Upload
suong-trong-mai-hoang
View
226
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
1/21
Mean Teacher
OH! THATS ME!
JUST KIDDING :D
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
2/21
2
ARTICULATORS AND
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS
1. Speech sounds
2. Articulation3. Airstream mechanism
4. Phonetics
5. Vocal tract
6. Articulators and places of articulation
7. Vowels vs. Consonants
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
3/21
3
1. SPEECH SOUNDS
The sounds of speech, or speech sounds,
are vocal sounds which are organized to
communicate information.
In other words, a speech sound is
any of the set of distinctive soundsof a given language.
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
4/21
4
The formation of individual speech sounds is
called articulation.
2. ARTICULATION
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
5/21
5
Theproduction of any speech sound (or any sound at all)
involves the movement of an airstream. Most speech soundsare produced by pushing lung air out of the body through
the mouth and sometimes through the nose.
Since lung air is used, these sounds are called pulmonic
(belonging/related to the lung) sounds; since the air is
pushed out, they are call egressive (e-: out; gress: go).
The majority of sounds used in languages of the world are
thus produced bypulmonic egressive airstream mechanisms.
All the sounds in English are produced in this manner.[Fromklin and Rodman, 1993:186-187]
3. AIRSTREAM MECHANISIM
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
6/21
6
4. PHONETICS
The study of speech sounds is called phonetics.[Fromklin and Rodman, 1993:232]
Thestudy of how sounds are produced and howthe position of the mouth can be changed to
produce different sounds is called phonetics.[Avery & Ehrlich, 1995:11]
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
7/21
7
The vocal tract: the air passages
involved in the production ofspeech sounds, including:
The nasal cavity: the air
passage within and behind thenose.
The oral cavity: the air passage
within the mouth.
5. THE VOCAL TRACT
The pharynx: the air
passage extending from
the larynx up to the back
of the mouth.
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
8/21
8
- Ar ticulators: the movable parts of the mouth,
including the bottom lip, the bottom teeth, the
tongue, and the jaw.
6. ARTICULATORS AND
PLACES OF ARTICULATION
In the production of speech sounds,
when the articulators approach theupper unmovable parts of the mouth,
they will produce different sounds.
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
9/21
9
Places of articulation:
the unmovable parts of
the mouthinvolved in
the articulation of
speech sounds.
Figure 1 shows thearticulators and places
of articulation in the
human body.
6. ARTICULATORS AND
PLACES OF ARTICULATION
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
10/21
10
6.1. The upper lipand the lower lip6.2. The upper teethand the lower teeth
6.3. The tongue(figure 2):
- a very important articulator.- can be moved to different
places and have different
shapes.
- theoretically divided intodifferent parts: the tongue
ti p, the tongue blade, the
tongue front, the tongue
backand the root
6. ARTICULATORS AND
PLACES OF ARTICULATION
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
11/2111
6.4. The alveolar ridgeis between the top front teeth
and the hard palate.
6.5. The palate:
- The hard palate: the front part of the roof of themouth.
6. ARTICULATORS AND
PLACES OF ARTICULATION
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
12/2112
6.5. The palate:
- The soft palate(velum): the muscular flap at theback of the mouth that can be raised to press against
the back wall of the pharynx and shut off the nasal
cavity, preventing air from going out through the
nose.- - The point at the end of the soft palate is called
uvula.
6. ARTICULATORS AND PLACES OF ARTICULATION
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
13/2113
The tipand the bladelie under the alveolar
ridge, the frontlies under the hard palateand
the backlies under the soft palate.
6. ARTICULATORS AND
PLACES OF ARTICULATION
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
14/2114
6.6. The Larynx(The
voice-box)
The larynxsmain structure
is made of cartilage,including two large ones:
- thyroidcartilage
(above, larger)
- cricoidscartilage(below, smaller).
These are hollow and are
attached to the top of the
trachea(the wind-pipe).
6. ARTICULATORS AND
PLACES OF ARTICULATION
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
15/2115
At the front, they are joined
together and fixed to the inside
of the thyroid cartilage. At the
back, they are attached to a pair
of small cartilages called the
arytenoids cartilagesso that if
the arytenoids cartilages move,
the vocal cords move too.
6. ARTICULATORS AND
PLACES OF ARTICULATION
6.7. The vocal cords(vocal folds/vocal bands):
- two small bands of elastic tissue inside the larynx
- look like two flat strips of rubber, lying opposite each
other across the air passage.
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
16/21
Figure 5 shows the cross section of larynx.
16
6.8. The glottis
- The space/opening between the vocal cords.
6. ARTICULATORS AND
PLACES OF ARTICULATION
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
17/2117
6.8. The glottis:
- Easily recognized in four states:Open: resulting in voicelessconsonants. Vocal cords are wide apart.
Narrowed: resulting in voicelessglottalfricative/h/, produced by the
friction right at the narrowed glottis when airflow passes through it.
6. ARTICULATORS AND
PLACES OF ARTICULATION
Closed or nearly closed: the edges ofthe vocal folds touch or nearly touch
together, air passing through the glottis
causes vibration, resulting in voiced
sounds.
Tightly closed: resulting in theglottalstop/?/, produced by the rapid
closing of the glottis, strapping the
airflow from the lungs behind it,
followed by a sudden release of the airas the lottis is o ened.
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
18/2118
6.9. Thejawsare sometimes called articulators
because we certainly move the lower jaw a lot in
speaking. But the jaws are not articulators in the
same ways as the others, because they cannotthemselves make contactwith other
articulators.
6. ARTICULATORS AND
PLACES OF ARTICULATION
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
19/2119
Figure 7 shows all
the articulators and
places of
articulation
introduced in this
lesson.
6. ARTICULATORS AND
PLACES OF ARTICULATION
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
20/2120
1. The way they are produced(phonetically):
+ In the production of vowels, the air flows
continuously from the larynx to the lips;
there is no obstruction and no narrowing
that could cause audible friction.+ In the production of consonants, the
airflow from the lungs is obstructed or
interfered at some place in the vocal tract.
7. VOWELS VS. CONSONANTS
Vowels and consonants can be distinguishedthanks to the two following criteria.
8/12/2019 Phonetics and phonology - Articulators and Some Basic Concepts
21/21
- Their distribution in English(phonologically):
Consonants usually occupy the initialposition inEnglish words and are frequently followedby
vowels.
7. VOWELS VS. CONSONANTS
But its not easy to decide. For example, the/j/ in yet, the /w/ in wet and the /h/ in
hay do not obstruct the airflow more than
some vowels do.
However, they are typicallyconsonantalinEnglishthey usually occur in the initial
position and are always followed by vowels.
=> Phonetically, they are like vowels;
phonologically they function as consonants