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Cost-volume-profit analysis HKDSE (2016, 3) (Cost-Volume-profit analysis) Thomson Company computes its annual predetermined manufacturing overhead absorption rate on the basis of

machine hours. In December 2014, it estimated that 50,000 machine hours would be required for the planned level of

production in 2015. The company also estimated that fixed manufacturing overheads would amount to $450,000 and

variable manufacturing overheads would be $6 per machine hour for 2015.

The actual manufacturing overheads for 2015 were $717,000 and the actual number of machine hours was 48,000

hours.

REQUIRED: (a) Calculate the predetermined manufacturing overhead absorption rate for 2015. (b) Calculate the under-absorption or over-absorption of manufacturing overheads for 2015. (c) For the under-absorbed or over-absorbed manufacturing overheads calculated in (b), state the accounting

treatment and its impact on the net profit for 2015. (d) State one variable manufacturing overhead cost which increases with the usage of machine hour.

(a) Fixed predetermined manufacturing overhead absorption rate = $450,000/50,000 = $9 per machine hours

Variable predetermined manufacturing overhead absorption rate = $6 per machine hour

The predetermined manufacturing overhead absorption rate = $9 + $6 = $15

(b) The predetermined manufacturing overhead = 48,000 x $9 + 48,000 x $6 = $720,000

The actual manufacturing overheads = $717,000

The over-absorbed manufacturing overheads for 2015 = $720,000 $717,000 = $3,000

(c) The amount of over-absorbed overheads should be deducted in the cost of goods sold of the income

statement for the period. Hence, the net profit for 2015 will be increase by $3,000

(d) The electricity of using machine

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HKDSE (2015, 4) (Cost-Volume-profit analysis) Peter Company plans to sell 3000 pairs of shoes at $350 per pair. Relevant financial information is given below:

$ Fixed production overheads 150 000 Fixed selling and administrative expenses 228 000 Direct materials per pair of shoes 45 Direct labour per pair of shoes 55 Variable production overheads per pair of shoes 18 Sales commission per pair of shoes 22

REQUIRED: (a) Calculate the contribution margin for each pair of shoes. (b) How much sales revenue does Peter Company have to earn in order to achieve a target profit of $168 000? (c) If the prices is set at $365 per pair, it is estimated that the sales quantity will drop from 3000 pairs to 2700 pairs.

Should Peter Company raise the price? Support your answer with calculations.

(a) Contribution margin for each pair of shoes = $350 $45 $55 $18 $22 = $210

(b) Sales revenue = ($150 000 + $228 000 + $168 000) / $210 x $350 = $910 000

(c) For raising the price,

Contribution margin for each pair of shoes = $365 $45 $55 $18 $22 = $225

Total contribution = 2700 x $225

= $607 500

For not raising the price,

Total contribution = 3000 x $210

= $630 000

Peter Company should not raise the price because total contribution will decrease by $22 500.

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HKDSE (2014, 4) (Cost-Volume-profit analysis) Beauty Sports Company produces and sells two types of aerobic-training products: instructional DVDs and dancer kits.

Information on the two products in 2014 is as follows:

DVD Dancer Kit

Unit selling price $150 $600 Unit variable cost $30 $125

The annual total fixed cost is $860,000. REQUIRED: (a) In 2013, Beauty Sports Company sold 25,000 DVDs and 5,000 dancer kits. Assuming that the ratio of the sales

quantity of the two products will be maintained, calculate the sales quantity of each product in 2014 at the

breakeven point.

From 2015 onwards, Beauty Sports Company will produce and sell dancer kits only. Improvements will be made to the dancer kits and it is estimated that the unit variable cost will increase by $75 while the projected sales quantity is 6,250 with no change in the selling price. The annual total fixed cost will be reduced by $160,000. REQUIRED: (b) Calculate the margin of safety in sales dollars for Beauty Sports Company in 2015.

HKDSE (2014, 4) (Cost-Volume-profit analysis)

(a) Unit contribution margin of DVD = $150 $30 = $120

Unit contribution margin of Dancer Kit = $600 $125 = $475

Let x be the breakeven sales quantity of dancer kit, 5x be the breakeven sales quantity of DVD

x($475) + 5x($120) = $860,000

475x + 600x = 860,000

1075x = 860,000

x = 800

The breakeven sale quantity of dancer kit is 800 unit.

The breakeven sale quantity of DVD = 800 x 5 = 4,000 unit.

Unit contribution margin of DVD = $150 $30 = $120

Unit contribution margin of Dancer Kit = $600 $125 = $475

Combined unit contribution margin = ($120 x 5 + $475 x 1) / 6 = 1075 / 6

Total breakeven sales quantity = $860,000 / (1075 / 6) = 4800 units

The breakeven sale quantity of dancer kit = 4800 x (1 / 6) = 800 units

The breakeven sale quantity of DVD = 4800 x (5 / 6) = 4,000 unit.

(b) Unit contribution margin of Dancer Kit = $600 $200 = $400

Total fixed cost = $860,000 $160,000 = $700,000

The breakeven sale quantity of Dancer Kit = $700,000 / $400 = 1,750

The breakeven sales revenue = 1,750 x $600 = $1,050,000

The Budgeted sales revenue = 6,250 x $600 = $3,750,000

The margin of safety in sales dollars = $3,750,000 $1,050,000 = 2,700,000

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HKDSE (2013, 6) (Cost-Volume-profit analysis) Eva Company manufactures stainless steel mailboxes. The budgeted income statement for the year 2014 is as follows:

$ Sales 960,000 Direct material cost (120,000) Direct labour cost (150,000) Fixed production overheads (190,000) Variable production overheads (66,000) Fixed administrative overheads (57,000)

Net profit 377,000 REQUIRED:

(a) Compute for the mailboxes

(i) the contribution margin ratio (as a percentage)

(ii) the breakeven sales for 2014.

(iii) the margin of safety (as a percentage up to two decimal places) for 2014.

(b) Assume that the management of Eva Company is considering offering a 5% commission on all sales.

(i) Recompute the contribution margin ratio (as a percentage)

(ii) Recompute the breakeven sales for 2014 (to the nearest dollar) and state the effect of the sales commission

on breakeven sales.

(iii) If the management expects sales revenues to be increased by $100,000 because of this, would you

recommend Eva Company to offer the sales commission? Show your calculations. (c) Why is a decline in the margin of safety an issue of concern to the management of a company?

HKDSE (2013, 6) (Cost-Volume-profit analysis)

(a) (i) Contribution margin = $960,000 – ($120,000 + $150,000 + $66,000) = $624,000

Contribution margin ratio = $624,000 / $960,000 = 65%

(ii) Let the breakeven sales be x, we have

x (65%) = fixed costs

0.65x = $190,000 + $57,000

0.65x = $247,000

x = $380,000

(iii) Margin of safety (in revneue) = $960,000 $380,000 = $580,000

Margin of safety (in precentage) = $580,000 $960,000 = 60.42%

(b) (i) Contribution margin = $960,000 – ($120,000 + $150,000 + $66,000 + $960,000 x 5%) = $576,000

Contribution margin ratio = $576,000 / $960,000 = 60%

(ii) Let the breakeven sales be x, we have

x (60%) = fixed costs

0.6x = $247,000

x = $411,667

Sales commission is a variable cost and it will decrease the contribution margin ratio. As the fixed

costs remain unchanged, the breakeven sales will increase by $31,667 ($411,667 $380,000)

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(iii) No commission Offering commission

$ $

Sales 960,000 1,060,000

Direct material cost (120,000) (132,500)

Direct labour cost (150,000) (165,625)

Fixed production overheads (190,000) (190,000)

Variable production overheads (66,000) (72,875)

Fixed administrative overheads (57,000) (57,000)

Sales commission (53,000)

Net profit 377,000 389,000

Direct material cost = 1,060,000 x (120,000 / 960,000) = 132,500

Direct labour cost = 1,060,000 x (150,000 / 960,000) = 165,625

Variable production overheads = 1,060,000 x (66,000 / 960,000) = 72,875

Sales commission = 1,060,000 x 5% = 53,000

The net profit of offering the sales commission is greater than the original by $12,000 ($389,000

$377,000). Eva company should offer the sales commission.

(c) Reasons:

— sales are moving closer to the breakeven point

— profit is going down and the possibility of less is greater

137

HKDSE (2012, 8) (Cost-volume-profit and decision-making) Lucky Company is a local manufacturer selling a single product, DC. The company plans to produce and sell at its maximum capacity of 80 000 units in 2013. The following estimates relating to DC have been made for 2013:

$ Manufacturing costs:

Direct materials 480 000 Direct labour 320 000 Production overheads 1 000 000

Non-manufacturing costs:

Selling expenses 900 000 Administrative expenses 528 500

Additional information: (i) 20% of the production overheads are variable costs. (ii) Two-thirds of the selling expenses are fixed while the remaining balance is the sales commission, which varies with

the number of units sold. (iii) Administrative expenses are all fixed. REQUIRED: (a) Calculate

(1) the total fixed costs of 80 000 units of DC; and (2) the total variable costs of 80 000 units of DC. At a regular meeting of the company, the sales manager reports that one of its competitors is going to launch a product

similar to DC. As a result, he expects that the sales volume of DC will drop to 48 000 units in 2013 if its selling price is

maintained at $49.5 per unit. The management prefers not to have any price deduction in the local market, and is

considering adopting one of following alternatives in 2013 to solve the problem:

Alternative A

The company pays an additional sales commission of 10% on the selling price, and increases advertising expenses by

$52 500 per annum. By doing so, the expected sales volume of DC is 76 000 units.

Alternative B

The company produces and sells 48 000 units in the local market, and uses its excess capacity to accept an offer from a

mail-order house to sell at most 40 000 units of DC to overseas markets at a unit selling price of $37.5. Under the

agreement, no sales commission is to be paid to the mail-order house but a total of $25 000 per month is to be paid by

Lucky Company to cover the cost of producing the mail-order catalogue.

REQUIRED: (b) Calculate the respective breakeven point (in units) of DC under Alternative A and Alternative B. (c) Suppose Lucky Company has to choose one of the alternatives. Explain which alternative you would recommend

to the management based on the respective total profits calculated under each alternative. (d) Other than total profit, explain one financial factor that Lucky Company should consider if it decides to adopt

Alternative B.

Suppose the Company adopts Alternative A and considers reducing the cost of production through production process

automation. If a piece of equipment with a rental cost of $125 000 per annum is hired, the direct labour cost is

expected to be reduced by 40%. (e) Should Lucky Company hire the equipment? Support your answer with calculations.

138

HKDSE (2012, 8) (Cost-volume-profit and decision-making)

(a) (1) Total fixed costs = 1,000,000 x 80% + 900,000 x 2/3 + 528,500

= 1,928,500

(2) Total variable costs = 480,000 + 320,000 + 1,000,000 x 20% + 900,000 x 1/3

= $1,300,000 (b)

Alternative A

Per unit

$

Selling price 49.5

Less Variable costs:

Original variable costs ($1,300,000 / 80,000) 16.25

Sales commission (49.5 x 10%) 4.95

Contribution per unit 28.3

Total fixed cost = 1,928,500 + 52,500 = 1,981,000

Breakeven point (in units) = 1,981,000 / 28.3 = 70,000 units

Alternative B

Existing contribution:

Per unit

$

Selling price 49.5

Less Original variable costs ($1,300,000 / 80,000) 16.25

Contribution per unit 33.25

Mail-order contribution

Per unit

$

Selling price 37.5

Less Original variable costs without sales commission ($1,000,000 / 80,000) 12.5

Contribution per unit 25

Total fixed cost = 1,928,500 + 25,000 x 12 = 2,228,500

Total existing contribution = 33.25 x 48,000 = 1,596,000

Required fixed cost for mail-order house = 2,228,500 1,596,000 = 632,500

Additional units for mail-order house to breakeven = 632,500 / 25 = 25,300

Breakeven point (in units) = 48,000 + 25,300 = 73,300 units

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(c) Alternative A

Per unit

$

Contribution (28.3 x 76,000) 2,150,800

Total fixed cost 1,981,000

Net profit 169,800

Alternative B

Per unit

$

Contribution [33.25 x 48,000 + 25 x (80,000 48,000)] 2,396,000

Total fixed cost 2,228,500

Net profit 167,500

As profit is higher under alternative A, alternative A should be recommended.

(d) — risk in collecting debt from overseas

— unavoidable / avoidable cost elements in calculating profits

— Exchange rate (e)

Not Hire Hire

$ $

Rental cost 125,000

Direct labour cost ($4 x 76,000) 304,000 182,400

Tot relevant cost for hire 304,000 307,400

Therefore, Lucky Company should not hire the equipment.

140

HKDSE Practice Paper 8 (Cost-volume-profit and decision-making) Hilary Ltd manufactures and sells one single product, FS2. The budgeted production level and sales level for December 2012 are the same at 80 000 units. The budgeted income statement of Hilary Ltd for the month ended 31 December 2012 is as follows:

$ $ Sales 2 400 000 Direct material 784 000 Direct labour 280 000 Designer fees 120 000 Fixed production overheads 280 000 (1 464 000)

Gross profit 936 000 Fixed administrative expense 158 840 Sales commission 112 000 (270 840)

Net profit 665 160 The following information was supplied by the accountant of the company: (i) Designer fees and sales commission are based on the budgeted number of units produced and the budgeted

number of units sold respectively. (ii) Fixed costs remain the same regardless of any changes in the production or sales levels. REQUIRED: (a) Calculate the following items for the month of December 2012:

(1) the breakeven volume (in units) (2) the margin of safety (in sales dollars) On 1 May 2012, the management of the company spent $120 000 to hire a consultancy firm to investigate the possibility of extending the business to produce and sell a new product, FS4, starting from 1 January 2013. Additional information relating to FS4 from 2013 to 2016: (iii) The consultancy firm estimates that the monthly demand for FS4 will be 15 000 units if its selling price is $60 per

unit. (iv) Part of the existing office area of Hilary Ltd will be put aside for a new sales team of FS4. If the office area is not

used by the team, it will be sublet to outsiders at $20 000 per month. (v) The variable production cost of FS4 will be $15 per unit while the sales commission will be $5 per unit. (vi) To produce FS4, a new factory with a monthly rental of $100 000 will be rented and a new machine costing

$893 960 with a useful life of four years will be acquired. It is expected that the scrap value of the new machine at the end of its useful life is $5000. The company adopts the straight line method of depreciation.

(vii) There will be no change in the cost structure of the company from 2012 to 2016. REQUIRED: (b) What are ‘opportunity cost’ and ‘sunk cost ‘respectively’? Illustrate the meaning of each cost with an example

from the information provided above. (c) If Hilary Ltd spends an additional $12 000 per annum on advertising and at the same time reduces the selling

price of FS2 and FS4 by 10%, the expected monthly sales volume for FS2 will be increased from 80 000 to 100 000 units, while FS4 will be increased from 15 000 to 18 750 units. Assuming the company does not keep any opening and closing inventories for budgeted purposes, explain to the management whether the additional spending on advertising, together with the selling price reduction, should be introduced starting from 1 January 2013. (Ignore the time value of money.)

(d) If Hilary Ltd decides to spare more resources to explore new market potential and therefore will sell only 10 000

units of FS2 per month after the introduction of FS4, calculate the monthly sales revenue of FS4 which Hilary Ltd needs to break even.

141

HKDSE Sample 2 (Paper 2A, 8) (Cost-volume-profit and decision-making)

(a) (1) The breakeven volume (in units) = (280 000 + 158 840) / $13.8 (W1)

= 31 800 units

(2) the margin of safety (in sales dollars) = $2 400 000 – 31 800 x $30

= $1 446 000

(W1)

Total Per unit

$ $

Sales 2 400 000 30

Less Variable costs:

Direct materials 784 000 9.8

Direct labour 280 000 3.5

Designer fees 120 000 1.5

Sales commission 112 000 1.4

Contribution per unit 13.8

(b) Opportunity cost:

— This is the cost that one forgoes by choosing a particular course of action

— Example: the opportunity cost of having the existing office area for the new sales team is the

income forgone from subletting it to an outsider, i.e. $20 000.

Sunk cost:

— This is the cost that has already been spent on the acquisition of the resource, and is not affected

by any subsequent events.

— Example: the cost paid for the consultancy fees, i.e. $120 000, has already been incurred and that

cost will not be changed by any decision made in the future.

(c) Proposed scenario:

Increase / (decrease) in contribution: $

FS2 [($30× 0.9 – $16.2)× 100 000] – ($13.8× 80 000) (24 000)

FS4 [($60× 0.9 – $20 (W2))× 18 750] – [($60 – $20) × 15 000] 37 500

13 500

Advertising ($12 000/12) (1 000)

Increase in monthly profit 12 500

As the proposed scenario leads to an increase in monthly profit of $12 500, it should be considered.

(W2)

$

Variable production cost 15

Sales commission 5

Total variable cost per unit 20

142

(d) Contribution from FS2 = $13.8 x 10 000 = $138 000

Required contribution from FS4 = $557 360 (W4) – $138 000 = $419 360

Monthly sales quantity that FS4 required to break even = $419 360/$40 = 10 484 units

Monthly sales revenue that FS4 required to break even = 10 484 units × $60 = $629 040

(W4)

$

Fixed production overheads 280 000

Fixed administrative overheads 158 840

Factory rent 100 000

Depreciation of machine [($893 960 – $5000)/4 x 12] 18 520

Total fixed costs 557 360

143

HKDSE (sample, 9) (Cost Accounting) Mary is a fresh university graduate who has majored in marketing. She is enthusiastic about conducting a business of

her own alongside her full-time employment. She borrowed a sum of $90,000 from a bank at an interest rate of 5% per

annum on 1 January 20X7 to run a shop which sells free-sized T-shirts of her own design.

Information relating to the shop is as follows:

(i) The shop’s rental is $5,000 per month. The annual rates and insurance expenses are $3,600 and $4,500

respectively. (ii) A shop attendant is hired at a basic salary of $7,000 per month plus a commission of 5% of the sales value. (iii) All T-shirts are imported from factories based on the Mainland and are sold at 100% mark-up on cost. (iv) The budgeted sales volume is 500 shirts per month. Mary has made arrangements with the Mainland suppliers for

the supply of 500 shirts each month. Then a logo sticker will be fixed on each shirt by a sewing service provider

nearby at the cost of $2 each. The purchase costs for the first quarter of 20X7 are as follows:

$ January 20X7 22,500 February 20X7 24,000 March 20X7 25,000

(v) In order to publicise her new brand, Mary will print some promotional leaflets to be distributed once a week in

the neighborhood. The printing cost of the leaflets amounts to $500 per month and a part-time worker is hired at

$1,000 per month for the distribution work. (vi) A point-of-sale system costing $30,000 was purchased to help keep inventory record and cash transactions. In

addition, Mary furnished the shop with necessary furniture and fixtures by spending a further $60,000.

Depreciation is to be calculated at 12% per annum on a reducing balance basis for the point-of-sale system and

10% on cost for the furniture and fixtures. (vii) The actual sales figures for the first quarter ended 31 March 20X7 are as follows:

Number of shirts

January 20X7 350 February 20X7 420 March 20X7 400

REQUIRED:

(a) Define direct costs and indirect costs and identify one example for each from the case above. (b) Compare marginal costing with absorption costing with respect to inventory valuation and income determination. (c) Prepare an income statement for the first quarter ended 31 March 20X7 using the marginal costing method,

assuming the FIFO method is adopted in the valuation of unsold goods. (d) With the figures you have compiled in (c) above, calculate the breakeven point (in sales dollars) of the first

quarter ended 31 March 20X7.

Noting that there are several giant enterprises in the low-margin garment market, Mary’s father has always persuaded Mary to discontinue her small business which is unlikely to be competitive enough to survive.

REQUIRED:

(e) Discuss two possible reasons why Mary is still enthusiastic about running a business of her own.

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(a) Direct costs – costs that would be economical to trace their cost object

e.g. purchase cost, cost of stickers, sales commission

Indirect costs – costs that would not be economical to trace their cost object

e.g. printing cost, salaries, rent and rates, insurance, depreciation

(b)

Marginal costing Absorption costing

Inventory

valuation — Only variable costs are charged to units.

— Fixed costs are treated as product costs

and can be carried forward to the next

period in the value of each unit.

Income

determination

— Fixed costs incurred will not be carried

forward and the profit of the current

accounting period will be lower.

— A proportion of the fixed costs of the

current period will be carried forward to

the next accounting period and therefore

the profit of the current accounting

period will be higher.

(c) Income statement for the first quarter ended 31 March 20X6

$ $

Sales [($22,500 + $24,000 + 170 x $50) x 200%] 110,000

Opening inventories —

Purchases ($22,500 + $24,000 + $25,000) 71,500

Logo stickers (1,500 x $2) 3,000

Less Closing inventories [(500 – 170) x ($50 + $2)] (17,160) 57,340

Product contribution margin 52,660

Less Variable costs: Commission ($110,000 x 5%) 5,500

Contribution 47,160

Less: Fixed costs

Rent and rates ($5,000 x 3 + $3,600 x 3/12) 15,900

Insurance ($4,500 x 3/12) 1,125

Salaries ($7,000 x 3 + $1,000 x 3) 24,000

Printing costs ($500 x 3) 1,500

Depreciation [$30,000 x 12% x 3/12 + $60,000 x 10% x 3/12] 2,400 44,925

Net profit 2,235

(d) Total fixed costs = $44,925

Contribution margin ratio = $47,160 $110,000

Breakeven sales dollars = Fixed cost Contribution margin ratio

= $44,925 / ($47,160 $110,000)

= $104,787