PProtons, electrons, rotons, electrons, and neutronsand neutrons

Protons – Protons – ________________________ charged charged particles of an atom.particles of an atom.

__________________________ – negatively – negatively charged particles of an atom.charged particles of an atom.Neutrons – particles in an atom Neutrons – particles in an atom that are that are ______________________, or have no , or have no charge.charge.

positively

Electrons

neutral

Electron Energy LevelsElectron Energy Levels

Electrons are arranged in Electrons are arranged in within the electron cloud. within the electron cloud.

Each energy level can hold a certain Each energy level can hold a certain maximum number of electrons.maximum number of electrons.

First level – First level – ________ Second level – Second level – ________ Third level – Third level – ________

energy levels

2

8

8

Using the Periodic TableUsing the Periodic Table What is the symbol for sodium? What is the symbol for sodium? Find Sodium’s atomic number. Find Sodium’s atomic number. What does this number represent? What does this number represent?

How many electrons does sodium have? How many electrons does sodium have? How do you find the number of neutrons?How do you find the number of neutrons?

How many neutrons does Sodium have? How many neutrons does Sodium have?

Na

11

This number represent the number of protons. 11

Atomic mass – Atomic Number

12

23-11 = 12

The The atoms have the atoms have the outermost energy level filled.outermost energy level filled.

Atoms in which the outermost energy Atoms in which the outermost energy level is filled do not easily gain or lose level is filled do not easily gain or lose electrons, therefore they electrons, therefore they do notdo not easily easily form compounds with other elements.form compounds with other elements.

________________________ electrons represent the electrons represent the number of electrons in the outer number of electrons in the outer energy level.energy level.

most stable

Valence

Periodic TablePeriodic Table

The groups, moving from left to The groups, moving from left to right, are right, are metals, metalloids, and metals, metalloids, and non-metals.non-metals.

, , , and , and

Most of the elements in the periodic Most of the elements in the periodic table are table are ..

metals

metalloimetalloidsds

non-non-metals.metals.

metmetalsals

Chemical BondsChemical Bonds

When two or more elements join When two or more elements join together, they form a together, they form a ________. ________.

Compounds are held together by Compounds are held together by forces called forces called chemical bondschemical bonds..

Atoms can form chemical bonds by Atoms can form chemical bonds by sharing electrons or by transferring sharing electrons or by transferring electrons from one atom to another.electrons from one atom to another.

bond

Ionic bondIonic bond – a compound that is – a compound that is formed through the formed through the __________________________ of of electrons. electrons.

(ex) NaCl = Sodium Chloride(ex) NaCl = Sodium Chloride

When an atom When an atom losesloses an electron to an electron to move to another atom, it ends up with move to another atom, it ends up with more protons than electrons. This more protons than electrons. This results in an overall results in an overall __________ __________ chargecharge..

transfer

positive

When an atom When an atom gainsgains an electron from an electron from another atom, it ends up with more another atom, it ends up with more electrons with protons. This results in electrons with protons. This results in an overall an overall ______________________ charge charge..

IonsIons – electrically charged atoms. – electrically charged atoms. (Ex) Na+ or Cl(Ex) Na+ or Cl--

Covalent bondCovalent bond – a bond based on the – a bond based on the attraction between atoms that attraction between atoms that share share electrons. (Ex) Water – electrons. (Ex) Water – H2OH2O

negative

Drawing an AtomDrawing an Atom Fluorine Atom (F)Fluorine Atom (F)

9 P

10 N

How many electrons does a Fluorine atom have? _______

9

Drawing an IonDrawing an Ion Fluorine Ion (Fluorine Ion (FF--))

9 P

10 N

How many electrons does a Fluorine ion have? _______

10

Covalent Bonding (Water Covalent Bonding (Water Molecule)Molecule)

HH22OO

8 P

8 N

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Oxygen

1 P

1 P

Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties

+ H2O=

This is a type of a change.

chemical

Chemical FormulasChemical Formulas

4Al2(SO4)2How many atoms of the following elements are present?

Al

S

O

8

8

32

Compounds, Mixtures & Compounds, Mixtures & SolutionsSolutions

A A is a material that contains two is a material that contains two or more substances that cannot be or more substances that cannot be chemically combined.chemically combined.

A A is a mixture in which one is a mixture in which one substance is dissolved into another.substance is dissolved into another.

A A is a combination of two or more is a combination of two or more elements that form a chemical elements that form a chemical bond.bond.

mixture

solution

compound

Compounds, Mixtures & Compounds, Mixtures & SolutionsSolutions

Classify the following substances as a Classify the following substances as a compound, mixture, or solution.compound, mixture, or solution.

HH22OO NaClNaCl airair saltsalt

salt watersalt water saladsalad waterwaterCOCO22

CompoundCompound Mixture Mixture SolutionsSolutions

States of MatterStates of Matter

Name the four Name the four states of matter.states of matter.

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Plasma

States of MatterStates of Matter

SolidSolid LiquidLiquid GasGas PlasmaPlasma

Identify the state of the following substances:Wood

blockCarbon dioxide

lightning

deskwaterstars

gasoline

Neon

DensityDensity

Density – the measure of the _______ Density – the measure of the _______ of an object divided by its __________.of an object divided by its __________.

MassVolume

Density = ---------- Mass

Volume