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8/16/2019 Phil 102 Freud(1)
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Human Nature
Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)
“We ought not to exalt
ourselves so high ascompletely to neglect
what was originally
animal in our nature”—
Five Lectures on Psycho-analysis, Lecture V
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Question 1:
How many elements are there in Freud’smodel of the structure of the mind?
A. 1—the unconsciousB. 2—the conscious and unconscious
C. 3—the id, ego, and superego
D. 4—the id, ego, superego, and unconscious
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What is “psychoanalysis”?
– The word literally means the analysis (f. Gk. ana-,
up, and lysis, loosening: loosening up, dissolving)
of the psyche (soul, or mind).
– It is the separating or breaking up into parts themind for the purposes of examination.
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Freudian Couch
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The Unconscious
– Freud himself was led to postulate theexistence of the unconscious on accountof the evidence provided by hypnosis,first practiced by his friend andcolleague, Joseph Breuer.
– So impressed was Freud initially with thetechnique, that he went to spend a year(1885-86) in Paris at the clinic of Jean-Martin Charcot to study hysterics, whowere said to be susceptible to le grand
hypnotisme. – It was after this that Freud put neurology
and physiology aside and became apsychological investigator.
Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893)
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The Weak Unconscious
• “Transitions, which at first
sight startle us by their
abruptness, but which,
when scrutinized closely,
often reveal intermediating
links of perfect naturalness
and propriety.” (WilliamJames, The Principles of
Psychology, 1890)
William James (1842-1910)
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Experiment circa 1910
Pride
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Experiment circa 1910
Niagara
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Experiment circa 1910
“Pride goeth before a fall”(Proverbs 16:18)
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Evidence of a Weak Unconscious
• Freudian slips (“parapraxes” - faulty acts,
bunglings, including slips of the tongue, mistakes
in writing, small accidents, lapses in memory,“accidents,” etc.)
• Word association tests (Einfall )
• “Tip of the tongue” phenomena
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Summerhill School
A progressive, co-educational,residential school,founded by a
Freudian A. S. Neillin 1921, England.
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A.S. Neill (1883-1973)
• Neill was a student of Freudianpsychoanalysis.
• Another defender of LibertarianEducation was Bertrand Russell,
whose own self-founded BeaconHill School (England) (one ofseveral schools bearing thisname) is often compared withSummerhill. Russell was acorrespondent of Neill andoffered his support.
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A SNail
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Id (das Es)
– “it” Latin translation of “das Es”
– Freud acknowledges the earliest use of the word
is to be found in Nietzsche, where it stands for
whatever in our nature is impersonal and subjectto laws of nature (Ego and the Id (1923)).
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The “pleasure principle”
– The fundamental principle of the id is the called
the “pleasure principle.” Its aim is to rid or release
the person of tension or at least lower it to an
acceptable level. Tension is experienced as pain,while relief form tension is experienced as
pleasure.
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The Ego (das Ich)
– The ego is closest to our conscious selves in that it
deals with external stimuli through perception, touch,
memory, flight, adaptation. Its task is to gain controlover the instincts, either by deciding when they
should be satisfied (postponement) or suppressing
them altogether (repression).
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The “reality principle”
– The ego is governed by the “reality principle.”
Reality means that which exists. The aim of the
reality principle is to postpone satisfaction of a
instinctual need or desire until the appropriateobject or circumstances have been discovered.
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The Super-ego (das Uberich)
– The long period of childhood, during which the
growing being is dependent on the parents, leaves
behind a residue in the ego or a special agency by
which this parental influence is prolonged. Thisinclude the extended family, racial, national
traditions the immediate social and cultural
environment they represent.
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Question 2:Which part is closest to our conscious
selves?
A. The id
B. The ego
C. The superego
D. The id, ego, and superego combined
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Repression
– When an ego is not strong enough to mediate
between the competing forces of the Id and the
superego, or if the forces of repression are too
strong or if the individual undergoes a traumaticexperience in early childhood, when its ego
defenses are not fully developed, then the
individual’s pysche begins to breaks down and
becomes what Freud call neurotic.
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Neurosis
– Basically a neurotic symptom amounts to “the return of
the repressed.” It is the Id’s way of expressing a wish that
had been repressed earlier in the patient’s history.
– The Id sends out a disguised surrogate idea of the wish
that it would like fulfilled, so disguised that the ego does
not recognize it for what it is, and thus no longer censors
it.
– However, all the original pain that was associated with the
original idea due to the conflict between the Id and theSuperego remains attached to the disguised idea, which is
thus painfully felt as a symptom.
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“Talking Cure”
– In the case histories, Freud seeks to 'interpret' the
confessions of his patients. All this is part of the 'talking
cure.' It requires a pact - complete candor met with
discretion and help.
– Note that this can only work with neurotics, whose ego
and personality as a whole is still intact, even if incredibly
weak.
– It cannot be of service to the psychotic, who has lost the
ability to distinguish between reality and fantasyaltogether (and thus have lost their egos). The man who
thinks he is Napoleon cannot be helped by Freud. His ego
has crumbled entirely.
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Sex
– Freud adopted this “talking cure” as the basis of
psychoanalysis, and added one key aspect: linking
the hysterical symptom to a traumatic, sexual
origin. – E.g. Dora (The pseudonym of Sigmund Freud's
patient Ida Bauer, about whom he wrote a
“Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of
Hysteria,”1901.)
–
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“Civilization and Its Discontents”
• “in the space of a few years the little primitive creature mustturn into a civilized human being; he must pass through animmensely long stretch of human cultural development in analmost uncannily abbreviated form. This is made possible byhereditary disposition; but it can almost never be achieved
without the additional help of upbringing, of parentalinfluence, which, as a precursor of the super-ego, restricts theego’s activity by prohibitions and punishments, andencourages or compels the setting-up of repressions. Wemust therefore not forget to include the influence ofcivilization among the determinants of neurosis. It is easy, aswe can see, for a barbarian to be healthy; for a civilized manthe task is hard” (Outline, 42)
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Interpretation of Dreams(IP397-401)
• “Manifest content”: – The dream as remembered by the dreamer.
• “Latent content”:
– The real meaning of the dream; known only to the unconscious(and later the dreamer and analyst).
• “Dream work”:
– The process of turning latent content into manifest content.
• “Dream distortion”: – The changes undergone by the unconscious material in the id
as a result of the ego’s opposition.
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“Guardian of Sleep”
• “The dream is a guardian of sleep” (IP 401)
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Types of Dream
• Hunger Dream
– Need for food is met with a dream of a delicious meal
• Convenience Dream
– Hospital worker who is too tired to wake up, dreams he is apatient in bed at the hospital, with no need to get up
• Sexual Dream
– A man lusts after his neighbor’s wife, and dreams he is
having sex with someone else of the same or similar name.
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Psychosexual Development