PARTICIPATORY TECHNOLOGY PARTICIPATORY TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT OF ACdN IN DEVELOPMENT OF ACdN IN

SOUTHERN MALISOUTHERN MALI

Improving NRM innovation Improving NRM innovation for Sustainable agriculturefor Sustainable agriculture

OutlineOutline

• INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION• CONTEXT OF PTDCONTEXT OF PTD• ACdN PTD APPROACHACdN PTD APPROACH• OUTCOMES OF THE APPROACHOUTCOMES OF THE APPROACH• WEAKNESSES OF THE APPROACHWEAKNESSES OF THE APPROACH• IMPROVING NRM INNOVATION IMPROVING NRM INNOVATION

FOR AGRICULTURAL FOR AGRICULTURAL SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

• Increased production of cotton Increased production of cotton 220 996 tons in 1991 220 996 tons in 1991 459 792 tons in 2000459 792 tons in 2000

• Cotton yields Cotton yields 19911991 1227 kg/ha1227 kg/ha2000 2000 1000 kg/ha1000 kg/ha

• Cotton area: Cotton area: 1990/911990/91 205 311 ha205 311 ha1999/001999/00 482 293 ha482 293 ha

Sustainability of cotton-based systems??Sustainability of cotton-based systems??

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION (Continued)(Continued)

State of resource useState of resource use Administrative unitsAdministrative units

LowLow Bougouni, Bougouni, Kolondieba, YanfolilaKolondieba, Yanfolila

SustainableSustainable Segou, Baraoueli, Segou, Baraoueli, KadioloKadiolo

HighHigh Sikasso, Bla, YorossoSikasso, Bla, Yorosso

ExcessExcess Dioila, Koutiala, San, Dioila, Koutiala, San, TominianTominian

Introduction (continued)Introduction (continued)

• Soil degradationSoil degradation

AcidificationAcidification

Erosion ( ancient cotton belt)Erosion ( ancient cotton belt)

Many SWC technologies are available Many SWC technologies are available (stone lines, mulch, living fences, (stone lines, mulch, living fences, improved fallows, ridge tillage..)improved fallows, ridge tillage..)

But low level of adoption (LAE <50%, But low level of adoption (LAE <50%, 40% type A, 10% type B).40% type A, 10% type B).

CONTEXT OF PTD IN MALI-CONTEXT OF PTD IN MALI-SUDSUD

• Before 1980 (Diffusion model)Before 1980 (Diffusion model)Researchers (IER)Researchers (IER)

Extension (CMDT)Extension (CMDT)

Village-based farmer associations Village-based farmer associations

CONTEXT OF PTD IN MALI-CONTEXT OF PTD IN MALI-SUD (Continued)SUD (Continued)

• After 1980 (FSR&Extension model)After 1980 (FSR&Extension model)ResearchersResearchers(IER)(IER)

Extension Extension FarmersFarmers(CMDT)(CMDT) (Communities) (Communities)

CONTEXT OF PTD IN MALI-CONTEXT OF PTD IN MALI-SUD (Continued)SUD (Continued)

1978: Natural resource management 1978: Natural resource management problems (Fonsebougou) problems (Fonsebougou)

Soil erosion/Overgrazing/Soil erosion/Overgrazing/Logging/BushfireLogging/Bushfire

Land clearingLand clearing

1982: Development of a soil 1982: Development of a soil conservation model with 4 farmers conservation model with 4 farmers at katio watershed (Fonsebougou)at katio watershed (Fonsebougou)

CONTEXT OF PTD IN MALI-CONTEXT OF PTD IN MALI-SUD (Continued)SUD (Continued)

1984: Water conservation experiment in Kaniko 1984: Water conservation experiment in Kaniko

Village based approach (AV)Village based approach (AV)

1985:1985: WCE at Try I and Try II WCE at Try I and Try II

1986: SWC extension project in CMDT1986: SWC extension project in CMDT

Choice of villages (few villages, use of local Choice of villages (few villages, use of local resources)resources)

Training extension staffTraining extension staff

Sensitizing, animation and training of Sensitizing, animation and training of communitiescommunities

CONTEXT OF PTD IN MALI-CONTEXT OF PTD IN MALI-SUD (Continued)SUD (Continued)

SWC have concerned a limited number of SWC have concerned a limited number of farmersfarmers

Farmers were aware of the threats soil Farmers were aware of the threats soil erosion and degradation to their livelihoods erosion and degradation to their livelihoods

They lack means and motivation for making They lack means and motivation for making SWC a priority because they don’t get short SWC a priority because they don’t get short term benefits from the adoption of these term benefits from the adoption of these technologiestechnologies

There is a need to introduce incentives to There is a need to introduce incentives to increase benefits for farmersincrease benefits for farmers

CONTEXT OF PTD IN MALI-CONTEXT OF PTD IN MALI-SUD (Continued)SUD (Continued)

Research should monitor and analyze Research should monitor and analyze extension activities, propose changes extension activities, propose changes according rainfall, soil, ethnic , according rainfall, soil, ethnic , farming system characteristic…,farming system characteristic…,

find solutions to technical problems find solutions to technical problems face by extensionface by extension

Test of practical approach of “gestion Test of practical approach of “gestion des terroirs”des terroirs”

ACdN TECHNOLOGY ACdN TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT

APPROACHAPPROACHACdN technology as a SW ACdN technology as a SW

management technologymanagement technology with short with short term benefitsterm benefits

• A Commodity technology A Commodity technology development (LABOSEP-CIRAD)development (LABOSEP-CIRAD)

• A Farming system and extension A Farming system and extension approach (FSR&NRM )approach (FSR&NRM )

• NGOs approach (AMEDD)NGOs approach (AMEDD)

A Commodity technology A Commodity technology development (LABOSEP-development (LABOSEP-

CIRAD)CIRAD)• Researcher managed trials (1994-2001) Researcher managed trials (1994-2001)

have shown that positive impacts on soil have shown that positive impacts on soil physical properties of ACdN are:physical properties of ACdN are:

- Reduced run-off at plot level by 20 to 40%- Reduced run-off at plot level by 20 to 40%

- Deeper wetting front from 1.2 to 20m- Deeper wetting front from 1.2 to 20m

- Increase soil water content (10 t0 30% vol).- Increase soil water content (10 t0 30% vol).• ACdN technology alone increased also the ACdN technology alone increased also the

yield of crops by 30% and in combination yield of crops by 30% and in combination with mineral fertilizers the yield increase with mineral fertilizers the yield increase was 50%. was 50%.

Crop Monetary Income of Crop Monetary Income of ACdN adoption at farmer ACdN adoption at farmer

levellevelCrop Monetary income before and after adoption of ACdN

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

1999 2000 2001 2002

Year

Mo

net

ary

inco

me

(FC

FA

)

Cotton

maize

millet/sorghum

A farming system and A farming system and Extension approach Extension approach

(FSR&NRM-INTERCRSP)(FSR&NRM-INTERCRSP)• FSE&NRM (CMDT)FSE&NRM (CMDT) Training of village-based farmer Training of village-based farmer

association in ACdN implementationassociation in ACdN implementation• FSR&NRM (OHVN)FSR&NRM (OHVN)Farmers to farmers’ visits (InterCRSP-NRM)Farmers to farmers’ visits (InterCRSP-NRM)Farmers’ managed trials based on rural Farmers’ managed trials based on rural

household resource endowments (A, B, C household resource endowments (A, B, C and D)and D)

Yields of sorghum and Yields of sorghum and maize under farmers’ maize under farmers’

managed trialsmanaged trials

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

NACdN WACdN

sorghum 1sorghum 2Maize

ACdN TECHNOLOGY ACdN TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT

APPROACHAPPROACH

AdvantagesCategory of farmersA B C and D

Preserving manure and mineral fertilizers

+++ ++++ ++++

Preventing soil erosion +++++ +++Reducing losses from heavy storms ++++ ++++ ++++Improved water availability for crops +++++ ++++ +++

A Commodity technology A Commodity technology development approachdevelopment approach

• Konobougou (LABOSEP-CIRAD)Konobougou (LABOSEP-CIRAD)Diagnosis by technical teamDiagnosis by technical team5000 FCFA/ha 5000 FCFA/ha Oumarbougou (AMED)Oumarbougou (AMED)Same approachSame approach3000 FCFA/ha (subvention) Phase I3000 FCFA/ha (subvention) Phase I5000 FCFA/ha Phase II : Farmers won’t 5000 FCFA/ha Phase II : Farmers won’t

accept?accept?Increasing demand for ACdN but not Increasing demand for ACdN but not

satisfied?satisfied?

Adoption profile of ACdN Adoption profile of ACdN KonobougouKonobougou

Adoption profile of ACdN at Siguidolo

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Year

Nu

mb

er

of

farm

ho

us

eh

old

s

Request

Realized

OUTCOMES OF THE OUTCOMES OF THE APPROACHAPPROACH

• AWARENESS OF ACTORSAWARENESS OF ACTORS• ACTORS ARE ENGAGED IN A ACTORS ARE ENGAGED IN A

SOCIAL LEARNING PROCESSSOCIAL LEARNING PROCESS• FARMERS ARE WILLING TO FARMERS ARE WILLING TO

INVESTINVEST

WEAKNESSES OF THE WEAKNESSES OF THE ACdN TECHOLOGY ACdN TECHOLOGY

APPROACHAPPROACH• Lack of active farmer participationLack of active farmer participation• No two-way sharing of information No two-way sharing of information

among farmers, researchers and among farmers, researchers and extension extension

• No capacity building for socializing No capacity building for socializing lessons learnedlessons learned

• Overcoming socio-economical aspectsOvercoming socio-economical aspects• No collective decision making and No collective decision making and

concerted actionconcerted action

IMPROVING NRM INNOVATION IMPROVING NRM INNOVATION FOR AGRICULTURAL FOR AGRICULTURAL

SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY

New contextNew context

Moving from a technical phase, Moving from a technical phase, economical phase to policy phase economical phase to policy phase (Land use – a contested activity with (Land use – a contested activity with multiple stakeholders)multiple stakeholders)

An interactive perspective for An interactive perspective for technological innovation requires:technological innovation requires:

Building platforms for dialogue and Building platforms for dialogue and interactions among actors,interactions among actors,

IMPROVING NRM IMPROVING NRM INNOVATION FOR INNOVATION FOR AGRICULTURAL AGRICULTURAL

SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY (Continued) (Continued)Enhanced innovative performance Enhanced innovative performance (facilitating the interactive process,(facilitating the interactive process,

A framework for evaluating the processA framework for evaluating the processEmpowerment of farmers to exert Empowerment of farmers to exert

countervailing power in the policy countervailing power in the policy gamesgames

Farmers’ to farmers visits, farmers’ field Farmers’ to farmers visits, farmers’ field schools and tools as real alternatives to schools and tools as real alternatives to conventional thinking about diffusion conventional thinking about diffusion and transfer of technologyand transfer of technology

IMPROVING NRM IMPROVING NRM INNOVATION FOR INNOVATION FOR AGRICULTURAL AGRICULTURAL

SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY (Continued) (Continued)

Crucial outcomes from interaction are:Crucial outcomes from interaction are:Reciprocity and trust,Reciprocity and trust,Negotiated agreement,Negotiated agreement,Conflict management,Conflict management,Social learning Social learning Overcoming social dilemmas,Overcoming social dilemmas,Collective decision making and Collective decision making and Concerted action.Concerted action.

Conventional Flow of Conventional Flow of Information an MaterialsInformation an Materials

Conventional Flow of Information an Materials Market

JA

Farmers Consumers

Agribusiness

Various Organizations

Extension Workers Ag Policy Makers

Researchers

Flow of info/materials strong

Flow of info/materials weak

Conceptual View of Technology Development and

Transfer/Diffusion

DeveloperGoals

TransferProcess

Technological Activity User wants andNeeds

Research & Resource

Feedback Barriersloop

Feedbackloop

Diffusion of (Users) the innovation