Per Capita Levels of Industrialization, 1750-19131750 1800 1830 1860 1880 1900 1913

Great Britain 10 16 25 64 87 100 115Belgium 9 10 14 28 43 56 88United States 4 9 14 21 38 69 126France 9 9 12 20 28 39 59Germany 8 8 9 15 25 52 85Austria-Hungary 7 7 8 11 15 23 32Italy 8 8 8 10 12 17 26Russia 6 6 7 8 10 15 20China 8 6 6 4 4 3 3Japan 7 7 7 8 9 12 24India 7 6 6 3 2 1 2

im•per•i•al•is•m:the policy, practice, or advocacy

of extending the power and dominion of a nation especially by direct territorial acquisitions

or by gaining indirect control over the political or economic

life of other areas.

Imperialism:One nation or

nationality (more powerful) rules another nation

and/or nationality (less powerful).

Motives for the New ImperialismMotives for the New Imperialism• Industrialism: Need for raw materials for growing

industry and expanding markets for sales• Nationalism: Empire demonstrated power and

nation’s prestige; people favored expansion; “jingoism” was popular

• Population growth: Need for more territory for the expanding population

• Weapons and other technology: advanced rifles, high explosives, machine gun, artillery, railroads, steamship, telegraph, new medicines

• Racism and Elitism: “White Man’s Burden” was to civilize and protect the uncivilized; Whites were superior

• Vanishing opportunities: Entry of new countries into colonial competition; little territory left

Expansion and the New ImperialismExpansion and the New Imperialism• 18421842 Treaty of Nanking opens ChinaTreaty of Nanking opens China• 18531853 U.S. warships open JapanU.S. warships open Japan• 18581858 British Crown takes control of IndiaBritish Crown takes control of India• 18691869 Suez Canal completed by FranceSuez Canal completed by France• 18751875 Britain gains control of Suez CanalBritain gains control of Suez Canal• 1880s1880s Britain establishes protectorate in Egypt Britain establishes protectorate in Egypt

18821882 France controls Algeria and TunisiaFrance controls Algeria and Tunisia• 1884-51884-5 Congress of Berlin opens Africa to Congress of Berlin opens Africa to

colonizationcolonization• 18901890 Kaiser William II announces Kaiser William II announces

““WeltpolitikWeltpolitik””• 18981898 Spanish-American War: U.S. gets Spanish-American War: U.S. gets

Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam, annexes Hawaii, sets up protectorate in annexes Hawaii, sets up protectorate in CubaCuba

• 18991899 U.S. proposes Open Door Policy in AsiaU.S. proposes Open Door Policy in Asia

The Legacy of ImperialismThe Legacy of Imperialism• Raw materials Raw materials were exported depleting the colonized were exported depleting the colonized

nations nations • Poverty: Poverty: World’s poorest nations are former coloniesWorld’s poorest nations are former colonies• Exploited labor: Exploited labor: Natives became source of cheap labor; Natives became source of cheap labor;

did not develop skillsdid not develop skills• Progress: Progress: European science, technology and medicine European science, technology and medicine

were introducedwere introduced• Influence: Influence: European culture, morality, religion and European culture, morality, religion and

ethics were introduced (often by force)ethics were introduced (often by force)• Education: Education: European level of knowledge introducedEuropean level of knowledge introduced• Future difficulties: Future difficulties: Colonies were never prepared for Colonies were never prepared for

independenceindependence• ““Dependency economics” Dependency economics” developed in former coloniesdeveloped in former colonies• Resentment Resentment toward people of the imperialist nationstoward people of the imperialist nations• Complications: Complications: Relations between nations of today Relations between nations of today

complicated by the imperialist pastcomplicated by the imperialist past

Relative Levels of Industrialization, Relative Levels of Industrialization, 1750-19001750-1900

UK in 1900 = 100UK in 1900 = 100

Relative Share of World Manufacturing Output,1750-1900

These 8 nations total 80% of world production

Growth of Average Personal Income in the 3rd

World, Developed Countries, Britain, 1750-1970

Causes of World War I• Nationalism: National needed to be upheld in all

situations – No compromise• Imperialism: Colonies were absolutely necessary

for national well-being• Militarism: The best solution to any international

problem was military• Economic competition: Nations were in economic

competition with each other• Alliance system: Europe was divided into two

armed camps• Lack of International Diplomatic Order: No

international organization existed; Diplomacy was arbitrary

The Entangling Alliances

Military Expenses Of European Powers: 1890, 1914Nation Military Expenses

(in millions of dollars)  Army Navy TotalGermany

 

1890 121 23 144

1914 442 112 554

Great Britain 

1890 88 69 157

1914 147 237 384

France 

1890 142 44 186

1914 197 90 287

Russia 

1890 123 22 145

1914 324 118 442

Pre-World War I Europe

The Coming of World War I• 1890 Bismarck is dismissed by Wilhelm II• 1894 France and Russia form alliance• 1898 Germany begins building modern navy• 1899-1902 Boer War• 1902 Britain and Japan sign alliance• 1904 Entente Cordiale between Britain and

France• 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War• 1905 1st Moroccan Crisis: Germany / France• 1907 Triple Entente: Britain / France / Russia• 1908 Austria annexes Bosnia• 1911 2nd Moroccan Crisis: Germany / France• 1911 Italy attacks Turkey• 1912-13 1st and 2nd Balkan Wars• 1914 World War I begins

The “spark” that set off the Great War was Franz Ferdinand’s assassination and the tripwire was Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary's declaration of war against SerbiaSerbia on July 28, 1914: A war between Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary and SerbiaSerbia meant a war between Austria-Austria-HungaryHungary and RussiaRussia, SerbiaSerbia's traditional ally. That meant war between RussiaRussia and GermanyGermany, Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary’s ally. And that meant war between GermanyGermany and FranceFrance, RussiaRussia’s ally. And that meant war between GermanyGermany and Great Great BritainBritain, BelgiumBelgium’s protector.

Major Nations of the Great War

• Germany

• Austria-Hungary

• Italy

• France

• Russia

• Great Britain

Triple Alliance Triple EntenteCentral Powers Allied Powers

• Ottoman Empire• Bulgaria

• Serbia

• Japan

• United States

• Belgium

• Romania

X

• Italy

Major Events of World War I• Aug 1914 Germans attack Belgium• Aug-Sep 1914 1st Battle of the Marne; Battles of

Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes• Apr 1915 British land at Gallipoli• May 1915 Germans sink Lusitania• Feb 1916 Germans attack Verdun• May-Jun 1915 Battle of Jutland• July-Nov 1916 Battle of the Somme• Feb 1917 Germans resume unrestricted

submarine warfare• March 1917 Russian Revolution begins• Apr 1917 U.S. enters war• Nov 1917 Bolsheviks take power in Russia• Mar 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; Last German

offensive on Western Front• Nov 1918 Armistice

Country Dead Wounded

Germany 1,808,546 4,247,143

Russia 1,700,000 4,950,000

France 1,385,000 4,266,000

Austria-Hungary 1,200,000 3,620,000

Great Britain 947,371 2,122,000

Italy 462,391 953,886

Ottoman Empire 325,000 400,000

United States 115,000 205,690

Military Casualties of World War I

Dead Wounded

Women in Industry, Britain, 1914-1918

Russia on the Road to Revolution1855 Alexander II becomes Tsar1856 Defeat in the Crimean War1861 Emancipation of the Serfs1863 Suppression of Polish Revolt1864 Reorganization of local government and

reform of the judicial system1874 Military enlistment reduced (256)1879 Creation of The People’s Will1881 Assassination of Alexander II; Alexander III

reverses reform policies1894 Nicholas II becomes Tsar1905 Bloody Sunday revolt1914 Russia enters World War IMar 1917 March Revolution deposes Tsar, establishes

republicNov 1917 November Revolution establishes

communist state

Pre-Revolution Russian Society

Causes of the Russian RevolutionCauses of the Russian Revolution• Autocratic Tsarist system refused to changeAutocratic Tsarist system refused to change

• Models of reform in Europe; rising democracy Models of reform in Europe; rising democracy everywhere elseeverywhere else

• No form of political dissent except violent No form of political dissent except violent revolutionrevolution

• Intense problems caused by Industrial RevolutionIntense problems caused by Industrial Revolution

• Poverty of landless peasants after serfdom endedPoverty of landless peasants after serfdom ended

• Reforms of 1906 were ignored: Reforms of 1906 were ignored: Duma Duma was without was without powerpower

• No experience with political power and governingNo experience with political power and governing

• Problems were intensified by the World WarProblems were intensified by the World War

U.S.: From Neutrality to InterventionU.S.: From Neutrality to Intervention• Aug 1914: U.S. declares neutrality• 7 May 1915: Sinking of the Lusitania• 1 Sep 1915: Germany issues Arabic Pledge to warn all non-combatant

ships before sinking• 24 Mar 1916: Sinking of the Sussex• 10 May 1916: Germany issues Sussex Pledge to sink no more unarmed

non-combatant ships• Nov 1916: Wilson re-elected: “He kept us out of war.”• 1 Feb 1917: Germany returns to unrestricted submarine warfare; US

breaks diplomatic relations with Germany• 1 Mar 1917: Zimmermann note published in US• Feb-Mar 1917: 4 US ships sunk by German submarines with loss of life• 2 Apr 1917: President Wilson calls for war• 6 Apr 1917: US declares War

Military Expenses Of European Powers: 1890, 1914Nation Military Expenses

(in millions of dollars)  Army Navy TotalGermany

 

1890 121 23 144

1914 442 112 554

Great Britain 

1890 88 69 157

1914 147 237 384

France 

1890 142 44 186

1914 197 90 287

Russia 

1890 123 22 145

1914 324 118 442

Pre-World War I Europe

No doubt they'll soon get well; the shock and No doubt they'll soon get well; the shock and strainstrainHave caused their tammering, disconnected talk.Have caused their tammering, disconnected talk.Of course they're 'longing to go out again,' —Of course they're 'longing to go out again,' —These boys with old, scarred faces, learning to These boys with old, scarred faces, learning to walk.walk.They'll soon forget their haunted nights; their They'll soon forget their haunted nights; their cowedcowedSubjection to the ghosts of friends who died,—Subjection to the ghosts of friends who died,—Their dreams that drip with murder; and they'll Their dreams that drip with murder; and they'll be proudbe proudOf glorious war that shatter'd all their pride...Of glorious war that shatter'd all their pride...Men who went out to battle, grim and glad;Men who went out to battle, grim and glad;Children, with eyes that hate you, broken and Children, with eyes that hate you, broken and mad.mad.——SurvivorsSurvivors by Sigfried Sassoon by Sigfried Sassoon

I knew a simple soldier boyWho grinned at life in empty joy,Slept soundly through the lonesome dark,And whistled early with the lark.In winter trenches, cowed and glum,With crumps and lice and lack of rum,He put a bullet through his brain.No one spoke of him again.You smug-faced crowds with kindling eyeWho cheer when soldier lads march by,Sneak home and pray you'll never knowThe hell where youth and laughter go.—Suicide in the Trenches by Sigfried Sassoon

Casualties in Major Western Front Battles

Battle Year Allies German

1st Marne 1914 263,000 250,000

Verdun 1916-1917 478,000 336,000

Somme 1916 624,000 475,000

2nd Aisne 1017 187,000 168,000

Michael 1918 255,000 239,000

The Fourteen PointsThe Fourteen Points• 1. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at• 2. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the

seas• 3. The removal, so far as possible, of all

economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions

• 4. National armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with national security

• 5. An impartial adjustment of colonial claims made with the interests of the populations concerned having equal weight with the claims of the government whose title is to be determined.

• 6. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia

The Fourteen PointsThe Fourteen Points• 7. Belgium must be evacuated and its sovereignty

restored • 8. All French territory should be freed and the

invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine should be righted

• 9. The frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.

• 10. The peoples of Austria-Hungary should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development

• 11. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea

The Fourteen PointsThe Fourteen Points• 12. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman

Empire should be assured sovereignty, but the other nationalities now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security

• 13. An independent Polish state should be erected including the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations and should be assured a free and secure access to the sea

• 14. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.

Versailles Treaty• Germany lost territory:

– Alsace-Lorraine to France– Border areas to Belgium and Denmark– Border area to create new nation of Poland

including the “Polish Corridor”, Poland’s outlet to the sea

• Danzig became a free city under League of Nations mandate

• Germany lost all colonies: Went to the Allies as League of Nations mandates: African colonies to Britain and France; Pacific Islands to Japan; Chinese territory to be evacuated

Versailles Treaty• Germany disarmed: Army limited to 100,000 (no

conscription); Navy reduced and limited to small warships with no submarines; no Air Force allowed

• Rhineland (border area with France) demilitarized• Saar separated; Money from coal went to France; Plebiscite

would decide fate in 15 years (1934)• Germany accepted sole responsibility for the war (Article

231)• Germany agreed to pay war reparations to the Allies with

the amount to be set later (Articles 232-247)• Anschluss (union) with Austria was forbidden

ARTICLE 231ARTICLE 231The Allied and Associated Governments The Allied and Associated Governments

affirm and Germany accepts the affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to for causing all the loss and damage to

which the Allied and Associated which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the been subjected as a consequence of the

war imposed upon them by the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.aggression of Germany and her allies.

Treaties of St. Germain and Trianon(separate treaties with Austria and Hungary)• Habsburg Empire of Austria-Hungary

dissolved:• Austria became republic• Hungary became sovereign state• Czechoslovakia created: sovereign and

independent republic• Lost territory went to Poland, Italy,

Romania, Ukraine, and Yugoslavia• Anschluss (union) with Germany was

forbidden

Treaties of Sèvres and Lausanne[with the Ottoman Empire (Turkey)]

• Ottoman Empire dissolved; Turkey created as a republic

• The Middle East transferred to Britain and France by League of Nations

• War between Turkey and Greece

• Treaty of Lausanne, 1922, revision: Turkey lost less European territory

Other major agreements• Russia lost territory• Former Russian territory to new independent

nations: Finland, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania• Romania gained territory of Transylvania from

Austria-Hungary• Independent Poland created from German,

Austrian, Russian territory and guaranteed an outlet to the sea

• Yugoslavia created combining southern Slavs of the Balkans (Serbs, Croatians, Slovenians, Montenegrans, Bosnians, Macedonians, Kosovans) into a single nation

• League of Nations established to prevent future wars by establishing a permanent site for diplomacy and guaranteeing peace through collective security

Other effects• Japan angered: No new holdings in

China; not included in the “Big Four”

• Italy angered: Creation of Yugoslavia took territory it wanted

• U.S. rejected treaty: Isolationists and others felt Covenant of the League threatened U.S. sovereignty

• New democracies created: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia

SOME OF THE COSTS OF THE WAR:SOME OF THE COSTS OF THE WAR:The War lasted a total of 1565 daysThe War lasted a total of 1565 daysTotal military deaths Total military deaths –– 9,000,000 9,000,000Total civilian deaths Total civilian deaths –– 10,000,000 10,000,000

Grand (and glorious?) total Grand (and glorious?) total –– 19,000,000 19,000,000Over 5,750 military deaths per dayOver 5,750 military deaths per day

Over 12,000 military and civilian deaths Over 12,000 military and civilian deaths per dayper day

It was the first war in history where It was the first war in history where civilian exceeded military in combat-civilian exceeded military in combat-

related deathsrelated deaths

The War’s CostThe War’s Cost Over 65 million men were Over 65 million men were

mobilizedmobilized One out of every 7 was killedOne out of every 7 was killed One out of every 3 woundedOne out of every 3 wounded Over 7 million were permanently Over 7 million were permanently

disableddisabled Over 5 million were reported Over 5 million were reported

missing and never accounted formissing and never accounted for

CountryCountry DeadDead WoundedWounded

GermanyGermany 1,808,546 4,247,143

RussiaRussia 1,700,000 4,950,000

FranceFrance 1,385,000 4,266,000

Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary 1,200,000 3,620,000

Great BritainGreat Britain 947,371 2,122,000

ItalyItaly 462,391 953,886

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire 325,000 400,000

United StatesUnited States 115,000 205,690

Women’s Rights and the WarWomen’s Rights and the War Women’s Suffrage, 1915-1920Women’s Suffrage, 1915-1920

• Pre-war ( before 1914): New Zealand, Australia, Pre-war ( before 1914): New Zealand, Australia, Norway, FinlandNorway, Finland

• 1915: Denmark, Iceland1915: Denmark, Iceland• 1917: Netherlands, Russia, Canada1917: Netherlands, Russia, Canada• 1918: Britain, Germany, Austria, Sweden, Hungary, 1918: Britain, Germany, Austria, Sweden, Hungary,

Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, ChinaChina

• 1919: Luxembourg, India, British East Africa, Rhodesia1919: Luxembourg, India, British East Africa, Rhodesia• 1920: United States1920: United States• European nations without women’s suffrage: France, European nations without women’s suffrage: France,

Italy, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Switzerland, Romania, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Switzerland, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, TurkeyBulgaria, Yugoslavia, Turkey