PALU EARTHQUAKE 2018, - concern.itb.ac.idconcern.itb.ac.id/.../12/7.-PPTMasyhur-Irsyam-Palu-Earthquake-HATTI...Prof Dr Masyhur Irsyam (PusGeN-HATTI-ITB) November 27-29, 2018 ConCERN-2,

Prof Dr Masyhur Irsyam (PusGeN-HATTI-ITB) November 27-29, 2018

ConCERN-2, Bandung, Indonesia 1

Masyhur Irsyam*, Andhika Sahadewa, Rahma Hanifa, Dandung Sri Harninto, Agus Muntohar, Didiek Djarwadi, Wijoyo Prakoso, D.H.

Natawijaya, Hamzah Latief, M. Asrurifak, L. Faisal, Sigit Pramono, M. Daryono, Ramli Nazir

*President - Indonesian Society for Geotechnical Engineering *Coordinator - National Research Center for Earthquake *Chair - Team for Updating of Sesimic Hazard Maps of Indonesia 2010 and 2017*Member - Indonesian Academy of Sciences

PALU EARTHQUAKE 2018,A PRELIMINARY GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING REPORT

Acknowledgement:

(2) Team for Updating of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia 2017

(1) The National Research Center for Earthquake

On behalf of:

(3) The Indonesian Society for Geotechnical Engineering (HATTI)

The Organizing Committee

Part of this material has ben presented in:

Seminar Nasional 10 Nov 2018: “Menguak Gempa, Tsunami, Likuifaksi Palu untuk Kesiagaan Gempa-Gempa Indonesia”

Why does the current code require improvements ?

1. To considers recent great earthquakes in Indonesia

USGS

Yogya Earthquake Mw=6.3 (May, 2006)

Tasik Earthquake Mw=7.4 (Sept, 2009)

Padang Earthquake Mw=7.6 (Sept, 2009)

Jambi Earthquake Mw=6.6 (Oct, 2009)

Nias Earthquake Mw=8.6(March, 2005)

Mentawai Earthquake Mw=7.2(Oct, 2010)

Earthquake events since the release of building code SNI 1726-2002

Simeuleu Earthquake Mw=8.5(11 April, 2012)

Simeuleu Earthquake Mw=8.1 (11 April, 2012)

Aceh Earthquake Mw=9.2 (December, 2004)

Pidie Jaya Earthquake Mw=6.5 (7 Desember, 2016)

4



Palu Earthquake Mw=7.4(Sept, 2018)

Lombok Earthquake Mw=7.0 (Agust, 2018)

Total casualties : 2.081Heavily injured : 4.438Missing/buried : 1.309

Tribute to Palu:

Our thoughts and prayers are with victims, families, and whoever impacted by Palu Earthquake.

We wish the community for a quickly complete recovery.

The National Research Center for Earthquake

Recconnaisance Survey:

1st Survey

2nd Survey

• Palu-Koro Fault

• Tsunami

• Ground Motion and Earthquake Resistance Design

• Soil Condition, Liquefaction, and Ground Cracking

Content:

• Conclusions



Palu-Koro Faultand

Rupture Displacement

Major Tectonics around Indonesia (Bock et al., 2003)

6 cm/year

12 cm/year

EURASIA PLATE

INDO AUSTRALIA PLATE

PASIFIC PLATE

PHILIPINE PLATE

• There are 4 major tectonic plates in this region: Eurasia, Indoaustralia, Pacific and Philipine.

• Indoaustralia and Philipine/pacific plates subduct beneath the Eursia plate with the rate of 6cm/year and 12 cm/year

Palu

Indonesian Conrete Design Code 1966 Indonesian Loading Code 1970

Indonesian Earthquake Design Code 1983 Indonesian Earthquake Building Code SNI 1726-2002

Indonesian Seismic Hazard Maps 2010 New National Seismic Hazard Maps 2017

5. Toru

6. Angkola

8. Sumpur

1.Seulimeum

13. Dikit

14. Ketaun

11. Suliti 15. Musi

16. Manna

17. Kumering

18.Semangko

19.Sunda

9. Sianok

7. Barumun

4. Renun

2. Aceh

3. Tripa

10. Sumani

12. Siulak

50. Palu-Koro

53. Poso

58. Lawanopo

57. Gorontalo

52. Walanae 55. Tolo thrust

51. Matano

54. Batui thrust

73. Sorong-Maluku

72. Sula-Sorong

71. Tarera-Aidun

70. Yapen

75. Ransiki74. Sorong

79 Highland thrust belt

77. Manokwari trench

76. Membrano thrust tbelt

78. Lowland34. Wetar back arc

36. Flores back arc

33. Semarang

34. Jogja30. Bumiayu

32. Cimandiri

31. Baribis

Active Faults in The 2010 National Hazard Maps

Palu



Team for Updating of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia 2017

Prof. Masyhur IrsyamIr. Lutfi Faizal

Dr. D.H. Natawijaya Dr. Irwan Meilano Prof. S Widiyantoro Dr. Wahyu Triyoso Dr. Sri Hidayati

STEERING COMMITTEE

ADVISORYBOARD

TECHNICALCOMMITTEES

GEOLOGY WORKING GROUP

GEODESY WORKING GROUP

SEISMOLOGY + INSTRUMENTATION

WORKING GROUP

GMPE WORKING GROUP

CATALOG WORKING GROUP

SEISMIC HAZARD WORKING GROUP

Ariska R., MSc

Dr. Benyamin SapiieDr. SupartoyoDr. Akhmad SolihinDr. Mudrik DaryonoDr. Astyka MumpuniDr. Gayatri I. MarliyaniDr. Ma’ruf MuktiSubandriyo, M.Si

Prof. HasanuddinDr. Endra GunawanSusilo, MTDr. DaryonoArkadia R., MTDr. N. Rahma HanifaDr. Dina A. SarsitoAwaluddin, MTCecep Sulaeman, MScPandu A. Minarno, STJohni Effendi, MTPutra Maulida, MTTeguh P. Sidiq, MTAlwidya Safitri, MTYola A. Herawati, STSuchi Rahmadani, STRefi R. Ramadian, ST

Prof. Nanang T PuspitoDr. Andri Dian NugrahaDr. M. RidwanDr. Wahyu TriyosoDr. MuzliDr. WandonoDr. Nurliah SadikinH. Ash Shidiqqi, M.SiShindy Rosalia, STPepen SupendiRexha Verdhora, MTRidwan Kusnandar Jajat JatmikaNova Heryandoko

Dr. Wahyu TriyosoDr. Windu PartonoProf. Wayan SengaraSigit Pramono, M.SiDr. Jaya MurjayaProf. Wijoyo PrakosoOriza Sativa, STFajri Syukur R, MTFajar Budi Utomo, STRequel Mikhail, MT

Dr. Andri Dian NugrahaDr. M. AsrurifakProf. Wayan SengaraShindy Rosalia, STFahmi Aldimar, MTPepen Supendi, MSi

Dr. M AsrurifakFahmi Aldiamar, MTAmalfi Omang, M. PhilDesyanti, MTDr. HendriyawanArtadi Pria Sakti, M.SiAdhi Yudha Mulia, MengMahdi Ibrahim T., MTImam Catur P, S.SiRahayu Robiana, S.SiHaunan Afif, S.SiRika Swastikarani, S.SiChiko Bakti M., MDMLaksamana M. Sakti, ST

Total members = 72 persons (from different institutions and technical background)

International Collaboration: GeoScinces&ANU-Australia, Global Earthquake Model-Italy, USGS-USA

Efforts to Enhance the 2017 National Seismic Hazard Maps

• Enhancement is conducted by updating earthquake sources data including geology, seismology, geodesy, and earthquake catalog.

• Updating data is based upon the latest studies such as recent active-fault studies utilizing trenching, carbon dating, epicenter relocation, strain analysis from GPS data, availability of basic data including the SRTM-30, IFSAR, LiDAr, and earthquake catalog up to 2016.

• Improvement of tomography using 3D velocity model.

• Adding several active faults that were not quantified before.

• Considering the latest GMPE published after Tohoku earthquake and latest NGA.

• Adding OpenQuake software for comparison and verification to USGS and EZFRisk software.

Active Faults in Sulawesi in the 2017 Hazard Maps of Indonesia

Palu-Koro FaultMmax 7.1

Danny H. Natawidjaja, 2012

Historical Earthquake and Tsunami in Sulawesi

1924 (MMI 7)

1934 (M7.9)

1990 (M7) 1991 (M7.2)1905 (M8.4)

1968(7.4) 1939(8.6)

1942(7.5)

1927



5. Toru

6. Angkola

8. Sumpur

1.Seulimeum

13. Dikit

14. Ketaun

11. Suliti 15. Musi

16. Manna

17. Kumering

18.Semangko

19.Sunda

9. Sianok

7. Barumun

4. Renun

2. Aceh

3. Tripa

10. Sumani

12. Siulak

50. Palu-Koro

53. Poso

58. Lawanopo

57. Gorontalo

52. Walanae 55. Tolo thrust

51. Matano

54. Batui thrust

73. Sorong-Maluku

72. Sula-Sorong

71. Tarera-Aidun

70. Yapen

75. Ransiki74. Sorong

79 Highland thrust belt

77. Manokwari trench

76. Membrano thrust tbelt

78. Lowland34. Wetar back arc

36. Flores back arc

33. Semarang

34. Jogja30. Bumiayu

32. Cimandiri

31. Baribis

Detail Investigation of Active Faults(Geology Team)

The recent active-fault studies utilizing GPR, trenching, and carbon dating

DETAIL SURVEY LAWANOPO FAULT(Daryono 2016)

Site-7 GPR Survey

SRTM30

ST-1

ST-3

ST-4

ST-5

ST-6

ST-9

ST-10

ST-39ST-40

ST-41

ST-42

ST-43

ST-46

ST-45

ST-44

T2-1

T2-3

T2-2

T2-7

T2-19

T2-20

ST-34

ST-35

ST-36

ST-37

ST-38

FACE2

EAST

50CM

A B C

DE

F G

ST-7

ST-8

ST-24

ST-25

ST-26

ST-29ST-28

ST-30

ST-31

ST-32

ST-33

TOP ST-26 CARBON

T2-5

T2-6

L2-4

T2-18

ABC

D E

F

G

50CM

FACE1

EAST

ST-1

ST-3

ST-4

ST-5

ST-6

ST-9

ST-10

ST-39ST-40

ST-41

ST-42

ST-43

ST-46

ST-45

ST-44

T2-1

T2-3

T2-2

T2-7

T2-19

T2-20

ST-34

ST-35

ST-36

ST-37

ST-38

FACE2

EAST

50CM

A B C

DE

F G

ST-7

ST-8

ST-24

ST-25

ST-26

ST-29ST-28

ST-30

ST-31

ST-32

ST-33

TOP ST-26 CARBON

T2-5

T2-6

L2-4

T2-18

ABC

D E

F

G

50CM

FACE1

EAST

T2-9

T2-8

T2-12T2-11T2-10

CARBON ST-24

FACE4

EAST

50CM

A

B C

D EF G

ST-11

ST-12

ST-13

ST-14

ST-15

ST-16

ST-17

ST-18

ST-19

ST-20ST-23

ST-21 UP

ST-22 UP

ST-21 DOWN

ST-22 DOWN

ST-11 CARBON

T2-16

T2-13

T2-15

T2-14

T2-17

AB

CD E

F

G

FACE3

EAST

50CM

AD1415-1460

102pMC (1909?)

AD1285-1390

Indication of cycle period of 130 years

1907&1909 2012 & ????

5.5±1.5m

14151285 ?

Danny H Natawidjaja, Mudrik R. Daryono. Jessica C., Sukoco, Nandang S.

(Daryono, 2018)

Palu-Koro in Sulawesi (Daryono, 2018)

(Daryono, 2018)



Surface Rupture Offset of 5.2m at the Palu-Koro Fault Line

Surface Rupture Offset of 5.0m at the Palu-Koro Fault Line Surface Rupture Offset of 5.2m at the Palu-Koro Fault Line



Palu-Koro Fault Secondary Fault

Ground Motionand

Indonesian Standard SNI335 gal

281 gal

203 gal

(Sigit Pramono, 2018)

UD

NS

EW



0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Spec

tral

Acc

eler

atio

n (

g)

Period (sec)

Deterministic Uniform Hazard Spectra (site class-C)M = 7.4 and R = 1.1 Km

Boore-Atkinson (2016) NGA West-2 Campbell-Bozorgnia (2016) NGA West-2 Chiou-Youngs (2016) NGA West-2MeanMean+1SD

SNI: mean+s

Mean

Palu

Fault Normal

Near FaultCanterbury Earthquake(Bradley, 2014)

The National Hazard Maps Have been Implemented in Earthquake Resistance Building and Infrastructure Design Codes in Indonesia

Offshore Platforms: 2,500 yrs

Metro Tunnels1,000 yrs

Railway Bridges: 500-1000 yrsDams: 2,500-10,000 yrs

BuildingsReturn period of earthquake 2,500 yrs

and 1% risk of collapse in 50 yrs BridgesReturn period of earthquake 1,000 yrs

Port and Airport

Maximum Considered Earthquake Geometric mean (MCEG) PGAin Building Code SNI-1726-2012

Palu

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 40.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

Design response spectra in Building Code SNI 1726-2012

Palu UD

Palu NS

Palu EW

Period (second)

Sp

ect

ra A

cce

lera

tio

n (

g)P

eri

od

(se

con

d)

Design and Recorded Response Spectra at Geophysics Station of Palu

Ground motion response spectra in Building Code SNI 1726-2012

(Sigit Pramono)

PALU



Indonesian Earthquake Building Code SNI 1726-2002

PGA for Indonesian Earthquake Bridge Code 2016



Tsunami



42

Date : 14 Augusts 1968 6:14 am (WIB)Episenter: 0.2 N 119.8 EDepth: 23 kmMagnitude: Mw 7.4

Historical Tsunami in Palu Bay and Tambu

Hamzah Latief, 2012

Date : 1 December 1927 12:47 am (WIB)Episenter: 0.7 N 119.7 EDepth: 13 kmMagnitude: Mw 6.3

Affected Area by Tsunami

Citra land

Port Wani 2

Tondo Maboro

Donggal, house slided

Lolipesua

(Hamzah Latief 2018)

SURVEY OF PALU TSUNAMI© PUSGEN 2018

Landslide Talise Beach

Donggala, Road Shoulder was eroded

Buluri

Wood and car transported by Tsunami

Yellow BridgeMosque in front of the Gas Station

SURVEY OF PALU TSUNAMI© PUSGEN 2018

(Hamzah Latief 2018)

Datokarama Beach



Landslide Potential

(Hamzah Latief, 2018)

Palu-Koro fault is Strike-slipSubduction/ Reverse fault → significant Tsunami

TALISE

TONDO

TONDO

TONDO

PANTOLOAN

WANI

TALISE

(Hamzah Latief, 2018)

Ground CrackingGround Cracking at Palu Airport



Ground Cracking, Jono oge

Soil Condition, Liquefaction, and Landslide

Balaroa

Petebo

Jono oge



2012

Petobo -3.0m

Balaroa -0.7m

Ground Water Level



0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 1000

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Tsuchida (1970) boundaries for:

Potentially liquefiable soils

Most liquefiable soils

Palu soils:

Jl. Kenduri (Balaroa)

Soccer Field Jl. Lasoso

Residential Jl. Kedondong

Noodle Factory Jl. Kedondong

S A N D

C O A R S EM E D I U M F I N E

C L A Y S I L T G R A V E L

Sieve no: 270 200 100 60 40 20 10 4 3/4"

Per

cen

t fi

ner

by

wei

gth

(%

)

Grain size (mm)

Sieve no: 270 200 100 60 40 20 10 4 3/4"

Balaroa

Petebo

Jono oge

Sibalaya

1.1km

7.2km

6.7km

3.6km

Jono oge(Youtube, 2018) Petobo

(Youtube, 2018)





Petobo(Youtube, 2018)

Petobo



Local people: 5 layers of soil and houses at the toe of the landslide

Toe of failure



Schematic Examples of Liquefaction-Induced Global Site Instability and/or “Large” Displacement Lateral Spreading(Seed et al., 2001)

(a) Edge Failure/Lateral Spreading by Flow

(b) Edge Failure/Lateral Spreading by Translation

(c) Flow Failure

(d) Translational Displacement

(e) Rotational and/or Translational Sliding

Liquefied zone with low residual undrained strength

Flow Liquefaction

PETOBO

Balaroa

Petebo

Jono oge

Sibalaya

1.1km

7.2km

6.7km

3.6km



SIBALAYA

400m

SIBALAYA



SIBALAYA

Before

Rice field

Translational displacement/ Lateral spreading+400m After



Houses have moved approximately 400m

Conclusions:• The National Research Center for Earthquake and Indonesian Society for

Geotechnical Engineering have conducted a preliminary field survey.

• The rupture offset was found as large as 4-6 meters horizontal sinistral offset andabout half meter vertical offset.

• Recorded PGA at Palu range from 200-350 gal.

• Motion in the direction of Fault Normal shows larger value of spectral accelerationat higher period similar to what has been recorded in Canterbury earthquake fornear fault.

• The geotechnical aspects observed after the earthquake are mainly related toliquefaction and lateral spreading.

• Liquefaction has resulted in extreme flow liquefaction and lateral spreading.

• Soil investigation is currently being conducted.



Thankyou for the continuous support from:

Ministry of Transportation

IABI

UniversitasIndonesia

T0:

Documents

PALU EARTHQUAKE 2018, - concern.itb.ac.idconcern.itb.ac.id/.../12/7.-PPTMasyhur-Irsyam-Palu-Earthquake-HATTI...Prof Dr Masyhur Irsyam (PusGeN-HATTI-ITB) November 27-29, 2018 ConCERN-2,