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class note of hydropower planning
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Basic Investigations
• Hydrological network• Water Basin Plans
Ranking of projects according to size, cost, environmental effects etc
Planning of Hydropower Projects
Purpose Oriented Investigations
Identify, investigate and select the best projects for a stated purpose. Benefit greatly from basic investigations
Investigation of Resources Planning Parameters and Data
• Power Demand• Hydrology• Topography• Geology, Soils and Materials• Environment• Socio-economic aspects• Tariffs and Tariff Policy or Market Price
Investigation of Resources Power Demand
• Demand• Supply systems• Energy conservation• Power market surveys• Demand forecast
Investigation of ResourcesPower Demand
Investigation of ResourcesHydrology
• Availability of hydrological data• Rainfall data• Supplementary gauging stations• Establishment of flow records• Reconstruction of flows• Projection of design flows• Overall average flow• Seasonal distribution of flows
Investigation of ResourcesHydrology (cont’d)
• Minimum flow• Run-off estimates• Water balance (rain, evaporation, flow)• Floods• Flood routing• Diversion during construction• Hydraulic design studies• Design flood (Probable Maximum Flood)
Investigation of ResourcesHydrology (cont’d)
• Operation studies• Software for power production• Direct diversion operation (run-of-river)• Reservoir operation• Power operations• Hydrological data required (duration curve)
Investigation of ResourcesHydrology
0123456789
1011121314151617181920
0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % 120 %
Percent of Time
Flow
, m3/
s
Investigation of ResourcesTopography
• Power = Efficiency x Head x Flow• Project layout• Catchment Area• Dam sites• Waterways• Power Stations• Transmission lines• Geology
Investigation of ResourcesGeology, soils and materials
• Exploration of foundation conditions• Reservoir water tightness• Reservoir slope stability• Seismic activity• Sediment problems in reservoirs• Sediment problems in structure design• Identify construction materials
Investigation of ResourcesEnvironment
• Diversion of water• Regulation and inundation• Impacts on settlements• Influence on climate• Impacts on fish and wildlife• Impacts on irrigation/agriculture• Increased malaria spread because of
reservoir (proposal from former class)
Investigation of ResourcesSocio-economic aspects
• Social benefits• Economic benefits
Investigation of ResourcesTariffs, tariff policy or market price
Country Households (UScent/kWh)
Commercial (UScent/kWh)
Average salary for employees (USD/year)
Comments
Tanzania 8 12 1 300 Tariff
Uganda 25-27 25-27 2 900 Tariff
Ethiopia 9 13 1 200 Tariff
India 6.25 12.5 4 500 Tariff state by state
Nepal 11 15 1 800 Tariff
Bhutan 3 5 3 500 Tariff
Belgium 15-20 15-20 30 000 Element of market price
Norway 8-20 8-20 50 000 Market price
PlanningThe hydropower development cyclePhase Large HPP Small/Mini HPP
Less than 10-20 MW
Preconstruction 3-5 years 1-2 years
ImplementationConstruction
3-8 years 1,5-3 years
Operation 50-100 years 30-50 years
PlanningThe hydropower development cycle Typical process resulting in
implementation of one HPP
• Reconnaissance studies of 20-30 schemes• Pre-feasibility studies of 3-5 schemes• Feasibility studies of 1-2 schemes
Go-ahead
PlanningThe hydropower development cyclePhase Large HPP Small/Mini HPP
Less than 10-20 MW
Preconstruction 3-5 years 1-2 years
ImplementationConstruction
3-8 years 1,5-3 years
Operation 50-100 years 30-50 years
PlanningThe hydropower development cycle
Project Planning Project Implementation Operation
3 - 5 years 3 - 8 years 50 - 100 years
DEFINITE PLAN ENGINEERING STUDY
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT - SUPERVISION OF WORKS
MANUFACTURING, TRANSPORT AND ERECTION
DETAIL DESIGN WORKING DRAWINGS
COMMISSIONING OF WORKS
DESIGN AND PROCUREMENT
RECONNAISSANCE STUDIES
FEASIBILITY STUDIES
PRE_FEASIBILITY STUDY
OPERATION OF INSTALLATIONS
When is financial closure?
PlanningRequired expertise
• Project organisation• Power market• Economic and financial analyses• Hydrology/meteorology• Geodesy and surveying• Electro-mechanical engineering• Geology and rock mechanics• Soil mechanics• Erosion and sedimentology
PlanningRequired expertise (cont’d)
• Hydropower planning and design• Hydraulic structures• Operation and maintenance• Cost engineering• Quality engineering• Environmental baseline disciplines• Socio-economy
Reconnaissance StudiesMain Objectives
• Purpose oriented• Screening of rivers, kWh per km, etc• Identification of projects• Identification of alternatives • Desk studies on available data• Development of preliminary project
solutions, generation capacity, etc• Preliminary cost estimating
Reconnaissance StudiesMain Objectives (cont’d)
• Comparison of project alternatives• Ranking of projects for further
investigations• Listing of projects for further reference
Reconnaissance StudiesPersonnel
Reconnaissance studies require the most experienced personnel
• Hydropower Planner/Team Leader• Hydrologist• Engineering Geologist/Geotechnical exp• Various other experts• Support Personnel
Reconnaissance StudiesThe Environment
• Identification of obvious and severe environmental implications
• Search for mitigating solutions• Abandon if deemed necessarySevere impacts may be:• Inundation of large land areas• Interference with large habitations and
infrastructure• Severe changing of water regimes
Reconnaissance StudiesThe Study
• DATA COLLECTION• DESK STUDY
– Power demand– Flow– Head– Regulation possibilities and needs– Environmental constraints
Reconnaissance StudiesThe Study (cont’d)
• FIELD WORK AND DESIGN– Verification of desk study in the field– “Care of River” problems– Information of technical and environment
features– Information on habitation– Information on other socio-economic impacts– Confirmation of project concept
Reconnaissance StudiesThe Study (cont’d)
ESTIMATES AND SCHEDULES– Preliminary cost estimate– Contingencies– Preliminary implementation schedule
Reconnaissance StudiesThe Study (cont’d)
• ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT– Power generation assessment (kWh per year)– Unit cost of power (USc/kWh)– Ranking according to unit cost
• REPORT
Reconnaissance StudiesModel for Cost Estimate
1000 MU*)
1.0 General and preconstruction cost . . . . . . . . .10 Acquisition of land, water rights, right of way . . . . . . . . .20 Field investigat., hydrology, topography, geology . . . . . . . .2.0 Auxiliary works . . . . . . . . .10 Infrastructure and permanent installations . . . . . . . . .20 Temporary installations, camps, etc . . . . . . . .3.0 Civil works . . . . . . . . .10 Regulation works . . . . . . . . .20 Dams and intakes . . . . . . . . .30 Waterways . . . . . . . . .40 Power station . . . . . . . .
Reconnaissance StudiesModel for Cost Estimate (cont’d)
1000 MU*)
4.0 Electromechanical works . . . . . . . .10 Turbines . . . . . . . .20 Generators . . . . . . . .30 Control system . . . . . . . .40 Transformers and switchyard . . . . . . .5.0 Transmission lines . . . . . . .6.0 Engineering, management and administration . . . . . . .Cost Summary . . . . . . .Physical contingencies: 25% of 3.0, 10-15% of other items. . . . . . .GRAND TOTAL . . . . . . .*) MU = monetary units
Pre-feasibility StudiesSubject
• One or several defined projects
Objectives• Establishment of the need and justification of the project• Formulation of development plan for the project• Determination of the technical, economic and
environmental merits of the project• Definition of project limit• Recommendations for further actions
Pre-feasibility StudiesProject Formulation
METEOROLOGY
HYDROLOGY
SEDIMENT
MARKET SURVEYS
DEMAND FORECASTS
ALTERNATIVE SUPPLY
WATER STUDIES
POWER STUDIES
POWER & ENERGY BALANCE
HYDROPOWER INSTALLATION
OTHER SUPPLY
Pre-feasibility StudiesWater Studies
• Rain fall• Evaporation• Surface water• Groundwater• Quality of water• Water rights
Pre-feasibility StudiesWater Requirements
• Irrigation• Domestic and industrial water• Power generation• Navigation• Fisheries• Recreation• Wildlife and vegetation
Pre-feasibility StudiesVarious Studies
• Flood control• Sediment studies• Operation studies
Pre-feasibility StudiesEngineering
• Surveying and mapping• General geology• Foundation geology• Construction materials• Project plan• Cost estimates
Pre-feasibility StudiesOther Activities
• Power studies• Land resources survey• Land acquisition and resettlement• Environment (Initial Environment Examination)• Economic analysis• Financial analysis• Future investigations• Pre-feasibility study report
Pre-feasibility StudiesCheck-list
Collection and evaluation of existing data on:• Existing infrastructure• Power market (existing demand-future demand)• Topographical maps• Aerial photos and other photos• Hydrology records• Evaporation records• Geology records (geological maps, geological description, soil maps,
previous field investigation records (from prospecting, mining, road building etc)
• Sedimentation and erosion records• Seismicity records• Existing plans for hydropower development in the area• Environmental aspects• Present and future multipurpose considerations (irrigation, flood control etc)
Feasibility StudiesSubject
• One specific projectObjectives
• Determination of the technical, economic & financial, environmental and socio-economic feasibility of the project
• To constitute the basis for:– Financing– Authorisation and licensing– Compensation
• To constitute a firm basis for definite plan studies, detailed design and tender documents
Feasibility StudiesPower Market
• Supply of a new market• Extension of a existing market• Previous studies, review• History, stability/instability and market structure• Classification of load:
– Households– Industry– Public administration– Service– Transportation etc
• Historical trends• Future development scenarios• Energy conservation
Feasibility StudiesPower Market
• Important factors– Historical trends– Population growth– Economic development scenarios– Tariff policy– Substitution loads– Other supply alternatives– Load distribution, geographically– Load distribution, over time– Load factor(s)
Feasibility StudiesHydrology
• Must be firmly established• Quality tests• Gauging station programme• Checking rating curves• Establish run-off series >30 years if
possible• Establish critical flows, min / max
Feasibility StudiesTopography
• Catchment areas: Scale 1 : 50 000• General maps: Scale 1 : 10 000• Reservoir areas: Scale 1 : 25 000• Construction sites: Scale 1 : 2 000 or
1 : 1 000
Nowadays also digitalised maps are produced based on aerial photos
Feasibility StudiesGeology
• Continuation of pre-feasibility programme• Sub-surface exploration
– Core drilling– Seismic refraction– Pilot tunnels and shafts– Fraction, leakage and stress tests– Trenches and holes– Laboratory tests
• Field investigation report
Feasibility StudiesEnvironment
• Physical impacts caused by technical structures and installations– Mitigating the impacts by altering plans
• Impacts caused by the implementation of the project, direct and indirect– Subject of a separate study
• Part of the feasibility study• Require special assigned expertise
Thank you