What Are Plants Multicellular Eukaryotes Cell walls- cellulose
Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out Photosynthesis using
Chlorophyll a and b Include: trees, shrubs, grasses, mosses,
ferns
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Plant Life Cycle 2 phases-mitosis and meiosis alternate to
produce two types of cells sporophyte -Diploid (2n)- spore
producing plant Gametophyte- Haploid (n)- gamete producing plant
Early plants(mosses/ferns) require water for reprod. Later plants
use seeds Can be asexual or vegetative
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What Plants Need To Survive Sunlight- energy for photosynthesis
Water + Minerals - photosynthesis Gas Exchange- CO for
photosynthesis Movement of Water/Nutrients- specialized tissue to
move from roots to leaves Xylem phloem
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Early Plants 1 st plants evolved from multicellular green algae
(protist) Similarities: Photosynthesis Color Reproductive cycle
Cell walls Pigments= chlorophyll DNA sequences
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First Plants Mosses
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Mosses evolve to form vascular plants Vascular tissue- conduct
water/nutrient through plant Ferns Cone bearing plants (conifers)
Flowering plants(Angiosperms)
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Classification of Plants Based on Water conducting tissues
Seeds Flowers
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Bryophyta Depend on water for reproduction Lack vascular tissue
Use osmosis to draw up water ( few cm) Low growing Live in
moist/shaded areas Types: Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts
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Mosses Habitat: areas with water Poor soils Harsh environments
Rhizoids-long thin cells, anchor to ground, absorb water
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Liverworts Reproduce: sexually/asexually Asexually- Gemmae-
multicellular reprod. structures-produced in Gemmae cup
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Hornworts Reproductive structure- tiny green horn
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Ferns/Relatives Seedless vascular plants Club mosses- Lycophyta
Horsetails-Equisetum Ferns-pterophyta Depend on water for reprod.
Lycophyta Equisetum
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Ferns Rhizomes-underground stems Fronds- leaves
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Seed Plants Gymnosperms- seeds directly on surface Conifers and
ancient palm like plants Angiosperms- flowering plants- bear seeds
within layers of tissue
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Reproduction- no water Adaptations: Flowers/cones Pollen
Protection of embryos in seeds
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Cones/flowers- Gametophytes grow and mature in structures
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Pollen- male gametophyte carried into female reprod. Structure
by wind animal insects
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Seed- embryo of plant encased in protective covering surrounded
by food supply Seed coat- surrounds/protects contents Prevent
drying out
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Specialized structure for dispersal Textured to stick Fleshy
tissue to be eaten Wind dispersal
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Gymnosperms Naked Seed Gnetophytes- Africa Cycads- palm-like
Ginkgoes-1 species left Conifers
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Ecology of Conifers Developed needle shaped leaves with waxy
coat to reduce the amount of moisture lost
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Angiosperms Enclosed seed Unique reproductive structures known
as flowers Attract bees, moths, hummingbirds for transport of
pollen Contain ovaries- surround and protect seeds- Ovary develops
into fruit Fruit-wall of tissue surrounding seed Organisms eat
fruit spread seeds
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Monocots/Dicots Dicots Fibrous roots Taproot
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Woody/Herbaceous Plants Woody-thick cell walls for support
Trees, shrubs, vines Herbaceous-smooth, non-woody Dandelions,
zinnias, petunias
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Annuals/Biennials/Perennials Life spans Annuals- live one year
Biennials- complete life cycle in 2 years Perennials- live for many
years
