Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 25 (S): 63 - 72 (2017 ... PAPERS/JST Vol... · Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 25 (S): 63 - 72 (2017) 65 This study was done on 90 mortar cube specimens

Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 25 (S): 63 - 72 (2017)

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ISSN: 0128-7680 © 2017 Universiti Putra Malaysia Press.

ARTICLE INFO

Article history:Received: 28 September 2016Accepted: 03 February 2017

E-mail addresses: [email protected] (Nik Anisah Nik Ngah),[email protected] (Mohamad Awang),[email protected] (Kartini Kamaruddin) *Corresponding Author

The Effects of Automotive Windscreen Glass Waste Powder (WGWP) On Strength Performance of Cement Mortar

Nik Anisah Nik Ngah1, Mohamad Awang1* and Kartini Kamaruddin2 1School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia2Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

This aim of this study is to study the effects of various contents of Automotive Windscreen Glass Waste Powder (WGWP) as a cement replacement. Mortar incorporating several compositions of WGWP (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) by weight of cement was prepared. Three batching systems of cement to sand (C:S) ratios of 1:2.5 superplasticizers (SP), 1:3.0 SP and 1:3.5 SP was also employed. Fixed water to cement (w/c) ratio of 0.5 was used. The samples were water cured and the assessment of the strength performance of mortar cubes carried out at 7 and 28 days. Studies conducted have shown that WGWP has good pozzolanic properties. In term of compressive strength, it was observed that employing C:S ratio of 1:3.5 SP is better than 1:2.5 SP and 1:3.0 SP.

Keywords: Cement replacement, compressive strength, pozzolanic, superplasticizers, windscreen glass waste powder

INTRODUCTION

The cement industry is the second largest that producer of CO2 (Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), 2006). The increased demand for cement in Malaysia raises challenges for environment protection.

Schwarz et al. (2008) reported that the durability of concrete can be improved when the fine glass powder passing 45 µm is used. According to Shao et al. (2000), the crushed glass particle size is finer than 38 µm exhibited a pozzolanic behaviour with high reactivity through lime and higher compressive strength in concrete.

Since glass is amorphous silica, it contains analogies of traditional pozzolanic material,

Nik Anisah Nik Ngah, Mohamad Awang and Kartini Kamaruddin

64 Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 25 (S): 63 - 72 (2017)

and in its finer form can be used as supplementary cementitious materials (Pereira-de-Oliveira et al., 2012; Khmiri et al., 2013; Kim et al., 2015). Nassar and Soroushian (2012), reported that particles finer than 100 µm may even clash with to expansion of coarser glass particles. Conversely, finely ground glass may contribute to the strength of mortar or concrete due to the pozzolanic reaction with lime produced by the hydration of Portland cement clinker (Shayan & Xu, 2004, 2006; Federico & Chidiac, 2009).

Concrete technologists aim to make concrete at the lowest possible water/cement ratio while at the same time ensuring high workability. Therefore, the arrival of superplasticizers has completed their aim. Neville (1995) in his study mentioned that the superplasticizers (SP) are referred to as high range water reducing admixture by American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM–C494 (2013) which mainly disperses the water in concrete matrix. SP has been used for important projects such as high rise buildings, prestressed concrete, lean components with congested densely packed reinforcement, beams and slab pre-cast elements and long slender columns. High workability can be achieved with water/cement ratio and compressive strength of concrete with SP are usually higher than the corresponding strength of the control mixes without SP (Saeed et al., 2005).

This study aims to identify the effect of automotive windscreen waste glass powder as a pozzolanic admixture in mortar, and the physical, chemical and compressive strength of cement mortar with SP on different cement to sand (C:S) ratios.

METHOD

The test of fineness of OPC and WGWP was performed using the nitrogen absorption method and Brunauer, Emmatt and Teller (BET) equipment. The density was identified by Gas Pycnometry- Micromeritics 1340 and the particle size distribution determined using Mastersizer 2000 Laser Particle Size Analyzer. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) model JM6100 was used to ascertain particle morphology of the sample of OPC and WGWP. The Energy Dispersing X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyser was used to determine the content element of WGWP.

The automotive windscreen glass was obtained from nearby workshops in Terengganu, Malaysia. The process involved the removal of the gluing polymer from the glass using Organo Cycler machine at Mariwealth Engineering & Consultancy Sdn. Bhd, Selangor. The Los Angeles machine was used to grind windscreen glass up to 10,000 revolutions to produce the automotive windscreen glass waste powder (WGWP). Figure 1 shows the flow of the preparation of WGWP. Supplementary materials used in the mortar were Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and fine aggregate of 5 mm maximum size. Superplasticizer Rheobuild 1100 was used in the preparation of mortar.

The Effects of Automotive Windscreen Glass Waste Powder

65Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 25 (S): 63 - 72 (2017)

This study was done on 90 mortar cube specimens with dimensions of 50 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm. Five mix proportions were adopted comprising various percentages of WGWP (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) by weight of cement, whilst employing three batches of cement to sand (C:S) ratio of 1:2.5 SP, 1:3.0 SP and 1:3.5 SP. The water to cement (w/c) ratio was fixed at 0.5. The mortar cube specimens were cured in the water to the compressive testing at 7 and 28 days. For mix compositions of 1:2.5 SP, 1:3.0 SP and 1:3.5 SP, the cement contents were 2.27 kg, 2.07 kg and 1.89 kg respectively. The sand contents were 6.39 kg, 6.93 kg and 7.37 kg respectively. The SP for mix compositions of 1:2.5 SP and 1:3.0 SP were 25 g, while the mix compositions of 1:3.5 SP was 20 g.

The compressive strength was conducted in compliance to ASTM C:109:2013 (American Society for Testing And Materials). Three replicates were used for each batch. The strength activity index calculation based on ASTM C 618- 12a:2012 was adopted (American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM –C618 -12a).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1 shows the result of BET surface area and total area in pores for both OPC and WGWP. It shows that WGWP has smaller surface area compared to OPC. Practically, surface area is inversely proportional to particle size. The specific surface area increases as the particle size decreases. In this research, WGWP also has higher total area in pores compared to OPC indicating its density too is lower. Surface area is important in determining workability, water absorption and the durability of concrete. Surface area affects cement hydrates, adsorption capacity of air and water purifiers, and the processing of most powders and porous materials. Whenever solid matter becomes smaller particles new surfaces are created thereby increasing the surface area.

Figure 1. Preparation of automotive windscreen glass waste powder (WGWP)

This study was done on 90 mortar cube specimens with dimensions of 50 mm x 50 mm x

50 mm. Five mix proportions were adopted comprising various percentages of WGWP (0%, 5%,

10%, 15% and 20%) by weight of cement, whilst employing three batches of cement to sand

(C:S) ratio of 1:2.5 SP, 1:3.0 SP and 1:3.5 SP. The water to cement (w/c) ratio was fixed at 0.5.

The mortar cube specimens were cured in the water to the compressive testing at 7 and 28 days.

For mix compositions of 1:2.5 SP, 1:3.0 SP and 1:3.5 SP, the cement contents were 2.27 kg,

2.07 kg and 1.89 kg respectively. The sand contents were 6.39 kg, 6.93 kg and 7.37 kg

respectively. The SP for mix compositions of 1:2.5 SP and 1:3.0 SP were 25 g, while the mix

compositions of 1:3.5 SP was 20 g.

The compressive strength was conducted in compliance to ASTM C:109:2013 (American

Society for Testing And Materials). Three replicates were used for each batch. The strength

activity index calculation based on ASTM C 618- 12a:2012 was adopted (American Society for

Testing and Materials ASTM –C618 -12a).

Figure 1. Preparation of automotive windscreen glass waste powder (WGWP)



Figure 2 shows the particle size distribution of OPC and WGWP. The WGWP was expected to serve as a filler and a supplementary cementitious material with pozzolanic activity (Nassar & Soroushian, 2012). Figure 3 (a) and (b), shows the particle morphology of OPC and WGWP

Table 1 Surface area and total area in pores of OPC and WGWP

Parameter/Material OPC WGWPBET Surface Area (m²/g) 1.0242 0.6462Total area in pores (m²/g) 0.1250 0.2100Density (g/cm³) 2.9885 2.5318

Figure 2. Particles size distributions of OPC and WGWP

(a) (b)

Figure 3. SEM of OPC and WGWP particles; (a) OPC particles – 5000× magnification; and (b)

WGWP particles – 5000× magnification

Figure 2 shows the particle size distribution of OPC and WGWP. The WGWP was expected

to serve as a filler and a supplementary cementitious material with pozzolanic activity (Nassar &

Soroushian, 2012). Figure 3 (a) and (b), shows the particle morphology of OPC and WGWP



(a) (b)

Figure 3. SEM of OPC and WGWP particles; (a) OPC particles – 5000× magnification; and (b)

WGWP particles – 5000× magnification

Figure 2 shows the particle size distribution of OPC and WGWP. The WGWP was expected

to serve as a filler and a supplementary cementitious material with pozzolanic activity (Nassar &

Soroushian, 2012). Figure 3 (a) and (b), shows the particle morphology of OPC and WGWP

Figure 3. SEM of OPC and WGWP particles; (a) OPC particles – 5000× magnification; and (b) WGWP particles – 5000× magnification



obtained using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The particles of WGWP had angular and crushed shapes.

From Table 2, shows the chemical composition of OPC and WGWP with the calcium oxide (CaO) content for OPC was about 69.06%, while the silicon dioxide (SiO2) of WGWP was about 76.11%. The chemical compositions of raw materials were determined using Energy Dispersing X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX). This finding is in agreement with ASTM C618-02 (American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM –C618 -12a, 2012), which requires a sum of SiO2 + AI2O3 + Fe2O3 that is greater than 70% for good pozzolan. As shown in this study a total of 79.94% is obtained for WGWP. In order to predict the pozzolanic activity, the chemical compositions should not be used as the only criterion. It is because the amorphous state is also required and it has been confirmed for WGWP using XRD analyser as shown in Figure 4. Indeed, no peaks attributed to any crystallized compound can be identified except a broad diffraction halo, which is attributed to the glassy phase while Figure 5 and Figure 6 showed the EDAX of OPC and WGWP. Figure 4 shows the XRD of WGWP particles. The XRD of WGWP shown in Figure 4 indicates that the structure of silica in WGWP is amorphous with a diffused peak of 120 counts at about θ = 20°.

Table 2 Chemical compositions of raw materials

Material Chemical compositions (%)SiO2 CaO A12O3 Fe2O3 Na2O MgO K2O

OPC 16.03 69.06 4.14 5.09 0.02 0.67 1.3WGWP 76.11 5.01 3.45 0.38 10.10 4.00 0.33

Figure 4. X-ray diffraction of WGWP

Figure 5. EDAX of OPC particles Figure 6. EDAX of WGWP particles

The results of the compressive strength tests for the various mixes at 7 and 28 days of water

curing is shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8. At 7 days, the results of compressive strength at (C:S)

ratio of 1:2.5 SP gradually decreases with the replacement of WGWP with the highest

compressive strength at 5% WGWP replacement. The control sample at age 7 days was 26.15

N/mm2. For 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% replacement of cement WGWP with the strength were




The results of the compressive strength tests for the various mixes at 7 and 28 days of water curing is shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8. At 7 days, the results of compressive strength at (C:S) ratio of 1:2.5 SP gradually decreases with the replacement of WGWP with the highest compressive strength at 5% WGWP replacement. The control sample at age 7 days was 26.15 N/mm2. For 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% replacement of cement WGWP with the strength were 26.42 N/mm2, 19.16 N/mm2, 18.92 N/mm2 and 13.79 N/mm2 respectively. The figure also shows that the replacement of cement with 5% WGWP improved compressive strength of cement- WGWP mortar at both (C:S) ratios of 1:2.5 SP and 1:3.5 SP. However further increases in the replacement quantities resulted in reduced strength. This is also true for 1:3.0 SP, indicating that reduction in the cement content leads to reduction in compressive strength. Figure 8, shows that prolonged curing of cement-WGWP mortar resulted in increased strength. Following curing for 28 days the mortar achieved a compressive strength of (C:S) ratio of 1:3.5 SP. Thus indicating replacing 5% cement with WGWP has the highest compressive strength at 28 days. It can be summarized that the best mix is 5% WGWP replacement with (C:S) ratio of 1:3.5 SP.








Figure 5. EDAX of OPC particles








Figure 6. EDAX of WGWP particles

26.42 N/mm2, 19.16 N/mm2, 18.92 N/mm2 and 13.79 N/mm2 respectively. The figure also shows

that the replacement of cement with 5% WGWP improved compressive strength of cement-

WGWP mortar at both (C:S) ratios of 1:2.5 SP and 1:3.5 SP. However further increases in the

replacement quantities resulted in reduced strength. This is also true for 1:3.0 SP, indicating that

reduction in the cement content leads to reduction in compressive strength. Figure 8, shows that

prolonged curing of cement-WGWP mortar resulted in increased strength. Following curing for

28 days the mortar achieved a compressive strength of (C:S) ratio of 1:3.5 SP. Thus indicating

replacing 5% cement with WGWP has the highest compressive strength at 28 days. It can be

summarized that the best mix is 5% WGWP replacement with (C:S) ratio of 1:3.5 SP.

Figure 7. Compressive strength of cement-WGWP mortar at 7 days for different C:S ratios





Figure 9. Dashed line indicates the limit of strength activity index at 7 days confirm to standard

ASTM C 618

75




ASTM C 618

75

Figure 9. Dashed line indicates the limit of strength activity index at 7 days confirm to standard ASTM C 618


ASTM C 618

The SAI of the cement-WGWP mortar curing at 7 and 28 days is shown in Figure 9 and 10.

The minimum requirement for SAI as prescribed by ASTM C 618 value is 75%. Figure 9, for

all (C:S) ratio containing 5% cement replacement at 7 days shows mortar achieved the SAI of

101%, 87% and 110% respectively. At 28 days curing the highest SAI is shown in Figure 10.

For 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% cement replacement the SAI were 112%, 95%, 80% and 75%

respectively. The SAI of cement-WGWP mortar increased with time, and consistent with Patel

et al. (2012) and Khmiri et al. (2013) that glass can significantly improve the strength of the

mortar. It can be concluded that SAI achieved (C:S) of ratio through 1:3.5 SP at 20% by mass.

CONCLUSIONS

The surface area of WGWP was coarser and its density lower than of OPC. The surface area

increased as the particle size was reduced - a small particle will react faster than a larger one.

The XRD pattern indicates that WGWP is an amorphous material and can be classified as Class

N natural Pozzolanic. Replacing 5% cement with WGWP produces the highest compressive

75

Figure 10. Dashed line indicates the limit of strength activity index at 28 days confirm to standard ASTM C 618



The SAI of the cement-WGWP mortar curing at 7 and 28 days is shown in Figure 9 and 10. The minimum requirement for SAI as prescribed by ASTM C 618 value is 75%. Figure 9, for all (C:S) ratio containing 5% cement replacement at 7 days shows mortar achieved the SAI of 101%, 87% and 110% respectively. At 28 days curing the highest SAI is shown in Figure 10. For 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% cement replacement the SAI were 112%, 95%, 80% and 75% respectively. The SAI of cement-WGWP mortar increased with time, and consistent with Patel et al. (2012) and Khmiri et al. (2013) that glass can significantly improve the strength of the mortar. It can be concluded that SAI achieved (C:S) of ratio through 1:3.5 SP at 20% by mass.

CONCLUSIONS

The surface area of WGWP was coarser and its density lower than of OPC. The surface area increased as the particle size was reduced - a small particle will react faster than a larger one. The XRD pattern indicates that WGWP is an amorphous material and can be classified as Class N natural Pozzolanic. Replacing 5% cement with WGWP produces the highest compressive strength at both 7 and 28 days. The ratio of 1:3.5 SP was chosen as the best ratio which gave an improved compressive strength as compared to that of other C:S ratios and cement replacement of the WGWP in the mortar achieved the SAI ratio through 1:3.5 SP at 20% by mass.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to express their appreciation to Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) and Universiti Teknologi MARA for their assistance, cooperation and support.

REFERENCESAmerican Society for Testing And Materials ASTM –C618 -12a (2012). Standard Specification for Coal

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American Society for Testing And Materials, ASTM 494-92 (2013). Specification for chemical admixtures for concrete.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (2006). Emission of Greenhouse Gases in the U.S Carbon Dioxide Emission, Emission of Greenhouse Gases Report, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/carbon.html.

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Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 25 (S): 63 - 72 (2017 ... PAPERS/JST Vol... · Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 25 (S): 63 - 72 (2017) 65 This study was done on 90 mortar cube specimens