Kingdom PlantaeMulticellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic photosynthetic with cell walls made of cellulose.

Kingdom PlantaeAll plants have roots, stems and leaves. The leaves contain stomata-openings for gas and water exchange. The cuticle - a waxy waterproof coating. Waxes and oils are lipids, which are biomolecules that do not dissolve in water.Reproduce - sexually through meiosis and asexually by spores and fragmentation.Transport tissues - phloem and xylem.Two types - nonvascular and vascular.

Plant FactsPlants live from a few weeks to 5,000 years old.Plants that are non-woody are called herbaceous plants.Plants start to grow, the embryo in the seed begins to sprout and grow into a plant is called Germination.

Parts of PlantsThe leaf, is a plant organ that grows from a stem and usually is where photosynthesis occurs.There are three types of leaves that plants: simple, compound, double compoundPlants can take in water and nutrients from the soil with their roots.In most plants, a root is a plant organ that absorbs water and minerals usually from the soil.Roots anchor a plant usually in the ground. Some roots, such as those of radishes or sweet potatoes, accumulate starch and function as organs of storage. Water moves from the roots of a tree to its leaves, and the sugars produced in the leaves move to the roots through the stem.A stem is a plant organ that provides support for growth.

Section 21.1 Summary pages 559 - 563Transporting materialsPhloemXylemCambiumXylem transports water and dissolved substances other than sugar throughout the plant.Phloem transports dissolved sugar throughout the plant.Cambium produces xylem and phloem as the plant grows.

Plant ReproductionA seed is a plant organ that contains an embryo, along with a food supply, and is covered by a protective coat.A seed protects the embryo from drying out and also can aid in its dispersal.Land plants reproduce by either spores or seeds.

Nonvascular Seedless PlantsNo vascular tissue, no true roots, stems or leaves and seedless plants.Phylum Bryophyta - peat mossPhylum Hepatophyta - liverwortsPhylum Anthocerophyta - hornworts

Liverworts, Peat Moss & HornwortsPolytrichum

Vascular Seedless PlantsReproduce by spores.Phylum Psilotophyta - whisk fernsPhylum Lycophyta - club moss & spike mossPhylum Spenophyta - horsetailsPhylum Pterophyta - ferns

Club moss HuperziaScouring rush--Equisetum

Vascular Seed PlantsReproduce through germination of seedsTwo typesGymnosperms - produces naked seeds, cones, and evergreenAngiosperms - flowering plants

GymnospermsPhylum Cycadophyta - cycads Phylum Ginkgophyta - Ginkgo biloba only surviving speciesPhylum Coniferophyta - conifers, pine, cedar, redwoods, fir, spruce, juniper, cypress, & bald cypress. Phylum Gnetophyta Ephedra (Mormoms tea)

Section 21.2 Summary pages 564 - 569ConiferophytaBristlecone pines, the oldest known living trees in the world, are members of this plant division. Another type of conifer, the Pacific yew, is a source of cancer-fighting drugs.Conifers are vascular seed plants that produce seeds in cones. Conifers can be identified by the characteristics of their cones or leaves that are needlelike or scaly.

Section 21.2 Summary pages 564 - 569GnetophytaThere are three genera of gnetophytes and each has distinct characteristics. Gnetum includes about 30 species of tropical trees and climbing vines.There are about 35 Ephedra species that grow as shrubby plants in desert and arid regions. Welwitschia has only one species, which is found in the deserts of southwest Africa.Its leaves grow from the base of a short stem that resembles a large, shallow cap.

Gymnosperms

AngiospermsPhylum Anthophyta - Largest of all plant phylums. All of these have a flower and produce a fruit.There are approximately 250,000 species.Two classesMonocotyledons - single seed leaf - lilies, irises, palms, tulips, bananas, pineapples, onions, bamboo, coconutDicotyledons-two seed leaves - beans, lettuce, oaks, maple, roses, carnations, elms, cacti

Cells of the PlantParenchyma cells are the most abundant kind of plant cell.They are found throughout the tissues of a plant.These spherical cells have thin, flexible cell walls.Most parenchyma cells usually have a large central vacuole, which sometimes contains a fluid called sap.Parenchyma cells have two main functions: storage and food production.The edible portion of many fruits and vegetables are composed mostly of parenchyma cells.

Collenchyma cells are long cells with unevenly thickened cell walls.The structure of the cell wall is important because it allows the cells to grow.The walls of collenchyma cells can stretch as the cells grow while providing strength and support.The walls of sclerenchyma cells are very thick and rigid. Two types of sclerenchyma cells commonly found in plants are fibers and sclerids. Fibers are long, thin cells that form strands. CelerySclerids are irregularly shaped and usually found in clusters, gritty texture in pears.Cells of the Plant

Tissues of the PlantThe dermal tissue, or epidermis, is composed of flattened cells that cover all parts of the plant.Stomata (singular, stoma) are openings in leaf tissue that control the exchange of gases.Cells called guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata. The opening and closing of stomata regulates the flow of water vapor from leaf tissues.Trichomes are hair-like projections that give a stem or a leaf a fuzzy appearance. They help reduce the evaporation of water from the plant.

Vascular TissueXylem is plant tissue composed of tubular cells that transports water and dissolve minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.Sugars and other organic compounds are transported throughout a vascular plant within the phloem.Ground tissue is composed mostly of parenchyma cells. The functions of ground tissue include photosynthesis, storage, and support.A growing plant produces new cells in areas called meristems. Meristems are regions of actively dividing cells. Apical meristems are found at or near the tips of roots and stems.The vascular cambium produces new xylem and phloem cells in the stems and roots. The cork cambium produces cells with tough cell walls.

ROOTSThe surface area of a plants roots can be as much as 50 times greater than the surface area of its leaves.There are two main types of root systems-taproots and fibrous roots.Taproots accumulate and store food.Fibrous roots systems have many, small branching roots that grow from a central point.

STEMSStems usually are the aboveground parts of plants that support leaves and flowers. They have vascular tissues that transport water, dissolved minerals, and sugars to and from roots and leaves.Green, herbaceous stems are soft and flexible and usually carry out some photosynthesis.Trees, shrubs, and some other perennials have woody stems. Woody stems are hard and rigid and have cork and vascular cambriums.A tuber is a swollen, underground stem that has buds from which new plants can grow.Rhizomes also are underground stems that store food.

LEAVESThe primary function of the leaves is photosynthesis. Most leaves have a relatively large surface area that receives sunlight.Sunlight passes through the transparent cuticle into the photosynthetic tissues just beneath the leaf surface.The flat, broad, green part of the leaf is called the leaf blade.This stalk, which is part of the leaf, is called the petiole. The petiole contains vascular tissues that extend from the stem into the leaf and form veins.

LEAF ARRANGEMENTA simple leaf is one with a blade that is not divided.When the blade is divided into leaflets, it is called a compound leaf.Leaves can grow from opposite sides of the stem in an alternating arrangement.If two leaves grow opposite each other on a stem, the arrangement is called opposite.Three or more leaves growing around a stem at the same position is called a whorled arrangement.

LEAF STRUCTUREMost photosynthesis takes place in the palisade mesophyll.Below the palisade mesophyll is the spongy mesophyll, which is composed of loosely packed, irregularly shaped cells.These cells usually are surrounded by many air spaces that allow carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor to freely flow around the cells.Gases can also move in and out of a leaf through the stomata, which are located in the upper and/or lower epidermis.Guard cells are cells that surround and control the size of a stoma.The loss of water through the stomata is called transpiration.

Venation PatternsOne way to distinguish among different groups of plants is to examine the pattern of veins in their leaves. The veins of vascular tissue run through the mesophyll of the leaf.Leaf venation patterns may be parallel, netlike, or dichotomous.

Parts of a Flower4 basic partsSepals - outermost part that surrounds & protectsPetal - brightly coloredStamen - anther & filament (male parts)Carpels - pistil, ovary, style & stigma (female parts)

Receptacle or Peduncle

FlowersA flower that has all four organssepals, petals, stamens, and pistilsis called a complete flower.A flower that does not have one or more of the essential parts is called an incomplete flower.