Planning in the energy sector

8/12/2019 Planning in the energy sector

1/60

Spatial Planning and the

Energy Sector

GG5530

William J V [email protected]


2/60

The Planning System The planning

system is

designed toregulate(facilitate) thedevelopment

and useofland in thepublicinterest


3/60

Spatial planning

Spatial planning goesbeyond traditional landuse planning to bringtogether and integratepolicies for the

development and use ofland with other policiesand programmes whichinfluence the nature ofplaces and how they can

function. ODPM (2005) PPS1 Delivering SustainableDevelopment, p.30

SPATIAL PLANS SHOULD

1. Set a vision for the future patternof development with clearobjectives, an implementationfocus and evaluation system

2. Consider the needs andproblems of communities andhow they interact with them in theuse and development of landhow will social and economicneeds of the area be met

3. Seek to integrate the wide range

of activities relating todevelopment and regeneration


4/60

Why spatial planning?

A ruptured pipeline

burns in a Lagos

suburb after an

explosion in 2008which killed at least

100 people.


5/60

Shell and Chevron

Why environmental

regulation/ spatial

planning?


6/60

Gulf of Mexico 2010


7/60

Site location !Japan earthquake

March 12th2011


8/60

Environmental Governance

Planning is part of environmental governance


9/60

Governance

Governance includes the state,but transcends it by taking inthe private sector and civilsociety. All three are critical forsustaining human

development. The statecreates a conducive politicaland legal environment. The

private sector generates jobsand income. Civil societyorganizations are the host of

associations around whichsociety voluntarily organizes.


10/60

Cultural context important

E l ti f B iti h ti l l i


11/60

Evolution of British spatial planning

culture

Early origins of British Planning theory and

practice. Towards the 1947 Town and

Country Planning Act


12/60

The socio-economic context of the

19th/early 20th century in GB

Social trends (inequality)

Economic trends (growth)

Political trends (reform)

Development trends

(urbanisation)

Main planning issues (liveable

cities)


13/60

The Town and Country Planning

Act 1947

Physical planning provisions

Development plans

Development control

Financial provisions

The compulsory purchase of all

development rights


14/60

1960s: Planning and the

public

Demands for greater publicinvolvement

Skeffington Report (1969):

People and Plans

Bottom up planning


15/60

Thatcherism and spatial

planning

Economic liberalism (minimal

government)

Adam Smith, Milton Friedman,

Friedrich Hayek

Strong central government)


16/60

The New Right view of

planning Planning as a burden

Rolling back the state

Interference with individualliberty

Distortion of market forces


17/60

1980s: By-passing the planningsystem

Enterprise Zones:

Tax advantages

Relaxation of planning

Simplified Planning Zones

Return of these ideas 2011+


18/60

The planning system in Great Britain :

general scope

Sustainable development Spatialplanning

Community involvement

and design

Sustainable Developmentas the master signifier


19/60


20/60


21/60


22/60

Summary: New Labour

Greater investment in planning as an instrument ofenvironmental, economic and social development

Multilayered approach from the national, to the regionaland then the local

Spatial planning and sustainable development a majorfeature of the new approach

Community involvement promoted in developmentplanning

Quality design and quality environments a strong featureof the sustainable development agenda

Development control systems and processes still largelyintact


23/60

Con-Lib coalition

Emphasis on localism

Activating civil society (Big Society)

Retreat from strategic approach? Abolitionof Regional Development Agencies,

Infrastructure Commission.


24/60

Theoretical rationales and ethics

for planning intervention in spatial

processes


25/60

Theory in planning and theory of

planning

Theory in planning : substantive planning

theory : design, rural theory, transport,

economic development etc.

Theory of planning : planning as process:

proceduralplanning theory


26/60

Theory inplanning : multi

dimensional character of place Place (the spatiality of being) is a master

category for spatial planners. We areintrinsically spatial beings (Soja , 1996). Wemust understand socio-spatial process.

Functional and softer aspects of settlements Place is a messy conceptit provides an

overload of possible meanings for theresearcher ( involves many ways of knowing-sight, sound, smell, touch, taste..) DoloresHayden , The Power of Place, 1995. Syntheticconcept

Theory inplanning is broad. Need to specialise!


27/60

Theory ofplanning (rationales for

intervention)

Economics and the market : rationales for

government regulation and intervention:

macro and micro level

Sustainable developmentas master

ethical framework?


28/60

Microeconomics: overview of

theory and link to justification for

planning intervention

Crucial in justification for land useplanning


29/60

The Market

A set of arrangements by which buyers

and sellers are in contact to exchange

goods and services. They determine

prices that ensure that the quantity peoplewish to buy equals the quantity producers

wish to sell


30/60

Basic interactions in

microeconomics

Basic division :consumers(consumer/demand theory) and firms(supply theory)

Final goods markets

Factor markets for the factors ofproduction (land, labour, capital,

entrepreneurship). Deal with deriveddemand. Demand for oil and gas a deriveddemand


31/60

Equilibrium price

Impersonal interaction of demand andsupply clears the market

Excess demand: price bid up

Excess supply: price bid down Equilibrium price: price at which quantity

supplied equals quantity demanded


32/60

Theory of consumer behaviour :

Consumption possibility frontier

People maximise utility (satisfaction) asrational economic agents within a marketenvironment (prices) and budget restraints

(income)


33/60

Consumer sovereignty?

Demand theory (the rational ,utility

maximising consumer) provides a moral

justification for the market

Famous book by Milton Friedman

Freedom to Choose

But various ethical challenges e.g.Green

challenge. Is anthropocentric


34/60

Theory of the firm

Supply side behaviour

Supply curve generally slopes up from left

to right (higher the price more supplied)

but are many supply side situations

(monopoly, oligopoly). One competitivesituation especially central to normative

economic theory: perfect competition


35/60

Perfect competition

Many different sellers each one too small to

have any independent impact on the market

Is an ideal in economics. A benchmark for

judging other supply side situations. Suppliersdo not control /manipulate the market

Related to theoretical justifications for spatial

planninginterventions

Importance of welfare economics


36/60

Welfare economics

Deals with:

1. Allocative efficiency. Is the economy

getting the most from its scarce

resources?

2. Equity. How fair is the distribution of

goods and services?


37/60

Allocative efficiency (1)

Should avoid allocative distortions from a freemarket competitive equilibrium

Government policy should avoid Paretoinefficient allocations of resources

Vilfredo Pareto (early 20thcentury Italianeconomist)

Pareto inefficient: theoretically possible to makesome people better off and no one worse off

Pareto efficiency: impossible to make somepeople better off without making some peopleworse off


38/60


39/60


40/60

Externalities

Government role in taking into account extra-

market costs and benefits in decision making ie

dealing with production and consumption

externalities An externality arises when an individuals

production or consumption decision affects the

production or consumption of others , other than

through the market


41/60


42/60

Production Externalities

Negative. Pollution (air ,water..) Hence the

polluter pays principle.Gulf of Mexico/BP 2010

Global climate change result of negative

production externalities? Land use non complementarity (office

overlooking an abattoir!) Role of land use

planning in minimising such conflict

Positive. Spill over effects from agricultural pest

control. Land use complementarity (e.g. office

overlooking a square). Role of planning in

maximising


43/60

Consumption externalities

Negative. Traffic congestion. Road pricing.

Congestion charges. Wind farms?

Role of planning in minimising negative

consumption externalities

Positive. Home improvements and other

aesthetic choices by individuals in the built

environment. Role of planning inmaximising


44/60


45/60

Applications of externality theory

Floods Britain 2014

Negative externalities from global

warming


46/60

Example: Biodiversity Offsetting

Two year pilot (England/Wales) ends March

2014

If planning policy requires compensation forbio-diversity loss, developers in pilot areas

can offset

Only if not possible to avoid/mitigate damage Definition: offset provider delivers a

quantifiable amount of biodiversity benefit to

offset the loss of biodiversity resulting from a

development

Creating New Markets


47/60

Carbon off-setting


48/60


49/60

Ecosystem services

are the benefits that

society derives from

nature, or asDEFRA put it, what

nature gives us

Ecosystem Services


50/60


51/60


52/60

Who should pay to restore/protect nature?


53/60

Putting a price-tag on nature


54/60

Designating landscapes

A clearly defined geographical space,

recognised, dedicated and managed,

through legal or other effective means, to

achieve the long-term conservation of naturewith associated ecosystem services and

cultural values.

Source: Dudley, N. (2008). Guidelines for Applying Protected

Area Management Categories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.


55/60

Response to:

Need to protect against a proliferation of

other threats e.g. road network, habitats

shifting due to climate change,

urbanisation Loss of biodiversity

Cultural values


56/60

Why designate?

Recognises that some landscapesare more important than others andneed increased protection, tomaintain their landscape characterand services

Particular landscapes, habitats andspecies are targeted for protectione.g. majority of the UKs NationalParks are in uplands (our largest

semi-natural habitat that supportsmany species of internationalconservation importance)


57/60

HierarchyI Strict nature reserve Managed for science or wilderness

protection

II National park Largely uninhabited managed for

ecosystem protection and recreation

III Natural monument Managed for conservation of specific

features

IV Habitat/species

management area

Areas of conservation through

management intervention

V Protected

landscape or

seascape

Aim at balance between humans and

nature

VI Managed resource

protected areas

Managed for the sustainable use of

natural ecosystems

Example: Sites of Special


58/60

Example: Sites of Special

Scientific Interest (SSSIs)


59/60


60/60

Designations: Key UK issues

Land is not/rarely owned by the state in UK Can lead to conflict with land owners

Key agencies submit proposals for designationunder legislation (normally)

Rely on partnerships and management plans forimplementation/mediation

Key stakeholders may have major influence onmanagement committees & plans

Role of the town and country planning systemin protecting the integrity and character of thedesignated area

Documents

Planning in the energy sector