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Plant Classification
WHAT IS A PLANT? Plants are defined as eukaryotes that have cell
walls containing cellulose and carry out photosynthesis using chlorophyll. Most all plants are multi-cellular and are autotrophs
(make their own food). A few plants are parasites. Plants develop from developed embryos.
How many plants are there?
About 350,000 plants are known to exist, and new ones are still being
discovered.
As of 2004, scientists have named 287,655 plants.
258,650 flowering plants.
The rest are mosses, ferns, and green algae.
Vascular Plants
Understanding how plants grow and develop helps us capitalize on their usefulness and make them part of our everyday lives.
In horticulture we tend to focus on vascular and non- vascular plants Vascular plants are those that contain water-
and nutrient-conducting tissues called xylem and phloem
Non-vascular plants must rely on each cell directly absorbing the nutrients that they need.
PLANT CLASSIFICATION
-a means of grouping plants
according to their similarities
Plant Classifications Botanical
Identifies plants according to their physical characteristics
What you see!
Plant Classifications Descriptive
System that identifies plants by their use and life cycle
How they grow and reproduce!
Botanical System of Classification
7 CategoriesKingdomDivision/PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
Botanical nomenclature is the orderly classification and naming of plants.
Universal language (Latin)
The binomial system specifies that a plant name must have at least two parts.
Derived from Latin bi = 2; nomin = name.
The requirement for both a genus and a specific epithet to name a species is what defines the system as “binomial”
Binomial Nomenclature
The Origin of Botanical Names
Taxonomy: Area that deals with naming of plants.
Carolus Linnaeus: Father of the “Bionomial System”
Binomial Systems is has two parts; Genus (last name) - Upper Case species (first name) – Epithet (lower
case)
PLANT NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION
In the botanical name for theFrench marigold -Tagetes patula
– Tagetes is called the genus(genera, plural).
– patula is called the specific epithet.
• When combined, these twowords form the plant species.
Varieties and Cultivars
Plants mostly are distinguished by two parts; Genus and species
However, through mutations and breeding change occurs.
To distinguish a third part is added to the binomial system; Cultivar and Variety
Cultivar & Variety
A cultivar is human-made and/or -maintained. The name is short for “cultivated” i.e. seed and seedless grapes Labeled - cv
A plant variety is a naturally occurring mutation or offspring different significantly from the parent. i.e. A species with white flowers might
spontaneously mutate and a new variety with pink flowers would appear.
Labeled - var. or v.
Classification of Plants
The plant kingdom has become successful all over the Earth. They have done so by adapting to a wide variety of different conditions and niches.
The following are some major groups of plants.
Bryophytes: Ferns: Gymnosperms: Angiosperms:
Major Groups of Plants
Bryophytes: Non-vascular plants. Live in damp
areas.Mosses, Liverworts
Major Groups of Plants
Ferns: Vascular Plants, which produce spores. Have
no true leaves.
All other plants are put into two main categories:
GymnospermsIncludes evergreen cone-bearing plants like pines, spruces, junipers and yews.
Foliage generally is needlelike, and they do not have flowers or juicy fruits.
AngiospermsAll flowering plants & nearly all food plants.
Primary identifying characteristic is the flower, which includes a plant ovary, which swells to become the fruit with seeds inside.
Angiosperms are divided into two other groups.
Monocots and Dicots
What is a cotyledon?
A cotyledon is the fleshy structure within a seed that contains food for a developing embryo.
It is also the first seed leaves to appear as the seed germinates. Also known as seed leaves.
• Whether a plant is a monocot or dicot can help determine its method of propagation and susceptibility to weed killers.
Monocots 1 cotyledon in a seed
Long narrow leaves with parallel veins
Vascular bundles scattered throughout
Non-woody (don’t produce wood)
Flower petals in multiples of 3
Roots are fibrous (shallow and small)
Monocots
Dicots Seeds with 2 seed leaves or 2
cotyledons
Branching veins patterns (webbed or net-like)
Flowers parts in multiples of 4 or 5
Woody plants
Vascular bundles shape of a ring
Root system composed of primary tap root and many root hairs (large and deep)
Dicot
Monocots and Dicots
Monocots1- One cotyledon2- Leaves-parallel
venation3- Stems-vascular
bundles scattered throughout the stem
4- Flower parts in multiples of 3
5- Fibrous root system
Dicots1- Two cotyledons2- Leaves-netted
venation3- Stems-bundles
arranged in a ring4- Flower parts in
multiples of 4 or 55- Taproot system
Monocots vs. Dicots
Plant Classification
When classifying plants they are classified more by their stem types, foliage retention and flowering patterns (visual characteristics)
Also, plants are classified by their life structures, life cycle and genetics.
Plant Classification
The life structure and cycle is based on their;
Vegetative Growth Period (leaves, stem)
Reproductive Growth Period (asexual, sexual, seeds, etc.)
Dormancy Growth Period (winter, summer, fall and spring)
Plant Classification
Plants are divided into three (3) life cycles (start to finish).
Annuals: Complete their life cycle in one growing season.
Biennials: Completes their life cycle in two growing seasons.
Perennials: Plants that live for three or more growing seasons.
Annual Growth Cycle
Annuals They have to be replanted every year. Have an Herbaceous stem, which is a
stem with no woody tissue in it
Summer Annuals:Planted in spring, harvested in fall
Winter Annuals:Planted in fall, harvested in
following summerPetunias, Marigolds, Geraniums,
impatiens, etc.
Biennial Growth Cycle
Biennials Complete their vegetative growth in the
first year, and then usually flowers during their second season.
They must also be replanted every year.
Cabbage, beets, carrots, peas, etc…
Cool season vegetables
Perennial Life Cycle
Perennials Flower for a short time. They can be both
soft (Herbaceous) and hard woody plants.
Perennials do not usually have a predetermined age of death.
Herbaceous: ShrubsWoody: Maple, Apple, etc.
Annuals, Biennials, Perennials
Annuals – complete their life cycle in one season.
Examples: Marigold, Petunias, and many more!
Biennials –complete their life cycle in two seasons. (first season vegetative growth, second season
reproduce)
Examples: Holly Hocks, Fox Glove
Perennials Plants that grow season after season
Examples: Roses, Shasta Daisy
