalvolume. The problem of water resistance has not yet beensolved completely in these systems since some rawmaterials are at the very least partly soluble in water. Theuse of expandable graphite as a physical fire protectionadditive is described. Commercial uses include expandedPU (primarily public transport), sealants for building joints,cable segregation fire protection collars for segregatingpipes and other plastics applications.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.654509

Item 326Kunststoffe Plast Europe87, No.8, Aug.1997, p.15-6HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANT FOR PPNass B; Walz R; Wanzke W; Goihl A

High safety standards in fire protection call for effective flameretardants, but as environmental criteria becomes increasinglymore important, there is a greater need to observe legislation(such as dangerous materials and chemicals laws) and meetnew market requirements (labelling of environmentallyfriendly products). The German consumer magazine, StiftungWarentest, has set new standards for evaluating electricaldevices containing flame resistant plastics, barely accordingany tolerance to equipment flameproofed with halogens. Theentire market is characterised by a trend towards halogen-free flame retardants. Details are given of a cost-effective flameretardant, which is opening up new areas of application in theelectrical and electronics industry for PP. Formulations basedon ammonium polyphosphate are very effective, have virtuallyno influence on processability or application properties andoffer very good protection in the event of fire.

HOECHST AGEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.654508

Item 327Fire & Materials21, No.4, July-Aug.1997, p.179-85INFLUENCE OF NOVEL ZINCHYDROXYSTANNATE(ZHS)-COATED FILLERSON THE FIRE PROPERTIES OF FLEXIBLE PVCBaggaley R G; Hornsby P R; Yahya R; Cusack P A;Monk A WBrunel University; International Tin Research Institute

ZHS, at levels of 2-5 phr, and the hydrated fillersmagnesium hydroxide and alumina trihydrate, at levelsof 20-50 phr, were effective flame retardants and smokesuppressants for flexible PVC. ZHS-coated hydratedfillers were found to exhibit markedly improved fire-retardant properties, particularly with regard to increasinglimiting oxygen index values, reducing heat release ratesand suppressing smoke generation, when compared withconventional uncoated forms. The ZHS coating appearedto change the filler particle morphology and there wasevidence that the coating was largely retained on the fillersurface after melt processing into the PVC. The improveddispersion of the active tin compound in the polymermatrix led to enhanced fire retardancy and this, in turn,allowed significant reductions to be made in overall fillerloading, with no loss in flame-retardant or smoke-suppressant performance. 26 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.653173

Item 328Chemical and Engineering News75, No.40, 6th Oct. 1997, p.35-6MAKING POLYMERS TAKE THE HEATJacoby M

Two papers are discussed which were presented at theMacromolecular Secretariat, and which address recentadvances based on the way flame retardant additivesinteract with the materials they seek to protect. In one,additives improve materials by modifying the structureof their bulk, and in the other, the changes are made almostexclusively at the surface.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY; NANOCORUSA

Accession no.652376

Item 329European Plastics News24, No.9, Oct.1997, p.33FIRE STOPPERSLee M

Developments in halogen-free flame retardants aredescribed, as pressure from within Europe is drivingcompanies to develop new products not based on bromine.Details are given of Bayer’s work in nanotechnology,BASF’s systems for polyamides and PBTP, and Clariant’s



halogen-free products for PP, based on ammoniumpolyphosphate.EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.652140

Item 330Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology3, No.2, June 1997, p.170-4RESORCINOL BIS(DIPHENYL PHOSPHATE), ANON-HALOGEN FLAME-RETARDANTADDITIVEBright D A; Dashevsky S; Moy P Y; Williams BAkzo Nobel Central Research

A review is presented of resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate)(RDP), a non-halogen aromatic, oligomericphosphate flame retardant and flow modifier. Its highthermal stability and low volatility, compared with triarylphosphates, make it ideal for use in applications wherehigh processing temperatures are required.Thermogravimetric data showing the effects of RDP onmodified PPO and polycarbonate/ABS blends arepresented. Current and potential end uses in thermoplasticresins and polyurethanes are discussed. 10 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.650276

Item 331Polyurethanes Expo ’96. Conference Proceedings.Las Vegas, Nv., 20th-23rd Oct.1996, p.460-6. 43C6FLAME RETARDANTS FORPOLYURETHANES: SUBSTITUTION OFHALOGENATED PRODUCTS IN RIGID ANDFLEXIBLE FOAMSSicken M; Schutz C; Jung SHoechst AG(SPI,Polyurethane Div.)

The performance in rigid and flexible PU foams of somehalogen-free phosphorus based flame retardant additivesdeveloped by Hoechst was examined. Hostaflam TP OP550, a phosphorus polyol, was studied in comparison withhalogenated phosphate ester flame retardants and wasshown to give the required flame retardancy in flexiblefoams combined with low fogging and reduced levels ofcombustion gases. Hostaflam AP 422, a long chainammonium polyphosphate, met flame retardancyrequirements in rigid foams with only insignificant effectson other foam properties. Potential processing problemscould be overcome through the use of Hostaflam TP AP452, a dispersion based on ammonium polyphosphate anda phosphorus polyol. 6 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.649925

Item 332Modern Plastics International27, No. 9, Sept. 1997, p.60MORE STABLE FRS MEET HIGH-HEATREQUIREMENTSGraff G

A product review is presented of new grades of thermallystable flame retardants which are capable of meeting thedemands of higher processing temperatures. The productsare modified versions of older products, and typicallyinclude a new type of stabilised hexabromocyclododecane,and magnesium hydroxide grades.WORLD

Accession no.649405

Item 333Plastics Technology43, No.7, July 1997, p.38-42MEET THE NEW FIRESTOPPERSManolis Sherman L

New flame retardant additives are reported to achievemore than eradicate combustion. They also offer improvedheat and UV stability, easier processing and bettermechanical properties in end-use products. Bromine andchlorine compounds still dominate, but there are also someimproved non-halogen products. A review is presentedof new developments from Akzo Nobel, Albright &Wilson, Albemarle, AmeriBrom, Clariant, DoverChemical, Elf Atochem, Ferro, FMC, Great Lakes andLaurel Industries.USA

Accession no.645314

Item 334Journal of Fire Sciences15, No.1, 1st Jan.1997, p.52-6725 YEARS OF FLAME RETARDING PLASTICSGreen JFMC Corp.

The technical developments and markets for flameretardants over the past 25 years are discussed, togetherwith current trends for the development of new flameretardants or flame retarded products. Not only do manycompanies participate on a worldwide basis, but theimpact of regulation in one area often has reverberationsthroughout the world. Emphasis is placed on the USmarket, limited to the largest consumer of flame retardants- the plastics industry.USA

Accession no.645269



Item 335Polyurethanes Expo ’96. Conference Proceedings.Las Vegas, Nv., 20th-23rd Oct.1996, p.325-7. 43C6NEW POLYOLS FOR FLAME RETARDANTRIGID POLYURETHANE FOAMSRose R S; Likens L J; Martin J LGreat Lakes Chemical Corp.(SPI,Polyurethane Div.)

Two flame retardant bromine-containing polyols, onevariously referred to as CN-2047 and CM-2047 and theother as CM-2182, were evaluated in rigid PU foamformulations in comparison with a tetrabromophthalatediol. Effects on reactivity and on the flammabilitycharacteristics, density, thermal conductivity, compressionstrength and dimensional stability of foams were examined.USA

Accession no.643071

Item 336Plastics World55, No.7, July 1997, p.26-8FLAME RETARDANTS

New flame retardant products introduced by suppliers inrecent months are outlined. These include colourconcentrates formulated for highly loaded PE compoundscontaining halogenated or non-halogenated flameretardants, flame retardant synergists for ABS, a two-phase FR system, FR plasticisers, an oligomeric phosphateester FR aimed at engineering thermoplastic applicationsand a non-blooming FR for high-temperature applications.USA

Accession no.641090

Item 337Antec 97. Volume III. Conference proceedings.Toronto, 27th April-2nd May 1997, p.2953-7. 012FUNCTIONAL COPOLYMERS OFDIBROMOSTYRENE AS FLAME RETARDANTSFOR THERMOPLASTIC POLYAMIDES ANDPOLYESTERSFielding W R; Elliott J LGreat Lakes Chemical Corp.(SPE)

As resin requirements and environmental concerns haveincreased, the development of polymeric flame retardantshas developed. Brominated PS materials are widely usedas flame retardants for thermoplastic polyesters andpolyamides. The incorporation of comonomers at low levelshas improved the compatibility of polybromostyrenes witheach of these resin systems as evidenced by scanningelectron micrographs. The improvement in physicalproperties and the reduction in flammability of PBTP andpolyamides as a function of the comonomer type andconcentration are explored. 7 refs.USA

Accession no.640449

Item 338Antec 97. Volume III. Conference proceedings.Toronto,27th April-2nd May 1997,p.3506-10. 012FR CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOSPHATEESTER PLASTICISERS WITH ANTIMONYOXIDE IN PVCMoy P YAkzo Nobel Central Research(SPE)

Two common approaches to flame retardant flexible PVCare phosphate ester plasticisers and antimony oxide. Whenused individually, each displays excellent flamesuppressing characteristics. However, the combination ofthe two has been reported to show anti-synergisticbehaviour. A review of this behaviour in various PVCformulations is presented. 3 refs.USA

Accession no.639914

Item 339Antec 97. Volume III. Conference proceedings.Toronto, 27th April-2nd May 1997, p.3119-22. 012PROPERTY CHANGES IN RECYCLED FLAMERETARDED POLYPROPYLENERankin T N; Papazoglou EFMC Corp.(SPE)

There is currently a growing demand for more economicalraw materials for all types of plastics applications.Recycled plastics can represent a viable source of suchmaterials, if through proper additives and processing theycan maintain or improve their properties. The recyclingstream is already diverse enough with the various typesof polymers being used, and is further diversified by theuse of fillers, flame retardants or other additives whichare added to meet a certain need. The question of howthese additives affect the recyclability of the resin is veryimportant. The recyclability of PP containing a brominatedphosphate ester as the flame retardant is explored. Dataon physical properties, rheology and flammabilityperformance show that it is possible to develop a flameretardant system that withstands the recycling processesat least as well as unmodified polypropylene. 4 refs.USA

Accession no.639842

Item 340Polymer News22, No.2, Feb. 1997, p.77-9NEW TYPES OF ECOLOGICALLY SAFE FLAMERETARDANT SYSTEMS FOR PMMALomakin S M; Zaikov G ERussian Academy of Sciences



Details are given of the thermal degradation of PMMAand the various types of flame retardant used to preventor reduce the formation of fuel or to quench flame. 9 refs.RUSSIA

Accession no.635851

Item 341Fire & Flammability BulletinMay 1997, p.6-7NEW REPORT ON EUROPEAN FLAMERETARDANT CHEMICALS INDUSTRYIAL Consultants Ltd.

A review is presented of a report by IAL Consultants onthe European flame retardant chemicals industry. Itprovides an analysis of the industry, covering 24 chemicalsdivided into 7 main product groups and their major end-use applications. A separate section is devoted to politicalfactors affecting market development. The review of thereport contains key statistical data from the publication,including market shares of the various types of flameretardants and growth rates.EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.634809

Item 342Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology3, No.1, March 1997, p.33-40EFFECT OF ZINC BORATE IN COMBINATIONWITH AMMONIUM OCTAMOLYBDATE ORZINC STANNATE ON SMOKE SUPPRESSION INFLEXIBLE PVCFerm D J; Shen K KUS Borax Inc.

The effect of combinations of zinc borate with ammoniumoctamolybdate or zinc stannate on smoke suppressionupon combustion of flexible PVC was studied. The effectson oxygen index and on residual char after ten minutes at560C were also evaluated. These studies were carried outusing both a conventional dioctyl phthalate(DOP)plasticiser and a mixed plasticiser consisting of a 1:1combination of DOP and an alkyl aryl phosphate ester.For both plasticiser systems, results showed thatcombinations of the zinc borate with either ammoniumoctamolybdate or zinc stannate showed improvementswith regard to smoke reduction upon combustion. Noindications of interactions to explain this effect wereobtained by TGA of PVC containing these additives. TGAanalyses indicated that PVC samples made with the mixedplasticiser had final decomposition temps. which wereslightly higher than those made with DOP as theplasticiser. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.634633

Item 343Fire & Materials21, No.2, March-April 1997, p.75-83EFFECT OF MELAMINE AND ITS SALTS ONCOMBUSTION AND THERMALDECOMPOSITION OF POLYAMIDE 6Levchik S V; Balabanovich A I; Levchik G F; Costa LByelorussian,State University; Torino,Universita

Melamine and its salts added to nylon 6 improve its fireresistance as measured by oxygen index and UL94 tests. Themechanism of the fire-retardant action of the additives wasstudied using thermogravimetry, kinetics of thermaldecomposition and characterisation of solid residues andevolved high-boiling products. It was found that melamine,melamine oxalate, melamine phthalate and melaminecyanurate facilitate thermal decomposition of nylon 6 withincreasing evolution of oligomeric chain fragments insteadof caprolactam, which is the principal product evolved fromthe non flame-retarded nylon 6. These additives promote non-combustible flow dripping and help extinguishing of the flame.The observed increase in solid residue from the thermaldecomposition of the formulations or the endothermic coolingdue to melamine evaporation might give an additional butless important contribution to fire resistance. In the case ofdimelamine phosphate and melamine pyrophosphate, nylon6 reacts with liberated phosphoric acids producing phosphoricesters which give char upon further thermal decomposition.The fire retardant effect of these two salts is mostly attributedto polymer mass retention and intumescent layer protectionmechanisms. 21 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;RUSSIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.634371

Item 344Fire & Materials21, No.1, Jan.-Feb.1997, p.23-32FIRE RETARDANT ADDITIVES FORPOLYMERIC MATERIALS. I. CHARFORMATION FROM SILICA GEL-POTASSIUMCARBONATEGilman J W; Ritchie S J; Kashiwagi T; Lomakin S MUS,National Inst.of Standards & Technology; RussianAcademy of Sciences

Silica gel combined with potassium carbonate is anelective fire retardant for a wide variety of commonpolymers (at mass fraction of only 10% total additive)such as PP, nylon, PMMA, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose,and to a lesser extent PS and SAN. The peak heat releaserate is reduced by up to 68% without significantlyincreasing the smoke or carbon monoxide levels duringthe combustion. 26 refs.RUSSIA; USA

Accession no.634362



Item 345ENDS ReportNo.267, April 1997, p.9-10OESTROGENS RESEARCH FINGERS FLAMERETARDANT CHEMICAL

German researchers have found that a commerciallyimportant flame retardant chemical, tetrabromo-bisphenolA (TBBA), has oestrogenic properties. The results arelikely to add to environmental concern over brominatedflame retardants, which are already a focus of attentionbecause of their persistence, toxicity and potential to formdioxin-like compounds on combustion. Several widelyused industrial chemicals such as alkyl phenols, bisphenolA and phthalates have been found to have oestrogenicproperties and the potential to disrupt development andreproduction. Brief details are given.

TUEBINGEN,UNIVERSITY; ULM,UNIVERSITYEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.634320

Item 346Plastics Formulating & Compounding2, No.6, Nov/Dec.1996, p.7/10NOVEL INTUMESCENTS PACE FIRERETARDANT DEVELOPMENTSMiller B

This comprehensive article supplies details of the latestdevelopments in flame retardants and formulation,highlighted at the Autumn meeting of the Flame RetardantChemicals Association in Florida. The article providesdetailed information on the advances in char-formingsystems based on intumescent resins and catalysts.

US,FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALSASSOCIATIONUSA

Accession no.632554

Item 347Angewandte Makromolekulare ChemieVol.245, March 1997, p.23-35FIRE RETARDANT ACTION OF POTASSIUMNITRATE IN POLYAMIDE-6Levchik S V; Levchik G F; Camino G; Costa L;Lesnikovich A IBelorussian,State University; Torino,Universita

The flame retardant effects of adding 10-20 wt% ofpotassium nitrate (PN) to nylon-6 were investigated. Thethermal decomposition of nylon-6/PN mixtures wasstudied by TGA, DSC and thermal volatilisation analysis,and the solid decomposition products were analysed byIR and EPR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. It wasfound that PN prevented flowing and dripping of the meltand promoted char formation on the polymer surface,thereby decreasing its fire hazard and improving its flame

retardance. On the other hand, PN reacted exothermallywith nylon-6 in the condensed phase and supplied oxygento the gas phase, increasing the polymer’s combustibility.16 refs.BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.632379

Item 348Kunststoffe Plast Europe87, No.2, Feb.1997, p.20-2RECYCLING HALOGEN-CONTAININGPLASTICS: PROCESS CONCEPT ANDPROFITABILITY STUDYKaufer H; von Quast OMunchen,Technische Hochschule; Kunststoff-Recycling-Zentrum GmbH

Post-consumer plastics containing halogenatedcompounds, mainly halogenated flame retardants, werepreviously not suitable for material recycling. With a cost-efficient process for dehalogenation, both reactively andadditively bound halogens and halogen compounds canbe removed from the post-consumer plastics. 11 refs.Translation of Kunststoffe, 87, No.2, Feb.1997, p.190-2EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.629124

Item 349Frankfurt, c.1996, pp.4. 12ins. 25/6/96FLAME RETARDANTS PRODUCT OVERVIEW.APPLICATION AREAS FOR HOSTAFLAMGRADESHoechst AG

A product overview is presented of the grades ofHostaflam flame retardants from Hoechst AG. Theyincluded halogen containing and halogen-free productsbased on ammonium polyphosphate, red phosphorus,organic phosphorus compounds and chlorinatedhydrocarbons. Details are included of established andrecent applications for which they are suitable.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.627960

Item 350Engineering Plastics9, No.5, 1996, p.403-19TECHNOLOGY OF HALOGEN-FREE FLAMERETARDANT ADDITIVES FOR POLYMERICSYSTEMSDavis JAlbright & Wilson UK Ltd.

The use of halogen-free flame retardant additives basedon phosphorus, which function by development of a



protective char, is discussed. The various additivesavailable, ranging from the element itself, in the form ofamorphous red phosphorus, to specialityorganophosphorus compounds is described and examplesare given of their use in a range of thermoplastics.Intumescent formulations based on phosphates, designedspecifically for polyolefins, are considered. The behaviourof a typical intumescent system is described with respectto flame retardant performance, thermal stability, watersensitivity and filler compatibility. 12 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.626107

Item 351Polymer Degradation and Stability54, Nos 2-3, 1996, p.383-5FLAME RETARDANT EFFECTS OFMAGNESIUM HYDROXIDERothon R N; Hornsby P RManchester,Metropolitan University; Brunel University

The suitability of magnesium hydroxide for use as a flameretardant filler was investigated. High levels of flameretardance were achieved in several polymers includingethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, PP and polyamides.Until recently, use of magnesium hydroxide was restrictedto niche applications because of the high cost of producingsuitable crystal forms. However, new production methodsnow offer the prospect of improved economics and bettercontrol of particle morphology. 9 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.617629

Item 352Polymer Degradation and Stability54, Nos 2-3, 1996, p.379-81FLAMMABILITY OF POLYMER BLENDSCarty P; White SNorthumbria,University; Anzon Ltd.

Commercial ABS polymers are very flammable, have alow limiting oxygen index (LOI) and produce largequantities of smoke. The addition of PVC (which isinherently flame retardant) to ABS had only a marginaleffect on the low LOI and high smoke production of ABSalone. When iron peroxide was added to a range of ABS/PVC formulations, the LOI was increased, smokereductions were significant and the amounts of charformed were increased dramatically. The possibility ofproducing flexible ABS/PVC blends, while stillmaintaining acceptable flame retardant/smokesuppression characteristics was investigated. The additionof antimony oxide to phthalate plasticised blends gavethe highest LOI values, while the iron compound generallygave the highest LOI values in phosphate plasticisedblends. The iron-containing formulations also gave the

best smoke suppression. Blends containing antimonyoxide and the iron compound showed thermal stabilityacross the full range of formulations, but only the ironcompound reduced the mass loss in every case. 1 ref.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.617628

Item 353Polymer Degradation and Stability54, Nos 2-3, 1996, p.345-52INCORPORATION OF NATURAL FLAMERETARDANT FILLERS IN AN ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE COPOLYMER, IN COMBINATIONWITH A HALOGEN-ANTIMONY SYSTEMToure B; Lopez Cuesta J-M; Longerey M; Crespy AAles,Ecole des Mines

An ethylene-propylene copolymer was filled with amineral filler consisting mainly of calcium borate. Thisfiller provided a mechanical reinforcing effect togetherwith a flame retardant effect. When the filler was addedin combination with antimony trioxide anddecabromodiphenyl oxide, the fire resistance was greatlyincreased. Thermal analysis showed the individualfeatures of each component and its reactivity. The fireretardant mechanisms were discussed. 7 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.617623

Item 354Polymer Degradation and Stability54, Nos 2-3, 1996, p.223-33NEW ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICALLY FRIENDLYPOLYMER FLAME RETARDANT SYSTEMSZaikov G E; Lomakin S MRussian Academy of Sciences

Two environmentally friendly flame retardant systemswere studied. The first one consisted of a polyvinylalcohol char former incorporated in nylon-6,6. This actedby the formation of a barrier (char) which hindered thesupply of oxygen and reduced the thermal conductivityof the material to limit heat transfer. The second systemconsisted of silicon (3% wt) and stannous chloride (2%wt) incorporated into PP and nylon-6,6. This acted bytrapping the active radicals in the vapour phase (andeventually in the condensed phase). 17 refs.RUSSIA

Accession no.617609



Item 355Polymer Degradation and Stability54, Nos 2-3, 1996, p.205-15ADVANTAGES OF FLAME RETARDANTSBASED ON NITROGEN COMPOUNDSHoracek H; Grabner RChemie Linz GmbH

The advantages of nitrogen compounds as flameretardants are reviewed. They and their gases or vapoursevolved during combustion have low toxicity, are lesscorrosive than hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromideand show low evolution of smoke. Nitrogen based flameretardants do not interfere with stabilisers which are addedto plastics. Flame retarded plastics based on nitrogen canbe recycled because the nitrogen flame retardants havehigh decomposition temperatures and, if they are disposedof in landfill sites, they act as long-term fertilisers. Theyare more efficient than metallic hydroxides and they haveless effect on the mechanical properties of the plastics.The structures and properties for the development of newnitrogen or nitrogen-phosphorus flame retardants arediscussed. 12 refs.AUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.617607

Item 356Polymer Degradation and Stability54, Nos 2-3, 1996, p.189-93PHOSPHORUS-BROMINE FLAME RETARDANTSYNERGY IN POLYCARBONATE/ABS BLENDSGreen JFMC Corp.

A comparison of all-phosphorus, all-bromine andbrominated phosphate flame retardants in twopolycarbonate/ABS blends (8/1 and 5/1) demonstratedphosphorus-bromine flame retardant synergy. 6 refs.USA

Accession no.617605

Item 357Polymer Degradation and Stability54, Nos 2-3, 1996, p.167-73DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLY MULTIFUNCTIONAL FLAMERETARDANTS FOR COMMODITY ANDENGINEERING PLASTICSSmith R; Georlette P; Finberg I; Reznick GDead Sea Bromine Group Ltd.

The properties of three types of brominated flameretardants for plastics materials are discussed. These areFR-1808 (a brominated phenylindane flame retardant),F-2016 (a brominated epoxy oligomer of low molecularweight) and FR-1025 (poly(pentabromobenzyl acrylate)).All three provided processing aid effects. These flameretardants softened or melted during injection moulding,

reducing cycle times and enabling the production of partswith thinner walls. Polymeric brominated fire retardantsincreased the heat distortion temperature in PP basedcompounds. These flame retardants improved the thermalstability of several plastics. 2 refs.ISRAEL

Accession no.617602

Item 358Polymer Degradation and Stability54, Nos 2-3, 1996, p.137-41SOME ASPECTS OF INTUMESCENT FIRERETARDANT SYSTEMSReshetnikov I; Antonov A; Rudakova T; Aleksjuk G;KhalturinskijRussia,Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials

Phosphoric acid derivatives were synthesised and theirefficiency as intumescent fire retardants in conjunctionwith pentaerythritol and/or melamine was studied for PP,LDPE and PS. A new method for determining theoptimum component relationship was developed and theefficiency of the intumescent systems was found to dependon the thermoprotection properties of foamed char. 5 refs.RUSSIA

Accession no.617600

Item 359Journal of Fire Sciences14, No.6, Nov/Dec.1996, p.443-65THERMAL AND THERMO-OXIDATIVEDEGRADATION OF POLYSTYRENE WITHAMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATEZhu XHelsinki,University

The effect of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on thermaland thermo-oxidative degradation of PS was studied withmethods of thermogravimetry, gas chromatography/massspectrometry, thermochromatography, size exclusionchromatography, and Fourier transform infrared spectra.APP slightly accelerated thermal degradation of PS innitrogen due to its acidity. However, whether APPaccelerated or retarded thermo-oxidative degradation ofPS much depended on addition levels in air. At the lowaddition levels, APP seemed to retard thermal degradationof PS via formation of a glassy layer; at the high additionlevels, APP seemed to accelerate thermal degradation ofPS due to its acidity. 23 refs.FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.617496

Item 360Journal of Fire Sciences14, No.6, Nov/Dec.1996, p.426-42MECHANSIMS FOR FLAME RETARDANCYAND SMOKE SUPPRESSION - REVIEW



Green JFMC Corp.

The prevailing mechanisms for halogen and phosphorusflame retardancy are reviewed. Halogens act in the vapourphase and phosphorus can act in either the vapour orcondensed phase depending on the specific phosphoruscompound and the chemical composition of the polymer.Halogen-antimony synergy is discussed. Convincingevidence is presented for bromine-phosphorus synergyin specific polymers. The mode of decomposition ofpolycarbonate is shown and the effect of salts of organicacids in changing the mode of decomposition henceproducing a more flame resistant polymer is shown.Intumescence in polyolefins is discussed. Inorganic metalhydrates used in large concentration cool byendothermically releasing a large concentration of water.The effects of boron compounds are discussed. Methodsof smoke suppression are presented as is the role of zincborate, molybdenum and tin compounds acting as Lewisacids in PVC. 31 refs.USA

Accession no.617495

Item 361Masterbatch ’95. Conference proceedings.Basel, 20th-22nd June 1995, Paper 10HALOGEN FREE FLAME RETARDANTS FORTHERMOPLASTIC COMPOUNDS-NEWPRODUCTS BASED ON ATH AND MAGNESIUMHYDROXIDE OFFER OPPORTUNITIES IN THEMARKET PLACEKirschbaum GMartinswerk GmbH(Applied Market Information)

An overview of the function and advantages of halogenfree flame retardants based on aluminium hydroxide(ATH) and magnesium hydroxide is presented. The flameretardancy of halogen and non halogen products arecompared and the influence of filler parameters (e.g.filling level, particle size and shape) for ATH and Mghydroxides discussed. A variety of applications are thenmentioned which demonstrate the versatility of such“active” fillers. Due to very intensive research anddevelopment unbelievable progress has been made inareas that seemed to be closed for compounds with fillerloadings as high as 120 phr and higher. Applications citedinclude; wire and cable industry, automotive industry,public transport and electrical and electronics industry.BENELUX; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;FRANCE; GERMANY; SCANDINAVIA; UK; WESTERNEUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.616322

Item 362Plastics World54, No.12, Dec.1996, p.44-9

INTUMESCENTS, FR EFFICIENCY PACEFLAME RETARDANT GAINSMiller B

Advances in char-forming systems, improved efficiencyand UV stability from polymer and oligomer compoundsmade news at the recent meeting of the Fire RetardantChemicals Association. A novel intumescent system basedon expandable graphite flakes in a special intumescentcarrier resin was described in a joint paper by UCARCarbon and Georgia-Pacific Resins. Another paperfocused on the recyclability and processability of theammonium polyphosphate Hostaflam AP 750 in PP.

FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS ASSOCIATIONUSA

Accession no.615990

Item 363Materie Plastiche ed ElastomeriNo.4, April 1995, p.194-6ItalianLOW TOXICITY FLAME RETARDANTSEigenmann PVamp Tech

An examination is made of types of flame retardants usedin plastics compounds produced by Vamp Tech of Italyfor use in electrical applications, and designed to giveslow flame propagation, low smoke density and toxicityof combustion gases, and good electrical properties. Dataare presented for oxygen index, toxicity index and smokedensity of compounds containing different flameretardants.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.611859

Item 364Flame Retardants ’96. Conference proceedings.London, 17th-18th Jan.1996, p.187-97. 54FFLAME RETARDED CARILONTHERMOPLASTIC POLYMER COMPOUNDSProctor M G; Londa M; Gingrich R P; Kormelink H GKoninklijke/Shell Laboratorium; Shell DevelopmentCo.; Shell Louvain-la-Neuve(Institute of Materials; British Plastics Federation;APME)

Advances in catalyst technology by Shell Research haveresulted in the ability to copolymerise carbon monoxidewith alpha-olefin comonomers into perfectly alternatingaliphatic polyketone thermoplastic polymers. Aliphaticpolyketones will be marketed by Shell internationalChemicals under the trade name Carilon. The firstcommercially available aliphatic polyketone, made bycopolymerisation of carbon monoxide with a mixture ofethylene and a minor amount of propylene, has thermaland mechanical properties which place it in the class of



the engineering thermoplastics. Product developmentwork at Shell Laboratories in Europe and the USA hasshown that Carilon can be flame retarded with remarkablylow loading levels of inorganic flame retardant additives,such as magnesium hydroxide. In contrast, at least 50%wt. magnesium hydroxide is required in polyamidecompounds to prevent dripping and to achieve a similarlevel of flame retardancy. It has long been recognised thatthe efficiency with which a polymer can be flame retardedis related to its inherent tendency to char. Some typicalproperties of flame retarded Carilon compounds areillustrated and compared to those of polyamidecompounds flame retarded with magnesium hydroxide.4 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.611114

Item 365Flame Retardants ’96. Conference proceedings.London, 17th-18th Jan.1996, p.157-72. 54FPVC CABLE SHEATHING WITH IMPROVEDSMOKE CHARACTERISTICSHerbert M JAlcan Chemicals Ltd.(Institute of Materials; British Plastics Federation;APME)

The use of antimony trioxide in flexible PVC has been awell established system for cable sheathing over manyyears, giving excellent fire performance and mechanicalproperties. However, acid gas evolution and high smokelevels have been the main disadvantages. The use of flameretardant and smoke suppressant fillers both as singleadditives and in combinations to optimise fire, smoke andmechanical properties is explored. Antimony, molybdenum,zinc, boron, tin, and aluminium compounds are studied.Various useful interactions are discovered. 9 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.611112

Item 366Flame Retardants ’96. Conference proceedings.London, 17th-18th Jan.1996, p.133-43. 54FPHOSPHORUS FLAME RETARDANTS FORPOLYURETHANES - REQUIREMENTS ANDTECHNICAL SOLUTIONSJung S; Sicken MHoechst AG(Institute of Materials; British Plastics Federation;APME)

PU materials are employed in many fields of applicationwhere flame retardant treatment is required. Significantexamples of these are insulating materials made of rigidPU foam for construction purposes and upholsterymaterials based on flexible foam for furniture and car

seats. There is an increasing demand for products thatcontain phosphorus as the sole active element, especiallyin view of their major advantage of having low smokedensities, smoke toxicity and corrosivity in the event of afire. The crucial factor in the success of phosphorus-containing products is their adaptation to the specificrequirements for the end uses. Whereas, for example, inthe fields of PU casting resins, flexible polyester foam orrigid integral foam red phosphorus or ammoniumpolyphosphate dispersions have been used for years inlarge quantities, in other fields of application intensivedevelopment work is still needed to establish phosphorusflame retardants on a permanent basis. An attempt is madeto demonstrate by means of product and formulationdevelopments solutions based on phosphorus-containingflame retardants to problems in the important PU fieldsof flexible polyether and rigid foam. 5 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.611111

Item 367Flame Retardants ’96. Conference proceedings.London, 17th-18th Jan.1996, p.107-14. 54FFLAME RETARDANT POLYPROPYLENE: NEWAPPROACH THAT ENHANCES FORM,FUNCTION AND PROCESSINGSquires G EFMC Corp.(Institute of Materials; British Plastics Federation;APME)

A melt blendable phosphorus/bromine flame retardant forPP fibres and injection moulding is introduced. The meltblendable character combined with no need for theaddition of a synergist allows for enhanced processingand the production of fine denier PP fibres. Consistent,high quality injection moulded parts with V-2 ratings areeasily achieved with minimal loading and the use of asynergist. Flame retarded PP fabric, woven and non-woven, as well as carpet, can now provide all of thebenefits of PP with the added value of a durable flameretardant system.. The market opportunities for PP willbe significantly expanded by way of this new flameretardant particularly in the areas of automotive, industrialand institutional applications. Concentrates up to 33% areeasily prepared. Let down to finished products results inproducts with exact, consistent flammability properties.Light stability is easily achieved with standard stabilisersallowing products to be used in the most exactingenvironments and applications. Complete compatibilitywith PP results in the retention of properties and theabsence of any plate-out. The overall physical propertiesof the flame retardant, preparation and let down ofconcentrates, processing fibres and moulded parts,physical and flammability testing are discussed. 1 ref.USA

Accession no.611109



Item 368Flame Retardants ’96. Conference proceedings.London, 17th-18th Jan.1996, p.79-90. 54FBENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF BROMINATEDFLAME RETARDANTS IN POLYMERICSYSTEMSSmith R; Utevskii L; Muskatel M; Finberg I;Scheinart Y; Georlette PDead Sea Bromine Group Ltd.(Institute of Materials; British Plastics Federation;APME)

A new generation of brominated flame retardants recentlyintroduced for plastics applications is claimed to offeradditional benefits widening the usage of the hostpolymeric systems. Oligomers and non polymericbrominated flame retardants with appropriate softeningtemperatures provide processing aid effects and betterflow properties. Reduced cycle times during injectionmoulding are possible with these flame retardants andthey enable production of parts with thinner wall.Polymeric brominated flame retardants have been shownto increase heat distortion temperature in polypropylenebased compounds. Improved thermal stability in severalplastics has been observed when these flame retardantsare used. Brominated acrylate polymer is an excellentcoupling agent between plastic and fibre or fillerreinforcement. This results in better retention of tensileproperties and freedom from blooming in the end-product.Last but not least, a less known positive aspect ofbrominated flame retardants is the significant reductionof smoke toxicity under fire conditions. 2 refs.ISRAEL

Accession no.611107

Item 369Flame Retardants ’96. Conference proceedings.London, 17th-18th Jan.1996, p.57-69. 54FCONE CALORIMETER STUDIES OFPOLYMERS CONTAINING TIN-BASED FIRERETARDANTSCusack P AITRI Ltd.(Institute of Materials; British Plastics Federation;APME)

Inorganic tin compounds, including zinc hydroxystannate(ZHS) and zinc stannate (ZS), have found commercialuse as fire-retardant additives in polymeric materials.Recent interest in these additives has largely concernedtheir potential as non-toxic replacements for antimonytrioxide (Sb2O3) in halogen-containing formulations.Cone Calorimeter studies have been undertaken tocompare the fire-retardant properties of tin compoundswith those of Sb2O3 in chlorinated and brominatedpolyester resins and in plastics containing halogenatedflame retardants. In general, whereas Sb2O3 is moreeffective in delaying ignition, tin additives are superior

with regard to reducing heat release rates and suppressingsmoke generation. These findings are fully consistent withthe contrasting fire-retardant mechanisms associated withthe inorganic synergists. Cone calorimetry data are alsopresented for flexible PVC formulations containing ITRI’srecently developed coated fillers, a series of novel fire-retardant additives comprising coatings of ZHS or ZS oninorganic fillers such as aluminium trihydrate andmagnesium hydroxide. 18 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.611106

Item 370Rubber Technology International1996, p.68-72PORTAFLAMEPluhar SAnkerpoort NV

Combining magnesium hydroxide with Portaflame C(naturally occurring calcium borate) shows a synergy inthe flame retardancy of pyrolysis products as tested bythe cone calorimeter method. The combined fillerdecreases the rate of heat release and smoke evolutionwhen compared with compounds filled with magnesiumhydroxide only. This comprehensive article supplies adetailed analysis of the experiments and test results ofPortaflame C mineral flame retardants/synergists fromAnkerpoort NV. 7 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.610798

Item 371Reinforced Plastics40, No.11, Nov.1996, p.52-3MAKING POLYESTER MORE FIRE RESISTANTWeaver A

A number of new products have recently been launchedwhich improve the fire properties of polyester composites.Alcan Chemicals is installing a plant for full-scaleproduction of the new BACO CV and ULV grades ofaluminium trihydroxide fillers for thermoset resinsystems. Huber Engineered Minerals has developedsurface modified ATH grades, Hymod, to aid processingor improve physical, electrical or chemical resistantproperties. Technical Fibre products is supplementing itsrange of non-woven tissues and mats for the compositesindustry with the addition of Kofire intumescents.WORLD

Accession no.610682



Item 372Journal of Fire Sciences14, No.5, Sept./Oct.1996, p.353-66REVIEW OF PHOSPHORUS-CONTAININGFLAME RETARDANTSGreen JFMC Corp.

The chemical structure and major applications ofphosphorus-containing flame retardants, including redphosphorus, inorganic phosphates, organophosphoruscompounds and chlorophosphorus compounds, arereviewed. Producers in the U.S., Western Europe andJapan are listed, together with the trade names they use.Intumescent phosphorus systems and compounds are alsodiscussed. 11 refs.JAPAN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.609535

Item 373Antec ’96. Volume III. Conference proceedings.Indianapolis, 5th-10th May 1996, p.3004-7POLYDIBROMOSTYRENE: FLAMERETARDANT FOR PLASTICSZingde GGreat Lakes Chemical Corp.(SPE)

Flame retardant plastics are commonly used for electricaland electronic applications. These materials are oftenprocessed at high temperatures, and therefore imposingdemanding requirements on the flame retardants used.The performance of two polymeric flame retardants,polydibromostyrene and brominated polystyrene, iscompared in common engineering plastics. 1 ref.USA

Accession no.609080

Item 374Fire & Materials20, No.4, July-Aug.1996, p.183-90MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PHOSPHORUS-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS IN NYLON-6. III.AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE(APP)/MANGANESE DIOXIDELevchik S V; Levchik G F; Camino G; Costa L;Lesnikovich A IByelorussian,State University; Torino,Universita

Partial substitution of APP by manganese dioxide inpolyamide-6 fire-retarded with 20% of APP stronglyincreased the fire retardant effect. ‘Linear pyrolysis’experiments, which were modified cone calorimeter tests,showed an increase in the amount and an improvementof the shielding properties of the intumescent char formedon the surface of burning polymer. The enhancement ofthe yield of aliphatic-aromatic char stable to oxidationwas observed in TGA under air. The fire retardant actionof an APP/manganese dioxide mixture in polyamide-6

was twofold. This additive promoted involvement of thepolymer in the charring and the manganese phosphateglasses formed improved the thermally-insulatingproperties of the intumescent char on the surface ofburning polyamide-6. 26 refs.BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; CIS; COMMONWEALTH OFINDEPENDENT STATES; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.605705

Item 375British Plastics and RubberSept.1996, p.40KEEPING FIRE AT BAY WITHOUTCORROSION OR TOXICITYAntonio BRadici Novacips

The traditional methods of flame-retarding nylons usinghalogen or phosphorus based compounds are today lessacceptable for environmental reasons. The workingprinciples and combustion effects of halogenated,phosphorus and inorganic retardants are outlined. TheRadiflam FR family of self-extinguishing nylons fromRadici Novacips uses a combination of synergistic agentsto produce a self-extinguishing, thermally stable systemup to temperatures of 380-400C. The Radiflam FR rangecovers both PA6 and PA66, from zero to 35% glass fibrereinforced, in all colours. Mechanical, electrical andcombustion properties of Radiflam materials arepresented.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.604024

Item 376Kunststoffe Plast Europe86, 7, July 1996, p.12-3FLAME RETARDANTSTroitzch JDr.Troitzch Brandschutz & Umweltschutz Service

Developments in flame retardants are reviewed andstatistics are included to demonstrate their consumptionworldwide by type for 1993. The most important typesof flame retardants are described and their specific modesof action. New developments are reported to beconcentrated on highly effective, high temperatureresistant, low emission systems based on bromine,phosphorous and nitrogen containing flame retardants,as well as inorganic metal oxides and hydroxides. 10 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.603906

Item 377Fire & Materials20, No.3, May/June 1996, p.145-54



ZEOLITES: NEW SYNERGISTIC AGENTS FORINTUMESCENT FIRE RETARDANTTHERMOPLASTIC FORMULATIONS -CRITERIA FOR THE CHOICE OF THE ZEOLITEBourbigot S; Le Bras M; Breant P; Tremillon J M;Delobel RLille,Universite des Sciences et Technologies; ElfAtochem; CREPIM

The addition of zeolites to intumescent formulations ofthermoplastics polymers (containing ammoniumpolyphosphate and pentaerythritol) was shown to lead toa marked improvement in their fire retardant performance.A classification of different groups (A, X, Y, Mordeniteand ZSM-5) was developed. The influence of thephysicochemical properties of the zeolites was examined.Thermogravimetric analyses revealed that the zeolitecould act as a catalyst for the development of theintumescent carbonaceous material and could stabilise thecarbonaceous residue, resulting in the degradation of theintumescent shield. Studies by magic angle spinning/aluminium-27 and silicon-29 NMR indicated thatalumino- and silicophosphate species formed werecatalysts which were active for the synthesis of aprotective carbon-based material. 37 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.600888

Item 378Composites Plastiques Renforces Fibres de VerreTextileNo.8, March/April 1995, p.76-84French; GermanNEW GENERATION OF FLAME RETARDANTGRP FORMULATIONSZwecker J; Buhl D; Eckel A; Begemann M; Kuhfusz RBASF AG; Mitras Kunststoffe GmbH; Fibron GmbH

The use of aluminium trihydrate (ATH) as a flameretardant in glass fibre-reinforced unsaturated polyesterSMC and BMC formulations is discussed. Flammabilitytests for moulded components used in the buildingindustry and in aircraft and rail vehicles are described,and some test results are presented for formulationscontaining different levels of ATH.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.595300

Item 379Macromolecular SymposiaVol.108, May 1996, p.221-9PRODUCTION OF CARBONATES ANDHYDRATES AND THEIR USE AS FLAMERETARDANT FILLERSRothon R NManchester,Metropolitan University

Flame retardant fillers are of growing importance as theydo not give the high smoke and corrosive gas emissionsassociated with some other flame retardants. The basiccharacteristics of a flame retardant filler are described,together with the manufacture of the principal commercialtypes (aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, basicmagnesium carbonate). Experimental results are presentedto demonstrate that the flame retardant effect is morecomplex than predicted by a simple endothermicdecomposition model. 11 refs. (EUROFILLERS 95, JointMeeting of MOFFIS and FILPLAS on Fillers and FilledPolymers, Mulhouse, France, Sept.1995)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.594231

Item 380Macromolecular SymposiaVol.108, May 1996, p.203-19APPLICATION OF HYDRATED MINERALFILLERS AS FIRE RETARDANT AND SMOKESUPPRESSING ADDITIVES FOR POLYMERSHornsby P RBrunel University

The characteristics of hydrated mineral fillers arediscussed with particular reference to their use as fireretardant additives for polymers. The emphasis is on theirmode of action and criteria which influence theirperformance, both in reducing polymer flammability andin suppressing smoke evolution during combustion.Methods for reducing the adverse effect of these additiveson mechanical properties of the host polymer are alsoconsidered. 36 refs. (EUROFILLERS 95, Joint Meetingof MOFFIS and FILPLAS on Fillers and Filled Polymers,Mulhouse, France, Sept.1995)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.594230

Item 381Fire & Materials20, No.1, Jan.-Feb. 1996, p.39-49MINERAL FILLERS IN INTUMESCENT FIRERETARDANT FORMULATIONS. CRITERIAFOR THE CHOICE OF A NATURAL CLAYFILLER FOR THE AMMONIUMPOLYPHOSPHATE/PENTAERYTHRITOL/PPSYSTEMLe Bras M; Bourbigot SUSTL

Details are given of the effect of natural clay filler inintumescent PP-based formulations containingammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol on fireretardant performances. 33 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.591938



Item 382International Journal of Polymer Analysis andCharacterization2, No.3, 1996, p.193-202COMBINED ACTION OF HUNTITE ANDHYDROMAGNESITE FOR REDUCINGFLAMMABILITY OF AN ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE COPOLYMERToure B; Lopez-Cuesta J; Benhassaine A; Crespy AAles,Ecole des Mines

The flammability of a filled ethylene-propylenecopolymer is discussed. A mineral filler with 40% ofhydromagnesite and 60% of huntite by weight is used asa flame retardant. Some burning characteristics andmechanical properties were studied in relation to theamount of incorporation. Flammability was measured bythe oxygen index method, the dripping test and the rateof spread of flame test. Thermal degradation wasinvestigated by DSC and TGA in combination with DTA.13 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.589846

Item 383Speciality Chemicals16, No.2, March/April 1996, p.53NEW GRADE OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDELAUNCHED

Product details are described for a new grade of antimonytrioxide for use as a flame retardant. Triox Plus has beendeveloped by Mines de la Lucette to meet the growingdemands within the American and Japanese markets fromconverters for improved quality. Standard Triox iscompared with the new product in terms of particle size,crystallography, rheology, pigmentation, chemicalcomposition, and handling.

MINES DE LA LUCETTE; CHEMOX LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.589768

Item 384Fire & Materials19, No.6, Nov.-Dec.1995, p.283-5STUDIES ON MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE INPOLYPROPYLENE USING SIMULTANEOUSTHERMOGRAVIMETRY-DIFFERENTIALSCANNING CALORIMETRY(TGA-DSC)Larcey P A; Redfern J P; Bell G MRheometric Scientific

A simultaneous TGA-DSC system (STA-625) was usedto investigate the suitability of using magnesiumhydroxide as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant inPP formulations. Several magnesium hydroxide/PPformulations were examined at differing concentrations.

The presence of magnesium hydroxide in the systemgreatly altered the thermal degradation character of PP.This study forms the first in a series of application notesusing various Rheometrics Scientific Thermal Analysisinstruments. 10 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.589095

Item 385Polyurethanes ’95. Conference Proceedings.Chicago, Il., 26th-29th Sept.1995, p.47-50. 43C6100% CARBON DIOXIDE BLOWN CLASS 1FLAME RATED POLYURETHANE FOAMMirasol S M; Bhattacharjee D; Williams S JDow Chemical Co.(SPI,Polyurethane Div.)

The development and testing of carbon dioxide blown,flame retardant PU foams are described. Foams with aclass 1 flame rating were obtained by the use of aromaticpolyols and a phosphate flame retardant. The foams haddensities of around 2.4 pcf, showed good compressionstrength and dimensional stability, and could be processedwithout any modification of existing equipment. 7 refs.USA

Accession no.588927

Item 386International Polymer Science and Technology22, No.11, 1995, p.T/7-9FLAME RETARDANT ADDITIVES FROMCONSTAB POLYMER-CHEMIE

The function and mechanism of fire retardants in polymersis studied, and the different types available. These arebroadly classified as reactive and additive types.Processing of flame retardant agents is discussed, anddetails are given of the range of products and servicesoffered by Constab Polymer-Chemie. These includemasterbatches and concentrates. Translated from GummiFasern Kunststoffe, No.10, 1995, p.695.

CONSTAB POLYMER-CHEMIE GMBHEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.588411

Item 387Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology2, No.1, March 1996, p.69-75THE TECHNOLOGY OF HALOGEN-FREEFLAME RETARDANT PHOSPHOROUSADDITIVES FOR POLYMERIC SYSTEMSDavis JAlbright & Wilson UK Ltd.

The range of different types of phosphorus-based flameretardant additives is shown to offer an alternative to



traditional halogenated flame retardance, with good flameretardance achieved in most common thermoplastics.Since they function in the solid phase the flame retardantmechanism commonly involves the formation of a char.The range of phosphorus-based flame retardants isdiscussed, and includes the element itself, amorphous redphosphorus, and specialty organophosphorus compounds,and examples of their use in a range of thermoplasticsare given, along with intumescent formulations based onphosphates. The behaviour of a typical intumescentsystem is described with respect to flame retardantperformance, thermal stability, water sensitivity, and fillercompatibility. 12 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.588375

Item 388Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology2, No.1, March 1996, p.63-8THE INFLUENCE OF FLAME RETARDANTSTRUCTURE ON UV STABILISATIONAPPROACHES IN PPGray R L; Lee R E; Sanders B MGreat Lakes Chemical Corp.

UV stabilisation of polypropylene fibre containingbrominated flame retardants has been the focus of intensetechnical efforts, with only limited success, it is reported.Key issues for flame retardant PP fibre are processability,co-additive interactions and economics, it is suggested.The flame retardant structure affects both optimal spinningconditions and selection of stabiliser type andconcentrations since acid generated by the flameretardants deactivates hindered amine light stabilisers(HALS), thus severely reducing the HALS’ effectiveness.Evaluation of structure-performance characteristics ofboth flame retardants and stabilisers allows developmentof packages which optimise processability, flameretardance, and UV stability. 11 refs.USA

Accession no.588374

Item 389International Journal of Polymeric Materials32, Nos.1-4, 1996, p.213-20NEW TYPES OF ECOLOGICALLY SAFE FLAMERETARDANT SYSTEMS FOR POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATELomakin S M; Zaikov G E; Artesis M IRussian Academy of Sciences

The addition of silica gels is explored to develop anenvironmentally friendly flame retardant PMMA system.9 refs.RUSSIA

Accession no.588248

Item 390International Journal of Polymeric Materials32, Nos.1-4, 1996, p.173-202ADVANCES IN NYLON 6,6 FLAME RETARDANCYLomakin S M; Zaikov G E; Artesis M IRussian Academy of Sciences

The development of an ecologically safe flame retardantsystem for nylon 6,6 remains a major problem of thepolymer industry. This study reviews three approaches:the increase of char by addition of polyvinyl alcohol, thesuppression of combustion in gaseous phase by additionof melamine cyanurate, and the combination of charincrease and flame suppression by addition of various Si-inorganic systems. 17 refs.RUSSIA

Accession no.588246

Item 391Particulate-Filled Polymer Composites.Harlow, Longman, 1995, p.207-34. 51EFFECTS OF PARTICULATE FILLERS ON FLAMERETARDANT PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITESRothon R NManchester,Metropolitan University; RothonConsultantsEdited by: Rothon R N(Manchester,Metropolitan University; RothonConsultants)

The flame retardant and smoke suppressant effects offillers in polymers are examined, with particular emphasison metal hydroxides and carbonates. Tests for theflammability and smoke and gas emission of filledpolymers are described and illustrated by reference to anumber of scientific studies. Mechanistic studiesinvolving modelling of the oxygen index test and theapplication of thermal analysis techniques are alsoreviewed. 36 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.586697

Item 392Kunststoffe Plast Europe86, No.2, Feb.1996, p.34-6HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANTSWalz R; Schulz C; Sicken MHoechst AG

Flame retardants for rigid PU foams are of extremeimportance in insulating materials for the buildingindustry. Hostaflam AP 422 ammonium polyphosphateis a halogen-free flame retardant that is migration stable.It has no effect on the properties of the foam. Translatedfrom Kunststoffe, 86, No.2, 1996, p.230-5EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.584789



Item 393Polymer Additives for Injection Moulding andExtrusion Applications. Retec proceedings.White Haven, Pa., 18th-19th Oct.1995, p.211-28. 5EXPANDABLE GRAPHITE CONTAININGFLAME RETARDANTSFukuda T; Hamada A; Stockel R FTosoh Corp.; Tosoh USA Inc.(SPE,Lehigh Valley Section; SPE,Polymer Modifiers &Additives Div.)

Tosoh’s new, non-halogen flame retardant product line isdesignated the Flamecut GREP series. There are basicallytwo types, each containing expandable graphite with eitherammonium polyphosphate or modified red phosphorus.Both types have excellent flame retardancy and heatstability. 2 refs.USA

Accession no.584091

Item 394AddCon ’95: Worldwide Additives & PolymerModifiers Conference. Conference Proceedings.Basel, 5th-6th April 1995, paper 17, pp.6. 5WIRE AND CABLE COMPOUNDS USING AMIXTURE OF CHLORINATED ORGANIC ANDINORGANIC FLAME RETARDANTSMarkezich R LOccidental Chemical Corp.(Rapra Technology Ltd.; Catalyst Consultants Inc.)

The development of a flame retardant wire and cableformulation which is said to produce less smoke andcorrosivity during combustion is discussed in some detail.The formulation used in this study is reported to containDechlorane Plus chlorinated flame retardant and Zerogen35 magnesium hydroxide. Ethylene vinyl acetatecopolymer was used as the polyolefin in the evaluations.6 refs.USA

Accession no.583819

Item 395SPI Composite Institute 50th Annual Conference.Conference Proceedings.Cincinnati, Oh., 30th Jan-1st Feb.1995, paper 1E. 627NEW GENERATION OF ALUMINATRIHYDRATES FOR THERMOSETSChaplin DAlcan Chemicals Inc.(SPI,Composites Institute)

A new series of alumina trihydrate grades for use as flameretardants in thermoset resins is described which giveimproved flammability and processability properties thantraditional ground grades. The main advantage is easierprocessing through lower viscosity. Other advantagesdemonstrated include faster cure times, cheaper

formulations, and the possibility of reaching higher levelsof flame retardancy. This approach can be used for avariety of performance, processing and cost objectives inalumina trihydrate filled resin systems. 6 refs.USA

Accession no.582925

Item 396Antec 95. Volume III. Conference proceedings.Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.3544-48. 012PHOSPHATE ESTER FLAME RETARDANTSFOR ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTICSGreen JFMC Corp.(SPE)

Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and alkylated triphenylphosphates are used commercially to flame retardmodified PPO and polycarbonate/ABS blends. Phosphateesters are efficient flame retardants for these resins andproducts with UL-94 V-0 ratings at 1.6 mm can beobtained. Triaryl phosphate esters are thermally stable atthe processing temperature of these polymers, but theyare volatile and condense on the moulds and mouldedparts. This phenomenon is known as juicing. If the flameretardant condenses and wets the moulding in a stressedarea, the part can stress crack. Resorcinol diphosphate(RDP) is a more efficient flame retardant than TPP oralkylated TPPs in part due to its higher phosphoruscontent. The use of RDP in modified PPO and variouspolycarbonate/ABS blends is evaluated. 6 refs.USA

Accession no.577502

Item 397Antec 95. Volume III. Conference proceedings.Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.3541-3. 012USE OF NON-ANTIMONY OXIDE SYNERGISTSWITH HALOGEN FLAME RETARDANTSMarkezich R L; Mundhenke R FOccidental Chemical Corp.(SPE)

The synergist antimony oxide, in conjunction withhalogenated flame retardants, has been used for years toimpart flame resistance to plastics. Today, many highlyefficient antimony/halogen systems are used to give flameresistance to a wide variety of polymers. Other completeor partial substitutes for antimony oxide in certainpolymers have been reported: they are ferric oxide, zincoxide, zinc borate and zinc stannate. Most of thesesynergists are effective with polyamides and epoxies whenusing a chlorinated flame retardant. Examples of thesesynergists, plus other synergists in polyamides, epoxies,PBTP and PETP with a chlorinated flame retardant, arepresented. 3 refs.USA

Accession no.577501



Item 398Plast Europe Kunststoffe7, No.2, Sept.1995, p.120/2POLYAMIDES WITH HALOGEN-FREE FLAMERETARDANTSGorrisen RBASF AG

Methods of producing flame retardant polyamides areexamined with reference to the need for halogen-freecompounds. The use of red phosphorous and melaminederivatives is discussed, along with their shortcomings.The development is described of a polyamide which notonly contains a halogen-free flame retardant, but whichcan also be produced in a light colour, achieved by theuse of a specially pretreated magnesium hydroxide.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.574757

Item 399Reinforced Plastics39, No.11, Nov.1995, p.34-7HALOGEN-FREE UP CHALLENGESPHENOLICS IN RAILWAYSBrown N; Linnert EMartinswerke GmbH; BYK Chemie GmbH

The smoke and toxic fumes generated when halogenatedunsaturated polyester composites burn makes themunacceptable in railways. This article describes howMartinswerk and BYK-Chemie, together with resinproducers, combined to develop halogen-free, fireretarded polyester composites. These composites achievefire performance which until now was only possible usingphenolics. These UP composites are based on the use ofMartinal ON-921, aluminium hydroxide, as the fireretardant in combination with the wetting and dispersingadditives from BYK-Chemie.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.574564

Item 400Antec ’95. Vol.II. Conference Proceedings.Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.2351-6. 012DEVELOPMENT OF FLAME RETARDANTALIPHATIC POLYKETONE COMPOUNDSLonda M; Gingrich R P; Kormelink H G; Proctor M GShell Development Co.; Shell Research SA;Koninklijke/Shell Laboratorium(SPE)

Magnesium hydroxide and partially hydrated magnesiumcalcium carbonate were evaluated as flame retardants inunreinforced and glass fibre-reinforced aliphaticpolyketones based on terpolymers of ethylene, propyleneand carbon monoxide, and the effectiveness of theseadditives was compared with that of calcium carbonate.

The flammability characteristics and mechanical andelectrical properties of injection moulded specimens wereinvestigated. 7 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.571332

Item 401Antec ’95. Vol.II. Conference Proceedings.Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.1946-8. 012EFFECT OF HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATUREON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PC ANDPC/ABSWang C HCompaq Computer Corp.(SPE)

Izod impact and puncture tests were carried out onspecimens of polycarbonate (PC) and PC/ABS blendscontaining phosphor, bromine and bromine/phosphorflame retardants and which had been aged undercontrolled temperature and humidity conditions. Thereduction in strength increased with increasingtemperature and humidity, and appeared to be stronglyrelated to the flame retardant packages used. Materialscontaining phosphor alone were affected much more thanthose containing bromine or bromine/phosphor. This wasprobably due to a reduction in the molecular weight ofPC caused by the hydrolysis of the phosphor flameretardant. 1 ref.USA

Accession no.568204

Item 402Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe48, No.7-8, July/Aug.1995, p.512-4MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE FOR FLAMERETARDANT AND SMOKE SUPPRESSIONAPPLICATIONGeorlette P; Reznik E; Kalisky ODead Sea Bromine Group; Dead Sea Periclase Ltd.

Magnesium hydroxide is an effective non-corrosive flameretardant and a smoke suppressant. Dead Sea MFRproduce material made by the Aman process which givesphysical characteristics ideally suited for incorporationinto the polymer matrix. In addition, a range of coatingscan be applied to improve compatibility with specificpolymers. Examples are provided for the use of thesegrades of magnesium hydroxide in EVA, EPDM and PVC.1 ref.ISRAEL

Accession no.559847



Item 403Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology1, No.2, June 1995, p.94-7FLAME RETARDANT PERFORMANCE OF AMODIFIED ALUMINIUM TRIHYDROXIDEWITH INCREASED THERMAL STABILITYStinson J M; Horn W EAluminum Co.of America

A modified form of aluminium trihydroxide (ATH) wassynthesised that is thermally stable to approximately 350C. Flame retardant and smoke generation performance tolow melting temperature thermoplastics, e.g. PVC, PP andethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, are comparable tounmodified ATH. The increased thermal stability enablesthis material to be used in thermoplastics with highermelting temperatures, e.g. polycarbonate, PBTP, andpolyphenylene oxide, where ATH cannot be used. 4 refs.USA

Accession no.558187

Item 404International Journal of Polymeric Materials29, Nos.3-4, 1995, p.139-45EFFECT OF FLAME RETARDANT TREATMENTON THE THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OFSOME LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIALSGarba B; Zuru A A; Hassan L GUsmanu Danfodiyo,University

Effect of ammonium cupric chloride dihydrate as a flameretardant on the thermal characteristics of somelignocellulosic materials were presented. Their flamepropagation rate and afterglow time were drasticallyreduced as a result of this treatment. Increase in charformation was also noted. Gravimetric analysis showedthat this retardant acted by the condensed phase, andvapour phase mechanisms. 5 refs.NIGERIA

Accession no.558153

Item 405Speciality Chemicals15, No.3, May/June 1995, p.159-60CHLORINATED PARAFFIN FLAMERETARDANT FOR PLASTICS AND RUBBERSCook RICI Chlor-Chemicals

The use of Cereclor chlorinated paraffin flame retardantsfor plastics and elastomeric materials is discussed withparticular reference to types of chlorinated paraffins,combination of paraffin feedstocks, physical properties,mechanism of action, rigourous fire retardant standards,combustion conditions, grade selection, thermal stability,and applications.USA

Accession no.555297

Item 406Journal of Applied Polymer Science56, No.8, 23rd May 1995, p.925-33PARADOXICAL FLAME-RETARDANT EFFECTOF NITRATES IN ATH-FILLED ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMERWeiming Zhu; Weil E DNew York,Polytechnic University

In the course of a study of metal salts as flame retardants,it was found that metal nitrates reduced the flammabilityof aluminium trihydrate-filled ethylene-vinyl acetatecopolymer. The limiting oxygen index of aluminiumtrihydrate-filled ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer wasincreased by the nitrates. The effects were not caused bythe water of hydration. All metal nitrates except sodiumnitrate reached a UL 94 V-2 rating at 3 phr. Based onTGA, DSC, FTIR, and gas detection, the proposedmechanism of the flame retardant effect of nitrates is theoxidative degradation of the polymer to produce non-combustible products (carbon dioxide and nitrogenoxides) at a rate sufficient to interfere with the normalcombustion process despite the exothermicity of theoxidative degradation. It is possible that the surfacecarboxylic acid structures also contribute to the flameretardant effect. 13 refs.USA

Accession no.551588

Item 407Journal of Fire Sciences13, No.3, May/June 1995, p.224-34EFFECT OF ZINC, ZINC OXIDE AND ZINCBORATE ON THE FLAMMABILITY OFPOLYCARBONATEBenrashid R; Nelson G L; Ferm D J; Chew L WFlorida,Institute of Technology; US Borax Inc.

Blends of zinc/polycarbonate and especially zinc borate/polycarbonate show major improvement in oxygenvalues. Ohio State University (OSU) heat release studiesshow reduction in heat release only for zinc borate/polycarbonate blends compared with virginpolycarbonate. No improvement in smoke suppressionwas observed from NBS Smoke Chamber studies for theseblends. From DSC studies there was a lowering of Tgs.TGAs showed that the blends have lower temperaturestability in nitrogen (50% weight loss) compared with acontrol. 2 refs.USA

Accession no.551531

Item 408Speciality Chemicals15, No.1, Feb.1995, p.80/5PHOSPHORUS-BROMINE FLAME RETARDANTSYNERGY IN POLYCARBONATESGreen J



FMC Corp.,Polymer Additives Div.

This comprehensive article investigates the flameretardancy of various blends of phosphorus-brominecombinations in polycarbonate systems, and claims havebeen made for synergy. A brominated phosphate wasfound to be a very effective flame retardant, far more sothan an all-bromine or all-phosphorus flame retardant.Comprehensive data on all flame retardant combinationsare supplied. 11 refs.USA

Accession no.550024

Item 409Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology1, No.1, March 1995, p.51-4DEVELOPMENT OF IMPACT MODIFIED,FLAME RETARDANT POLYBUTYLENETEREPHTHALATE FORMULATIONSSmith B V; Wiseman D K; Crook E HRohm & Haas Co.

The effect of melt blending core-shell impact modifiers(EXL-3330, acrylic and EXL-3647 MBS) and flameretardants (polypentabromobenzyl acrylate(FR-1025) and40-60,000 molec.wt. brominated epoxy resin(F-2400)) onthe physical properties of polybutylene terephthalate(PBT)was determined using antimony oxide(AO) as a flameretardant synergist and Teflon 60 as an anti-drip agent. Themain objectives of the study were to develop formulationshaving maximum impact strength while maintaining a V-0UL-94 flammability rating. Good impact strength andflammability performance were achieved in the modifiedFR-PBT systems at 20% impact modifier concentration,13.5% and 12% F-2400 and FR-1025 concentrations,respectively, a 3/1 FR/AO ratio and 1% Teflon 60concentration. 12 refs.USA

Accession no.549094

Item 410Journal of Fire Sciences13, No.2, March/April 1995, p.104-26FLAME-RETARDING PLASTICS ANDELASTOMERS WITH MELAMINEWeil E D; Choudhary VBrooklyn,Polytechnic University; Indian Institute ofTechnology

A review is presented of the patent and non-patentliterature on the use of melamine as a flame retardant inplastics and rubbers. Modes of action of melamine areconsidered. Applications of melamine in polyolefins,acetals, styrenic thermoplastics and blends thereof, vinyls,thermoplastic polyesters, unsaturated polyester resins,polyamides, epoxy resins and elastomers are discussed.Combustion product toxicity is mentioned. 130 refs.INDIA; USA

Accession no.547260

Item 411Journal of Fire Sciences13, No.1, Jan./Feb.1995, p.43-58MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PHOSPHORUS-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS IN NYLON 6. II.AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE/TALCLevchik S V; Levchik G F; Camino G; Costa LBelorussian,State University; Torino,Universita

Addition of talc to polyamide-6 fire retarded withammonium polyphosphate(APP) was shown to increasethe oxygen index and upgrade the UL94 ranking to classV0. A chemical reaction of APP with talc, detected in themixtures above 350C, prevented volatilisation ofpolyphosphoric acid and increased the amount ofthermally stable solid residue. The inorganic phosphatesthat were formed improved the insulating properties ofthe intumescent layer on the surface of burningpolyamide-6, as compared with the use of APP alone. 13refs.BELORUSSIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEANUNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.542485

Item 412Plastics World53, No.1, Jan.1995, p.38-40NEW TECHNOLOGY UNVEILED AT FRCAFALL MEETINGMiller B

Topics discussed at the recent Fire Retardant ChemicalsAssociation meeting included a highly fire resistantpolymer for aircraft interiors. Triazine polymers are beingexamined as an alternative to reinforced phenolics as thestructural skins of Nomex-core laminate. Tests suggestthat the time-to-flashover in a cabin fire might be doubledby sandwiching the Nomex core between FR triazine skinsinstead of phenolic. Hoechst AG has developed a newintumescent synergist for polyolefins, Hostaflam AP 750,that offers improved thermal stability and moistureresistance. Mydrin has developed a flame retardantcoating which is applied to the back surface of upholsteryfabric. When exposed to fire, Myflam EFF forms aninsulating char that prevents the flames from penetratingto the foam. The flammability requirements for computerand business machine enclosures were discussed.

FIRE RETARDANT CHEMICALS ASSN.USA

Accession no.539248

Item 413Munchen, Hanser C.,Verlag, 1983, pp.xv,500. DM.238.10ins. 2copies. 29/6/83. 968INTERNATIONAL PLASTICS FLAMMABILITYHANDBOOK: PRINCIPLES - REGULATIONS -TESTING AND APPROVALTroitzsch J;Haim J(transl.)



This handbook deals comprehensively with all aspectsof plastics flammability, from fundamentals to the detaileddescriptions and comparisons of national and internationalregulations, standards, test methods, product approvalprocedures for plastics, and plastic components in thevarious fields of application.WEST GERMANY

Accession no.236948

Subject Index


Subject Index

AABS, 23 63 117 130 134 158 160

163 167 184 190 206 215 238239 243 248 260 284 291 297299 307 314 317 329 330 336352 355 356 357 361 362 363396 401 403 408

ACID, 78 308ACID GENERATION, 388ACRYLATE, 14ACRYLIC, 244 299ACRYLIC ELASTOMER, 263ACRYLIC POLYMER, 224 309

368 409ADHESIVE, 1 32 54 145 181 207

263ADIPOSE TISSUE, 106AFTERGLOW, 261 263 391 404AGEING, 163 291 322 331 357

385 392 401AGEING RESISTANCE, 223 331AIR, 1 15 60 307 347 374 400AIR BARRIER, 156 363AIR CONVEYOR, 59AIR FLOW, 331AIR POLLUTION, 43 305AIRCRAFT, 1 378 413AIRCRAFT INTERIOR, 412ALKYD RESIN, 141ALKYL BROMIDE, 182ALKYLARYL PHOSPHATE, 352ALLERGEN, 21ALUMINA TRIHYDRATE, 5 27

38 59 90 91 116 139 153 156217 226 263 270 286 327 341391 395

ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE, 5 1227 38 49 53 59 71 88 90 91 116139 153 156 162 182 183 185212 217 219 226 231 234 240250 258 263 264 270 275 286294 298 327 341 361 371 375376 379 391 395 399 403

ALUMINIUM NITRATE, 406ALUMINIUM OXIDE, 91 264ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE, 18

57 60 85 89 94 140 186 208210 309 355 378 406

ALUMINIUM-27, 111 377AMINE, 35 78AMMONIA, 40 308 309AMMONIUM BORATE, 309AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE, 95

226 342 365

AMMONIUM NITRATE, 406AMMONIUM PENTABORATE,

228 277AMMONIUM

POLYPHOSPHATE, 4 10 16 3449 51 67 69 70 87 92 112 118121 166 194 197 200 219 326331 349 355 359 366 374 376377 381 386 391 392 411

AMMONIUM SULFAMATE, 30AMMONOLYSIS, 16ANALYSIS, 24 30 51 75 81 90 94

106 111 124 142 156 177 192193 194 204 209 255 256 271317 331 338 347 354 355 384385 391 400

ANIMAL TESTING, 21ANTI-DRIP AGENT, 386 409ANTIMONY, 151 153 199 308ANTIMONY COMPOUND, 313

378ANTIMONY OXIDE, 71 89 105

153 172 186 305 316 334 338352 397 409

ANTIMONY PENTOXIDE, 156314

ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE, 1 2 5 1153 60 68 91 95 104 136 153155 156 187 188 217 222 226252 263 264 270 275 280 289294 309 312 314 317 353 365369 376 383 386 391

ANTIMONY-FREE, 113 140ANTIOXIDANT, 1 13 28 63 66

244ARC RESISTANCE, 137 188 399AROMATIC, 15 68 177 232 330

335 356 385 386 388ARSENIC, 308ASH, 391ATOMIC EMISSION

SPECTROMETRY, 151AUDIO EQUIPMENT, 158 188AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION, 1

3 5 28 73 83 91 119 126 130143 153 154 158 159 183 223287 361 378 412

BBAN, 93 184 245BARIUM CHLORIDE, 304BARREL TEMPERATURE, 303BATTERY CASE, 102 300

BENZENE, 390BENZOATE ESTER, 154BIOACCUMULATION, 43 58 83

120 296 301BIOCIDE, 21BIODETERIORATION, 83 120BISDIBROMOPROPYLETHER,

68BISETHYLHEXYL

PHTHALATE, 2BISMUTH, 341BISPENTABROMOPHENYL

ETHANE, 79 133BISPHENOL A, 20 345BISPHENOL A BISDIPHENYL

PHOSPHATE, 167BISTRIBROMOPHENOXY

ETHANE, 317BLEND, 1 11 15 46 55 59 63 65 98

101 102 117 130 135 152 158160 166 167 169 182 184 193198 199 225 238 239 243 260290 292 300 307 329 330 335352 353 354 356 358 363 373390 396 401 407 408 409 410

BLENDING, 263 328BLOOMING, 1 362 412BLOW MOULDING, 55BLOWING AGENT, 1 45 48 54 64

154 200 324 331 335 385BLOWN FILM, 412BOEHMITE, 91BORATE, 228 270 277 308 309

320BORON, 89 153 203 309 360BORON COMPOUND, 70 156

189BORONIC ACID, 189BOROSILOXANE, 70BREAKDOWN STRENGTH, 137

182 188BRITTLE FAILURE, 401BROMINATED, 5 29 43 63 73 77

101 130 135 146 153 154 155158 159 160 171 174 179 180184 185 186 190 206 213 215221 229 233 236 239 240 243245 246 247 260 263 264 270291 292 296 297 299 301 303333 337 339 345 356 357 362369 373

BROMINATION, 1 22 60 83 99149 211 376 386 388

BROMINE, 15 22 42 61 77 83 89

Subject Index


91 156 163 171 174 184 185188 199 221 222 241 248 270284 356 360 376 386 388 401408

BROMINE COMPOUND, 5 68 9399 106 109 110 117 120 132133 134 147 157 205 232 356

BUILDING APPLICATION, 1 583 85 91 92 126 140 153 159166 176 238 243 251 260 299325 361 362 371 378 386 392413

BULK DENSITY, 12 57 59 331BULK MOULDING

COMPOUND, 299 361 378BURNING, 51 60 254 307 308 335

347 391BUSINESS MACHINE, 5 73 77 91

117 133 138 158 160 184 188215 238 239 362 412

BUTADIENE-STYRENECOPOLYMER, 309

BUTYL ACRYLATECOPOLYMER, 69 88

BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE,352

CCABLE, 1 2 5 38 57 59 63 73 77

83 126 153 159 166 231 239243 262 263 293 295 306 315319 322 336 355 361 362 365394

CABLE INSULATION, 71 91 130188 308 309

CABLE SUPPORT, 371CADMIUM, 184CALCIUM BORATE, 228 353 370CALCIUM CARBONATE, 14 378

391 400CALCIUM CHLORIDE, 304CALCIUM COMPOUND, 96CALCIUM HYDROXIDE, 14 391CALCIUM OXIDE, 2 14CALCIUM SILICATE, 14CALORIMETER, 7 8 9 14 20 26

33 34 37 39 41 44 45 48 49 5152 56 69 90 94 95 104 105 108111 121 122 135 139 150 152156 165 185 226 250 262 263272 279 298 321 340 355 361369 385 408

CANCER, 21 301CAPILLARY GAS

CHROMATOGRAPHY, 106CARBON 13, 14 36 47 313CARBON BLACK, 188

CARBON DIOXIDE, 14 154 308309 347 385 391 406

CARBON FIBRE-REINFORCEDPLASTIC, 188

CARBON MONOXIDE, 60 105308 321 391

CARBON MONOXIDECOPOLYMER, 400

CARBONACEOUS, 377CARBONISATION, 156 166 305

308CARBOXYBENZIMIDAZOLE,

46CARBOXYLIC ACID, 406CARPET, 83 212 214 367CASING, 401CASTING, 5 249CATALYSIS, 1 307CATALYST, 48 170 189 198 305

346 362 377CEILING TEMPERATURE, 363CELLULAR MATERIAL, 1 7 28

34 39 43 45 48 54 61 64 72 7377 83 91 107 108 109 121 143154 156 159 160 161 166 182186 211 212 223 232 235 238243 260 263 268 299 318 324325 331 332 335 355 358 362366

CELLULOSE, 40 344 362CERAMIC POWDER, 153CFC REPLACEMENT, 331 335

385CHAIN SCISSION, 13 68 156 308CHALKING, 55CHAR, 2 14 24 33 34 36 39 40 47

48 60 67 70 78 84 129 279 304335 342 347 352 354 355 358374 389 390 400

CHAR FORMATION, 22 34 45 5294 130 152 159 160 165 166174 179 185 186 189 191 193197 198 199 208 225 239 243244 250 258 260 261 264 271272 273 274 287 304 306 307336 344 346 347 350 358 362391 404 412

CHAR FORMER, 26 52 202 354CHAR YIELD, 2 20 107 142 263

285 354CHARACTERISATION, 102 104

127 142 150 155 395CHARRING, 1 69 209 269 347

387CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, 20

27 127 212 382 383CHEMICAL MODIFICATION, 1 5

9 22 26 28 30 40 52 55 60 63

73 83 87 91 99 102 104 127149 153 156 159 160 162 165172 179 184 185 199 203 207208 211 215 233 236 240 261263 264 273 289 293 298 299305 306 307 308 312 314 328331 334 346 348 362 363 364386

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, 40 83188 357 371

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, 4 1436 47 75 97 134 169 176 181188 228 260 261 272 274 283296 305 308 322 330 340 355358 372 388

CHLORINATED, 28 103 172 179215 263 307 394 397

CHLORINATED PARAFFIN, 11153 405

CHLORINATION, 349 376CHLORINE, 11 42 44 61 89 91

153 156 199 316 372 376 386CHLORINE-FREE, 160CHROMATOGRAPHY, 4 16 18 24

50 106 208 359CHROMIUM, 184CIGARETTE BURN

RESISTANCE, 308CIRCUIT BOARD, 314CLAY, 38 41 56 60 91 234 328 381

391CLOTHING, 5COATED, 112 116 234COATED FABRIC, 41 237 412COATED FILLER, 183COATING, 5 67 103 124 141 159

160 243 258 260 263 268 274278 281 309 325 346 362 402412

COBALT CHLORIDE, 304COBALT OXIDE, 53COKING, 135COLOUR, 1 13 66 91 95 149 182

314 375 398COLOUR CONCENTRATE, 55

336COLOUR STABILITY, 13 91 248

291 357COLOURABILITY, 383COLOURANT, 63COLOURATION, 244COMBUSTIBILITY, 7 104 156

167 347COMBUSTION, 16 24 26 45 50 58

90 91 104 105 110 136 152 156167 179 187 188 194 203 208234 235 260 269 270 273 279305 308 309 317 321 331 342

Subject Index


347 363 378 380 390 391 400405 406

COMBUSTION GAS, 156COMBUSTION PRODUCT, 91

156 208 270 305 308 309 331355 361 363 375 378 391 406410

COMMERCIAL INFORMATION,28 62 76 128 130 146 244 300310 318

COMPATIBILISER, 69 130COMPATIBILITY, 1 13 54 103

149 169 183 185 258 266 282296 297 335 336 350 357 362371 387 402 412

COMPOSITE, 3 8 9 12 19 21 4160 65 84 85 86 90 91 92 99 104111 115 134 139 140 144 156158 160 161 182 185 188 210225 229 232 238 240 270 282286 287 289 293 299 302 303309 314 328 332 346 353 355357 361 363 368 371 375 378391 395 397 399 400 412

COMPOSITION, 36 50 53 80 82137 152 155 167 352 358

COMPOUND, 83 182 188 346 363COMPOUNDER, 153COMPOUNDING, 5 12 13 57 59

60 87 88 102 118 182 188 207214 244 256 258 265 291 347400

COMPRESSION MOULDING, 3283 322

COMPRESSION PROPERTIES,48 108 121 331 335 366 385

COMPUTER, 73 77 91 188 401COMPUTER SIMULATION, 119

195CONCENTRATION, 38 40 69 72

83 235 254 285 327 356 384390 402 409

CONDENSED PHASE, 2 15 16156 165 195 224 263 264 305306 309 347 354 362 363 404

CONDUCTIVE FILLER, 63 188CONE CALORIMETER, 7 8 9 14

20 26 33 34 37 39 41 44 45 4849 51 56 69 90 94 95 104 105108 111 121 122 135 139 150152 165 185 226 250 262 263272 279 298 321 340 355 361369 374 385 390 391

CONNECTOR, 1 133 306CONSTRUCTION, 1 153 386CONSUMER GOODS, 257CONSUMPTION, 5 23 59 73 77

146 153 159 160 185 225 231

260 296 334 341 376CONTAMINATION, 43 211 265

314CONTINUOUS

COMPOUNDING, 57 59CONVECTION, 308CONVEYOR BELT, 263COPOLYAMIDE, 311COPOLYESTER, 19 285COPPER CHLORIDE, 304 404COPPER NITRATE, 406COPPER OXIDE, 33CORROSION, 21 160 184 251 287

355 413CORROSION RESISTANCE, 299

394 413CORROSIVE MEDIA, 306CORROSIVENESS, 260 270 375

379COST, 11 28 32 69 73 101 110 116

136 146 158 160 163 184 185215 218 236 240 248 257 261296 348 351 386 392 395 399

COSTABILISER, 55 96COTTON, 41COUPLING AGENT, 183 244 258

297 328 391CRATE, 11 412CRESOL-NOVOLAC RESIN, 6CROSSLINKING, 22 35 47 60 71

199 224 305 307 412CRYSTALLINITY, 188 197 270

383CURE TIME, 90 371 395CURING, 54 78 90 164 322 335

346CURING AGENT, 20 25 78 90 131CYANATE ESTER, 412CYANURIC CHLORIDE, 174CYCLE TIME, 54 280 297 357CYCLODEXTRIN, 164

DDEBROMINATION, 233DECABROMODIPHENYL

ETHER, 117 138 217 233 245296

DECABROMODIPHENYLOXIDE, 60 104 185 221 247252 322 353

DECOMPOSITION, 16 33 39 6078 118 154 156 185 187 260264 305 308 331 347 363 379391 400

DECOMPOSITION PRODUCT,75 120 305 309 347 378 391

DECOMPOSITION

TEMPERATURE, 91 158 263306 308 331 342 347 355 375391 399 400

DEFLECTION TEMPERATURE,266

DEFLECTION TEMPERATUREUNDER LOAD, 303

DEFORMATIONTEMPERATURE, 158 266 297357 368

DEGRADATION, 35 37 47 60 8794 144 163 171 178 208 209224 233 291 312 322 323 331343 351 354 355 357 377

DEGRADATION PRODUCT, 1416 47 105 208 232 347 354 410

DEGRADATION RATE, 36 165DEGRADATION RESISTANCE,

286 312DEGRADATION

TEMPERATURE, 2DEHALOGENATION, 348DEHYDRATION, 91 263 306 308

363DEHYDROCHLORINATION, 208

305DEHYDROGENATION, 156DELAMINATION, 1DEMAND, 1 63 76 146 159 185

190 296 300 383DENSITY, 1 28 59 60 91 102 149

158 165 261 266 267 268 296313 331 335 367 375 378 385399

DI-2-ETHYLHEXYLPHTHALATE, 2 71 342

DIAMMONIUMIMIDOBISULFONATE, 30

DIBENZODIOXIN, 110DIBENZOFURAN, 110 246DIBORONIC ACID, 189DIBROMOCYCLOHEXANE, 46DIBROMOPROPYL ETHER, 185DIBROMOSTYRENE, 186DICYANDIAMIDE, 355DIELECTRIC STRENGTH, 137

182 188 400DIETHYL

METHACRYLOXYMETHYLPHOSPHONATE, 122

DIETHYL PHOSPHONATE, 122DIETHYL TOLUENE DIAMINE,

20DIETHYLDIETHANOLAMINO-

METHYLPHOSPHATE, 107DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL

ANALYSIS, 9 24 30 39 56 6581 90 107 144 151 170 181 192

Subject Index


194 209 285 311 347 353 382384 391 396 406 407

DIGLYCIDYL ETHER, 20DIHYDROOXAPHOSPHA-

PHENANTHRENE OXIDE, 20DIISOBUTYLENE

TETRAXYDROXYDIPHOSPHINE OXIDE, 255

DIISODECYL PHTHALATE, 71DIMELAMINE PHOSPHATE, 343DIMENSIONAL STABILITY, 188

254 331 335 336 366 385 400DIMETHYL

BENZYLOCTADECYLAMMONIUM, 60

DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE, 60DIMETHYL METHYL

METHYLPHOSPHONATE,392

DIOCTYLPHTHALATE, 71 265342 352

DIOL, 36 335DIOXIN, 24 52 58 79 83 184 205

216 233 308 355DIPHENYL ETHER, 24 83 120

153 211DIPHENYLMETHANE

DIISOCYANATE, 36 48DIPHENYLOCTYL

PHOSPHATE, 352DIPHENYL OXIDE, 247DIPHOSPHATE, 331DIPHOSPHONATE ESTER, 97DIRECTIVE, 5 58 73 77 79 153

184 206 215 236DISASSEMBLY, 245DISCOLOURATION, 1 28 66 102

154 223DISPERSANT, 258 371 399DISPERSIBILITY, 13 27 388DISPERSING AGENT, 258 371

399DISPERSION, 59 60 63 130 182

225 258 300 327 331 383DISPOSAL, 265 268DOMESTIC EQUIPMENT, 5 73

77 138 153 159 182 188DOOR, 371DOOR PANEL, 130DOSE RATE, 71 130 158 159 160

225DRIP INHIBITOR, 287DRIPPING, 270 308 347 378 382

391DUST, 1 57 59DYNAMIC MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES, 36 49 90 385DYNAMIC MECHANICAL

THERMAL ANALYSIS, 20122

DYNAMIC THERMALANALYSIS, 10 65

EECO-LABEL, 58 73 300ECO-LABELLING, 184ECOLOGY, 110 389 390ECONOMIC INFORMATION, 1 5

23 28 37 58 59 62 63 73 76 7789 101 103 123 125 128 146153 157 158 159 160 185 190218 220 225 231 239 244 245258 260 296 300 306 334 341372 376

ECOTOXICOLOGY, 21ELASTOMER, 1 14 36 39 41 48

72 91 102 107 116 120 126 136146 148 153 156 159 160 161166 185 195 205 207 210 212220 236 237 246 247 258 260263 264 296 298 299 306 308309 315 320 331 335 355 359361 370 391 402 405 410

ELECTRIC CABLE, 38 59 63 7377 159 231 239 243 262 293295 319 336 361 362 365

ELECTRICAL APPLICATION, 129 63 71 73 74 77 91 96 98 101110 117 126 133 146 157 159160 166 173 176 180 184 188206 215 243 251 264 287 288299 308 326 361 363 394 399

ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR, 133303 329

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, 5 79126 153 361

ELECTRICAL INSULATION, 5759 91 96 188 363

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES, 2 5759 60 74 86 91 96 137 150 181182 183 188 261 287 303 306322 336 363 371 375 398 400

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY, 63188 240 400

ELECTRON MICROGRAPH, 2 48104 208

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 8 65107 111 337

ELECTRON PROBEMICROANALYSIS, 111

ELECTRONIC APPLICATION, 123 29 63 91 98 101 110 117 133149 157 163 176 184 188 206215 236 239 240 248 258 284285 287 288 300 326 361

ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT, 79186 233 245

ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS, 51 317354 355 390

ELONGATION, 13 19 81 266 331361 375 400

ELONGATION AT BREAK, 18 69152 182 263 295 303 361 362

EMISSION, 1 60 205 213 287 296299 412

EMISSION CONTROL, 43 184ENCAPSULATION, 6 65 193 296

323ENDOCRINE, 83ENDOCRINE DISRUPTER, 245ENDOTHERMIC, 91 156 160 183

212 240 258 264 270 308 309318 347 363 375 379 386 391399 400 407

ENERGY RELEASE RATE, 8 2039 48 56 104 108 121 122 152156 165 263 299 306 321 328362

ENGINEERING APPLICATION,91 99 126 149 159 176 182 186188 200 229 287 289 292 296299 309 330 357 363 364 373396 400

ENGINEERING PLASTIC, 1 9199 100 117 149 159 160 176182 186 188 200 229 287 289296 299 303 309 330 336 357363 364 373 396 400

ENTHALPY, 90 309 391 400ENVIRONMENT, 21 29 52 62 89

162 191 196 246 247 262 337345 392

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD,28 83 211 361

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, 2326 28 43 52 73 79 83 89 138153 157 205 213 257 260 296

ENVIRONMENTALLEGISLATION, 1 28 58 184236 386

ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION, 5 32 58 93 98110 120 125 133 135 148 154157 183 184 245 341 354 355357 376

ENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLY, 103 110 116 119158 205 236 304 354 389 390

EPOXY OLIGOMER, 215 357 362EPOXY RESIN, 5 6 15 20 23 46

78 99 142 145 159 161 172 181186 225 230 236 240 243 249258 259 260 263 265 266 299

Subject Index


306 309 355 361 397 409 410ESTER PLASTICISER, 96ETHYLENE BISTETRABROMO-

PHTHALAMIDE, 79 117 133ETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 14 69

88 280 290 400ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE

COPOLYMER, 243 270 353361 382

ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-DIENE TERPOLYMER, 263299 309 361 402

ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATECOPOLYMER, 5 8 37 38 56 5960 69 91 94 152 153 162 182183 185 201 204 209 242 250261 263 281 299 306 309 322351 361 370 393 394 402 403406

ETHYLENE-VINYL ALCOHOLCOPOLYMER, 51

ETHYLHEXYLDIPHENYLPHOSPHATE, 352

EXOTHERMIC, 156 179 308 347391 406

EXPANDABLE, 11 48 64 67 72 92108 119 143 200 362

EXPOSURE LEVEL, 233EXPOSURE TIME, 331 401EXTRACTABILITY, 130EXTRUSION, 12 60 91 206 302

303 322 339 362 373EXTRUSION COMPOUNDING,

102 400

FFABRIC, 41 90 130 237 367FADING, 1FATIGUE, 90 139FATTY AMINE, 8FERRIC CHLORIDE, 305FERRIC NITRATE, 406FERRIC OXIDE, 172 255FERROCENE, 305 386FIBRE, 1 3 111 168 214 237 253

285 314 355 362 367 386 388FIBRE CONTENT, 3 85 90 158

182 303 375FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC,

84 92 188FILLED, 152 353 382 395 406FILLER, 2 12 18 38 48 53 57 60 63

64 65 68 71 72 85 88 90 91 9496 111 116 121 152 156 160162 183 185 188 210 212 218226 238 240 243 256 264 270298 308 309 327 331 346 350

351 353 361 362 363 365 369370 371 378 379 380 381 382387 391 399 400 411

FILLER CONTENT, 12 59 63 9091 108 140 165 183 185 270287 309 371 378 391 399 400

FILM, 103 164 283 285 300 386FIRE, 1 60 126 166 226FIRE BARRIER, 143FIRE DAMAGE, 73FIRE HAZARD, 60 117 119 126

133 148 232FIRE PROTECTION, 257 413FIRE RESISTANCE, 53 126 155

167 270 304FLAKE, 362FLAME EXTINCTION, 156 391FLAME PROPAGATION, 91 156

179 188 270 308 309 336 363391 404

FLAME SPREAD, 141 148 179216 260 331 335 347 382 385

FLAME SPREAD INDEX, 362FLASHOVER, 90 412FLAX FIBRE-REINFORCED

PLASTIC, 92FLEXIBILITY, 1 2 28 39 44 96

109 154 235 254 316 318 327331 342 352 355 365 366

FLEXURAL PROPERTIES, 65 90102 130 158 167 182 240 259353 371 375 378 400

FLOOR, 91 166FLOW, 1 57 68 149 347FLOW PROPERTIES, 12 57 87

238 297 299 329 357 383 385FLUORINE, 386FLUOROPOLYMER, 60 280 306FLY ASH, 77FOAM, 1 7 28 34 39 43 45 48 54

61 64 72 73 77 83 91 107 108109 121 143 154 156 159 160161 166 182 186 211 212 223232 235 238 243 260 263 268299 318 324 331 332 335 355362 366 376 385 392

FOAMING AGENT, 1 45 48 54 64154 200 324 331 335

FOGGING, 154 330 331FOOD PACKAGING, 21FORECAST, 89 128 153 290 341FORMULATION, 28 44 59 69 71

85 86 88 95 96 102 103 108 111114 140 147 152 153 158 162166 178 226 256 263 266 271286 290 291 293 294 295 298303 312 319 326 346 352 365377 378 387 393 399 409

FOURIER TRANSFORMINFRARED SPECTROSCOPY,4 16 70 75 105 129 204 359385 406

FRACTURE MORPHOLOGY, 1926 65 66 127 129 191 279 280294 322 351

FREE RADICAL, 91 156 159 309347

FRIABILITY, 54 335 385FUEL TANK, 378FUME, 237 371 399FUMED SILICA, 165FURAN, 216 233FURNISHING, 211FURNITURE, 5 28 55 58 73 83 91

138 154 180 217 251 257 413

GGAS, 156 257 308 309 347 355

363 391 406GAS ANALYSIS, 331GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, 4 16

18 24 39 50 51 75 106 208 359GAS EMISSION, 182 240 243 308

375 378 391GAS EVOLUTION, 347GAS-PHASE, 15 77 91 156 166

188 192 195 199 257 270 308309 347 355 363 390

GASIFICATION, 77 204 400GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED

PLASTIC, 84 85 86 90 91 115134 137 139 140 158 160 163182 185 188 225 227 232 238240 260 282 287 289 293 299309 332 355 357 362 363 371375 378 397 399 400 412

GLASS TRANSITIONTEMPERATURE, 36 122 131181 240 385 407

GLOW WIRE, 68 182 188 238 287375

GRAPHITE, 11 34 48 64 67 72 92108 119 143 150 152 178 188200 219 325 362 393

GRAPHITE FLAKE, 346GRAPHITE OXIDE, 144GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 8 10

30 36 122 124 144 165 167 170176 177 178 192 196 208 209255 263 271 289 311 331 353358 359 404

GROWTH RATE, 23 62 63 146159 185 243 341

GUANIDINE PHOSPHATE, 355

Subject Index


HHALOGEN, 60 62 91 126 151 184

187 188 270 348 360 363 378386 397

HALOGEN ACID, 355HALOGEN COMPOUND, 24 82

109 113 136 156 348 355HALOGEN-FREE, 3 25 28 38 48

50 53 56 57 59 62 63 82 85 8791 100 101 108 116 140 143145 146 150 152 156 162 163175 182 188 191 196 212 223225 230 237 238 239 243 249260 261 263 276 281 282 283286 296 309 329 330 331 333349 350 361 363 375 378 387392 398 399 400

HALOGENATED, 5 26 52 55 6373 87 102 153 159 160 162 172179 184 199 203 207 215 236240 263 264 273 289 293 298299 307 312 331 334 348 362364 375

HALOGENATION, 28 314 346348 349 386

HAND LAY-UP, 90 225 395 399HANDLING, 57 59 110 182 225

246 265 266 267 268 383HAZARDOUS MATERIAL, 28 43

79 83 180 205 211 413HEALTH HAZARD, 21 23 24 26

28 32 43 58 60 73 83 86 91 98101 103 106 120 123 130 131138 145 148 156 157 160 163181 183 184 188 196 203 205206 211 216 217 221 232 233240 245 246 247 251 257 265296 301 305 306 308 315 345355 361 363 371 375 399

HEAT ABSORPTION, 90 308 309399

HEAT AGEING, 1 13 303 331 401HEAT CAPACITY, 391 400HEAT DEFLECTION

TEMPERATURE, 167 182HEAT DEGRADATION, 2 8 22 24

36 47 51 71 75 105 156 171175 193 194 196 197 204 208209 255 269 270 305 308 311312 323 340 343 347 351 354359 363

HEAT DISTORTIONTEMPERATURE, 130 158 266297 357 368 375

HEAT FLUX, 33 84 90 105 347385 391

HEAT GENERATION, 156 232

308HEAT INSULATION, 72 91 165

324 335 371HEAT OF COMBUSTION, 156

160 308 391HEAT RELEASE, 8 11 13 37 51 52

84 86 90 94 105 156 195 197226 272 279 294 327 378 389390 391 407

HEAT RELEASE RATE, 8 20 3948 56 104 108 121 122 152 156165 263 299 306 321 328 362378 412

HEAT RESISTANCE, 1 6 8 9 1115 28 36 40 60 63 66 91 94 122129 144 149 154 156 158 160166 182 185 188 194 196 208224 226 234 240 261 264 266267 269 284 285 289 292 296297 299 300 303 330 332 336347 350 351 354 357 362 368412

HEAT SINK, 186HEAT STABILISED, 332HEAT STABILISER, 96 168HEAT STABILITY, 55 64 78 95 96

287 296 333 407HEAT TRANSFER, 156 195 270

354HEATING, 14 156 347 399HEXABROMOCYCLODODECANE,

43 68 185 247 332HIGH DENSITY

POLYETHYLENE, 11 403HIGH IMPACT PS, 79 86 117 133

158 182 232 233 260 357 361362 363

HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUIDCHROMATOGRAPHY, 331

HIGH TEMPERATURE, 261 306330 332 336 390

HINDERED AMINE, 55 82 113355 388

HORMONE, 83HOUSEWARES, 5 159HOUSING, 173 184 233 236 412HULL, 90HUNTITE, 290 382 391HYDRATION, 127 185 261 298

406HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBON,

335HYDROCYANIC ACID, 308HYDROGEN BROMIDE, 91 232

308 355HYDROGEN CHLORIDE, 91 305

308 355HYDROLYSIS, 166 190 401

HYDROLYTIC STABILITY, 130167 182 362

HYDROMAGNESITE, 270 290382

HYGROTHERMAL AGEING, 6

IIGNITABILITY, 203 226 391IGNITION, 60 80 105 148 156 158

270 308 309 347 363 391 400412

IGNITION RESISTANCE, 179213 260 287 303

IGNITION TIME, 8 51 152 156270 362 390 391

IMPACT PROPERTIES, 11 18 95102 103 155 158 167 182 185226 239 243 248 266 280 284299 300 303 321 336 337 353357 362 371 375 400 401 409

IMPURITIES, 66 347INCANDESCENCE, 308 391INCINERATION, 77 110 160 184

246INDUSTRIAL HAZARD, 205 251INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, 50

97 107 124 177 192 194 202269 313 347

INJECTION MOULDING, 73 7481 102 103 158 291 297 303357 367 368 373 386 393 400

INORGANIC, 5 25 26 95 153 165207 226 263 275 294 307 315341 362 375 376

INSULATION, 2 71 72 77 91 130165 188 322 324 335 371 392412

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT, 236INTERACTION, 16 18 39 66 114

269 347 355INTERCALATION, 24 26 144 328

362INTUMESCENCE, 4 26 42 45 52

60 67 81 91 121 156 166 170197 199 200 270 274 276 308309 346 358 360 386

INTUMESCENT, 5 10 14 24 40 6469 70 72 84 87 109 112 118 129160 169 200 225 237 279 350355 358 362 364 371 372 374377 381 387 411 412

INTUMESCENT AGENT, 150 188INTUMESCENT COATING, 260

268 346IRON, 5 153 198 273 312IRON ACETYLACETONATE,

305

Subject Index


IRON CHLORIDE, 305IRON NITRATE, 406IRON OXIDE, 33 172 255 275 305

307IRON PEROXIDE, 352IRRITANT, 21 308ISOCYANATE INDEX, 331 385ISOCYANURATE COPOLYMER,

48ISOCYANURATE FOAM, 108ISOPHTHALIC POLYESTER

RESIN, 90ITACONATE, 285

KKAOLIN, 234 391

LLAMINATE, 90 243 258 412LATEX, 207 263LEACHING, 83 362 387LEAD, 180 184LEAD-FREE, 96LEAD SUBSTITUTE, 63LEGISLATION, 1 3 21 28 29 32

58 73 83 91 123 130 138 153157 184 206 236 376

LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS, 29 58173 213

LIFETIME PREDICTION, 90 401LIGHT DEGRADATION, 1 17 63

82 156 158 168 185 214 248283 287 299 333 357 362 368386 388

LIGHT STABILISER, 17 82 214355 388 412

LIGNIN, 49LIGNOCELLULOSE, 404LIMITING OXYGEN INDEX, 2

10 16 18 36 44 50 59 69 71 7895 111 122 129 137 141 152155 156 158 160 169 179 188208 226 270 303 305 306 352358 362 363 378 382 390 391400 406

LINEAR LOW DENSITYPOLYETHYLENE, 65 152 243280 361

LIQUID CRYSTAL, 19LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY, 236

300LOADING, 27 90 185 234 244 258

351 353 403 412LOW DENSITY

POLYETHYLENE, 59 150 295

322 358 361 386LOW DUST, 57LOW EMISSION, 185 223 287

306LOW FOGGING, 223LOW SMOKE, 185 287 306 386

MMAGNESIA, 2 91 127 185 254MAGNESITE, 270 290 382MAGNESIUM, 234 308 341MAGNESIUM BORATE, 186MAGNESIUM CALCIUM

CARBONATE, 400MAGNESIUM CARBONATE, 379

391MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE, 3 5

11 13 38 53 60 65 66 71 88 91116 127 152 153 155 159 162175 182 183 185 191 201 209218 231 254 258 263 270 275281 295 298 308 309 327 332351 355 361 364 370 379 384391 394 398 400 402 406

MAGNESIUMHYDROXYCARBONATE, 226

MAGNESIUM OXIDE, 2 91 127185 254

MAGNESIUM SILICATE, 270MALEIC ANHYDRIDE

COPOLYMER, 69 104MANGANESE CHLORIDE, 304MANGANESE DICHLORIDE,

390MANGANESE DIOXIDE, 374MARINE APPLICATION, 139MARKET, 1 28 62 125 128 157

413MARKET GROWTH, 89 149 241MARKET SHARE, 23 77 101 103

146 158 159 160 231 239 258296 306 341 375

MARKET SIZE, 153 185 245 341376

MARKET TREND, 5 89 153 184220 334

MASS SPECTROMETRY, 4 24 5051 208 359

MASS SPECTROSCOPY, 16 1839 105 106

MASTERBATCH, 3 55 103 182238 265 299 376 386

MATERIALS SELECTION, 96154 163 278

MATERIALS SUBSTITUTION, 128 38 60 63 73 101 105 123138 141 166 180 190 206 215

236 239 240 243 246 260 261270 287 300 301 306 362 374412

MATRIX, 60 166 357 402MATTRESS, 5 130MECHANICAL RECYCLING, 79

160MECHANISM, 2 14 15 16 24 31

39 47 67 68 75 78 80 82 91 112116 156 208 224 235 241 242254 269 279 305 309 342 351353 354 358 374 380 404 405406 410 411

MECHANOCHEMICALREACTION, 18

MEDICAL APPLICATION, 21MEDICAL EQUIPMENT, 77MELAMINE, 5 6 7 9 39 97 100

115 126 153 154 182 200 217234 254 318 343 355 358 410

MELAMINE CYANURATE, 34 35100 121 160 191 253 282 309311 355 390

MELAMINE PHOSPHATE, 9 4984 100 198 200 268 355

MELAMINE POLYPHOSPHATE,47 100 111 160 188

MELAMINE PYROPHOSPHATE,198 343

MELT, 66 70 164 253 327 347 409MELT BLEND, 158 388MELT FLOW, 59 158 160 185 330

336 347 357 368MELT FLOW INDEX, 59 88 91

303 368MELT FLOW RATE, 361 362MELT RHEOLOGY, 329MELT STABILITY, 303MELT TEMPERATURE, 266 296

303MELT VISCOSITY, 57 59 165 193

297 368 412MELT VISCOSITY INDEX, 88 91

303 368MELTING POINT, 26 158 160 254

347 400METALLOBORATE, 277METALLOCENE, 13METERING, 57 331METHACRYLATE-BUTADIENE-

STYRENE TERPOLYMER,409

METHYLOXAPHOSPHOLANONEOXIDE, 4 50

METHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID,193

MICA, 210MICROCHIP, 236

Subject Index


MICROENCAPSULATION, 193323

MIGRATION, 63 83 130 165 166300 331 392

MIGRATION RESISTANCE, 223299 386

MINERAL, 153 234MINERAL FILLER, 12 53 90 91

188 270 309 353 363 380 391400

MIXING, 12 182 223 347 400MODIFICATION, 26 104 156 165

328 332MODIFIED, 36 60 330 352 403MODIFIER, 46 65MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, 4

14 20 27 36 47 75 97 127 134169 176 181 188 212 228 260261 272 274 283 296 305 308322 330 340 355 358 372 388389 406

MOLECULAR WEIGHT, 1 35 68149 154 158 296 303 308 347362 401

MOLYBDENUM, 5 153 341MOLYBDENUM COMPOUND,

342MOLYBDENUM OXIDE, 33 386MOLYBDENUM TRIOXIDE, 275MONTMORILLONITE, 8 41 94MORPHOLOGY, 2 19 26 48 65 66

72 127 129 191 208 218 270279 280 294 322 351 371 395

MOULD TEMPERATURE, 81 299303

MOULDABILITY, 284 378MOULDING, 1 3 113 149 168 225

243 280 283 322MOULDING COMPOUND, 6 27

82 182 188MUNICIPAL WASTE, 110

NNANOCOMPOSITE, 8 24 26 37

41 52 60 91 94 104 126 128130 135 144 166 195 328

NANODISPERSION, 142NANOFILLER, 56 91 130NANOTUBE, 37 63NATURAL FIBRE-REINFORCED

PLASTIC, 84 92NATURAL RUBBER, 263NAVAL CONSTRUCTION, 90 139NEOPENTYL PHOSPHONATE

ESTER, 198NEOPRENE, 256 263 298 412NICKEL, 189

NICKEL OXIDE, 53NITRIC OXIDE, 308NITROGEN, 26 42 91 129 136 151

174 202 203 241 253 308 347376 382 386 400 407

NITROGEN COMPOUND, 81 109156 187 355

NITROGEN OXIDE, 308 406NITROUS OXIDE, 156NON-BLOOMING, 63 303 336

357NON-CHARRING, 165NON-CORROSIVE, 259 402NON-HALOGENATED, 13 102

154 159 184 186 299 300 315330

NON-TOXIC, 259 262 263 287386

NONYLPHENOL, 180NOTCHED IMPACT STRENGTH,

65 182 400 401NOVOLAC, 78 254NUCLEAR MAGNETIC

RESONANCE, 14 47 111 175202 209 313 322 377

OOCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE

STANDARD, 265OCTABROMODIPHENYL

OXIDE, 247OCTABROMODIPHENYLETHER,

138ODOUR, 223ODOURLESS, 259OESTROGEN, 345OFFICE EQUIPMENT, 160 188

215OLIGOMER, 330 331 356 362OPTICAL PROPERTIES, 66 91

182 287 309 363 386ORGANOCLAY, 8 60 104ORGANOMETALLIC

COMPOUND, 386ORGANOPHOSPHONATE, 36ORGANOPHOSPHORUS, 3 26

145 181 266 276 387ORGANOPHOSPHORUS

COMPOUND, 350 372OUTDOOR FURNITURE, 55OVEN AGEING, 401OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION,

156 308 311 347 359 374 391406

OXYGEN, 166 308 347OXYGEN BARRIER, 156 363OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, 90

104OXYGEN INDEX, 2 10 14 16 18

26 30 36 44 48 50 59 61 69 7172 78 95 96 108 111 122 129137 141 142 152 155 156 158160 169 179 185 188 192 202208 210 226 234 263 266 269270 303 305 306 308 313 317327 342 343 347 351 352 356358 362 363 375 378 382 391394 395 400 403 411 412

OXYPHOSPHAZENE, 202

PPACKAGING, 207PAINT, 153 180 212 263 355PALLET, 11PANEL, 90 371 412PAPER, 268PARTICLE SIZE, 13 59 66 68 90

91 112 139 156 185 212 222258 260 261 264 267 268 270279 290 294 296 309 331 336351 361 362 382 383 391 393399

PENTABROMOBENZYLACRYLATE, 147

PENTABROMODIPHENYLETHER, 28 154

PENTABROMODIPHENYLOXIDE, 247

PENTAERYTHRITOL, 9 40 70166 197 358 377 381

PENTAERYTHRITOLPHOSPHATE, 200

PENTANE, 45 64 108 324 331PHENOL-NOVOLAC RESIN, 6PHENOLIC RESIN, 5 23 238 240

249 355 399 412PHOSPHATE, 7 20 91 156 308

313 329 330 331 342 350 356372 385 387

PHOSPHATE ESTER, 28 96 107109 155 316 331 338 339 376396

PHOSPHINATE, 118PHOSPHINE, 265PHOSPHINE OXIDE, 195PHOSPHONATE, 36 308PHOSPHONATE ESTER, 412PHOSPHONIUM SALT, 40PHOSPHORIC ACID, 9 235 358PHOSPHORUS, 6 19 42 45 61 64

86 89 91 100 118 129 137 151152 153 154 159 161 177 179182 186 187 188 191 192 193194 199 202 203 223 225 230

Subject Index


236 239 241 244 249 260 265266 267 270 276 308 309 331349 350 356 360 363 366 372375 376 378 386 387 398 401408

PHOSPHORUS COMPOUND, 540 64 78 81 109 112 118 131136 156 164 285 350 356 372374 411

PHOSPHORUS OXYNITRIDE,202 269

PHOSPHORUS-31, 47 313PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING

POLYMER, 122 363PHOSPHORUS-FREE, 363 378

400PHOSPHORYLATION, 30 40 156PHOTOCOPIER, 160 215PHOTODEGRADATION, 17PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, 1 11 13

26 27 60 72 102 107 108 121122 147 149 158 160 226 266267 268 280 314 331 347 366371 387 392 402 405 409

PHYSICOCHEMICALPROPERTIES, 21

PHYSICOMECHANICALPROPERTIES, 64 95 108 234

PIGMENT, 66 85 140 141 263 309314 412

PLASTICISER, 2 96 159 299 313316 336 338 342 352

PLASTISOL, 207 263PLATE-OUT, 412POLLUTION, 43 58 205 211 305POLLUTION CONTROL, 29 58

216POLYACETAL, 410POLYACRYLONITRILE, 53POLYAMIDE, 1 5 60 63 69 86 91

99 100 114 115 117 126 132149 153 158 160 161 172 177182 188 191 203 238 239 253258 260 261 266 281 282 287289 293 303 304 309 332 336337 344 347 351 355 357 363364 374 386 397 398 410 411

POLYAMIDE-11, 188POLYAMIDE-12, 188POLYAMIDE-4,6, 188 306POLYAMIDE-6, 26 30 35 47 69

134 147 158 166 182 188 243253 263 266 269 347 351 363373 374 375 411

POLYAMIDE-6,6, 35 47 111 137158 160 227 263 299 354 362373 375 387 390 398 403

POLYAMIDE-6,6,6, 127 227

POLYBROMINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN, 246

POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYLETHER, 106 184 245 301 361

POLYBROMOACRYLATE, 409POLYBROMOSTYRENE, 15POLYBUTADIENE, 36POLYBUTYLENE

TEREPHTHALATE, 1 4 16 5063 86 91 97 133 149 163 182202 229 238 243 255 269 290292 299 303 320 329 337 357362 363 373 386 387 397 403408 409

POLYCAPROLACTAM, 35 47 69134 147 253 263 266

POLYCARBONATE, 5 63 75 117130 147 153 167 184 236 238239 243 260 284 287 292 300329 330 355 356 363 386 396401 403 407 408

POLYCHLOROPRENE, 256 263298 412

POLYDIBROMOSTYRENE, 373POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE, 60POLYEPOXIDE, 5 6 15 20 23 46

78 99 142 145 159 161 172 181186 225 230 236 240 243 249258 259 260 263 265 266 299306 309 355 361

POLYESTER POLYOL, 48 335385

POLYESTER RESIN, 25 84 139219 232 263 264 265 268 312

POLYESTER-URETHANE, 109223 315 335 385

POLYETHER KETONE, 306POLYETHER POLYOL, 385POLYETHER-URETHANE, 109

223 235 315 385POLYETHYLENE, 5 11 13 59 60

65 91 112 147 152 153 182 228243 259 264 267 279 280 283291 293 295 299 313 322 323336 358 361 362 386 403 412

POLYETHYLENENAPHTHALATE, 285

POLYETHYLENE OXIDE, 165POLYETHYLENE

TEREPHTHALATE, 1 19 149164 238 244 285 292 303 362386 387 397 403 408

POLYFLUOROETHYLENE, 280POLYIMIDE, 355POLYISOCYANATE, 36POLYISOCYANURATE, 1 34 54

64 72 108 121 324POLYKETONE, 364 400

POLYMERIC FLAMERETARDANT, 15 50 69 99 147156 204 229 313 354 357 362363

POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE, 122 153195 224 268 340 344 362 389

POLYOL, 36 40 166 318 331 335385

POLYORGANOSILOXANE, 153195 272

POLYOXYETHYLENE, 165POLYPENTABROMOBENZYL

ACRYLATE, 99 185 357 368POLYPHENYLENE OXIDE, 5 50

101 153 238 239 299 363 396403

POLYPHOSPHATE, 9 85 140 378POLYPHOSPHAZENE, 156POLYPHOSPHONATE, 50POLYPROPYLENE, 1 3 5 9 13 17

42 49 55 60 65 66 68 69 70 7381 82 86 87 88 91 92 102 104109 112 113 129 132 153 155160 161 162 165 166 182 183185 193 197 214 218 221 222228 234 238 239 243 252 254256 258 259 260 263 267 270281 283 293 297 299 302 304306 314 323 326 329 336 339341 344 346 351 354 355 357358 361 362 363 367 370 381384 386 387 388 403 412

POLYSILOXANE, 153 195 272POLYSTYRENE, 5 15 23 24 29 43

68 83 86 91 101 117 132 146149 153 158 159 182 232 233238 239 244 248 259 260 268291 297 299 303 330 332 344355 357 358 359 361 362 363373 386 403 410

POLYSULFONE, 306POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE,

280 317POLYTRIAZINE, 412POLYURETHANE, 1 5 7 10 28 34

36 39 41 45 54 61 64 67 72 7383 91 107 108 109 121 124 143153 154 159 160 161 163 166178 182 186 210 212 232 235238 243 244 249 260 261 268299 309 315 318 324 330 331335 355 362 366 376 385 386392

POLYURETHANE ESTER, 109223 315 335

POLYURETHANE-ISOCYANURATE, 108

Subject Index


POLYVINYL ACETATE, 150 263POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, 26 49

144 272 304 344 354 362 390POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, 1 2 5

18 33 44 60 63 71 91 95 96 105146 153 159 180 183 185 208226 238 243 256 258 260 261262 263 264 273 279 290 295298 299 305 306 307 309 313316 319 327 336 338 341 342352 355 360 361 362 365 369386 402 403 412

POLYVINYL CYANIDE, 53POLYVINYL FLUORIDE, 412POLYVINYLBENZENE, 233 259

268 332POTASSIUM CARBONATE, 198

344 347POTASSIUM NITRATE, 347POTASSIUM OXIDE, 347POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE,

354POUR-IN-PLACE, 385POWDER, 1 12 57 253 259 268

279 303 321 400PRECARBONISATION, 308PRECERAMIC, 26PRECIPITATED, 57 91 185 258PRICE, 76 103 146 159 184 185

258 299 334 362 412PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD, 77

83 240PROCESSABILITY, 27 57 59 90

239 287 300 322 326 331 357362 371 383 388 395 399 408412

PROCESSING, 1 18 41 66 81 85118 139 140 149 164 166 265267 280 321 327 330 348 351386 392 395

PROCESSING AID, 88 158 297299 333 357 408

PROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 104185 221 222 270 400

PROPYLENE-ETHYLENECOPOLYMER, 243 270 353

PROTECTIVE COATING, 278PULTRUSION, 85 140 225 371

395 399PUNCTURE RESISTANCE, 315

401PURITY, 63 270 351PYROLYSIS, 14 15 16 26 77 105

156 193 199 228 237 274 305309 323 370 374 391

PYROLYSIS GASCHROMATOGRAPHY, 39 5175

QQUENCHING, 130 260 287

RRADIANT HEAT, 308 391RAILWAY APPLICATION, 85 91

225 361 378 399 413REACTION MECHANISM, 2 36

48 104 208 347 353 354 358REACTIVE FLAME

RETARDANT, 153 156 159179 331 386

RECLAIM, 339RECYCLABILITY, 79 183 184

190 205 233 236 296 355RECYCLED CONTENT, 300RECYCLING, 5 15 29 63 73 77 79

101 110 131 153 158 160 183184 188 190 205 206 215 233236 245 292 296 339 348 355362

RED PHOSPHORUS, 6 64 91 98118 137 152 182 186 265 349350 372 386 387 398

REGULATION, 1 5 21 23 28 29 93101 123 125 145 153 160 184217 233 247 251 257 362 376387 399 413

REINFORCED PLASTIC, 3 12 1921 60 84 85 86 90 91 92 99 104111 115 134 137 139 140 156158 160 161 163 182 185 188225 229 232 238 240 282 286287 289 292 293 299 303 309314 332 346 353 355 357 361363 368 371 375 378 395 397399 400 412

RESIDUAL ADDITIVE, 138RESIDUE, 78 347RESIN TRANSFER MOULDING,

225 399RESISTIVITY, 63 188 240RESOL RESIN, 6RESORCINOL BISDIPHENYL

PHOSPHATE, 167 330REVIEW, 5 9 53 58 78 135 136

153 183 184 185 186 187 199207 224 242 246 332 341 355370 372 376 386 410

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES,27 47 54 70 88 90 91 183 258266 270 275 286 291 294 303322 331 335 347 362 371 378383 385 395 399

RIGID, 1 45 84 95 108 182 208226 305 331 335 366 385 392

RIGIDITY, 61 103RISK ASSESSMENT, 32 43 58 73

77 101 130 138 206 211 257296

ROOFING, 13ROTATIONAL MOULDING, 243

280RUBBER, 1 14 36 39 41 48 72 91

102 107 116 120 126 136 146148 153 156 159 160 161 166185 195 205 207 212 220 236237 246 247 258 260 263 264296 298 299 306 308 309 315320 331 335 355 359 361 370391 402 405 410

RUBBER-MODIFIED, 13 102

SSAFETY, 21 29 58 60 73 86 98 110

117 119 123 125 126 133 148163 166 182 196 205 221 241265 266 267 268 288 389

SATURATED POLYESTER, 1 1625 41 63 146 149 153 243 244269 285 306 337 409 410

SCANNING ELECTRONMICROSCOPY, 2 8 19 40 4865 107 129 208 331 337

SCAVENGER, 299SCISSION, 13 68 156 308SCORCH, 109 154 223SCORCH RESISTANCE, 28 109SEALANT, 32 54 143SEAT, 55 361 412SELF-EXTINGUISHING, 46 188

235 299 308 328 331 347 363375

SELF IGNITION, 363 391SERVICE LIFE, 17 90 401SHEATHING, 57 96SHEET MOULDING

COMPOUND, 91 249 299 361371 378 395 399

SHEETING, 263SHIP, 90 139 413SHRINKAGE, 378 385SILICA, 165 344 389 391SILICATE, 5 60 68 88 91 94 104

201 222 234 279 328 377SILICON COMPOUND, 41 75 129SILICON TETRACHLORIDE,

390SILICONE, 203 236 280 300 321SILICONE POLYMER, 153 195

272 284SILICONE RUBBER, 14 309SILICOTUNGSTIC ACID, 129

Subject Index


SILOXANE, 60 70SILSESQUIOXANE, 41SMOKE, 1 60 84 90 91 105 156

188 305 308 309 335 363 391413

SMOKE CHAMBER, 305 331 391407

SMOKE DENSITY, 208 225 263270 305 309 331 352 361 362363 391

SMOKE EMISSION, 33 58 61 9091 131 156 188 226 234 243270 305 308 309 321 335 351352 355 363 378 379 380 385391

SMOKE GENERATION, 63 185203 216 227 260 262 273 287306 307 315 322 327 362 370394 399 403 407 412

SMOKE INDEX, 362SMOKE OBSCURATION, 232SMOKE SUPPRESSANT, 1 13 27

38 39 44 66 90 91 95 156 159160 185 186 188 225 238 244250 256 261 262 263 264 270278 286 294 295 297 305 307308 309 319 321 327 342 370380 384 391 402

SMOKE SUPPRESSION, 33 86183 208 226 231 251 299 307352 360 365 393 399 407

SMOKE TOXICITY, 257SMOULDERING, 331 363 391SODIUM ALUMINIUM

HYDROXYCARBONATE, 391SODIUM MONTMORILLONITE,

60SODIUM NITRATE, 406SODIUM SILICATE, 200SOLUBILITY, 61 185 260 261 266

267 268 296 314 335 347SOLVENT RESISTANT, 188SOOT FORMATION, 391SPECIFIC GRAVITY, 59 149 158

261 367SPECIFIC SURFACE, 90 270 309STABILISER, 1 13 28 55 63 96

168 180 214 258 355STABILITY, 1 6 8 11 15 28 36 40

60 66 91 94 122 129 130 144149 154 156 158 160 166 167182 185 194 196 208 224 226234 240 259 261 264 266 267269 285 289 292 297 299 303330 332 336 347 350 351 354357 362 368

STADIUM SEATING, 55STANDARD, 1 7 63 123 125 153

154 163 182 184 205 213 254263 287 288 296 308 319 378405 406 412

STANNOUS CHLORIDE, 304 354STATISTICS, 1 5 23 37 43 58 59

62 63 73 76 77 89 126 128 146153 159 160 185 190 218 220225 231 245 260 296 300 334341 372 376

STEEL FIBRE-REINFORCEDPLASTIC, 188

STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILECOPOLYMER, 344

SULFUR, 42 203SULFUR DIOXIDE, 308SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT, 48

244 258 371SURFACE AREA, 2 59 90 127 165

185 238 264 391 395SURFACE CHEMISTRY, 185SURFACE COATING, 281SURFACE DEGRADATION, 270SURFACE MODIFICATION, 13

183 258 351 371SURFACE TREATMENT, 13 41

112 116 183 210 258 264 351371 402

SURFACTANT, 48 244SUSTAINABILITY, 79 117 133SYNERGISM, 2 11 49 53 66 68 72

82 104 105 113 114 129 136142 143 150 152 187 201 208242 243 270 294 309 338 353377

SYNERGIST, 3 44 56 152 156 158159 168 172 182 186 187 188209 219 225 241 260 261 287293 299 306 312 336 337 360370 393 397 409 412

SYNERGISTIC, 38 91 108 130160 208 316 362 375 394 408

SYNERGY, 263 296 351 356SYNTHESIS, 9 11 36 46 108 135

144 285 403SYNTHETIC RUBBER, 1 36 102

107 153 185

TTALC, 5 68 88 201 222 234 270

362 411TELECOMMUNICATIONS

APPLICATION, 5 77 102 188TELEVISION, 63 73 77 91 101

117 133 158 173 188 213TEMPERATURE, 1 2 14 15 36 66

70 75 77 90 149 156 158 244258 263 305 308 309 331 335

363 382 385 401TENSILE PROPERTIES, 2 13 19

65 81 149 152 155 167 182 201263 266 270 295 303 322 331361 362 371 375 400

TEST, 7 20 24 25 28 29 37 44 4950 51 52 64 75 78 80 81 87 8890 92 95 111 113 114 133 147156 157 164 168 169 176 182188 193 195 198 204 208 219222 226 231 251 270 271 284302 305 308 322 324 331 335340 344 347 361 378 381 382384 385 391 394 400 401 406407

TESTING, 5 11 21 32 45 47 48 5556 60 83 90 108 135 149 153154 156 166 170 173 179 183185 189 208 226 243 263 283286 298 331 369 370 378 401408 413

TETRABROMOBISPHENOL A,68 217 230

TETRABROMOPENTADECYLTRIBROMOPHENOL, 322

TETRABROMOPHTHALATE,335

TETRAPHENYL RESORCINOLDIPHOSPHATE, 356

TEXTILE, 5 43 180 207 355 413TEXTILE APPLICATION, 83 157

211 237 314 388THEORY, 4 19 26 42 78 97 150

151 165 181 185 187 199 212226 237 263 284 302 304 307317 322 324 328 330 340 370376 381 382 386 388 389 390395 404 408

THERMAL AGEING, 163 357THERMAL ANALYSIS, 9 30 56

81 90 94 124 142 151 156 177192 193 194 204 209 255 256271 311 338 347 353 354 382384 385 390 391 400 406 407

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, 3448 72 108 270 308 309 331 335354 363 366 385

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION,16 33 78 154 156 185 187 260305 308 347 363 385 390 400406

THERMAL DEGRADATION, 1 28 13 22 24 36 47 51 71 75 105156 171 175 193 194 196 197204 208 209 255 269 270 303305 308 311 312 323 331 340343 347 351 354 359 363 382384

Subject Index


THERMAL INSULATION, 72 91165 324 335 371

THERMAL OXIDATION, 347THERMAL PROPERTIES, 4 8 9

14 18 20 31 33 40 48 60 67 6869 70 71 81 84 94 97 114 122124 136 139 141 150 151 163167 182 224 232 241 242 253259 270 279 280 285 290 291304 308 309 313 314 321 324331 335 342 347 354 357 358363 364 377 380 381 384 385391 396 400 403 404 407 411

THERMAL RESISTANCE, 149THERMAL SCANNING

RHEOMETER, 67 70THERMAL STABILITY, 1 6 8 9

11 15 28 36 40 60 63 66 91 94122 129 144 149 154 156 158160 166 182 185 188 194 196208 224 226 234 240 261 264266 267 269 284 285 289 292296 297 299 300 303 330 332336 347 350 351 354 357 362368 375 385 386 387 403 405411 412

THERMOGRAVIMETRICANALYSIS, 2 4 7 8 10 16 1920 30 36 39 41 42 49 50 51 7071 97 105 107 122 124 129 144165 167 170 176 177 178 192196 208 209 255 263 269 271285 289 311 313 317 322 330342 347 353 358 359 374 377382 384 385 391 400 406 407

THERMOOXIDATIVEDEGRADATION, 308 359

THERMOPLASTICELASTOMER, 91 195 210

THICK-WALLED, 55THICKNESS, 60 113 182 305 362

378THIN-FILM, 300THIN-WALL, 1 158 299 336 357TIN, 5 153 271 369TIN CHLORIDE, 390TIN COMPOUND, 38 116 327TIN OXIDE, 275TITANIUM, 341TITANIUM DIOXIDE, 6TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE, 39TOXIC, 21 237TOXICITY, 24 26 28 43 60 83 91

103 130 131 145 156 157 160181 183 184 188 203 205 211216 217 232 233 240 246 247265 301 305 306 308 315 345355 361 363 371 375 378 387

391 399 410 412 413TOXICOLOGY, 21 58 133 247TRACKING RESISTANCE, 182

188 261 306 363 375 400TRAIN, 225 361 378 399TRANSFER MOULDING, 225TRANSISTOR, 300TRANSMISSION ELECTRON

MICROSCOPY, 8 65 104 107337

TRANSPORT APPLICATION, 5153 176 249 251 260 299

TRANSPORTATION, 1 182 413TRIARYL PHOSPHATE, 186 330

352TRIBORONIC ACID, 189TRIBROMOMETHYL

BENZENE, 171TRIBROMONEOPENTYL

PHOSPHATE, 185TRICHLOROTRIAZINE, 22TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE, 352TRIDIBROMOPHENOXY-

METHYLBENZENE, 171TRIETHYL PHOSPHATE, 64 72

108TRIETHYLHEXYL

TRIMELLITATE, 71TRIMETHYLPHENYLINDANE,

99 270TRIMETHYLPROPANE

TRIACRYLATE, 71TRIOCTYL PHOSPHATE, 352TRIPHENYL PHOSPHATE, 50

167TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE, 24TRISCHLOROPROPYL

PHOSPHATE, 7 217 331 335TRISDICHLOROPROPYL

PHOSPHATE, 7 154TRISMONOCHLOROPROPYL

PHOSPHATE, 154TRISTRIBROMONEOPENTYL

PHOSPHATE, 132TRISTRIBROMOPHENYL

CYANURATE, 132TUNNEL TEST, 335 385 391TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER, 12

339 386

UUNSATURATED POLYESTER,

25 84 90 91 139 153 159 161219 225 232 243 249 256 258260 263 264 265 268 309 312355 369 371 378 399 410

UPHOLSTERY, 5 58 130 157 412

URETHANE COPOLYMER, 48UV STABILISER, 13 28 55 168

214 388UV STABILITY, 1 13 17 63 103

158 168 185 214 248 283 287299 333 357 362 368 386 388

VVAPOUR-PHASE, 15 77 91 156

166 188 192 195 199 263 264270 306 308 309 336 347 354363 400 404

VAPOUR PHASE RESISTANCE,11

VAPOUR PRESSURE, 296 331VEHICLE INTERIOR, 1 154 399VEHICLE SEAT, 361VEHICLE TRIM, 92 119 143VERMICULITE, 200VERTICAL BURNING TEST, 127

179 210VIBRATIONAL

SPECTROSCOPY, 50 97 107124 177 192 194 202 269 313347

VIDEO EQUIPMENT, 188VINYL ACETATE-ETHYLENE

COPOLYMER, 8 351VISCOELASTICITY, 67 70 166VISCOSITY, 27 47 54 59 70 90

258 266 270 275 286 294 303313 331 335 362 371 378 395

VISUAL DISPLAY SCREEN, 236VOLATILITY, 18 28 39 154 156

265 266 308 330 331 336 347363 411

WWASHING MACHINE, 74WASTE, 15 110 188WASTE COLLECTION, 77 101WASTE DISPOSAL, 29 79 153

160 184 205 206 215 355WASTE MANAGEMENT, 58 110

126WASTE SORTING, 77 206 215WATER, 308 309 347 363 385 391WATER-RELEASING, 159 258WATER VAPOUR, 91 270 308 309WEATHER RESISTANCE, 13 55

357 388WEIGHT LOSS, 7 8 36 47 71 84

102 105 156 158 279 308 330347 385 390 391 407

WEIGHT REDUCTION, 188 225

Subject Index


375 399WINDOW FRAME, 371WIRE, 1 59 83 166 361 394WIRE COVERING, 71 315WOOD, 141

XX-RAY SCATTERING, 8 14 47

104 144 151 347

YYELLOWING, 299 303 362

ZZEOLITE, 377ZINC, 341 407ZINC BORATE, 5 18 53 56 71 91

95 96 114 141 172 176 188 201208 209 226 228 242 250 261263 264 275 277 289 293 306309 320 338 342 365 407

ZINC CHLORIDE, 304ZINC HYDROXYSTANNATE, 38

95 116 185 226 263 298 312327 369

ZINC NITRATE, 406ZINC OXIDE, 2 172 407ZINC STANNATE, 53 91 116 172

185 188 262 263 275 342 365369

ZINC SULFIDE, 105ZIRCONIUM, 341

Subject Index


Company Index


Company Index

AAKZO NOBEL, 316AKZO NOBEL CENTRAL

RESEARCH, 330 338AKZO NOBEL CHEMICALS

INC., 167AKZO NOBEL FUNCTIONAL

CHEMICALS LLC, 177ALBEMARLE CORP., 12 29 79 80

133 229 247 303ALBEMARLE EUROPE SPRL,

117ALBERMARLE CO., 58ALBRIGHT & WILSON, 244 265

266 267 268 276 350 387ALCAN CHEMICALS, 264 275

294 365 395ALCOA ALUMINIO SA, 210ALES,ECOLE DES MINES, 201

270 309 353 382ALLIED-SIGNAL INC., 266ALUMINUM CO.OF AMERICA,

403ALUSUISSE MARTINSWERK

GMBH, 162 183AMPACET CORP., 179ANKERPOORT NV, 370ANTWERP,UNIVERSITY, 106ANZON LTD., 307 352APME, 77 126ARCUEIL,CENTRE

TECHNIQUE, 36ARGENTINA,NATIONAL

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,141

AUSTRALIA,CSIRO, 20AUSTRALIA,DEFENCE

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYORG., 20

BBASF AG, 4 50 97 202 255 269

378 398BASF BELGIUM SA NV, 45BASF SCHWARZHEIDE GMBH,

45BAYREUTH,UNIVERSITY, 131BELARUS,STATE UNIVERSITY,

4 16 50 177 192 194 196BELORUSSIAN,STATE

UNIVERSITY, 97 142 151 202255 269 347 411

BENJAMIN/CLARKEASSOCIATES INC., 232

BOLTON INSTITUTE, 39 40 84BORAX EUROPE LTD., 56 228

250 277 289 320BORAX FRANCE, 309BORAX LTD., 306BORAX US, 309BOREALIS AB, 14BP, 267BROMINE SCIENCE &

ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM,205 215 233 246

BROOKLYN,POLYTECHNICUNIVERSITY, 30 42 192 198199 203 235 254 269 410

BRUNEL UNIVERSITY, 38 53116 256 298 327 351 380

BUDAPEST,TECHNICALUNIVERSITY, 69 70

BUDENHEIM IBERICA, 112BYELORUSSIAN,STATE

UNIVERSITY, 343 374BYK CHEMIE GMBH, 85 140

399

CCANADA,DEPT.OF FISHERIES

& OCEANS, 83CANADA,INSTITUTE OF

OCEAN SCIENCES, 83CATALUNYA,UNIVERSITY, 302CENTRAL

MICHIGAN,UNIVERSITY, 22171 174

CENTRE D’ETUDES DESSTRUCTURES ETMATERIAUX NAVALS, 90 139

CENTRE REGIONAL D’ESSAISPOUR L’IGNIFUGATION DESMATERIAUX, 111

CFB PLC, 237CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY, 14CHEMIE LINZ GMBH, 355CHEMISCHE FABRIK

BUDENHEIM, 112CHEMOX LTD., 383CHINA,JUNIOR COLLEGE OF

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY, 285CHINA,UNIVERSITY OF

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,129 150 152

CIBA SPECIALTY CHEMICALSCORP., 17 82 113 168 266 283

CLARIANT GMBH, 85 87 118140 161 223 225 249 260

CLARIANT LTD., 58CNR, 49CNRS, 209COAKER A.W.,& ASSOCIATES

INC., 44COMPAQ COMPUTER CORP.,

401CONICET, 141CONSTAB POLYMER-CHEMIE

GMBH, 386CORNELL UNIVERSITY, 328COURTAULDS CHEMICALS,

310CRACOW,UNIVERSITY, 324CREPIM, 8 69 209 377CSIR, 322

DDAIMLERCHRYSLER, 28DATCO TECHNOLOGY LTD.,

279DCN, 90DEAD SEA BROMINE CO., 99

211 270 292DEAD SEA BROMINE GROUP,

134 147 158 221 248 297 357368 402

DEAD SEA PERICLASE LTD.,402

DOVER CHEMICAL CORP., 11DOW CHEMICAL CO., 385DOW CORNING CORP., 321DOW CORNING TORAY

SILICONE CO.LTD., 75DR.TROITZCH BRANDSCHUTZ

& UMWELTSCHUTZSERVICE, 376

DSBG EUROBROM, 99 110DSM CHEMIE LINZ GMBH, 200DSM MELAPUR, 35 100 115 227DSM RESEARCH, 35 47

EECOLE DES MINES D’ALES,

292ECOLE NATIONALE

SUPERIEURE DE CHIMIE DELILLE, 8 69 70 166 175 178

Company Index


197 204 250ECOLE NATIONALE

SUPERIEURE DES ARTS &IND.TEXT., 41

ELASTOGRAN GMBH, 45ELF ATOCHEM, 296 377EMA, 221ENICHEM SPA, 121 317ENSAIT, 69 70 204ENSC, 111ENSCL, 10 67 124 169ENVIRONMENT CANADA, 83ERLANGEN,UNIVERSITAT, 233EUROBROM BV, 132 134 147

163EUROPEAN BROMINATED

FLAME RETARDANTIND.COMMITTEE, 93

EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 93206 211

EUROPEAN FLAMERETARDANT ASSN., 93 126

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, 138EUROPEAN VINYLS CORP.(UK)

LTD., 226EVC (UK) LTD., 95EXEL, 85

FFIBRON GMBH, 378FIRE & ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION SERVICE, 216FIRE RETARDANT CHEMICALS

ASSN., 126 412FLAME RETARDANT

CHEMICALS ASSOCIATION,362

FLAME RETARDANTSASSOCIATES INC., 88 159319

FLAMEMAG INTERNATIONALGIE, 218

FLORIDA,INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, 407

FMC CORP., 148 334 339 356 360367 372 396 408

FREEDONIA GROUP INC., 89FROST & SULLIVAN, 125FURON CO., 315

GGABRIEL-CHEMIE GMBH, 55GE PLASTICS EUROPE, 98GEMTEX, 169 175GERMANY,FEDERAL

INSTITUTE FOR

MATERIALS RESEARCH &TESTING, 105

GFA LABORATORY, 233GLIWICE,INSTITUTE OF

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, 9GRAPH-TECH INC., 108GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL

CORP., 1 28 43 54 68 73 81109 110 123 149 154 211 214222 335 337 373 388

HHANNA ENGINEERED

MATERIALS, 287HARBIA,NORTHEAST

FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 33HEALTH CANADA, 106HEBEI,UNIVERSITY, 2HEIFEI,UNIVERSITY OF

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,144

HELSINKI,UNIVERSITY, 359HEXCEL COMPOSITES, 84HICKORY SPRINGS

MANUFACTURING CO., 318HOECHST AG, 326 331 349 366

392HOMEBASE LTD., 180HONG KONG,CITY

UNIVERSITY, 155HUBEI,UNIVERSITY, 15HUBER J.M.,CORP., 13 27 286

IIAL CONSULTANTS LTD., 341ICC INDUSTRIES INC., 280ICI CHLOR-CHEMICALS, 405ICI PLC, 267ICI POLYURETHANES, 124 178IMI, 295INCA AB, 119INCEMIN AG, 290INDIAN INSTITUTE OF

SCIENCE, 313INDIAN INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, 78 410INDIAN PETROCHEMICAL

CORP.LTD., 24 25INSTITUT CHARLES SADRON,

196INSTITUT FUER

VERBUNDWERKSTOFFEGMBH, 3

INSTITUTO DE CIENCIA YTECNOLOGIA DEPOLIMEROS, 156

INTERACTIVE CONSULTINGINC., 130

INTERNATIONAL TINRESEARCH INSTITUTE, 298327

ISPESI, 305ISRAEL,IMI INSTITUTE FOR

RESEARCH &DEVELOPMENT, 66 235

ISRIM, 311ITALMATCH CHEMICALS SPA,

86 182ITRI LTD., 256 262 271 312 369

JJERUSALEM,HEBREW

UNIVERSITY, 199JOHANNES-KEPLER-

UNIVERSITY, 35

KKABELWERK EUPEN AG, 37 60

94KAZAKHSTAN,INSTITUTE OF

CHEMICAL SCIENCES, 196KINGSTON,UNIVERSITY, 278KONINKLIJKE/SHELL

LABORATORIUM, 364 400KUMKANG KOREA CHEMICAL

CO.LTD., 6KUNSTSTOFF-RECYCLING-

ZENTRUM GMBH, 348

LLATI SPA, 311LAUREL INDUSTRIES, 172LILLE,ECOLE DE CHIMIE, 309LILLE,UNIVERSITE DES

SCIENCES ETTECHNOLOGIES, 8 377

LODZ,INSTITUTE OFCHEMICAL FIBRES, 136

LODZ,POLYTECHNIC, 136LOWELL,MASSACHUSETTS

UNIVERSITY, 252LUBEN PLAST, 188LUND,UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL,

245

MMANCHESTER,METROPOLITAN

UNIVERSITY, 351 379 391MARIETTA M.,MAGNESIA

Company Index


SPECIALTIES INC., 88MARQUETTE,UNIVERSITY, 104

224MARTINSWERK GMBH, 12 231

240 258 361 399MENZOLIT-FIBRON, 140MICA & MICANITE (IRELAND)

LTD., 240MINAS

GERAIS,UNIVERSIDADEFEDERAL, 127

MINES DE LA LUCETTE, 383MINMETALS, 220MITRAS KUNSTSTOFFE

GMBH, 378MONASH,UNIVERSITY, 20MONTELL, 234MOSCOW,INSTITUTE FOR

SYNTHETIC POLYMERICMATERIALS, 142 193 196

MOSCOW,STATE TEXTILEACADEMY, 193

MUNCHEN,TECHNISCHEHOCHSCHULE, 348

NNABALTEC GMBH, 57 59 212NAGOYA,UNIVERSITY, 75NANOCOR, 328NEC CORP., 236 284 300NETHERLANDS,INSTITUTE

FOR FISHERIES RESEARCH,106 211

NEW YORK,POLYTECHNICUNIVERSITY, 406

NICCO CORP.LTD., 322NORDMANN RASSMANN

GMBH & CO., 143 220NORTH CAROLINA,STATE

UNIVERSITY, 164NORTHUMBRIA,UNIVERSITY,

273 307 352

OOCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL

CORP., 293 394 397OSTTHUERINGISCHE

MATERIALPRUEFGESELLSCHAFTMBH, 92

OXYCHEM, 172

PPADOVA,UNIVERSITA, 34 48 64

72 108 121 324

PETRU PONI,INSTITUTE OFMACROMOLECULARCHEMISTRY, 24 25

POLAND,INSTITUTE OFCHEMICAL FIBRES, 253

POLAND,RESEARCHLABORATORY OFNITROGEN WORKS, 253

POLYMER BURNINGLABORATORY, 259

POMEZIA,CENTROSPERIMENTALE DI VOLO,49

POZNAN,INSTITUTE OFNATURAL FIBRES, 9

PQ CORP., 314PRETORIA,UNIVERSITY, 170

QQUEEN’S UNIVERSITY AT

KINGSTON, 279QUIMIDROGA SA, 308

RRADICINOVACIPS SPA, 74 375RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD., 5

153RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD.,

102RESINEX AG, 103RHEOMETRIC SCIENTIFIC, 384RHODIA, 40RIO DE

JANEIRO,UNIVERSIDADEFEDERAL, 210

RIO TINTO BORAX, 96 114ROHM & HAAS CO., 409ROMA,UNIVERSITA LA

SAPIENZA, 305ROTHON CONSULTANTS, 391ROUEN,INSTITUT NATIONAL

DES SCIENCESAPPLIQUEES, 36

RUSSIA,INSTITUTE OFSYNTHETIC POLYMERICMATERIALS, 358

RUSSIA,RESEARCH INSTITUTEFOR HIGH MOLECULARCOMPOUNDS, 196

RUSSIAN ACADEMY OFSCIENCES, 24 52 135 191 195272 304 340 344 354 389 390

SSALFORD,UNIVERSITY, 39 122SARDAR PATEL UNIVERSITY,

25SATERI FIBRES, 84SAUDI ARABIA,INSTITUTE OF

ATOMIC ENERGYRESEARCH, 71

SCHILL & SEILACHER, 131 145181 230

SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC, 111SEMENOV N.N.,INSTITUTE OF

CHEMICAL PHYSICS, 193SHANGHAI,JIAO TONG

UNIVERSITY, 65SHEFFIELD,UNIVERSITY, 122SHELL CHEMICALS, 7SHELL DEVELOPMENT CO.,

364 400SHELL LOUVAIN-LA-NEUVE,

364SHELL RESEARCH SA, 291 400SHIBAURA,INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, 51SICHUAN,UNIVERSITY, 18 19

107 208SOCIETY OF

ENVIRONMENTALTOXICOLOGY &CHEMISTRY, 211

SOUTHCAROLINA,UNIVERSITY,189

SRI CONSULTING, 23STOCKHOLM,UNIVERSITY, 245STOREY J.,& CO., 263SUMGAIT,STATE UNIVERSITY,

46SUMITOMO DOW, 236 300SUNG KYUN KWAN

UNIVERSITY, 6SURREY,UNIVERSITY, 217 257SWEDEN,NATIONAL TESTING

& RESEARCH INSTITUTE,123 173 213

TTAIWAN,NATIONAL CHENG

KUNG UNIVERSITY, 285TAIWAN,NATIONAL

KAOHSIUNG UNIVERSITYOF APPLIED SCIENCE, 137

TAIWAN,NATIONALUNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY, 137

Company Index


TALC DE LUZENAC, 270TAMKANG,UNIVERSITY, 137TECHNO POLYMER CO.LTD.,

215TIN TECHNOLOGY LTD., 38 116TITK E.V, 92TORINO,POLITECNICO, 10TORINO,UNIVERSITA, 67 72

104 124 142 178 192 194 196274 311 317 343 347 374 411

TOSOH CORP., 393TUEBINGEN,UNIVERSITY, 345TURIN,UNIVERSITY, 234

UUCAR GRAPH-TECH INC., 219UK,CENTRE FOR

ENVIRONMENT,FISHERIES& AQUACULTURESCIENCE, 211

ULM,UNIVERSITY, 345UPRES, 209UPRES EA, 7UPRESA CNRS, 10

US BORAX CORP., 242US BORAX INC., 176 250 261

277 289 320 342 407US,BUILDING & FIRE

RESEARCH LABORATORY,165

US,CONSUMER PRODUCTSAFETY COMMISSION, 123

US,FIRE RETARDANTCHEMICALS ASSOCIATION,184

US,FLAME RETARDANTCHEMICALS ASSOCIATION,346

US,NATIONAL BUREAU OFSTANDARDS, 232

US,NATIONAL INST.OFSTANDARDS &TECHNOLOGY, 60 104 165195 204 344

US,NATIONAL RESEARCHCOUNCIL, 157

USMANUDANFODIYO,UNIVERSITY,404

USTL, 124 381

VVAMP TECH, 363

WWARSAW,CENTRAL

INSTITUTE OF LABOURPROTECTION, 61

WARSAW,INDUSTRIALCHEMISTRY RESEARCHINSTITUTE, 219

WARSAW,UNIVERSITY OFTECHNOLOGY, 61

WIESBADEN,FIREPROTECTION SERVICE, 288

WORLD HEALTHORGANISATION, 246

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