Parts of Speech Parts of Speech

Noun

0Names a person, place, thing, or idea

0Common Noun: girl, shoe, dog

0Proper Noun: Julie, Nike, Labrador Retreiver

0 If you an put “a”, “an”, or “the” before a word; it is most likely a noun.

Nouns

0Concrete Nouns - Concrete nouns are things that you can experience through your five senses: sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch.

For example, desk, New York City, Mrs. Rodabaugh

0Abstract Nouns - Abstract nouns refer to ideas and concepts.

For example, freedom, love, joy.

Verb0Expresses action or state of being. There are two

kinds of verbs: action and linking.

0Action Verbs: Express actions or thoughts

Linking Verbs

0Linking Verbs: Connect the subject with a word that links or connects it. Linking verbs help describe the condition or state-of-being or a noun.

0Common linking verbs:0 Any form of the verb “is” or “be”0 Appear, seem, become, etc.0 Action verbs imply either physical or mental activity

0Some verbs can be both action and linking verbs!

Verb Phrases

0Consists of a helping verb and at least one main verb.

Common Used Helping Verbs

Forms of Be am were is be are being was been

Forms of Have has have having had

Forms of Do do does doing did

Others may might must can shall will could should would

Pronoun0 A word used in place of a noun or more than one nouns.

0 The word a pronoun stands for is called the antecedent of the pronoun.

0 Personal Pronoun – Refers to the one speaking (1st person), the one spoken to (2nd person), or the one spoken about (3rd person)

0 1st Person: I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours0 2nd Person: you, your, yours0 3rd Person: he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their,

theirs

0Pronouns can be: 0 Personal (e.g. them)0 Relative (e.g. which)0 Interrogative (e.g. whom)0 Reflexive (e.g. itself)0 Indefinite (e.g. everybody)

Indefinite Pronouns

0 Indefinite Pronoun – Refers to a person, place, thing, or idea that may not be specifically named.

all either much other

another everybody neither several

any everyone nobody some

anybody everything none somebody

anyone few no one someone

anything many nothing something

both more one such

each most    

Other Pronouns

0 Demonstrative – this, that, these, those

0 Interrogative – who, whom, which, what

0Relative – that, which, who, whom, whose

0Reflexive/Intensive 0 First Person – myself, ourselves0 Second Person – yourself, yourselves0 Third Person – himself, herself, itself, themselves

Adjective

0A word used to modify (describe or make more definite) a noun or pronoun

0Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns by telling:0 Which kind?0 Which one?0 How many?0 How much?

Adjectives

0Adjectives usually precede the words they modify, but sometimes are placed after the words they modify for emphasis.

0Adjectives may be separate from the words they modify.

Adjectives

0Articles are the most frequently used adjectives.

0 Indefinite Articles (A,An) refer to one of a non-specific group.

0 Definite Article (The) refers to someone or something in particular and can precede any word.

Adjectives

0Some words can be used as both pronouns and adjectives.

0Sometimes nouns are used as adjectives.

Coordinating Adjectives

0Coordinating adjectives are two or more adjectives that describe the same noun and are equal in describing the noun. Their order can be reversed and the word and can be inserted between them.

0 Example: While strolling through the woods, they found a strange, mysterious and frightened child.

Cumulative Adjectives

0Cumulative adjectives are two or more adjectives that describe the same noun, but they need to be put in a specific order for them to make sense. Their order cannot be reversed.

0 Example: He bought a wonderful old French car.

Adverb

0Modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.

0Adverbs answer:0How?0Where?0When?0To what extent?

0Most adverbs end in –ly

Adverbs Modify Verbs

0The adverb can be positioned after the verb.

0Example: Andre sang How: Andre sang magnificently.

When: Andre sang earlier.

Where: Andre sang there.

To What extent: Andre sang frequently.

Adverbs Modify Adjectives

0When an adverb modifies an adjective, its position usually comes before the word it modifies.

0Example: It was a clear day.

How clear? It was a very clear day.

Adverbs Modify Other Adverbs

0When an adverb modifies another adverb its position usually comes before the word it modifies.

0Example: Joe spoke fast.

0 How fast: Joe spoke extremely fast.

Preposition

0Shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence.

0Examples:0 The airplane flew above us.0 She walked to the store.

0Commonly used prepositions include: about, before, for, from, in, on, over, to, up, until, with, without.

Prepositional Phrase

0A preposition always introduce a prepositional phrase. The noun or pronoun that ends the prepositional phrase is called the object of the preposition.

0Prepositional Phrase – Includes a preposition, a noun or pronoun called the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of that object.

Conjunction 0 Connects words or groups of words. Types: coordinating,

correlative, and subordinating.

0 Coordinating Conjunctions: for, but, yet, so, or, yet.0 Correlative Conjunctions: Both… and, either… or, neither… nor.0 Subordinating Conjunctions join dependent clauses to main

clauses.

0 Examples:0 Coordinating: My professor is strict, yet fair. 0 Correlative: Both swimming and dancing are fun ways to work

out. 0 Subordinate: I am happy because of you.

Interjection

0Express surprise or strong feeling.

0Examples:0 Wow! This place is great!0 Yes! My team just scored a goal!

0They are commonly used before a sentence or at the beginning of a sentence.