Pakistan Sugar Journal - Shakarganj Research

Pakistan Sugar Journal January-March, 2014 1

Pakistan Sugar Journal January-March, 2014 Page # Contents Vol. XXIX, No.01

Editorial Board Mr. Altaf M. Saleem Chairman Dr. Shahid Afghan Editor-in-Chief Dr. Iftikhar Ahmed Member Dr. Muhammad Zubair Member Dr. Javed Iqbal Member Dr. Aamir Ali Member Mr. Aamir Shahzad Editor Ms. Asia Naheed Associate Editor Subscription:

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Management of industrial troubleshooting Misri Khan Khoso

Genotypic performance of presown sugarcane under

Southern Punjab conditions Muhammad Aslam, Naeem Ahmad, Muhammad Kashif Hanif & Raja Javed-ur-Rehman

Nutritional assessment of sugarcane on the basis of

irrigation water quality and soil tests S. Ahmad, M. Z. Khan, M. E. Akhtar, M. Zubair, M. A. Farooq & S. Afghan

Sugar Industry Abstracts Shahid Afghan & Pervez Akhtar International News

International Events Calendar

Social Action Program of SML Small grants & Ambassador’s fund program & Shakarganj foundation adult female literacy project closeout ceremony

SUGAR AND ADDICTION World Sugar Research Organization (WSRO) Position Statement

Story of Sweets 1. Fruit Cocktail Dessert Cup 2. Chocolate Molten Java Cake

Guidelines for Authors

Panel of Referees

Dr. P. Jackson

Dr. Benjamin Legendre

Dr. Yong-Bao Pan

Dr. Jack C. Comstock

Dr. Mac Hogarth

Dr. Sizuo Matsuoka

Dr. Niranjan Baisakh

Dr. Irfan ul Haq

Dr. S. M. Mughal

Dr. Asif Tanvir

Dr. Muhammad Umer Chattha

Principal Scientist, CSIRO, AUSTRALIA

Interim Director, Audubon Sugar Institute, USA

Research Plant Molecular Geneticist, USDA-ARS, USA

Research Leader, ARS USDA, Canal Point Florida, USA

Group Manager BSES, AUSTRALIA

Director, Canavialis SA, BRAZIL

Assistant Professor, -SPESS, LSU USA

Prof. Pathology PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi

National Professor, Higher Education Commission of Pakistan

Professor, Dept. of Agronomy, UAF

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agronomy, UAF

© 2014 SSRI, All rights reserved, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval1 system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior written permission of the Publisher.


MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL TROUBLESHOOTING

Misri Khan Khoso, Asstt. General Manager (Electrical Engineering)

Faran Sugar Mills Limited, Shaikh Bhirkio, District Tando Muhammad Khan

ABSTRACT

In existing scenario knowledge of trouble shooting is necessary for Mill employees. Not a single sugar Mill can afford stoppages due to mismanaged activities, because it is necessary that first understand faults and then organize trouble shooting accordingly. This paper defines that what is trouble shooting and how can it will be successfully managed.

INTRODUCTION

Word trouble shooting means detecting and correcting the faults or try to normalize the complexity in industries which occurs during operation. Uninterrupted or smooth operation and Trouble is opponent of each other. Therefore it is necessary that we introduce trouble shooting as essential subject in industries.

Industrialist and industry administrators must take trouble shooting training on priority basis. Special training, lectures and workshops on this topic are needs to be arranged for awareness of trouble shooters. Sugar Mills are seasonal factories and have limited period of operation. Sugar Mills mostly depend on limited raw material due to this, any Sugar Mills cannot afford long stoppages due to machinery faults. If Operators and Technicians are trained in trouble shooting they will act quickly and stoppages could be minimized.

TROUBLESHOOTING IN

SUGAR MILL Trouble is unwanted everywhere and can occur at any time, a panic situation is created when this happens during the crushing season. In

sugar industry stoppages can be avoided with successful trouble shooting. This can only be achieved with understanding of fault and with organized mechanism of troubleshooting;

� Accidental

� Failure of equipments

Accidental Accident mostly occurs due to human mistake, others are noted due to different causes. Percentage wise causes of accidents are given in the following table 1.

Failure of Equipments Mostly following three reasons are noted for the faults which occurs due to failure of equipments 1. Sub-standard equipment 2. Improper maintenance 3. Improper operation and over

loading

Table-1 TROUBLESHOOTING IN SUGAR MILL Sr. No. Causes human error % Remarks

1 Consciously 30 Continuous operation of machine till reaching the accident

2 Unawareness 25 Leave machine un attended

3 Improper skill 20 Doesn’t know what will happen due to abnormal conditions

4 Hostile conditions 10 Due to enmity with each other and management

5 Miscellaneous 15 Sometimes accident occurs in normal conditions due to unseen faults, which are miscellaneous

1) Sub-Standard Equipment

Detail is given in Table-1.

2) Improper Maintenance Already discussed.

3) Improper Operation and Over Loading Improper Operation is major reason of accident and briefly discussed in

the sub topic of accidental. Over loading the equipments is deliberate mistake and self suicide of entire machinery. Generally in our country


machines are operated over capacity and to show the better performance, but this is slow poison for the equipments. All kind of machines especially electrical machines give good

performance and remain long life at 90% or below 90% duty, only in critical situation you may go to standby load for minimum time. Some people raised the point of tolerance

which is almost 5 to 10% excess from full load but not for normal conditions. Every over loading left the signs of deterioration of machines.

Table-2 Illustration of causes and responsibility due to sub-standard equipments

1) Sr.

No.

Conditions of

equipments

Type of

inferiority

Level of

selection

Data

communicatio

n with supplier

Causes of

decision

Remarks

1 New Failed to get expect performance

Availability in market

Improper correspondence, fail to satisfy interim conditions and mistakes in pre-commissioning drawings

Because of low price, improper selection of decision makers

Prices, wrong s and time factors are main causes

2 Reconditioned (old )

in-efficient Availability In market

Only decision to be taken for procurement

High need Reconditioned equipments success and failure ratio is 70/30%, but these equipments are in-efficient and high cost due to low through put

3 Existing Due to poor maintenance, Failure of technical expectation regarding the life of machine

Over-confidence, false optimism and unavailability

No correspondence

Only Low level discussion

Mostly in mills existing equipments give trouble due to poor preventive maintenance

CRITICAL AREAS OF

TROUBLESHOOTING In sugar industries three zones of trouble or faults are observed. 1) Most sensitive & essential areas which cease the operational activities of factory i. Power House ii. Boiler House

2) Sensitive areas which halt

crushing and production

i. Mill House,

ii. Sugar refinery and related areas 3) Essential areas which doesn’t

stop the operation of mill at

once but not allow to continue

operation, as process house etc.

TROUBLESHOOTING

TEAMS 1. Mechanical 2. Electrical 3. Instrumentations 4. Process /Chemical 5. Fire Fighting

Mechanical

This is major team, responsible for different sections skillful alignment, adjustments, fittings and resembling is required, drawings and catalogues are essential especially in turbines, automobile, refines and in centrifuges machines etc.

2) Electrical Electrical department operates 1st machine of factory and stop last machine during the operation of factory, it means their awareness of trouble


shooting is necessary, unskilled and unaware people must remain away from equipments, because wrong scheme of wiring can damage the equipments.

Each and every work must be done with the help of drawings, before operation you must know the history of operation machine and must use their measuring apparatus for the testing of equipments because electrical has no life, means electrical equipments could not afford repeating mistakes during operations, Interlocking and release of interlocking must be done carefully, unawareness invites the accident. During normal operation, parameters of equipments must be kept in view. Electrical machines provide smooth and long life services with standard parameters.

Instrumentation In advanced technology electronic equipments replaced many electrical, mechanical and pneumatic instruments. This replacement brought revolution and improvements in sugar industries, Control system became easy, central and error free. For the operation of advanced instrumentations as PLC, DCS and computer system following basic developments are necessary.

• Equipments friendly

atmosphere.

• Skill for proper operation.

• Skill for assumption of

preventive maintenance.

• Proper look after of

transmitting system between

field equipment and central

units.

• Sufficient knowledge

regarding trouble shooting.

Process / Chemical

Mostly data sheets of sugar plant are silent regarding the stoppages of chemical department. Technically this is possible but on operational point of view chemical department controls a large quantity of mass and maintains quality; here fault identification also lies within the working, which needs to be rectified there.

Fire Fighting

In many sugar mills fire fighting is neglected section and given less importance but this is critical field, fire fighting equipments must remain ready at all times and fire fighting training must be carried out from time to time; total working staff must know the operation of fire fighting equipments. Trouble shooting team consists of the following 4 partners.

Trouble shooters

Guide

Supervisor

Manager

MANAGEMENT OF

TROUBLESHOOTING Troubleshooters means those trained workers who know the problem and also understand the

instructions which passed by their guide and supervisor. Guide - A person who utilize and arrange trouble shooters at the place of faults, give right instructions to workers for removing faults. Supervisor is team leader and organizes their trouble shooting team in proper way. Manager is responsible for identification of faulty areas and must know the nature of faults and capacity of his team.

At the time of occurrence of faults, mismanagement and carelessness sometimes lead to huge losses, wastage of time. In such conditions manager must study the situation and engage his team according to following pattern. We want to show you some managed and unmanaged troubleshooting clips to you.

• Right man at right place as per his capacity.

• Avoid overcrowding at working place.

• Presence of un- concerned people must be prohibited.

• Approach to Tools and testing apparatus should be easy for every shooter remain easy.

• Try to maintain friendly atmosphere on the working place.

• Each and every test and trial to be carried out with consensus.

• Drawings and catalogue are to be followed.

• Try to follow the previous written history of symmetrical faults and note down the steps which taken during existing trouble shooting.


• Be vigilant on the working of the team, remove and place troubleshooter according to the need of work.

• In case of electrical faults regular, look-after and continuous backup services should be arranged.

• In case of fire, first try to control the fire or try to isolate fire place from other installations and then start the remedial actions.

• In case of mechanical faults try to arrange substitute equipments.

• In case of long faults or time taking remedial actions then arrange people in short shifts as some people can rest and some engaged to continue.

• During remedial actions, If manager feels that if anyone is tired or observe negative attitude then Manager must replace him without creating panic situation and may take disciplinary action against him later

• If some member objections to the remedial actions, then Manager must listen to his point of view and accept if

point is correct without any displeasure.

• If some trouble shooters become nervous with the presence and intervention of Manager, then he should defer his instructions for some time and timely place himself away from the place but vigilant and visit the place if necessary.

• If fault prolongs then arrange refreshment for the workforce and give rest one by one if work continues.

• Avoid discouraging remarks and continuously encourage the team.

• After the completion of remedial action and complete checking of supervisor, Manager should examine the work before operation.

• After the remedy Manager should also examine the work before operation must appreciate the work of each trouble shooter.

• Manager should coordinate with other departments to facilitate his team for sooth working.

STANDBY OPTION Standby option is as important as essential services, installed stand by equipment must be checked and taken in services time to time during season but spare stand by equipments must be checked before start of crushing season and date of testing must be recorded, without the preparation of standby equipment, never start operation. Stand by equipments are just like life-boats.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to the management of FARAN SUGAR MILLS for their support and approval to present this paper. Here I am also grateful to Mr. R.J. Suleri General Manager and Engr. A.R. Mallah General Manager (Operations) for their confidence and technical guidance.



GENOTYPIC PERFORMANCE OF PRESOWN SUGARCANE UNDER SOUTHERN PUNJAB

CONDITIONS

M. Aslam*, N. Ahmad*, M. K. Hanif* and R. Javed-ur-Rehman** *Sugarcane Research Station, Khanpur **Fodder Research Station, Lahore

ABSTRACT

The studies on the relative production potential of ten sugarcane clones were carried out at sugarcane research station, Khanpur during the year 2012 under hot dry conditions of Southern Punjab. The varieties included in the trail were S2006SP.18, S2006SP.25, S2006SP.30, S2006US.321, S2006US.469, S2006US.640, S2006US.641, S2006US.658, S2006US.832 and CPF.247 (Check).The new promising sugarcane variety S2006US.658 with better germination (53.55%), average tillering (1.50 per plant), good 100-cane weight (101.67 Kg), the highest millable cane count (107.04 thousand per hectare), maximum cane yield (108.70 t/ha) and better CCS (12.50%) superseded the tested clones in sugar production (13.58 t/ha). It was followed by the check variety CPF.247.Hence the new variety S2006US.658 with 5.76 and 6.01 % more cane and sugar yield, respectively over control is capable of replacing the check variety. A wide scale testing in various agro-ecological zones is however invited for regional adoptability.

Keywords: Sugarcane, Varieties, CCS, Millable Canes, Cane Yield.

INTRODUCTION Sugarcane varieties play a pivotal role in determining cane and sugar yield whereas cultural practices and climatic factor help to explore their inherent biological potential. Sugarcane varieties deteriorate after some period due to change in environmental conditions from year to year or evolution of new breeds of pathogens. Therefore, a regular release of fresh varieties in the field is essential to sustain economic crop yields. For this purpose a new sugarcane clone SPF-234 was compared by Aslam et al., 1998 with BL.4. The former variety on account of better germination and tillering coupled with better cane weight and sufficient stalk density out yielded all the tested varieties by producing an average stripped cane yield of 139.43 t/ha and mean sugar yield of 14.06 t/ha. Munir et al., 2009 conducted a field trail and harvested significantly different cane yield of tested varieties. The varieties S2002US.637 and S2002US.698 gave higher yields of 109 and 105.5 t/ha against the standard CPF.243 and SPF.245 which produced 103 and 98 t/ha. A maximum sugar recovery of 12.99% was recorded for S2002US.698. Afghan et al., 2010 studied the performance of new sugarcane varieties against the standard

SPSG.26 and reported that NSG.311 gave significantly high cane yield of 126 t/ha for both plant and ratoon while sugar recovery of 10.45 % and 10.60% for plant and ratoon against standard check which gave a cane yield of 80 and 74 t/ha for plant and ratoon respectively. The top yielder produced the maximum sugar yield (13 t/ ha) followed by S96SP.302 (11 t/ha).Nadeem et al., 2010 studied the performance of 16 spring planted sugarcane clones including HSF.240 and SPF.213 as standard. They declared S2001US.104 as superior variety of maximum cane yield of 106.60 t/ha whereas the highest sugar yields of 13.01 t/ha were recorded for S2006US.50. Unar et al ., 2010 studied the comparative performance of 9 promising sugarcane genotypes with Thatta.10.The cane yield data revealed that HOTH-348 remained at the top with average cane yield of 121.22 t/ha followed by HOTH-2109 and HOTH-349.The genotype HOTH-349 surpassed in CCS%(13.89). Bashar et al., 2011 conducted a comparative study with six sugarcane varieties and reported that variety ISD.32 produced significantly high cane yield (72.39 t/ha) followed by ISD.35 (64.00 t/ha) and ISD.33 (57.40


t/ha) primarily due to high number of millable canes per hectare. Gujjar et al., 2011 obtained maximum average cane yield of 150,131 and 130 t/ha from sugarcane varieties NSG-555, S97US-102 and HoTh-326, respectively. In quality analysis CP.80-1827 remained on the top by producing CCS of 15.30% followed by CP89-1945 and CP82-1172 with mean CSS of 14.73 and 14.59%, respectively while the check Thatta-10 produced an average CCS of 14.49%. Nadeem et al., 2011 compared quantitative and qualitative performance of sugarcane varieties. They recorded the highest cane yield of 119.50 t/ha from promising sugarcane variety S2001US.375 due to highest millable canes, better tiller formation and comparable germination. It was followed by S2001US.129 and S2001US.395.The top yielder surpassed the tested genotypes in sugar yield by producing 12.79 t/ha. Islam et al., 2013 studied the relative performance of 10 sugarcane varieties under water logged stress conditions and concluded that genotype I-231-03 out yielded all the strains in cane and sugar yield and juice quality. Keeping in view the importance of varietal role in sugarcane production the present study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of ten promising sugarcane varieties under hot dry climatic conditions of southern Punjab.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present studies regarding the evaluation of ten sugarcane varieties were conducted at the experimental area of Sugarcane Research Station, Khanpur during Kharif 2012. Nine promising sugarcane genotypes namely S2006SP.18, S2006-SP.25, S2006-SP.30, S2006-US.321, S2006-US.469, S2006-US.640, S2006-US.641, S2006-US.658 and S2006US.832 were compared in yield and quality with the standard CPF.247. The experiment was sown on loamy soil during the third week of September, 2011 in trireplicated RCBD arrangement with a net plot size of 3.6 x 10 m and harvested in December, 2012. The test factor was allowed to grow under recommended inputs level. The required agronomic operations were performed as and when required. The germination and tillering data were recorded after 45 and 90 days of sowing while millable cane count, cane weight and yield were recorded at harvest. The juice of cane samples was analyzed for brix, pol, purity and CCS was worked out for quality evaluation. Data thus collected during this study was statistically analyzed using Fisher’s Analysis of Variance Technique and significant means were compared using Least Significant Difference (LSD) Test at 5% probability level Steel et al., 1997.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results regarding the studied physiological and

chemical parameters along with their statistical interpretation embodied in table-1 are discussed in the coming lines.

Germination Germination is undeniably the most critical physiological character which directly reflects the final crop stand. It is explicit from the data given in table-1 that average germination of tested genomes ranged from 40.51 to 56.07 %. The different-ces among the genotypic means were significant. The clone S2006SP.18 surpassed the tested varieties with 56.07% germin-ablity. However it was non significant followed by S2006US-658 and S2006US-321 with mean germination percentage of 53.55 and 53.25, respectively. The clone S2006-US641 remained at the bottom with an average germination of 40.51. These results are in harmony with those elucidated by Aslam et al., 1998 and Nadeem et al., 2011 who have also recorded significant differences among the germina-tion of sugarcane varieties.

Tillers per Plant Tillering potential of a sugarcane variety is one of the most desirable characters from farmer’s point of view. Only a profusely tillering variety gains popularity among the growers community as makes up the deficiencies in germination and helps in attaining proper plant stand. A narrow glance at the data presented in table-1 revealed significant differences among the tested varieties in tiller formation. Highest number


of per plant tillers (2.52) has produced by S2006US.832 followed by S2006US.469 and CPF.247.The latter two were, however, at par with each other. The lowest tillering of 1.20 per plant has been observed in S2006SP.18. Aslam et al., 1998 and Nadeem et al., 2011 have also reported varied number of tillers per plant for different sugarcane varieties.

Cane Weight Stalk weight is an important yield attributing character of sugarcane variety as it directly contributes to final harvest of the crop .The cane weight differences among various varieties were gorgeous enough to reach a level of statistical significance as shown in table-1. Average hundred cane weight varied from 82.33 to 106.67 Kg. The heaviest canes have been recorded in case of S2006US.321. It was matching followed by S2006US.650 and S2006US.469 whose 100 canes weighed 101.67 and 100.33 Kg respectively. The minimum 100 cane weight have been recorded for S2006-US.832 (82.33 kg). These results are supported by those of Aslam et al., 1998 who reported significant genotypic differences in stalk weights.

Cane Density The final cane stand is the interaction of germination, tillering and tiller mortality. The data pertaining to the millable cane stand established by different genomes summarized in table-1 elucidate that the genotypic differences were sufficient enough to reach a

level of statistical significance. The variety S2006US.658 remained at the top by producing 107.04 thousand millable canes per hectare matching followed by CPF.247 and S2006US.641 which developed final cane stands of 104.07 and 102.59 thousand hectare, respectively. The poor most cane count has been recorded for S2006SP.25 which was preceded by S2006SP.18 and S2006SP.30. The latter two were however at par with each other. Aslam et al., 1998, Bashar et al., 2011 and Nadeem et al., 2011 had also recorded statistically different final cane stands in their genotypic studies.

Stripped Cane Yield The ultimate goal of every sugarcane grower is to reach at the maximum attainable cane yield which is a happy blend of genetic potential of variety, the environmental conditions and agronomic practices. Different yield parameters like number of millable canes, cane girth, height and thus per cane weight have a direct bearing on the final cane yield per unit area. The data given in table-1 show the absolute superiority of new promising sugarcane variety S2006US.658 which gave a stripped cane yields of 108.70 t/ha. It was followed by S2006US.321 and CPF.247 with final cane yields of 104.17 and 102.78 t/ha, respectively. The latter two were statistically at par with each other .The lowest cane yielder in the present study was S2006SP.25 which produced 78.61 t/ha. It

was preceded by S2006US.640. Measureable yield differences among sugarcane varieties have also been arrived at by Aslam et al., 1998, Afghan et al., 2010, Unar et al ., 2010, Nadeem et al., 2011 and Islam et al., 2013.

Commercial Cane Sugar (CCS) CCS is the final assessment of actual sugar contents in a genotype and is of prime importance from miller’s and breeder’s point of view. The CCS of different clones recorded in Table-1 evince that three varieties namely S2006US.469, S2006US.640 and S2006US.658 showed higher than the standard CPF.247.The rest of all the varieties gave lower CCS than the check variety. These differences in CCS may be attributed to their differential genetic make up

Sugar Yield The basic aim of all the research activities on sugarcane is the attainment of higher sugar yield which is the function of stripped cane yield and corresponding CCS. A narrow glance at the results set out in table-1 depict that only one variety S2006US.658 could cross the check variety CPF.247 in sugar yield by producing 13.58 t/ha against 12.81 t/ha of the check. The higher sugar yield in case of S2006US.658 is due to its maximum cane yield in the present study and a good CCS of 12.50 %. Differences in genotypic sugar yield have also been reported by Aslam et al., 1998, Afghan et al., 2010 and Nadeem et al., 2011.


Table-1 Performance of Autumn sown Sugarcane Varieties under Southern Punjab conditions

Sr.

No.

Variety Germi-

nation

Tillers/

Plant

100-Cane

weight (Kg)

Cane density

000/ha

Cane yield

t/ha

CCS

%

Sugar yield

t/ha

1. S2006SP.18 56.07a 1.20c 98.33abc 89.63bc 87.50f 12.46 10.90b

2. S2006SP.25 49.11abc 1.31c 93.00bcd 84.72c 78.61h 11.82 9.29b

3. S2006SP.30 46.00bcd 1.50bc 97.67abc 97.69ab 95.37d 10.91 10.46b

4. S2006US.321 53.25ab 1.48bc 106.67a 97.96ab 104.17b 12.21 12.71ab

5. S2006US.469 47.92bcd 1.87b 100.33ab 100.09ab 100.00c 12.59 12.59ab

6. S2006US.640 42.29cd 1.60bc 84.00d 98.98ab 82.69g 12.55 10.37b

7. S2006US.641 40.51d 1.49bc 89.33cd 102.59a 91.48e 11.91 10.89b

8. S2006US.658 53.55ab 1.50bc 101.67ab 107.04a 108.70a 12.50 13.58a

9. S2006US.832 42.82cd 2.52a 82.33d 102.50a 84.17fg 12.03 10.12b

10. CPF.247 45.33cd 1.67bc 99.33abc 104.07a 102.78bc 12.47 12.81ab

LSD 7.84 1.20 10.93 10.94 3.50 N.S 2.17

REFERENCES

1. Afghan, S., Z. Hussnain, K. Hussain, A. Shahzad, K. Ali, A. Naheed, S. Rizwana, P. Khanum and A. Batool. 2010. Comparison of quantitative and qualitative traits of sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L.) genotypes. Pak. Sug. J., 25 (1):11-13.

2. Aslam, M., M. A. Javed and K. B. Malik 1998. Comparative performance of a promising cane variety SPF-234 in southern Punjab. Pak. Sug. J., 13(2): 5-10.

3. Bashar, M. K., M. S. Rahman, M. M. Hossain and T. Ahmed. 2011. Varietal suitability assessment under rainfed conditions in high barind tract of Bangladesh. Pak. Sug. J., 26(02): 6-9.

4. Gujar, N., M. Y. Arain, R. N. Panhwar, S. Junejo and I. B. Bhatti. 2011. Competetive study of some new candidate sugarcane varieties in respect of cane yield and quality under agro-climatic conditions of Thatta. Pak. Sug. J., 26 (03):15-20.

5. Islam, M. S., M. K. Bejun, M. R. Alam and M. S. Arefin 2013. Evaluation of some qualititative and quantitative characters of ten sugarcane genotypes under water logging stress conditions. Pak. Sug. J., 28 (01):10-15.

6. Munir, A. Z., M. Zafar, M. Yasin, J. Iqbal and M. S. Cheema. 2009. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of some autmn sown promising sugarcane varieties. Pak. Sug. J., 24 (04): 8-11.

7. Nadeem, M. A., M. A. Sarwar, A. Ghaffar

and F. Ahmad. 2010. Qualitative and quantitative studies of sugarcane clones. Pak. Sug. J., 25 (02): 2-6.

8. Nadeem, M. A., M. A. Sarwar, A. Ghaffar F. Ahmad and F. Hussain. 2011. Studies on the performance of some sugarcane genotypes at Faisalabad. Pak.Sug.J., 26(01):16-21.

9. Steel, R. G. D., J. H. Torrie and D. A. Dicky. 1997. Principles and Procedures of Statistics A Biometrical Approach 3rd ed. McGraw Hill Book Co., Singapore: 204-227.

10. Unar, G. S., R. N. Panhwar, D. B. Panhwar, M. Chohan, N. Gujjar, I. B. Bhatti and Keerio, Q. A. 2010. Comparative performance of autmn planted promising sugarcane genotypes under Thatta conditions. Pak.Sug.J.,25(03):15-21.



NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT OF SUGARCANE ON THE BASIS OF IRRIGATION WATER

QUALITY AND SOIL TESTS

S. Ahmad*, M. Z. Khan**, M. E. Akhtar**, M. Zubair*, M. A. Farooq*, S. Afghan*** *Sugar Crops Research Program, CSI, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad **Land Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad

***Shakarganj Sugar Research Institute, SML, Jhang.

ABSTRACT

The nutritional role of canal and tube well waters in the supply of potassium (K+) and boron (B) to sugarcane crop was undertaken in Sargodha and Jhang districts of Punjab, Pakistan. In total, 54 tube well and 25 canal water samples were collected from different localities of aforesaid districts. Boron contents in tube well waters were two to three times more than canal water and K+ was also present in more quantity in tube well waters. Response of sugarcane to K+ and B fertilization along with irrigation water quality was also investigated in different location during 2005 to 2008. Concluding upon the whole investigations, it was found that B and K+ in irrigation water masked the role of these fertilizers in improving sugarcane yield and quality at some locations whereas they improved cane yield and net income from sugarcane at other locations. Hence assessment of these elements in tube well and canal waters could assist in economizing their use.

Keywords: Tube well waters; Canal water; Potassium; Boron; Sugarcane; Net income

INTRODUCTION

Sugarcane is the world's largest crop cultivated on

about 23.8 million hectares in 90 countries with 1.69 billion ton production (FAO 2010). It is the major crop in the irrigated agriculture system of Pakistan. Pakistan has the largest gravity flow irrigation system trespassed by sediments and rocks and supplemented by pumping ground water. Area under sugarcane cultivation was 1.05 million hectares with average yield of 55.5 t ha-1 during

2011-12. Water required to mature this crop was about 16.5 MAF. Total annual water-flow capacity of Pakistan is about 143 (110-180) MAF that starts from Himalayas and ended in the Arabian Sea with 77 MAF losses. On the way it erode rocks, soils etc, dissolve salts and minerals. Out of this water fed to agricultural lands is 62 MAF that also consisted of tube wells water of about 35% (21 MAF). Tube wells existed now-a-days are 600,000 with annual increase 3.3%. These waters have Ca, Mg, K, B etc. in them along with other cations and anions (Izhar-ul-Haq et al., 2007; Ahmad et al., 2012). Similarly underground water has been used for irrigation in the world (Nagaraju et al., 2006; Isaac et al., 2009; Islam & Shamshad, 2009; Khan et al., 2011) and tested for quality parameters. Sugarcane is heavy feeder of potassium and also requires boron. Boron deficiency

identified in > 45% area of Pakistan while potassium deficiency was also identified on about 50% area of Pakistan. Similar or more have been identified in cane growing areas (Table-1). A cane crop with yield of 100 t cane ha-1 removes about 300 kg K2O and 0.75-1.25 kg B ha-1. However it responded differently to K and boron fertilizers at different areas.

Boron deficiency has been identified in most of the areas of Punjab, Pakistan (Rashid et al., 1991, 1994; Ahmad and Rafique 2008). However its narrow range between deficient and toxic levels for a particular crop makes it critical from research point of view. Ahmad and Rafique (2008) reported that sugarcane crop responded differently to boron fertilization under canal and tube well water irrigations. Boron levels in Nicisiana ground waters have been found in toxic levels for sensitive crops (Georghiou and Pashalidis, 2007). Sugarcane is K loving crop as it removes large quantities of K from soil & on an average this crop with yield of 100 t cane/ha removes about 300 kg K2O ha-1. Sufficient level of plant available soil K+ has been reported as 112 to 150 mg kg-1

soil for sugarcane which is above the sufficiency level for many other crops (Srivastava 1992). However K+ present in


irrigation water could partially fulfill the requirements of the crops. In Sargodha and Jhang districts of Pakistan, tube well water is being used alone or with canal water to irrigate crops especially sugarcane. A very little information is available for Sargodha and Jhang districts and other regions regarding irrigation water quality that aids in developing a package of technology to obtain economically high crop yield. This study will focus to: Evaluate the impact of Potassium and Boron fertilizers on sugarcane yield and profitability. Investigate the possible role of irrigation water in the supply of potassium and boron to mitigate their deficiencies in sugarcane crop. Calculate economics of K and B use in sugarcane.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Irrigation water quality Fifty four tube wells and 25 canal water samples were collected randomly from Sargodha and Jhang districts so as to evaluate the quality of different waters for irrigation purpose. The main areas of water samples collection were Sahiwal, Sargodha and Shahpur tehsils of district Sargodha and, Shorkot, Jhang and Chaniot tehsils of district Jhang. Water samples were taken in half liter polyethylene bottles from the area where tube wells/canal water has been in use for irrigating sugarcane crop. The collected samples were analyzed within ten days of collection at Land Resources Research Institue

(LRRI), NARC, Islamabad for electrical conductivity (EC), different cations (Ca++, Mg+, Na+, B+) and anions (HCO3

-, CO3

2-) using the methods given by Richards (1954).

Electrical conductivity of waters (EC) was noted with the help of HANNA HI-8033 conductivity meter after standardizing with 0.01 N KCI solution. Dissolved Ca2+ + Mg2+ were determined by titrating the water samples against 0.01 N EDTA (disodium) to a blue end point using eriochrome black-T indicator in the presence of NH4OH + NH4Cl buffer solution. Soluble Na+ and K+ were recorded with the help of Jenway PFP-7 Flame Photometer having Na- or K-filters in place after standardizing the instrument with a series of Na+ or K+

standard solutions. Water samples were also titrated against 0.01N H2SO4 using methyl orange indicator to a pinkish yellow end point for carbonates determination. Boron contents in canal and ground water were estimated through spectrophotometery after the reaction of azomethine-H with borates in water that resulted in the formation of yellow complex (Diaconu et al., 2008).

Impact of water K and B on

sugarcane yield and quality

Field experiments were conducted in Sargodha and Jhang districts of Punjab, Pakistan to assess the impact of K+ and B present in water and applied through fertilizer on sugarcane yield and quality. The commercial sugarcane varieties (HSF-240, HSF-242

and CPF-237) and chemical fertilizers (Urea, DAP, MOP/SOP, ZnSO4 and Borax) along with canal and tube well waters were used in the experiments. The treatments included were, NP + canal or tube well water (T1), NPK + canal or tube well water (T2), NPK+Zn + canal or tube well water (T3) and NPK+Zn+B + canal or tube well water (T4). Nitrogen, P2O5 and K2O were applied at the rate of 210, 125 and 135 kg ha-1 as urea, di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) sulphate or muriate of potash (SOP/MOP) while Zn and B were applied at 7.5 and 1.5 kg ha-1 respectively in the form of zinc sulphate and borax. These experiments were conducted at three locations, viz., Shahpur (Sargodha) for two consecutive crops, Haveliwala (Jhang) and Shorkot (Jhang) for one crop only. The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) having three replications. The crop was grown up to maturity and data on stalk population, height, girth and cane yield were recorded at the time of harvest. Data on soluble solids in cane including sugar (Brix %) was also recorded on harvesting of the crop. Soil and water samples were also collected and analyzed for determination of their physico-chemical properties. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Irrigation water quality Data regarding EC, SAR, RSC cations and anions have been discussed by Ahmad et al., (2012). Here K and B contents of irrigation water will be


discussed (Fig.1&2) Potassium (K) in water: The K found in irrigation water could partially fulfill the requirements of the growing crop. In present study K contents were estimated in canal and tube well waters (Fig. 1 & 2). It was found that tube well waters in Sargodha district had K contents up to 10 mg K L-1 amounting to 200 kg ha-1 with 20 normal irrigations required to mature a cane crop while canal water of the same locations had 2 to 4 mg K L-1 that amount to 40-80 kg ha-1 with 20 irrigations (Fig. 1). Similarly tube well waters in Jhang district contained 4 to 19 mg K L-1 amounting to 80-380 kg ha-1 with 20 normal irrigations while canal water of the same locations had 2 to 9 mg K L-1 making 40-180 kg ha-1 with 20 irrigations. On average canal water had 3.0 to 5.5 kg K/10-cm ha and tube well waters had 4.1 to 7.3 kg K/10-cm ha irrigation (Fig. 2). Hence presence of K in irrigation waters was found in quantities as low as to have full compensation of K fertilization of a crop. However, it may diminish the K fertilizer requirement of a special crop. Sugarcane is a rich feeder of potassium. On an average a cane crop yielding to 100 t cane ha-1 removes about 300 kg K2O ha-1. Its sufficiency level in soil as 112 to 150 mg kg-1 for sugarcane is above the sufficiency range for many other crops (Srivastava, 1992).

Boron in water: Boron is very devious element with respect to plants availability. It is essential for plants growth but its sufficiency range is very narrow above that it becomes

toxic to most of the plants (Ayers and Westcot 1985). Hence it needs special emphasis regarding presence of B in irrigation water and proper fertilizer management. The data depicted that tube well water samples contained traces to 0.63 mg B L-1 with an average value of 0.12 mg B L-1 in Sargodha district while in Jhang district it was up to 0.29 mg L-1 (Fig. 1). However B contents ranged between 0.1 to 0.2 mg L-1 in most of the tube well waters. The canal water had B contents only up to 0.2 mg L-1 in both the districts. On average canal water had 70 to 90 kg B/10-cm ha and tube well waters had 120 to 180 g B/10-cm ha irrigation (Fig. 2). It can be said that tube well waters had significantly high concentration of B over canal water but was in non-toxic limits according to Gupta and Yadav (1986). Boron contents have been found between 0.1 to 1.1 mg L-1 in Nicosia city (Cyprus) ground water (Georghio and Pashalidis, 2007) whereas in Kushtia city (Bangladesh) B contents on the basis of 20 water samples were reported to about 0.01 to 0.40 mg L-1 (Khan et al., 2011). In Bogra district (Bangladesh) these were 0.17 to 0.39 mg B L-1 (Islam and Shamsad, 2009) which were in non-toxic range for crop production. Therefore, it is desirable that tube well and canal waters should be tested for boron and potassium and their fertilizers application should only be made where and when it is needed. Impact of water K+ and B on sugarcane yield (Field investigations) Field

experi-ments were conducted at four locations in Sargodha and Jhang districts of Punjab Pakistan (Table 2). Soil K contents at different experimental sites ranged from 184 to 968 kg 30 cm-1 soil (Table 3). In canal water it was calculated about 60 kg for 20 irrigations which were given to mature the cane crop (60 kg 20-irrigation-1) while in tube well waters it was 106 kg 20-irrigation-1. Under these conditions cane yield was obtained from 43.8 t ha-1 to 132.2 t ha-1 (Table-2 & 3). With the application of K fertilizer the increase in yield was observed at three locations whereas at Shorkot there was a decrease in yield (Table-4). The increase in yield was 0.9 to 8.5% maximum being at Shahpur during 2006-07. There was a negative impact of K fertilization at Shorkot and Haveliwal regarding net income (Table-3). It could be due to high salt index of K fertilizers which affected cane yield adversely under such conditions (Ahmad and Rafique, 2008). Hence irrigation waters could help partially to reduce salt load through K fertilizer addition. This practice could be a plus point in economizing the use of potassium fertilizer which should also reduce salt load of drainage water and hence make it environmental friendly prac-tice as mentioned in Table- 3. Computing the K+ contents in irrigation water, ammonium bicarbonate-DTPA extractable soil K (plant available K) and that is required by the cane crop, the requirement of K fertilizer under different


irrigation waters was worked out (Table-4). It was found that K requirement for canal irrigated cane crop was 200 - 240 kg ha-1 and for tube well waters it was 120 - 231 kg ha-1 where soil K level would be 50 mg kg-1 soil. Similarly K requirement for canal water irrigation fields would be 80 to 120 kg ha-1 and 0 to 111 kg ha-

1 in for tube well waters having soil test level of 100 mg kg-1. The negative/zero K fertilizer requirements depicts that it is useless to apply K fertilizers under such conditions. Similarly the experiments on sugarcane crop were conducted to study the impact of B fertilization at three locations of Sargodha and Jhang districts (Table-2 & 5). Soil B contents at different experimental sites ranged from 0.24 to 2.16 kg 30 cm-1 soil (Table-5). In canal water it was 1.8 kg 20-irrigation-1 while through tube well water it was added up to 2.4 kg 20-irrigation-1. Growing of cane crop under these conditions produced 94.6 to 153.3 t cane ha-1. Application of B fertilizer increased cane yield at Shahpur (103.9 kg ha-1) during the year 2005-06 whereas in Shahpur during 2006-07 and Haveliwala during 2007-8 the yield decreased. The increase in yield was 11% with respect to T3 and profit was the maximum (Table-2 & 5). The net income was negative at Shahpur during 2006-07 and Haveliwala during 2007-8 (Table 5). Due to micro level requirement of B to sugarcane crop and presence of sufficient quantity of B in waters (Fig. 1

& 2) sugarcane response to B fertilizer was observed negative especially under tube well water irrigation (Ahmad and Rafique, 2008). This suggested that for B fertilization, water testing should be pre-requisite especially for tube wells otherwise it may cause toxicity to sugarcane like a number of other sensitive crops (Eaton, 1935). Table-6 represented total B addition through irrigation water to a field during growing of a sugarcane crop up to maturity and how much it would be required under certain irrigation waters. According to an estimate, a mature cane crop consumes about 0.75-1.50 kg B ha-1 to produce 100 t cane ha-1. Hence depending upon water quality it can be decided whether B fertilizer should be applied to a crop or not. However this aspect needs further investigations. The effect of K and B on sugarcane yield was non-significant at all the locations although increase in yield was recorded with the addition of each nutrient element as compared to control. Superior yield was observed at the locations where soil and water nutrients were available in low quantities. Hence nutrients (K and B) application increased sugarcane yield and quality invariably under different soil conditions. At all the sites except Shorkot erratic increase in sugarcane yield was recorded with the application of potash which reflected the difference in soil and water K content at different locations. The highest yield increase at the least soil K content site

also depicted a decrease in yield response to applied K at high soil and water K contents. The reason of low yield with potash application in Shorkot experiment was the soil salinity and brackishness of tube well water. The band placement of potassium in the form of muriate of potash might have aggravated this problem due to high salt index. Similarly application of Zn and/or B also increased cane yield with the exception of Shahpur where no response of B fertilization regarding sugarcane yield during 2006-07 was recorded. This was due to the presence of high B in soil and water and application as fertilizer might have toxic effect on cane growth. These results are in accordance with the findings of Perez and Melgar (2000) and Henrique et al., (2011). Perez and Melgar (2000) reported no sugarcane yield response to K fertilizer at 82, 141 and 203 mg kg-1 soil while at other two locations yield increased by 20 t ha-1. All these findings suggest that K and B fertilizers should be applied keeping in view the K and B status of soil and water.

CONCLUSIONS

Canal and TW waters contain a lot of K and B. Cane crop requirements of K and B can partially be met from these sources. Expenses of farmers can be reduced by judging nutrients in water which may be utilized for other management practices. Possibilities of toxicities of B and K-salt can be minimized. Soil and water quality specific recommend-ations need to be


made. Detailed investigations for different areas are still required.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was carried out with the funding of Agricultural Linkages Programme (ALP), Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) - Government of Pakistan. We are cordially thankful to PARC for financial support in conducting this work.

REFERENCES

1. Ahmad, S. and E Rafique

2008. Nutrient indexing and integrated nutrient management for sustaining sugarcane yields, Final Report (ALP Project). Sugar Crops Research Program, Crop Sciences Institute, National Agri. Research Center, Islamabad Pakistan, pp 85-94.

2. Ayers, R. S. and D. W. Westcott 1985. Water Quality for Agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29, Re. 1. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.

3. FAO 2010. Crop Production, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://faostat.fao.org/site/567.

4. Georghio, G. and I. Pashalidis 2007. Boron in groundwater of Nicosia (Cyprus) and its treatment by reverse osmosis. Desalination 215: 104-110.

5. Gupta, I. P. and S. P. Yadav 1986. Crop tolerance to

saline irrigation waters. J Indian Soc Soil Sci 34: 279-286.

6. Henrique. H., Eduardo M, V. Andre, F. Carlos, O. Rafael and T. Paulo 2011. Sugarcane response to boron and zinc in Southeastern Brazil. Sugar Technol 13: 86-95.

7. Isaac R. K., T. K. Khura and J. R. Wurmbrand 2009. Surface and subsurface water quality appraisal for irrigation. Environ Monit Assess 159: 465-473. doi: 10.1007/s10661-008-0643-5.

8. Islam M. S. and S. Z. K. M. Shamsad 2009. Assessment of irrigation water quality of Bogra district in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Agric Res 34: 597-608.

9. Izhar-ul-Haq, J Khan, F. Iqbal and Haq Z. Ruhullah, 2007. Characterization of tube well irrigation water and associated soils in the salt affected area of district Mardan. Sarhad J Agric 23: 385-389.

10. Khan M. S. I., M. A. Razzaque, M. T. I. Chowdhury and M.. Hasanuzzaman 2011. Ionic toxicity assessment of water sources and their suitability for irrigation, drinking, livestock and industrial purposes. J Exp Sci 2: 16-20.

11. Lingle S. E. and C. L. Wiegand 1996. Growth and yield response to sugarcane to saline soils: II. Sucrose biochemistry in individual internodes. In: Proc. Titer. Sugarcane Seminars, pp 93-102.

12. Nagaraju A, S. Suresh, K. Killham and K. Hudson-

Edwards 2006. Hydrogeo chemistry of waters of Mangampeta Barite mining area, Cuddapah basin, Andhra Pradesh, India. Turkish J Eng Env Sci 30: 203-219.

13. Perez O. and M. Melgar. 2000 Sugarcane response to potassium fertilization on Andisol, Entisol and Mollisol soils of Guatemala. Better Crops Int 14: 20-22.

14. Rashid A., E. Rafique and N. Bughio 1994. Diagnosing boron deficien-cy in rapeseed and mustard by plant analysis and soil testing. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 25: 2883-2897.

15. Rashid A, F. Hussain, A. Rashid and J. Din 1991. Nutritional status of citrus orchards in Punjab. Pakistan J Soil Sci 6: 25-28.

16. Richards L. A. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soil. USDA Hand book 60, Washington D.C.

17. Srivastava S. C. 1992. Sugarcane In: Halliday DJ, Trenkel ME (eds) IFA World Fertilizer Use Manual, Int. Fertilizer Industry Association, Paris, pp 257-266.

18. Subbarao M. and M. A. E. Shaw 1985. A review of research on sugarcane soils of Jamaica. In: Proc. Meeting West Indies Sugar Technol 2: 343-355.

19. Yunus M. M. 1977. Water quality in the Indus Plains. In: Proc. Water Manage-ment for Agriculture (Exxon Seminar), Nov. 15-17, 1977, Lahore, Pakistan.


Table-1 Soil status of sugarcane Pakistan regarding potassium and boron

Range Mean Low Marginal Adequate Characteristic

mg kg-1 %

K (mg kg-1) < 60 60-120 > 120

Jhang 46-348 136 3 45 52

Sargodha 24-604 157 4 33 63

Pakistan -- -- -- >50 --

B (mg kg-1) < 0.45 0.45-1.0 > 1.0

Jhang 0.08-0.73 0.36 76 24 0

Sargodha 0.03-1.14 0.4 60 38 2

Pakistan -- -- >45 -- --

Source: Ahmad et al, 2006, PSST Proc.; Bajwa, 1990, Soil Sci. Proc.; Rashid et al., 1991, 1994; Ahmad & Rafique 2008).

Table-2 Response of sugarcane to applied K and B at varying levels of soil and water characteristics

Site-I (Shahpur,

Sargodha, 2005-06)

Site-II (Shahpur,

Sargodha, 2006-07)

Site-III (Haveliwala,

Jhang, 2007-08)

Site-IV (Shorkot,

2006-07)

Treatment

Cane

yield

Yield

increase

Cane

yield

Yield

decrease

Cane

yield

Yield

increase

Cane

yield

Yield

decrease

Ton ha-1 (%)

T1 = NP 84.2 -- 80.6 -- 132.2 -- 43.8 --

T2 = NPK 87.8 3.6 (4.2)

87.5 6.9 (8.5)

133.3 1.1 (0.9) 32.3 - 11.5 (-26.2)

T3 = T2 + Zn 94.6 10.4 (12.3)

94.7 14.1 (17.5)

153.3 21.1 (17.0)

32.8 - 11.0 (-25.1)

T4 = T3 +Zn+B 103.9 19.7 (23.3)

92.8 12.2 (15.1)

146.7 14.5 (11.6)

-- -- *

Variety sown HSF-240 HSF-240 HSF-240 SPF-234

Source of water Canal water Canal water Tube well water Canal water + TW

Soil characteristics pH; 7.97, EC(1:1); 0.36 dS m-1, Zn; 0.58 µg g-

1, B; 0.06 µg g-1, K; 54 µg g-1, Clay; 31.2 %, OM; 0.86 %

pH; 7.71, EC(1:1); 0.60 dS m-1, Zn; 0.27 µg g-

1, B; 0.42 µg g-1, K; 46 µg g-1, Clay; 31.5 %, OM; 0.55 %

pH; 7.50, EC(1:1); 0.64 dS m-1, Zn; 0.33 µg g-

1, B; 0.54 µg g-1, K; 107 µg g-1, Clay; 24.1 %, OM; 0.87 %

pH; 8.10, EC(1:1); 1.4 dS m-1, Zn; 0.60 µg g-

1, B; 0.68 µg g-1, K; 242 µg g-1, Clay; 39.3 %, OM; 1.18 %

Water characteristics pH; 7.9, EC; 0.24 dS m-1, SAR; 0.47, RSC; 0, B; 0.09 mg L-1, K; 3.0 mg L-1

pH; 7.9, EC; 0.24 dS m-1, SAR; 0.47, RSC; 0, B; 0.09 mg L-1, K; 3.0 mg L-1

pH; 8.0, EC; 0.65 dS m-1, SAR; 2.23, RSC; 0, B; 0.12 mg L-1, K; 5.3 mg L-1

pH; 7.7, EC; 1.92 dS m-1, SAR; 14.5, RSC; 4.1, B; nd, K; nd

Nd: not determined; * due to sufficient soil B it was not applied; figures in parenthesis is increase or decrease in yield over NP treatment.


Table-3 Effect of different K sources on sugarcane yield

Location Treatment Soil K* Water K

**

K fert. Total K Cane yield Response

(+/-)

Net benefit

---------------kg ha-1 ---------------- -------t ha

-1 -------- 000/ha

Shahpur-I NP (1) 216 60 -- 276 84.2 -- --

NPK(2) 216 60 135 389 87.8 +3.6 -4.1

Shahpur-II 1 184 60 -- 244 80.6 -- --

2 184 60 135 357 87.5 + 6.9 10.0

Haveliwala 1 428 106 -- 534 132.2 -- --

2 428 106 135 647 133.3 + 1.1 -14.7

Shorkot 1 968 ND -- 968 43.8 -- --

2 968 ND 135 1081 32.3 -11.5 -68.2

ND: not determined; *30 cm-1; **20 irrigations; K2O = Rs.143.3/kg; Cane = Rs. 4.25/kg

Table-4 Proposed potassium fertilizer recommendation for cane crop based upon

soil and water K levels for yield target of 100 t ha-1

Irrigation water K Net K fertilizer requirement

kg 20-irrigation-1 ha

-1 kg K ha

-1

Soil test

AB-DTPA-K

mg kg-1

K Fertilizer

requirement

kg ha-1 TW CW TW CW

< 60 ≥ 300 69-180* 60-100* 231 - 120 240 -200

60-90 240 171 - 60 180 -140

91-120 180 111 - 0 120 - 80

121-150 120 51 - 0 60 - 20

≥151 60 0 0 - 0

* Average of different areas; in parenthesis K requirements for tube well water irrigations

Table-5 Effect of different sources of Boron on sugarcane yield

B Soil* B water

**

B

fertilizer

Total B Cane

yield

Response

(+/-)

Net

Benefit

Location Treatment

-----------kg ha-1 ----------- ------t ha

-1------- 000/ha

Shahpur-I NPKZn(1) 0.24 1.8 -- 2.04 94.6 --

+Boron(2) 0.24 1.8 1.5 3.54 103.9 + 9.3 37.8

Shahpur-II 1 1.68 1.8 -- 3.48 94.7 --

2 1.68 1.8 1.5 4.98 92.8 - 1.9 -9.7

Haveliwala 1 2.16 2.4 -- 4.56 153.3 --

2 2.16 2.4 1.5 6.06 146.7 - 6.6 -29.7

*30 cm-1; **20 irrigations; Borax (11%) = Rs.126.7/kg; Cane = Rs. 4.25/kg

Table-6 Proposed boron fertilizer recommendation for cane crop based upon

soil and water K levels for yield target of 100 t ha-1

Irrigation water B Net B fertilizer requirement

kg 20-irrigation-1 ha

-1 kg B ha

-1

Soil test dil. HCl-B

mg kg-1 soil

B Fertilizer

requirement

kg ha-1 TW CW TW CW

< 0.25 2.0 1.8 – 3.6*♠ 1.4-2.4*♠ 1.1 - 0.2 1.3 - 0.8

0.25-0.45 1.5 0.6 - 0 0.8 - 0.3

0.45-0.95 1.0 0.1 - 0 0.3 - 0

≥0.95 -- -- --


Tube well water

Canal water

Fig.1. K and B contents of tube well and canal waters irrigating sugarcane of Sargodha & Jhang districts


Potassium

Boron

Fig.2. Comparison of K and B in tube well and canal waters per irrigation of sugarcane crop



SUGAR INDUSTRY ABSTRACTS

*Shahid Afghan & Pervez Akhtar

*Shakarganj Sugar Research Institute, Jhang, Punjab, PAKISTAN

Brazilian sugarcane cultivar F.R. Marin, P.J. Thorburn, D.S.P. Nassif, L.G. Costa, R.S. Rezende

And A.S. Andrade

Junior, Proc. Int. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., Vol. 28, 2013.

Crop modelling has provided useful insights into managing many aspects of agricultural production, including sugarcane. Crop models make it possible to generalise experimental results to new conditions, compare strategies, and also predict plant growth and production. However, they have an important drawback: the models are only approximations of reality and so there is uncertainty in their predictions. Crop model comparisons have been used to address this uncertainty. Comprehensive datasets that would allow model comparisons are scarce and, in most cases have already been utilised in model development and/or refinement. Independent field datasets would be useful to compare model performance in simulating plant processes (e.g. phenology, biomass partitioning, water use and stress) In addition, differences in stalk fresh mass (SFM) predictions between models could be used as an indication of simulation uncertainty. This study evaluated the performance of DSSAT-Canegro (DC) and APSIM-Sugarcane (AS) models as

SFM predictors using data from six field experiments using the cultivar RB86-7515 in Coruripe-AL, União-PI, Aparecida do Taboado-MS, Colina-SP and Olimpia-SP, Brazil. This cultivar was selected as it accounts for nearly 30% (or 3 Mha) of Brazil’s sugarcane area. Cultivar parameters were determined by qualitative fitting to minimise the root mean square error (RMSE) for SFM and leaf area index (LAI). Both models had phenology, canopy structure, and partitioning parameters modified from their respective standard cultivars (NCo376 for DC and Q117 for AS). The radiation use efficiency parameter was only adjusted for DC. Predictions from DC compared well with observed data, having R

2=0.96 and 0.35;

and RMSE=17.8 t/ha and 1.0 respectively for SFM and LAI. The AS model also performed well, with R

2=0.94 and 0.63,

and RMSE=16.7 t/ha and 0.9 for SFM and LAI, respectively. Prediction errors for both models were consistent between sites despite climate and soil differences. The average of simulations from both models gave the best predictions of SFM and LAI. Despite differences in model predictions for some plant processes, both DC and AS models can be used for SFM predictions in Brazil.

Confidence in these predictions is greatest when the simulations from both models are similar.

Planting, distribution of new

varieties, and sanitary

conditions of registered

nurseries in the 2011 season, Tucumán-Argentina J.A. Giardina, P.A. Digonzelli, D. Duarte, F. Pérez Alabarce, C. Funes, R. Bertani, A. Sanchez Ducca And J. Scandaliaris, Proc. Int. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., Vol. 28, 2013.

High quality seed cane is necessary to improve sugarcane production in Tucumán, Argentina. In 2000/2001, Obispo Colombres Agroindus-trial Experimental Station created the Vitroplantas Project to produce and propagate such seed. The material, produced through meristem culture and micro-propagation, is multiplied in basic, registered and certified nurseries. This work reports on varieties, planted area, multiplication rates, ratoon stunt disease (RSD) and leaf scald (LS) in registered nurseries in 2011. Ten hectares of the basic nursery were planted with the main varieties in Tucumán. This material was reproduced in 28 registered nurseries of 170 ha (17:1 multiplication rate). Together with those planted in 2010, registered nurseries totalled 50 (260 ha) across 11 departments in Tucumán,


particularly Famaillá, Cruz Alta and Monteros, with 24%, 23% and 20% of the total planted area, respectively. TUC 95-10, a variety released in 2011, was planted in 75 ha of the registered nurseries, which supplied material for planting 750 ha of certified nurseries (2012) and approximately 6000 ha in commercial plantations (2013). RSD and LS levels in registered nurseries averaged 0.35% and 0.77% (i.e., below thresholds accepted in Argentina). The project has provided growers with great quantities of high quality seed cane for their plantations.

Effects of potassium

fertilisers on sugarcane

sucrose content in Japan K. Watanabe, J. Tominaga, F. Kojya, M. Oshiro, R. Suwa, M. Ueno And Y. Kawamitsu, Proc. Int. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., Vol. 28, 2013. Potassium (k) is an essential nutrient that promotes sugarcane growth, but there is a negative correlation between K and sucrose content in juice in Okinawa, Japan. In 2–addition, there is a possibility that counter ions to K (Cl–, SO4) affect sugar accumulation. The objectives of this study were to investigate effects of two kinds of K fertiliser (KCl and K2SO4) on sugar accumulation in sugarcane. Pot experiments with type and level of K fertiliser treatments were conducted using Saccharum spp. cv. NiF8 in Okinawa, Japan. We set up eight plots in Exp. 1 (KCl and K2SO4; 0.19,

0.75, 1.50, and 7.50 g/pot) and 12 plots in Exp. 2 (KCl, K2SO4, and KCl+K2SO4; 1, 5, 10, and 20 g/pot). At early harvest stages, sucrose content in juice tended to increase with an increase of K content regardless of K types. At later stages, however, sucrose content decreased with increase of K in KCl plots. We did not observe a clear result between K and sucrose content in K2SO4 and KCl+K2SO4 plots. Cl

– content

was positively correlated with K contents in all K types, and the highest KCl plots had the highest Cl

– contents. Sugar

yield was affected by sucrose content; therefore, the highest KCl plots had lower sugar yields. Sucrose content decreased with increase of K in KCl plots but not in K2SO4, suggesting that higher sugar yields could be attained by using K2SO4 or decreasing KCl amount.

Competition and facilitation

Effects of weed management

in sugarcane J. Martin, M. Chabalier, E. Arhiman, P. Letourmy

And D.

Marion, Proc. Int. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., Vol. 28, 2013

Differential intra- and inter-row weed management can be a means to reduce herbicide use in sugarcane. A field experiment was conducted in 2011 in La Reunion Island to assess inter-row weed competition. Four inter-row weed competition treatments for a duration of one (T1), two (T2), three (T3) and four (T4) months after planting were

imposed in a randomised complete block design with 5 replications; treatment plots were paired with non-weeded inter-row control plots. Row spacing was 1.5 m and space allocated to intra-row and inter-row was equally divided. All intra-rows where kept weed-free all season long. Weeds covered 100% of the inter-rows by three months after planting. Sugarcane grew far above the weed canopy, completely closing the canopy between the rows for all treatments. Overall, sugarcane tillering and production was significantly reduced by weed competition. Sugarcane yield decreased by 13 t/ha/month of early competition. However, the control yield, expected to be lower than T4, was similar to the T3 treatment. This suggests a late facilitation effect of the inter-rows vegetation in control plots which partially compensates for its early competition effect. This may be due to the particular flora of our experiment, with high populations of N-fixing weeds and broomweeds. Obviously, additional research is needed to corroborate this singular result.

Evaluation of different sow-

spacing in sugarcane

cultivated in the Medak

region of Andhra Pradesh,

India

Suresh Kondumahanthi, Shashi

Bhushan Vemuri And Vijay

Kumar Mede, Proc. Int. Soc.

Sugar Cane Technol., Vol. 28,

2013.

Sugarcane is extensively grown


in the Zaheerabad region of the Medak district in the Telangana tract of Andhra Pradesh, India. Yield variations are high in the region with no defined agronomic packages, especially in planting geometry. Hence, an experiment was conducted during 2009–10 to evaluate different row-spacings (0.9, 1.2, 1.5 and 1.8 m) in sugarcane to standardise the spacing to be adopted in this region for a profitable crop. The soil of the experimental field was a red acidic lateritic with low organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium available phosphorus and high available potassium. Promising and widely adopted mid to late maturing variety Co 86032 was used as the test variety. Higher cane yield (145 t/ha) and juice sucrose content (19.6%) was recorded in 1.5 m spacing compared to other spacings. However, highest stalk height (3.4m), stalk diameter (3.2cm) and indivi-dual stalk weight (2.4 kg) were recorded in 1.8 m spacing. Yield increases (8%) with 1.5 m spacing were due to more millable canes (89 650) compared to 1.8 m spacing (84 000). Traditional methods of 0.9 m spacing resulted in lower yield components and yield (118 t/ha). Our study indicated 1.5 m row-spacing produced more cane than the other tested spacings.

Use of soil characterisation

made by resistivity surveying

for the optimisation of

sugarcane production in

Cameroon

T. Viremouneix, B. Bissossoli Meka

And S. Latrille Debat,

Proc. Int. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., Vol. 28, 2013.

A good knowledge of soil properties and their agricultural suitability is a major requisite for managing agriculture in a planned, sustainable, and environment-ally friendly manner. In order to optimise sugarcane production, the Cameroon Sugar Company (SOSUCAM) therefore decided in 2006 to use an innovative technology to characterise its soils. This technology is based on electrical resistivity measurements, which are correlated with soil properties and agricultural potential. Resistivity maps combined with a specific process, linking data processing and soil observation, make it possible to define precisely and quickly homogeneous zones and to obtain soil maps. Moreover, some trials were set up on different soil types in order to evaluate sugarcane response. Resistivity surveys were taken on more than 21 000 ha, and 7000 ha of soil maps were created. The precise knowledge of the soils was used to determine the best adapted agricultural practices for each homogeneous area. Thus, specific technical operations of land preparation were defined for each soil type and fertilisation was optimised by considering both soil potential and more representative leaf and soil samples. Finally, varietal trials

were used to choose the varieties which were the most adapted to the different contexts. Resistivity surveying is a quick, precise and reliable technique which allows the mapping of the spatial variability of soil properties in sugarcane production areas. It is used to characterise and delineate homogeneous zones, on which better practices and operations are adopted.

Transport, adsorption and

desorption of Atrazine and

metribuzin in sugarcane

Residue-Amended soils H. Magdi Selim, Proc. Int. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., Vol. 28, 2013.

Quantifying herbicide retention in soils is essential for their efficacy and minimising their runoff and contamination potential of surface and groundwater resources. In this study, the transport and adsorption-desorption characteristics of atrazine and metribuzin were carried out in soils amended with sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) residue grown on Sharkey clay and Commerce loam soils. The residue was sampled following combine harvest during 2000–2009 growing seasons. Miscible displacement experi-ments were carried out to quantify the mobility of the herbicides in columns where sugarcane residue was mixed with the soil. The incorporation of residue with the soil resulted in retarded atrazine mobility due to strong


sorption and slow release during leaching. Metribuzin breakthrough curves (BTCs) indicated high mobility in residue-amended soils. Batch methods were used to quantify adsorption and desorption for a wide range of atrazine and metribuzin concentrations and reaction times. Atrazine and metribuzin isotherms for the sugarcane residue exhibited linear adsorption where a partitioning or affinity coefficient (Kd) increased with time. Release exhibited strong hysteresis indicative of time-dependent retention of herbicides by the residue. Limited metribuzin sorption kinetics were observed compared to atrazine. In addition, Kd values for both soils were significantly higher than that measured for the sugarcane residue. Decreasing or increasing trends of atrazine and metribuzin retention by the sugarcane residue with time of

residue decay was not observed. The use of an average Kd to represent atrazine and metribuzin retention over an entire growing season is recommended. Therefore, we conclude that retention coefficients for retention of atrazine and metribuzin can be used to predict their movement in residue amended soils for the entire growing season.

Genotype by environment

interaction and study of sugar

yield stability in sugarcane

clones in Khuzestan

M. Fooladvand, H. Shahsavand, Gh. Mohamad inejad

And M.

Parvizi, Proc. Int. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., Vol. 28, 2013.

The effects of genotype by environment interactions (G × E) on the sugar yield of 26 promising sugarcane varieties and 4 standard cultivars (CP48-

103, CP57-614, CP69-1062 and NCo310) were investigated for plant, first ratoon and second ratoon at three locations (Amirkabir, Imam Khomeini and Mian-Ab Agro-Industries) and for three cropping seasons (2008–2010). Combined analysis was done with treatment and location being fixed effects and year as a random effect. Effect of year, location, year by location and treatment were found to be highly significant (P <0.01) and effect of treatment by location was found to be significant (P<0.05) Analysis based on AMMI showed that varieties 14, 27, 28, 29 and 30 had the lowest genotype by environment interactions and highest average yield; and clone 30 was identified as the most stable genotype. Results using AMMI were similar to those of the Eberhart and Russell (1966) method.


UNITED TECHNO CORPORATION

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS & CANE SUGAR MACHINERY MANUFACTURER

0/S Eastern Gate Shaheed Gunj Road Sarai Sultan Lahore

PH # 042 3766 2066, 3766 2505, 3766 2946, 3766 6129, Fax 042 3765 5030, E-Mail: [email protected]

OUR MAIN LINE OF MANUFACTURING

BAGGING HOUSE EQUIPMENTS:-

• Wet & Dry Sugar Elevator • Fluid Bed Sugar Dryers • SugarGraders2&3DeckSystem • Sugar Grader Hopper Type WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENTS:-

• Water Softening Plant • Cooling Tower • Spray Ponds • Water Spray Pump MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS:-

• Wooden Slate Type Conveyor • Belt Conveyor • Screw Conveyor SPRAES FOR MILL EQUIPMENTS:-

• Chain Sprockets (Single, Duplex & Triplex) • Worm & Worm Wheel • Chains all Type BAG HANDLING EQUIPMENTS:-

• Mechanized Total Conveyor's System Chain & Belt Type for Bagging • Houses and Godowns • Sugar Bag Stacker with Pilot Conveyor • Bag Sewing Machine Conveyor PUMPS:-

• Molasses, Massecuite, Magma, Centrifugal & Non Clogging Pumps REDUCTION GEAR BOX 5 HP TO 500 HP:- • Helical Type Parallel Shaft, Angular Shaft

Type & Worm Gears CANE HANDLING & MILL HOUSE EQUIPMENTS:-

• Cane Cutter & Cane Levelers • Cane Tippers (Rectangular Table & Rotary Feeding • Table) with Hydraulic Power Pack Units • Shredded cane belt Conveyors • Magnet Conveyors

• Complete intermediate Carriers with Donally Chute • Cush Cush Conveyor • DSM Screen s • Cane Cutting Knifes BOILER HOSE EQUIPMENTS:-

• Induced Air & Forced Draft Fans for Boiler • Bagasse Feeders for Boilers • Rotary Valves for Ash Removing • Complete Bagasses Conveyors BOILER HOUSE EQUIPMENT (REFINERY)

• Pressure Filters 900 Sq Ft to 1500 Sq Ft Capacity. • Cane Mud Vacuum Filters • Muddy Juice, Raw juice. Refine Juice, Liquor Pumps • Magma Pump with Single & Double Rotor • Gear Pump for A & B • Magma Mixtures, Pug Mills Sugar Remelters • Air Cooler & Vacuum, water Cooled Crystallizers • Duplex Valves & Steam Valves • Gross Hoppers • Steam trap 3" 4" 5" & 6" Sizes (Float Type) • Rack Type Elevator for Lime • MOL Vibrating Screen • Masscuite Re-Heater • Multi Jet Condenser • Talo Flock Deep Bed Filter CHIP BOARDS & PLYWOOD MACHINERY:-

• Conveyors, Dryers fans, Refiners, Silos & Relative Equipments PNEUMATIC SYSTEM FOR MINING INDUSTRIES:-

• Fans, Cylones, Rotary Valves, Dust Collectors • Cylone Separators, Bag Filters FABRICATION FAQUTIES:-

• Light & Heavy Steel Structure Fabrication jobs ERECTION FACILITIES:-

• We undertake full Jobs on Turn Key Basis also

PAVING A WAY FOR SELF – RELIANCE


INTERNATIONAL NEWS

Source: “Sugar Updates” Daily News Letter Monday, 6th

January 2014

Mail: [email protected]

INDIA

Govt notifies norms for sugar

mills to get interest-free loans The government has notified the modalities for the beleaguered sugar industry to avail of interest-free loans to the tune of Rs 6,600 crore from banks for payments to cane growers. The central government hereby notifies the scheme for extending financial assistance to sugar undertakings 2014 , with a view to improve liquidity position of sugar factories for enabling them to clear cane price arrears of previous seasons and timely settlement of cane price of current season. The interest burden on the loans is estimated at Rs 2,750 crore over the next five years and will be borne by the Centre from the Sugar Development Fund. Interest subvention up to 12% or at actual rate charged by the banks, whichever is lower as per normal banking practice, shall be provided to sugar mills through participating scheduled commercial banks, regional rural banks and cooperative banks for five years. The loan will be disbursed through a separate bank account to ensure the utilization of money is monitored and the government will release interest

MH: Sugar mills high on

production, ISMA eyeing

govt. incentives.

Sugar mills have produced 1.95 lac tones of raw sugar in less than two months, 140% more than 0.81 lac tonne raw Sugar produced during the whole of last sugar season 2012-13.

PAKISTAN

Government to approve tariff

for co-generation The Economic Co-ordination Committee (ECC) of the Cabinet is to approve standardised security agreement on upfront tariff to be signed by the government with sugar mills for bagasse-fired power plants. Sugar mills are currently using bagasse - a renewable fuel produced as a by- product in the sugar manufacturing process inefficiently in low-pressure 23 bars based power systems, whereas other countries have abandoned low pressure boilers and switched to high-pressure boilers (minimum 60 bars) in cogeneration power systems. Resultantly, sugar mills in Pakistan were unable to produce meaningful surplus electricity for export to the grid. The combined crushing capacity of various sugar mills located in the country is more than 590,000 tonnes per day. Pakistan crushed 48,249,000 tonnes of sugar cane during the last crushing season (2011/12), which yielded over 15 million tonnes of bagasse assuming

32% fiber on cane. The amount of bagasse produced by sugar mills has the potential to generate over 2,000 MW. This power would be produced during the crushing season as well as at least a few months during the off-season depending on availability of saved bagasse from the season.

TCP unable to get mills to

lower sugar prices The Trading Corporation of Pakistan (TCP) is unable to procure the targeted quantity of 150,000 tonnes of sugar from domestic mills as the latter have refused to match the lowest bid price. However, against the targeted quantity of 150,000 tonnes, the TCP could only procure 18,100 tonnes of sugar in last two tender. In November last year, the TCP was asked to procure 150,000 tonnes of sugar in two phases to maintain strategic reserves. TCP received very low prices for the procurement of sugar in both tenders and the remaining mills were unable to supply the commodity at same rate, which was about equal to ex-mill price. Therefore, mills have not responded to the TCP price matching offer. After poor response from mills in the first tender, the TCP approached the Ministry of Commerce to get approval for fresh tender for 40,000 tonnes of sugar. The approval is still pending a go


ahead. However, in case of second tender, the TCP has decided to issue a fresh tender for the remaining quantity of 92,000 tonnes. The tender is likely to be issued Friday or Saturday with opening date of 15 days.

BRAZIL

Country to get 3rd sugar Mill

A Brazilian investor is set to establish a sugar factory in Narok County at a cost of Sh 2.1 billion. The investor is among50 Brazilian companies who have expressed interest in partnering with the Narok County govt. in a program that will also see the establish-ment of a meat processing plant at Ewaso Nyiro and a waste recycling plant in Narok town. Last November, Indian investors Bajarambapu Group and Narok County signed an agreement for construction of sugar factory at Lolgorian town in Trans Mara at a cost of Sh10 billion.

USA

USDA sees smaller global

sugar surplus The global sugar surplus is forecast to be smaller in 2013/14, as lower world prices in 2012/13 will contribute to slightly lower production and greater consumption in 2013/14. India and China are the main sources of increased stocks, both in tonnage and in terms of percentage change; stock accumulation has also

been significant in the EU and Thailand.

INDONESIA

Govt. to punish sugar

importers The government will strictly punish sugar importers leaking refined sugar into the consumer market following a recent sugar audit. The government found 110,799 tons of refined sugar leaked into the end consumer market in 15 provinces last year, causing a dip in domestic sugar price. That compared to 398,044 tons found in last audit in 2011.The punishment, which would come by way of cutting import allocation on importers, would be imposed in the second half of this year. Indonesia imported 3.02 million tons of sugar last year, and around 2.85 million tons had already been delivered as of Nov. 30.

FIJI

China may want to buy up to

100,000 tonnes annually Fiji's sugar industry is seeing keen interest from Chinese investors who have shown the potential of purchasing

100,000 metric tonnes of sugar annually less than a week after the first delegation arrived China to hold talks on refining sugar produced in Fiji. The Sugar Ministry's permanent secretary Manasa Vaniqi said the 11 member team, which included investors, has shown keen interest in purchasing locally produced sugar to the tune of 100,000 tonnes. This delegation, like the first team, is also looking at joint venture collaboration on a refinery project. The outlook for the industry in 2014 is very bright with Government's commitment through an allocation of F$8.4 million (US$4.47 million) in the 2014 national budget to attend to raising production and replanting.

NIGERIA

Dangote Sugar Factory Will

Generate 15,000 Jobs in

Jigawa The proposed Dangote Sugar factory in Jigawa will generate employment opportunities for no fewer than 15,000 people. Sugar factory would process 5000 tonnes of sugar cane daily, adding that the factory would cover 20,000 hectares of land.


The Advertisement Rates a) BACK COVER: (ALREADY BOOKED) b) INSIDE COVER: (Two positions only) 1. Black & White Rs. 75,000 per page 2. Four Colors Rs.100, 000 per page c) ANY OTHER PAGE (Full Page) 1. Black & White Rs. 75,000 per page 2. Four Colors Rs.100, 000 per page d) ANY OTHER PAGE (Half Page) 1. Black & White Rs. 37,500 per page 2. Four Colors Rs. 50, 000 per page e) For two insertions 10 % and for four insertion 15% discount will be allowed. f) The advertisement material like Art work or positive etc. along with subscription in the form of D. D. payable at MCB Shakarganj Mills Branch, Jhang in favour of Pakistan Sugar Journal be mailed along with following data:

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INTERNATIONAL EVENTS CALENDAR

February 3-5, 2014 Louisiana Division ASSCT (The American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists), Lafayette, Louisiana, USA www.assct.org February 15-17, 2014 International Conclave on Sugar Crops & SugarFest, Lucknow, India [email protected]

May 18-21, 2014 Sugar Industry Technologists Meeting, Toronto, Canada www.sucrose.com

July 1-3, 2014 74th 11RB (Robert Benjamin) Congress, Dresden, Germany [email protected]

June 2-3, 2014 McGinnis Institute of Beet Sugar Technology (MIBST), Beet Process School (beet end), Denver, Colorado State, [email protected]

June 16-17, 2014 McGinnis Institute of Beet Sugar Technology (MIBST), Beet Process School (sugar end), Denver, Colorado State, USA [email protected]

June 18-20, 2014 Joint Florida & Louisiana Division ASSCT (The American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists), Bonita Springs, Florida, USA www.assct.org

August 1-6, 2014 31st International Sweetener Symposium, Stowe Mountain Lodge, Stowe, Vermont www.sugaralliance.org/symposium

August 26-29, 2014 FENASUCRO (International Fair of Sugar cane Industry), Sertãozinho, S.P.(Sao Paulo), Brazil www.fenasucro.com.br

August 31-September 3, 2014 Sugar Processing Research Institute Conference, Sertãozinho, S.P.(Sao Paulo), Brazil www.spriinc.org

September 3-5, 2014 ICUMSA (International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis) Conference, Sertãozinho, S.P., Brazil www.icumsa.org



SMALL GRANTS & AMBASSADOR’S FUND PROGRAM & SHAKARGANJ FOUNDATION

ADULT FEMALE LITERACY PROJECT CLOSEOUT CEREMONY THURSDAY,

31 OCTOBER 2013

VENUE: SHAKARGANJ MILLS LIMITED JHANG

Background

Pakistan has one of the lowest literacy rates in the world, and the lowest among countries of comparative resources and socio-economic conditions. According to Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan, the overall literacy rate in the country is 46 per cent, with female literacy of 26 per cent only. Independent sources and educational experts, however, are skeptical. They place the overall literacy rate at 26 per cent and the female literacy at 12 per cent, contending that the higher figures also include those people who can hardly write anything beyond their signature.

Literacy is typically described as the ability to read and write and UNESCO considers literacy

as the “ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate, compute and use printed and written materials associated with varying contexts”. Pakistan defines literacy as the acquisition of basic skills of reading and writing.

Shakarganj Foundation started its Adult Female Literacy Program in 2003 to educate the illiterates of the community, ranging between the ages from 15 to 50 years in a batch of 25-students through phoenixes based Jugnoo Sabaq course. 130-batches of Adult Literacy Centers have been completed 3,750 students have been passed out.

Keeping in view the efforts of the Shakarganj Foundation Small Grants Ambassador’s Fund Program approved a one

hundred thousand USD dollar Project. Through this project Shakarganj Founda-tion will establish 150 adult female literacy centers in 05 union councils of district Jhang. 3,750 female learners will be benefited through this project.

Objective of the Project To provide basic literacy and numeric skills to 3,750 illiterate women through establishment of 150 Adult Literacy Centers in 05 Union Councils of District Jhang, Punjab.

Outcomes This project stating on 01 December 2012 and closeout on 31 October 2013. 150 adult literacy centers established in three phases 3,750 learners enrolled and 3,607 learners passed out in 05 union council of district Jhang.

Learners Union Council Centers

Operated Enrolled Passed Out Dropped %age

Ashaba 30 750 727 23 97%

Bagh 30 750 710 40 95%

Paccay Wala 30 750 724 26 97%

Jhang City 30 750 730 20 97%

Shahbal 30 750 716 34 95%

Total 150 3,750 3,607 143 96%


Project Closeout Ceremony

Small Grants Ambassador’s Fund Program & Shakarganj Foundation Adult Female Literacy Project Closeout ceremony was set up in the lush green lawn adjacent to Management House of Shakarganj Mills Limited.

Participants from District Government, civil society, media representatives and Executives from Shakarganj Mills Limited were invited. The ceremony was started with the recitation from Holy Quran by Mr. Muhammad Iqbal General Manager Inventory Shakarganj Mills Limited. Mian

Muhammad Ismial District Education Officer Jhang formally inaugurated the Small Grants Ambassador’s Fund Program and Shakarganj Foundation Adult Female Literacy Project closeout ceremony.

The dignitaries of the program Ms. Najma Kausar, District Officer Education Jhang Ms. Nasreen Abdullah Deputy District Officer Education, Ms. Hallema Iqbal Director (Lahore College for Women University)

Mr. Zahid Lodhi (Principal Chenab College), Syed Basit Gailani (President Rotary Club) Mr. Khalid Haidar (Member Rotary Club), Inner wheel Club, Ms. Kishwar Headmistress TCF School SML Campus.

Headmistress and teaching staff of adopted schools, HOD’s (SML Jhang) were welcomed by administration of Shakarganj Mills Limited.

Mr. Muhammad Babar Shafique General Manager Facilities Management holds the respon-sibilities as stage secretary. Mr. Muhammad Pervez Akhtar S.E.V.P Shakarganj Mills Ltd. welcomed the participants to the ceremony and thanked them for accepting the invitation and showing their pleasant presence in big numbers. He highlighted the over all activities of the Shakarganj Foundation, and also briefed the participants

about the SGAFP& Shakarganj Foundation Adult Female Literacy Project. Ms. Samra Ashraf Project Manager gave brief presentation over the project. She describes the overall operations, methodology and program approach of the project. She also briefed the audience the success stories and success ratio of the project. Mr. Basit Gailani President Rotary Club Jhang, Ms. Haleema Iqbal Director Lahore

College for Women University, Mr. Zahid Lodhi Principal Chenab College Jhang speaking over the occasion appreciated the efforts of the Shakarganj Foundation and they also thanked American People through the United States Agency for International Devel-opment to contribute for such a noble cause. They congratulate Shakarganj Foundation on successful completion of the project.


Speaking on the occasion the Chief Guest said; to get education is the right of every individual. The education for women is not only important for nation building, but it is also necessary for the everyday practical purposes.

This is because, female are more responsible for rearing, caring, and teaching her child.

Unless and until she possesses some sort of education herself, a mother cannot teach good values, culture, and education to her child. Although human growth and development and

heredity, a mother’s role remains more important in shaping the behavior of a child. It is said that today’s children are the backbones of tomorrow’s nation. In fulfilling this purpose, the better women are educated, the better education they can give to their children. Moreover the honorable Chief Guest thanked American People through the

United States Agency for International Development to contribute for this noble cause. The Ms. Nasreen Abdullah DDO Education, Ms. Haleema

Iqbal Director Lahore College for Women University Jhang, Mr. Zahid Lodhi Principal Chenab College Jhang and Mian Muhammad Ismail EDO Education Jhang distributed experience certificates among the project staff. Mr. Manzoor Hussain Malik Senior Vice President Agriculture Shakarganj Mills Limited moved vote of thanks to all the participants for their pleasant presence in the ceremony. Lunch was served to the guests at the end of the ceremony


SUGAR AND ADDICTION

World Sugar Research Organization (WSRO) Position Statement

Background

A number of scientific studies have suggested that consumption of certain foods, such as those containing sugars, engage similar nerve pathways in the brain (those associated with pleasure) as drugs of abuse, and consequently, should be considered addictive substances. It is further argued that addiction of this type leads to binge-eating and that this is responsible for the currently high prevalence of obesity in many countries Each of these three hypotheses has been questioned. It is therefore important to examine separately the evidence for each of them, since acceptance of the first does not necessarily imply that the two dependent hypotheses are also valid. It is also necessary to critically examine the suggestion that the addiction model provides useful insights into reasonable public policy approaches to the obesity issue. The problems of rational interpretation of the conflicting evidence in these areas are compounded by doubts as to the meaning of the term “addiction” and its usefulness in

clinical practice and public health discussion. Most researchers in this field rely on the term “substance dependence” as defined in the psychological literature which may not be relevant or helpful in the context of behaviour towards foods. Since consumption of calorific food is essential to survival, it is unsurprising that the human brain is programmed to find such consumption pleasurable. However, key features of substance dependence include tolerance (increasing amounts of

the substance are required to produce the desired effect) and the experience of serious withdrawal symptoms when intake is stopped. Neither has been observed in human subjects with respect to food. Evidence for sugar “addiction” comes mainly from a limited number of animal model experiments in which “binge eating” of sugar has been observed after the availability of sugar is limited to certain times of the day. Withdrawal symptoms are induced by removal of that limited access but this may not be unique to sugar.

Studies like these rely on feeding regimens that involve depriving rats of access to sugar for prolonged periods of the day. The symptoms attributed to “addiction” in these animals are not seen when they are given unlimited access to sugar suggesting that the behaviour is, at least partly, dependent on food deprivation rather than the nature of the food itself. Additionally, there is insufficient evidence on other macronutrients to determine whether this “binging” behaviour

is specific to sugar or to palatable foods generally. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that these rats who are described as “binging” on sugar do not become obese, since they reduce their consumption of other food. Comparable observations to this rat model have not been made in humans and no evidence of tolerance or of withdrawal symptoms have been reported in relation to sugar consumption. The rat studies also include studies of

brain activation patterns, and these have been reported to be similar to those activated by certain drugs of abuse. This is unsurprising, since the drugs of abuse are known to mimic the effects of food consumption in the brain. There are differences, however and attempts to replicate these findings in human studies have yielded widely conflicting results both in normal weight and obese subjects. Given the lack of consistent evidence to suggest that addiction to sugar is a valid concept to describe the behaviour of even a small proportion of the human population, it could be argued that it can have no relevance to the widespread problem of obesity. In addition, there are lines of evidence from human population studies that further weaken the hypothesis that sugar addiction is commonly responsible for obesity, and these merit rehearsal. First, the vast majority of overweight individu-als do not show a convincing behavioural or neuro-biological profile that might be seen to resemble addiction. Second, those people who can be defined clinically as suffering from

Binge Eating Disorder are not always obese nor do the vast majority of obese individuals exhibit Binge Eating Disorder. Third, if sugar addiction does exist within the human population further research will be needed to delineate this aberrant behaviour from the normal. But at present, the available evidence overwhelm mingly conflicts with the notion that sugar addiction exists at all, let alone that it is a major driver of the current prevalence of human obesity. In summary, the current


evidence does not support the idea that human addiction to sugar is a valid concept 3, 4, 5 or that it is a characteristic of individuals who are obese 3, 4

REFERENCES

Ifland JR, Preuss HG, Marcus MT, et al. (2009) Refined food addiction: a classic substance use disorder. Medical Hypotheses 72(5): 518-526. Gearhardt AN, Grilo CM, Dileone RJ, Brownell KD, Potenza MN (2011) Can foods be addictive ? Public health and policy implications. Addiction 106: 1208-1212. Benton D (2010) The plausibility of sugar addiction and its role in obesity and eating disorders Clin. Nutr.29: 288-303. Ziauddeen H, Farooqi IS, Fletcher PC (2012) Obesity and the brain: how convincing is the addiction model? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13: 279- 285. World Health Organization (2004) Neuroscience of psychoactive substance use and dependence. WHO, Geneva 2004. Akers RL (1991) Addiction: the troublesome concept. The Journal of Drug Issues 21: 777-793. Avena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG (2008) Evidence for sugar addiction: behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neuroscience Biobeha-vior Reviews 32: 20-39. Corwin RL, Grigson PS (2009) Symposium overview – Food addiction, factor fiction? J.Nutr. 139: 617-619. American Psychiatric Associ-ation. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th

Edition. American Psychiatric Association. Washington DC 2000.

Sugars and Micronutrient

Dilution A diet that is high in sugars is often assumed to reduce intake of essential micronutrients. The term employed to describe such an effect is ‘micronutrient dilution’. However, this assump-tion is an oversimplified view of a complicated subject which is fraught with inconsistencies and limitations in the available evidence. There are two main considerations surrounding the issue of sugars and micronutrient dilution, as described by Ruxton et al., (2010). The first is whether diets containing higher amounts of sugars indeed contain lower levels of micronutrients (a dilution effect). The second, and possibly more important consid-eration, is whether such diets still achieve recommended dietary intake levels of micronutrients.

Limitations in the evidence Any review of the evidence on micronutrient dilution needs to address the contradictions in the scientific literature. Livingstone and Rennie (2009) discussed the issues that account for the inconsistent findings across studies. These include: Variations in the definition of ‘sugars’. The terms used range from “total sugars”, to “added” or “free sugars”, to the UK definition of “non-milk extrinsic sugars” (NMES). The categorisation can substantially affect the observed relationship between sugars and micronut-rient intake. For example, unsweetened fruit juice is conventionally included in the

categories of total and NMES sugars, but may not be included in ‘added sugars’. As a result, the choice of sugars categorisation can significantly affect the relationship between estimates of sugars and Vitamin C intake.

Use of different benchmarks to

assess adequacy of micronutri-

ent intake Direct estimates of micronutrient status are rarely used. Instead, estimates of requirement, in the form of dietary reference values (DRV), are compared with estimates of habitual dietary intake, in order to assess adequacy of intake. Both estimates are prone to uncertainties, and the choice of DRV can substantially alter the results of such comparisons. The DRV used can vary from the level of intake that is estimated to be inadequate for the vast majority (97.5%) of the population (Lower Nutrient Reference Intake: LNRI) to the level of intake that is judged to be adequate for the vast majority (again 97.5%) of the population (Reference Nutrient Intake: RNI). Between these extremes lies the estimated average requirement (EAR) for a particular micronutrient. Compa-rison with the EAR is currently proposed to form the methodo-logical basis for assessing adequacy of micronutrient intake (WHO/FAO, 2004). With all DRVs, comparison of an estimated individual or group mean micronutrient intake with a DRV, without confirmatory biochemical or clinical measures, does not prove suboptimal nutritional status.


Evidence arising from observa-tional studies that rely on self-reported dietary intake. Underre-porting is an accepted limitation of self-reported dietary surveys (Livingstone and Black, 2003) and, as a consequence, the proportion of people estimated to have an inadequate intake of micronutrients is exaggerated. Some studies have tried to correct for underreporting by excluding data from subjects whose dietary records show implausibly low total energy intake. This still leaves subjects who may have reported plausible energy intakes but have, nonetheless, not fully reported all their food and drink consump-tion. An inconsistent approach to adjusting for energy intake. Since total food energy intake appears to be the most important predictor of micronut-rient intake (DoH, 1989, Gibson, 2001), one needs to control or adjust for energy intake to determine any independent effect of sugars intake. Most studies attempt to adjust for energy intake by reporting sugars intake as % energy. However, this variable is itself affected by intake of other macronutrients. Forshee and Storey (2001) employed an energy partitioning approach to try to isolate the association of added sugars with micronutrient intake from that of energy in the diets of American children and adolescents. The authors concluded that the association with sugars intake was inconsistent and varied with age group, and ranged from no association, to statistically posi-tive and negative associations. Furthermore, they determined that the impact of added sugars was too small to have any clinically significant effect on diet quality.

Reviews of the evidence A number of recent reviews have focussed on the topic of sugars and micronutrient dilution (Gibson, 2007, Livingstone and Rennie, 2009), while Ruxton et al., (2010) evaluated the topic within a broad range of health issues related to sugars consumption. Most evidence emanates from epidemiological studies with no intervention studies specifically changing only the sugar content of the diet with the primary purpose of examining changes in micronutrient intake. However, some intervention studies have examined aspects of micronut-rient intake while altering the sugars, or refined or simple carbohydrate levels, of the diet. These studies show either no impact, or only a minor impact, on nutrient adequacy (Gibson, 2007, Ruxton et al., 2010). On reviewing all available evidence, both Gibson (2007) and Ruxton et al. (2010) considered that some evidence existed for a dilution effect at high consumption levels of sugars. Gibson (2007), in a systematic review, concluded that there was some evidence that a diet containing a high proportion of added sugars (above 20% energy) was likely to be marginally lower in micronut-rients than a diet containing a proportion of added sugars closer to the mean intake of the populations studied. The optimal micronutrient intakes appeared within diets which contained moderate levels of sugars, since many associations were n-shaped, with lower intakes at both high and low intakes of sugars. Ruxton et al., (2010) also reported that a dilution effect was apparent from cross-sectional studies, but with fairly consistent evidence that

most diets were adequate in micronutrients. Nutrient adequacy in the presence of a high sugar intake may reflect the sources of sugar in the diet, since fortified breakfast cereals, sweetened dairy products, and juices are also important sources of micronutrients. In contrast, Livingstone and Rennie (2009) determined that the totality of evidence did not provide convincing evidence to either support or refute the notion that added sugars result in a dilution effect within the range of intakes commonly seen.

Guidelines from International

Agencies The US Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (USDA/ HHS, 2010), whilst unable to set an upper tolerable intake level for carbohydrates in general, suggested a maximal intake level of 25% energy from added sugars based on data which suggested some micronutrient dilution effects at or above this level of intake. This suggested maximal level undoubtedly reflects the findings of the Institute of Medicine (IOM, 2002) which reported lower intakes of some micronutrients in some popula-tion subgroups at intakes exceeding 25% energy. Added sugars intake is reportedly falling in the US, with the most recent estimates of mean intake at 14.6% energy for US children (≥2 y) and adults (Welsh et al., 2011). The UK Department of Health Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (DoH, 1989) concluded that people with higher energy intake tend to eat more of all nutrients, with sugars intake being a weaker predictor of micronutrient intakes than total


energy consumption. However, at any level of energy intake a higher sugars intake was associated with lower micronut-rient intake. The European food Safety Authority (EFSA, 2010) felt unable to set an upper limit for (added) sugar intake and suggested that any negative associations between added sugar intake and micronutrient density were related to patterns of intake of foods from which added sugars are derived.

CONCLUSION

The associations between reported intakes of sugars and micronutrients are inconsistent between micronutrients and between age-groups and genders. In addition a clear examination of the literature is hampered by different categorisations of sugars, inconsistent use of DRVs, underreporting and inconsistent correction for energy intake. Correction for energy intake is crucial for determining the independent effect of sugars intake on micronutrient dilution. Even if a dilution effect is observed, the effect is considered to be small, and this is reflected by the lack of upper limits, or relatively high upper limits, with respect to some public health recommendations. It is not known whether a reduced consu-mption of sugars would reduce the proportion of people with apparently inadequate micronutr-ient intakes. Although some studies have reported higher consumers of sugars to ingest lower amounts of what are

considered to be nutritious foods, cause and effect has not been ascertained. In addition, a reduction of sugars intake might result in unpredictable and possibly undesirable conseque-nces for public health if, for example, it were to lead to avoidance of fortified or micro-nutrient rich foods that contain sugar.

STATEMENT

WSRO concurs with a number of recent reviews examining the association between sugars intake and micronutrient intake. These reviews suggest that although a micronutrient dilution effect may exist at very high intakes of sugars, micronutrient intake is usually adequate, with sugars consumption having a relatively minor impact on diet quality compared with total energy intake. There is no evidence that reducing the sugars intake in the diet would increase micronutrient intake in any section of the population or reduce the proportion of people with inadequate nutrient intakes.

REFERENCES DoH (1989) Dietary Sugars and Human Disease. Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. Report on Health & Social Subjects No 37. London, HMSO. EFSA (2010) Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for carbohydrates and dietary fibre. EFSA Journal, 8, 1462.

Forshee, R. A. & Storey, M. L. (2001) The role of added sugars in the diet quality of children and adolescents. J Am Coll Nutr, 20, 32-43. Gibson, S. (2001) Dietary sugars and micronutrient dilution in normal adults aged 65 years and over. Public Health Nutr, 4, 1235-44. Gibson, S. A. (2007) Dietary sugars intake and micronutrient adequacy: a systematic review of the evidence. Nutr Res Rev, 20, 121-31. IOM (2002) Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, proteins, and amino acids Livingstone, M. B. & Black, A. E. (2003) Markers of the validity of reported energy intake. J Nutr, 133 Suppl 3, 895S-920S. Livingstone, M. B. & Rennie, K. L. (2009) Added sugars and micronutrient dilution. Obes Rev, 10 Suppl 1, 34-40. Ruxton, C. H., Gardner, E. J. & McNulty, H. M. (2010) Is sugar consumption detrimental to health? A review of the evidence 1995-2006. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 50, 1-19. USDA/HHS (2010) Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. Welsh, J. A., Sharma, A. J., Grellinger, L., et al. (2011) Consumption of added sugars is decreasing in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr, 94, 726-34. WHO/FAO (2004) Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition. 2nd edition.


STORY OF SWEETS

1. Fruit Cocktail Dessert Cups

Ingredients Fruit cocktail 1 small can Mix fruit jelly 1 packet Sugar to taste Milk 2 cup Vanilla custard powder 3 tbsp Cream 3 tbsp Icing sugar 1 tsp Pound cake slices 2 Cups or bowls 6 small

Cooking Directions

Boil 1 and a half cup of water for making jelly (on packet it is written 2 cups but for decoration we need semi hard result of jelly). Add sugar and jelly stir continuously until all the jelly crystals mixed thoroughly. Transfer jelly liquid in square shaped tray and let it set for 10 minutes. In another pan boil 1 and half cup of milk and add sugar. Mix vanilla custard powder in remaining half cup of cold milk. When milk starts boiling add vanilla custard slowly when it comes into thick consistency remove and cool. Try to stir while cooling so that to avoid the formation of layer. Beat cream with icing sugar. Cut the jelly into cubes with knife. Cut the slices of the cake too into small cubes. Start layering cups, pour jelly cubes, add 1 teaspoon of cocktail fruits. Add some cubes of cake pour custard. Again add cocktail fruits and cake pieces. Decorate with cream and jelly cubes. Chill before serving.

2. Chocolate Molten Java Cake (Rich and

Creamy Dessert)

Ingredients

Baking Chocolate 175gm Butter 175gm (diced, room temperature) Eggs 3 Castor Sugar 1/2 cup Flour 1/3 cup Butter for Ramekins

Cooking Directions

Preheat oven at 180 oC. Melt chocolate on low flame in a double boiler. When melted, take of flame, and stir in diced butter, until it melts. In another bowl, beat eggs and sugar, until it starts to whiten. Stir in melted chocolate and then add the flour. Butter 4 individual ramekins, and pour in chocolate batter. Bake for about 10 minutes. Upside down ramekins onto dessert plates and serve with vanilla ice cream and chocolate sauce.


GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS Dear Fellow Author(s), Please follow these instructions for publication of your research papers in PAKISTAN SUGAR JOURNAL (PSJ). It will help editorial board to review your articles immediately. Otherwise, it will be delayed to fulfill the prerequisites for publication of research paper(s): Write the title of your article in CAPITAL LETTERS in the center of the page. Write the complete name of all authors with their addresses, its compulsory In the text, references should be cited by author and years as, for one, two or more authors (Hammer, 1994, Hammer and Rouf, 1995; Hammer et al., 1993), respectively. Write HEADINGS in bold letters and in the center of the page. Type your article only in TIMES NEW ROMAN format. Send TABLES and FIGURES on separate page with bold title and mark its numbers correctly. Follow the following rule for Reference, for one author: Hussain, K 1991 for two authors; Khan, M. and A. Habib 1995, for more than two; Ali, K., A. Hussain and S. Nasir, 1990. Always send two soft copies and one hard copy of CD, Please don’t use FLOPPY for this purpose. Send copies on A-4 size page preferable LASER PRINT in word document PSJ publishers paper free of charges from authors Kindly send your papers to following address by mail or email. . Dr. Shahid Afghan Editor-in-Chief Pakistan Sugar Journal Shakarganj Sugar Research Institute, Jhang (Pakistan) Phone: +92 47 763 1001-5 Ext. 602, 603 Mobile: +92 347 654 2858 Email: [email protected] Asia Naheed Associate Editor Pakistan Sugar Journal Shakarganj Sugar Research Institute, Jhang (Pakistan) Phone: +92 47 763 1001-5 Ext. 603, 606

E-mail: [email protected]

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Pakistan Sugar Journal - Shakarganj Research