PENGARUH MODAL SOSIAL TERHADAP KETAHANAN USAHA …

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PENGARUH MODAL SOSIAL TERHADAP KETAHANAN

USAHA PEDAGANG DI PASAR TERAPUNG MUARA KUIN

KOTA BANJARMASIN

TESIS

Oleh :

Akhmad Priyanka Tegar Pangabdi

S251608005

PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER SOSIOLOGI

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN POLITIK

UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET

SURAKARTA

2019



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ABSTRAK

Akhmad Priyanka Tegar Pangabdi, 2019. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Terhadap

Ketahanan Usaha Pedagang Di Pasar Terapung Muara Kuin Kota Banjarmasin.

Program Studi Magister Sosiologi Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Dan Politik Universitas

Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Pembimbing (I) Yulius Slamet, (II) Mahendra Wijaya.

Modal sosial merupakan suatu investasi yang dilakukan dengan bentuk hubungan

sosial. Ketahanan (resilience) menggambarkan suatu cara dalam bertahan dari

ancaman-ancaman perubahan yang ada. Tujuan Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui (1)

seberapa besar pengaruh modal sosial terhadap ketahanan usaha pedagang pasar

terapung (2) untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh Networking terhadap

ketahanan usaha pedagang pasar terapung (3) untuk mengetahui seberapa besar

pengaruh Trust terhadap ketahanan usaha pedagang pasar terapung (4) untuk

mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh Reciprocity terhadap ketahanan usaha pedagang

pasar terapung (5) untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh Information Sharing

terhadap ketahanan usaha pedagang pasar terapung. Teori yang di gunakan dalam

penelitian ini adalah modal sosial dan ketahanan. Penelitian ini mengunakan

penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode survey dan menggunakan regresi sederhana

untuk analisis. Penentuan informan dengan menggunakan metode sensus. Teknik

dalam pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian

menemukan bawa : (1) Terdapat pengaruh signifikan pada modal sosial terhadap

ketahanan usaha pedagang Pasar Terapung (2) Terdapat pengaruh signifikan pada

variabel indenpenden X1 modal sosial Networking terhadap variabel dependen Y

ketahanan usaha pedagang Pasar Terapung (3) Terdapat pengaruh signifikan pada

variabel independen X2 modal sosial Trust terhadap variabel dependen Y ketahanan

usaha pedagang Pasar Terapung (4) Terdapat Pengaruh signifikan pada variabel

independen X3 modal sosial Reciprocity terhadap variabel dependen Y ketahanan

usaha pedagang Pasar Terapung (5) Terdapat pengaruh signifikan pada variabel

independen X4 modal sosial Information Sharing terhadap variabel dependen Y

ketahanan usaha pedagang Pasar Terapung.

Kata Kunci : Modal Sosial, Trust, Networking, Reciprocity, Information Sharing,

Ketahanan Usaha, dan Pedagang Pasar Terapung



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ABSTRACT

Akhmad Priyanka Tegar Pangabdi, 2019. The Influence of Social Capital in business

resillience of Pasar Terapung Trader at Muara Kuin Banjarmasin City. Study

Program of Master Sosiology Faculty of Social and Politics Science University

Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Adviser (I) Yulius Slamet, Adviser (II) Mahendra Wijaya.

Social Capital is investment in form of social relationship. Resillience describe

another way to survive from a threat of development that exist. The purpose of this

study is to know (1) how much the influence of social capital to business resillince of

Pasar Terapung trader (2) to find out how much influence of networking to business

resillience of Pasar Terapung trader (3) to find out how much influence of Trust to

business resillience of Pasar Terapung trader (4) to find out how much influence of

recripocity to business resillience of Pasar Terapung trader (5) fo find out how much

influence of Information sharing to business resillience of Pasar Terpung trader.

Theory that being use in this study are social capital and resilience. This study using

quantitative research with survey method and using simple regression for analysis

data. Informant selection with census method. Technique in collecting data using

questionnare and documentaion. Result of this study found that (1) there is significant

influence social capital to the business resillience of Pasar Trapung trader (2) there

is significant influence of variabel independent X1 social capital networking to

variabel dependent business resillience of Pasar Terapung trader (3) there is

significant influnce of variabel independent X2 social capital trust to variabel

dependent business resillience of Pasar Terapung trader (4) there is significant

influence of variabel independent X3 social capital reciprocity to variabel dependent

business resillience of Pasar Terapung trader (5) there is significant influence of

variabel independent X4 social capital information sharing to variabel dependent

business resillience of Pasar Terapung trader.

Keyword : Social Capital, Trust, Networking, Reciprocity, Information Sharing

Business Resillience, and Pasar Terapung Trader



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DAFTAR ISI

Halaman

BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................................... 1

A. Latar Belakang .......................................................................................................... 1

B. Rumusan Masalah ..................................................................................................... 10

C. Tujuan Penelitian ...................................................................................................... 11

D. Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................................................... 12

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ......................................................................................... 13

A. Batasan Konsep ......................................................................................................... 13

1. Modal Sosial ....................................................................................................... 13

2. Jenis Modal Sosial .............................................................................................. 24

3. Ketahanan ............................................................................................................ 27

4. Pasar .................................................................................................................... 28

B. Landasan Teori .......................................................................................................... 30

C. Penelitian Terdahulu ................................................................................................. 32

D. Kerangka Berpikir ..................................................................................................... 41

E. Hipotesis .................................................................................................................... 43

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN .................................................................................... 45

A. Lokasi Penelitian dan Waktu Penelitian ................................................................... 45

1. Tempat Penelitian................................................................................................ 45

2. Waktu Penelitian ................................................................................................. 46

B. Jenis Penelitian .......................................................................................................... 46

C. Populasi dan Sensus .................................................................................................. 47

1. Populasi ............................................................................................................... 47

2. Sensus .................................................................................................................. 47

D. Variabel Penelitian dan Definisi Operasional ........................................................... 48

1. Variabel Penelitian .............................................................................................. 48

2. Definisi Operasional............................................................................................ 50

E. Teknik Pengumpulan Data ........................................................................................ 54



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1. Kuesioner ............................................................................................................ 54

2. Dokumentasi ....................................................................................................... 55

F. Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas .................................................................................... 55

1. Validitas Instrument ............................................................................................ 55

2. Reliabilitas Instrument ........................................................................................ 67

G. Analisis Data ............................................................................................................. 70

BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ............................................................................ 73

A. Hasil Penelitian ......................................................................................................... 73

1. Deskripsi Tempat Penelitian ............................................................................... 73

2. Deskripsi Variabel Penelitian .............................................................................. 77

a. Networking (Jaringan) ................................................................................... 78

a.1. Frekuensi Bertemu dan Berinteraksi (keluarga) ....................................... 78

a.2. Berkomunikasi dan Beraktivitas Sesama Pedagang Pasar Terapung ....... 80

a.3. Hubungan dan Kegiatan Dagang Dengan Pedagang Diluar Pasar

Terapung ................................................................................................... 81

a.4. Jaringan Pemerintah Dengan Pedagang Dalam Melestarikan Pasar

Terapung ................................................................................................... 83

b. Trust (Kepercayaan) ...................................................................................... 85

b.1. Tingkat Kepercayaan Pada Keluarga ........................................................ 85

b.2. Tingkat Kepercayaan Pada Sesama Pedagang .......................................... 87

b.3. Tingkat Kepercayaan Terhadap Pemerintah ............................................. 88

c. Recirpocity (Hubungan Timbal-balik) .......................................................... 89

c.1. Pinjaman Dana .......................................................................................... 90

c.2. Bantuan Dana ............................................................................................ 92

d. Information Sharing (pembagian informasi) ................................................ 94

d.1. Keluarga .................................................................................................... 94

d.2. Sesama Pedagang Pasar Terapung ............................................................ 96

d.3. Kelompok .................................................................................................. 97

e. Ketahanan Usaha ........................................................................................... 98



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e.1. Persistance ................................................................................................ 99

e.2. Adaptability ............................................................................................... 100

e.3. Transformability ........................................................................................ 102

3. Hasil Analisis Regresi Sederhana ....................................................................... 103

a. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Terhadap Ketahanan Usaha .................................... 104

b. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Networking Terhadap Ketahanan Usaha................. 106

c. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Trust Terhadap Ketahanan Usaha ........................... 108

d. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Reciprocity Terhadap Ketahanan Usaha ................. 110

e. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Informaton Sharing Terhadap Ketahanan

Usaha ............................................................................................................. 112

f. Perbandingan Pengaruh Setiap Variabel ....................................................... 114

B. Pembahasan ............................................................................................................... 115

1. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Terhadap Ketahanan Usaha Pedagang Pasar

Terapung............................................................................................................. 115

2. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Networking Terhadap Ketahanan Usaha Pedagang

Pasar Terapung ................................................................................................... 121

3. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Trust Terhadap Ketahanan Usaha Pedagang Pasar

Terapung............................................................................................................. 125

4. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Reciprocity Terhadap Ketahanan Usaha Pedagang

Pasar Terapung ................................................................................................... 128

5. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Information Sharing Terhadap Ketahanan Usaha

Pedagang Pasar Terapung .................................................................................. 130

6. Keterbatasan Dalam Penelitian .......................................................................... 132

BAB V KESIMPULAN, IMPLIKASI, DAN SARAN ..................................................... 134

A. Kesimpulan ............................................................................................................... 134

B. Implikasi .................................................................................................................... 135

C. Saran .......................................................................................................................... 138

DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................................................................................... 140

LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................................................... 143



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DAFTAR TABEL

Halaman

Tabel 1.1 Jumlah Pasar tradisional dan Pusat perbelanjaan Modern Kota Banjarmasin ...... 3

Tebel 1.2 Jumlah Penduduk dan Kepadatan Kota Banjarmasin ........................................... 4

Tabel 2.1 Tipe-Tipe Modal Sosial ........................................................................................ 18

Tabel 2.2 Perbedaan Dengan Penelitian Terdahulu .............................................................. 39

Tabel 3.1 Teori, Konsep, Variabel, dan Indikator Dalam Penelitian .................................... 48

Tabel 3.2 Uji Validitas Hubungan Pedagang Dengan Keluarga ........................................... 57

Tabel 3.3 Uji Validitas Hubungan Pedagang Dengan Pedagang Pasar Terapung ................ 58

Tabel 3.4 Uji Validitas Hubungan Pedagang Dengan Pedagang Diluar Pasar

Terapung ................................................................................................................. 58

Tabel 3.5 Uji Validitas Hubungan Pedagang Dengan Pemerintah ....................................... 59

Tabel 3.6 Tingkat Kepercayaan Pada Keluarga .................................................................... 60

Tabel 3.7 Tingkat Kepercayaan Sesama Pedagang............................................................... 60

Tabel 3.8 Tingkat Kepercayaan Pada Pemerintah ................................................................ 61

Tabel 3.9 Pinjaman Dana ...................................................................................................... 62

Tabel 3.10 Bantuan Tenaga................................................................................................... 62

Tabel 3.11 Keluarga .............................................................................................................. 63

Tabel 3.12 Sesama Pedagang Pasar Terapung ...................................................................... 64

Tabel 3.13 Kelompok ............................................................................................................ 64

Tabel 3.14 Persistence .......................................................................................................... 65

Tabel 3.15 Adaptability ......................................................................................................... 66

Tabel 3.16 Transformability ................................................................................................. 67

Tabel 3.17 Networking (Jaringan) ......................................................................................... 68

Tabel 3.18 Trust (Kepercayaan) ............................................................................................ 69

Tabel 3.19 Reciprocity (Timbal Balik)` ................................................................................ 69

Tabel 3.20 Information Sharing ............................................................................................ 70

Tabel 3.21 Ketahanan Usaha................................................................................................. 70



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Tabel 3.22 Ketahanan Usaha- Networking ........................................................................... 71

Tabel 3.23 Ketahanan Usaha - Trust ..................................................................................... 72

Tabel 3.24 Ketahanan Usaha - Reciprocity........................................................................... 72

Tabel 3.25 Ketahanan Usaha – Information Sharing ............................................................ 73

Tabel 4.1 Persentase Frekuensi Bertemu dan Berinteraksi (keluarga) ............................... 78

Tabel 4.2 Berkomunikasi dan Berinteraksi Dengan Sesama Pedagang Pasar

Terapung ............................................................................................................... 80

Tabel 4.3 Hubungan dan Kegiatan Dagang Dengan pedagang Diluar Pasar Terapung ..... 81

Tabel 4.4 Jaringan Pemerintah Dengan Pedagang Dalam Melestarikan Pasar

Terapung ............................................................................................................... 83

Tabel 4.5 Persentase Besar Kepercayaan Dimiliki Pedagang Dengan Keluarganya .......... 85

Tabel 4.6 Persentase Tingkat Keterbukaan Pedagang Dengan Pedagang Lain .................. 87

Tabel 4.7 Persentase Keterbukaan Pedagang Terhadap Pemerintah .................................. 88

Tabel 4.8 Hubungan Timbal-Balik Dalam Bentuk Bantuan Tenaga Pada Lingkungan

Sekitarnya .............................................................................................................. 90

Tabel 4.9 Frekuensi Hubungan Timbal-Balik Dalam Bentuk Pinjam-Meminjam

Dana Pada Lingkungan Sekitar ............................................................................. 92

Tabel 4.10 Frekuensi Menurunkan Pengetahuan Dalam Berdagang Oleh Keluarga............ 94

Tabel 4.11 Frekuensi Bertukar Informasi Mengenai berdagang ........................................... 96

Tabel 4.12 Frekuensi Informasi Yang Didapat Pada Saat Berkumpul-kumpul .................... 97

Tabel 4.13 Frekuensi Pedagang Mengatasi Permasalahan Yang Diahadapi ........................ 99

Tabel 4.14 Frekuensi Pedagang Dalam Menyesuaikan Perubahan Oleh Pembangunan ...... 100

Tabel 4.15 Frekuensi Perubahan Yang Dibuat Agar Dapat Bertahan .................................. 102

Tabel 4.16 Tabel Summary Modal Sosial ............................................................................ 104

Tabel 4.17 Tabel Anova Modal Sosial ................................................................................ 105

Tabel 4.18 Tabel Coeficients Modal Sosial ......................................................................... 105

Tabel 4.19 Tabel Summary Networking ............................................................................... 106

Tabel 4.20 Tabel Anova Networking .................................................................................... 107

Tabel 4.21 Tabel Coefficients Networking ........................................................................... 107



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Tabel 4.22 Tabel Summary Trust ......................................................................................... 108

Tabel 4.23 Tabel Annova Trust ............................................................................................ 109

Tabel 4.24 Tabel Coefficients Trust ..................................................................................... 109

Tabel 4.25 Tabel Summary Reciprocity ............................................................................... 110

Tabel 4.26 Tabel anova Reciprocity .................................................................................... 111

Tabel 4.27 Tabel Coefficient Reciprocity............................................................................. 111

Tabel 4.28 Tabel Summary Information Sharing ................................................................. 112

Tabel 4.29 Tabel Anova Information Sharing ..................................................................... 113

Tabel 4.30 Tabel Coefficient Information Sharing .............................................................. 113

Tabel 4.31 Tabel Tabulasi Silang Modal Sosial & Ketahanan Usaha ................................. 116

Tabel 4.32 Tabel Tabulasi Silang Networking & Ketahanan Usaha .................................... 123

Tabel 4.33 Tabel Tabulasi Silang Trust & Ketahanan Usaha .............................................. 126

Tabel 4.34 Tabel Tabulasi Silang Reciprocity & Ketahanan Usaha .................................... 128

Tabel 4.35 Tabel Tabulasi Silang Information Sharing & Ketahana Usaha....................... 130



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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Halaman

Gambar 4.1 Gerbang Tempat Penelitian ............................................................................... 73

Gambar 4.2 Peta Lokasi Pasar Terapung Muara Kuin .......................................................... 74

Gambar 4.3 Pengaruh Setiap Variabel .................................................................................. 114



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Glossarium

Absorptive Capacity : Kemampuan dalam menyerap

Adaptability : Kemampuan dalam beradaptasi

Balance Reciprocity : Resiprositas sebanding (hubungan timbal balik yang

dilakukan dengan sesuai perjanjian yang pasti)

Batang : Dermaga kecil pada rumah-rumah warga

Bonding : Merupakan bagian modal sosial yang mengikat

Bridging : Merupakan bagian modal sosial yang menjebatani

Capital : Modal

Coping Capacity : Kemampuan dalam mengatasi

Contributor : Pemberi kontribusi

Embededness : Keterlekatan

Faith : Iman

Feedback : Umpan- balik

Freedom Of Choice : Kebebasan memilih

Generelized Reciprocity : Resiprositas umum

Human Error : Kesalahan manusia

Information Sharing : Berbagi informasi

Jukung : Sebutan perahu tradisional oleh masyarakat Banjar

Klotok : Sebutan perahu bermesin oleh masyarakat Banjar

Linking : Merupakan bagian modal sosial yang menghubungkan

Networking : Jaringan

Persistence : Kegigihan



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Profit : Keuntungan

Resillience : Ketahanan (kemampuan menghadapi perubahan)

Social Capital : Modal sosial (bentuk investasi hubungan sosial)

Social Network : Jaringan sosial

Survival : Bertahan hidup

Survivalbility : Kemampuan bertahan

Survival Rate : tingkat bertaha hidup

Thin Trust : Kepercayaan pada jaringan yang lebih luas

Thick Trust : Kepercayaan yang baru terbentuk

Transformability : Kemampuan tranformasi

Transformative Capacity : Kapasitas dalam bertranformasi

Trust : Kepercayaan

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PENGARUH MODAL SOSIAL TERHADAP KETAHANAN USAHA …