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7/29/2019 oVietnam lecture 1, 2013.3-20
1/19
2013/3/17
1
Sustainableecosocietyby
No.1
problemsofcleanenergyproduction
March,2013
Toyohisa Fujita,
EnergyandEnvironmentalcourse,
GraduateschoolofEngineering,RACE
TheUniversityofTokyo,Japan
Topics
1.TohokuEarthquakeinJapanandmoreimportanceofcleanenergy2.Worldenergyratio,futurepowersourceandcost
3.Renewableenergy:meritanddemerit
Windenergy Solarenergy Geothermalenergy Biomassenergy ave a energy ys eman o erenergy4.Importanceofchangetoenergycarrierofrenewableenergy
5.Smartgrid
6.Someenergysavingtechniques (from ourlaboratoryresearches)ExsituCarbonCaptureStorage(CCS)techniques Reducethefueltouseintheinternalcombustionengine Metalbasedferrofluid (magneticfluid)forenergyconversiondevicesusing
sunlight
Naturalgashydrate(NGH)productionandtransportationsystemforsmallamountofmethane
Importanceofmetalresourcesforenergyproductionandsavetheenergy7.Sustainableecosociety
Resourcesrecycling plussmartcity
TheTohoku
Earthquake
1.TohokuEarthquakeinJapanandmoreimportanceofcleanenergy
March11,
2011Hypocentral region
500kmfromnorthtosouth
19,000 Death,missing
400,000Destroyedbuilding
Damageoftown
Example:Gasfacility
nuclearpowerplantinJapanMostofplantsareunderinspection.Only i NuclearPower
Plantisoperating.September2012
Destroyedbytsunami
2368MWOperation
7/29/2019 oVietnam lecture 1, 2013.3-20
2/19
2013/3/17
2
Japanesepowersourceratios
Natural
gas
Nuclear
power
2011
NaturalgasutilizationincreasedafterTohokuearthquakeandtsunami.
2.Worldenergyratio,futurepowersourceandcost
Regional primaryenergyconsumptionintheworld
68GJ
Asia and PacificAfricaMiddle eastFormerSovietbloc
1kWh=3.6MJ=0.232L
106TOE=106x42GJ=42PJ Energy
consumption
Extremely
ilequ
iva
len
t)=
106x4
1. Russia
Europe
SouthandCentralAmerica
NorthAmerica
ShareofOECD(%)
increaseinAsia
Million
TOE;
tonof
(BP,Statisticalreviewofworldenergy2010)
Year
Sourceofenergyratiointheprimary
energyconsumptionintheworld
6x4
1.8
68GJ
Combustiblerenewableenergy
no
foilequiv
alen
t)=
10 , , .
Hydraulic
Nuclear
LNG
Petroleum
Coal
eanenergy n
Increase
Increase
Million
TOE;
t
Year
(IEA,EnergyBalance2010,Energywhitepaper2011,Japan)
Renewable
Powersourceratiosofseveralcountries
in2010 Renewableenergyislessthan20%
Naturalgas
Petroleumoil
Coal
Nuclear power
energy
Japan
USA
Europe
Korea
China
Germany
France
Ita
ly
Ukra
ine
Slova
kia
(IEAElectricityinformation,2010)
7/29/2019 oVietnam lecture 1, 2013.3-20
3/19
2013/3/17
3
Energyutilization percapitainsome
courtiersandworld
J/person
(Inst.ofEnergyEconomics,Japan)
USAKoreaFranceGermanyJapanUKWorldChina
len
t)/p
erson=
41
.868G
OECDcountriesarelarge.
TOE;
tono
foilequ
iv
Year
(indexnumber:Japan=1)
Primaryenergyper GDP(grossdomesticproduct)of
somecourtiers in2008
n K y 7 a a E
Japa U
German
Franc
EU2
US
Austra
li
Kore
Worl
Canad U
A
Tha
ilan
Sau
diAra
bi
Chin
Indi
Indonesia
Russ
ia
(IEA[EnergyBalancesofOECDCountries2010Edition],[EnergyBalancedofNon
OECDCountries2010Edition]) Energywhitepaper2011,Japan
Italy
Japan
Germany
UK
FranceS
$/MWh
)
Comparison
of electricity
rates in
some
countriesfor
Industrial
Korea
h)
(in ustria
and
household
Household
Germany
Italy
(US
$/M
OECD/IEA,IEA,EnergypricesandTaxes, Year
UK
France
USA
Korea
Outlookforthefutureregional primary
energyconsumptionintheworld
Outlookforthefuturevariousenergy
ratiointheprimaryenergy
consumptionintheworld
t) nt)
1.4times
Africa Biomass
Other
Renewable
1.4times
TOE;
tonofo
ilequ
iva
le
nTOE;
tonof
oilequ
iva
l
China
India
OtherAsia
Russia
Naturalgas
Coal
Water
Nuclear
(IEA/WorldEnergyOutlook2009,Agencyfornaturalresourcesandenergy,Japan)
0.1
billion
0.1
billio
1990 2007 2015 2030 1990 2007 2015 2030
OECD
USA Petroleum
7/29/2019 oVietnam lecture 1, 2013.3-20
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Comparisonbetweennowadaysandfuture
generatedpowersourceratiointheworld3%
Renewableenergy
Waterpower
Nuclearpower
Naturalgas
5timesincrease
Petroleumoil
Coal
(IEA,WorldEnergyOutlook,2010)
Decrease
9000
8000
6000
Windoffshore
Windonshore
RenewableelectricitypotentialsinmajorOECD
regionsin2030 (IEA,2011)
1
4000
2000
TWh Wave&tidal
Solarheat
Solar photovoltaic
Waterpower
2
3
5
0
OECD
North
America
OECD
Europe
OECD
Pacific
5
Biomass 4
=
/kWh
)
Comparisonofpowergeneratingcostofpower
sourcesbetween2008and2030
ratingcost
(x
0.0
125US
$
Policy,
Additional,
Riskcosts
CO2 cost
0.1US$
2030 2030 2030 2030
NuclearCoal LNG Petroleum
power power power power
(a) (b)
Powergene
(a:IEA,WorldEnergyOutlook,2009, b:NationalpolicyunitinJapan2009)
FeedinTariffs)Germany2000
Subjects
Pricesetting
EffectofFITinGermany
Photovoltaicpower
generation
LowInvestmentintention decreaseOptimumpricesettingis
important.
Japan2012,Julystarted.Geothermal
7/29/2019 oVietnam lecture 1, 2013.3-20
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PotentialtouserenewableenergyinJapan(MinistryoftheEnvironment,2010)
Photovoltaicpowergenerationandwindfarmincrease
byFIT utilizationBy2020
PhotovoltaicpowerInstalledcapacity Maximum
potential
FIT FIT+
technological
Unit:GW (4000TWhperyearin2009,Japan)
28GWCapacityFactor12 29.4TWh peryear
Lowcostisimportantbytechnologicalinnovation
Windpowergeneration5GW CapacityFactor20 8.8TWh peryear
Photovoltaic
powergeneration
150MW 0 0.272
OnShoreWind
farm
280 24 140 270
OffshoreWind
farm
1600 0 3 140
generation
FIT+technologicalinnovation
64.434.5TWh
735 ofTotalelectricpowergenerationperyearinJapan
powerplant
(lessthan30MW)
. .
Geothermal
powergeneration
(withHotSpring
Power)
14 1.1 4.8 5.2
3.Renewableenergy:meritanddemerit
3.1WindenergyElectricalpowercapacitychangeofwindelectricityintheworld
Windenergy
Proportionalto
cubedofwind
velocityandswept
area.
UnstablesupplyelectricityGridsysteminEurope,
owever,nosysteminJapan
lowfrequencynoise causehealth
hazard
BirdstrikeFailtolandscape
Electricalpowerplantcapacitychange
ofwindelectricityineachcountry
(Globalwindstatistic2010, GlobalWindEnergyCouncil)
Windenergyutilization:3.3timesincrease comparingwith5yearsintheworld.
Japanonly2.2times.
Windturbinegeneratormainly2MWinJapan3to4MWintheworld
200m 2MWgenerator
Electrical
generator
Ball
bearing
Gear
Principalaxis
80m
2to3MW windturbinegenerator
Utilizationofseveral1001Rareearthmagnet
Importanceofrareearthmetal
Utilization (Nd,Dy)
(fromT.Minowa)
7/29/2019 oVietnam lecture 1, 2013.3-20
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2013/3/17
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OffshorewindpowersystemExample
Denmark,Holland,Germany:7000ofwindturbine(32GW)
constructionplan
Japan:IbarakiprefectureKamisu 7ofwindturbine(14MW)
Merit
Goodwindconditions
Easyestablishmentofbigscalewindturbine
Noeffectofnoiseandbirdstrike
Demerit
ExpensiveconstructioncostLargecostofelectrictransporttothecoast
Durabilityofwindturbineandmaintenancecostforoffshore
Fishingrightsproblem
Offshorewindpowergeneration
Kamisu
3.2Solarenergy PhotovoltaicpowergenerationJapan megawattorderofphotovoltaicpowerplantconstruction
About30placesby20200.3 ofgrossgenerationMerit
n m eInstallationavailableinanyplaceEasymaintenanceandlongoperatinglife
Demerit
UnstablepowergenerationLowenergydensityExpensivepowergenerationcost
Improvement
High photocarriergenerationefficiency technology of PV by ultra slim typeReduce the cost by PV production on a large scale
9
8
Photovoltaiccellproductionchangein
severalcountries
7
6
54
3Power,
GW
Korea USA Taiwan Germany Japan China
1
0
(RenewableEnergyPolicyNetworkforthe21st Century,2011)
7/29/2019 oVietnam lecture 1, 2013.3-20
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2013/3/17
7
Others
USA
Photovoltaicpowergeneration changeinseveralcountries
Spain
Germany
byFIT
Japan
Photovoltaiccellqualityandcooling
system(byT.TomitaTheU.ofTokyo)
Coolingbynomechanicalpump
Cooling bytransportationoftheheatoutsideusingliquidboilingPossibility ofutilizationinsunbeltanddesertarea
lternativeCFCs
RoadmapofsolarcellbatterySinglecrystal SiCISCuInGaSeCdTeOrganicsystem,Quantumdottype
powergeneratingcost(x0.0125US$=/kWh)
uantum dot 40%
CIS 75/kWh(18%) 50(22%)
Organic 75/kwh(10%) 50(15%)
thinfilmsiliconsolarcell 75/kWh(14%) 45(18%)
METICoolEarthplan,2008)
Residentialuse
Industrialuse
Foreigncountries
LargescalePVsystem
Midscale
LargescalePVsystem
S ng ecrysta S 75 W 15 50 22
Combinationofphotovoltaicpower
generationandsolarpowergenerationOperatingtime
FlatpanelPV4hoursThermal6hours
hours
Sunlight
engineeringefficiency 43%
=PVcell23%
+Thermal20%
Electricity250W,
Thermal200W 100,000=US$1,250
7/29/2019 oVietnam lecture 1, 2013.3-20
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Solarpowertower Sicilia islandinItalymoltensalt:24houroperatingfrom2010
4typesofsolarpowergeneration
Generator
Turbine Focusing
heat
storagetank
condenser
Heat
collection
Troughtype
Andasol,Spain
DESERTECFoun at onSolarpowergenerationintheSaharaDesert
Itdependsontheplace.(notsuitabletoJapan)
Generator
Turbine
mirror
focusing
mirror
condenser
condenser
Heat
collection
Fresnel
type
Tower
Generator
Turbine
Heliostat(NEDO:Renewableenergytechnology)
reheatcombustor
Type
(solar
Chimney)
Parabolicdish
Solarpowergenerationintheworld
Sun
belt
Excellent Good Fair Poor
3.3GeothermalenergyElectricalpowerplantcapacityintheworld
(byH.Muraoka,Japanrenewableenergyfoundation,Web1)
Worldgeothermalpowerplantisincreasing.Japaneseplantisconstantforthe
restrictionofnationalparklaw,however,thenewplantconstructionhasstatednow.
Active
Nation VolcanoElectricalpower
capacity
Activevolcanonumberofseveralcountries
(No.)
USA 160 3,000
Indonesia 146 2,779
Japan 119 2,347
Philippines 47 600
Mexico 39 600
(GW)
30.0
27.823.5
6.0
6.0
1
23
4
5Iceland 33 580
NewZealand 20 365
Italy 13 327
5.8
3.7
3.3
(byH.Muraoka,Japanrenewableenergyfoundation,Web1)
geot erma power
plant inJapan
0.535GW
6
7
8
7/29/2019 oVietnam lecture 1, 2013.3-20
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Geothermalenergypowergenerationamount ofthe
maingeothermalresourcescountriesintheworld
paci
tyMWe
2,435
lpowerp
lan
tinsta
lle
dca
15,516
MWe
in
2025
e
In20139,500
MWe
in2025
USA
Philipp
ines
Indonesia
Mexico
Ita
ly
New
Zea
lan
d
Ice
lan
d
Japan
ElSa
lva
dor
Kenya
Costa
Rica
Nicaragua
Geo
therma
(Bertani(2010)andIEAGeothermalEnergyAnnualReport2009(2010)
1 4 2 5 8 7 6 3
Roadmapvisionofgeothermalpower
productionbyregion(TWh/y)
Wh
/yShareofglobal
rma
lpowerpro
duct
ion
,
(%)
OECDNorthAmerica
OECDEurope
OECDPacific
Other
IndiaandChina
DevelopingAsia
(IEA 2011, Technologyroadmapongeothermalheat andpower)
Geothermalenergyreaches3.5%ofallelectricitygenerationin2050.
Geo
the
Year
AfricaandMiddle
East
Subjectsofgeothermalenergyutilization
Itisdifficulttogetthepermissiontoconstructthegeothermalpowerplant.
deregulation innationalpark a esa ong me years os ar econs ruc on
ofgeothermalpowerplantafterinvestigationbyboring.
Thereisariskofnoexpectedhydrothermalwater.
LowcostofelectricpowersellingcomparinggeothermalpowergenerationItisnecessarytoreduce the borin cost. Im ortance of innovativeboringmethoddevelopment.
Developmentofscaleremovaltechnology
200to300Hotwaterandsteam40to200 Binarycyclepower generation
Utilizationofpentane(36boilingpoint)
Geothermalheatpumputilizationsystem
Consumedelectricpowerisonethirdcomparingelectricity
changestotheheat.Energyefficiencyislarge.
8
10
1214
16
ature
,
0
2
4
6
0 50 100
Distance from the surface of land
Tempe
(Akitaprefectureinwinter)(FromFujitalab.)
7/29/2019 oVietnam lecture 1, 2013.3-20
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Greenhouseusingheat
pumpsystemofearth
thermalenergy (AkitaPrefecture)
Heatconvectionpipe
usingtemperaturesensitivemagneticfluid
Permanent
thefree
convectioninthe
pipe.
Flowrate
12mm/s3.4Biomassenergy
CarbonNeutral
Solid fuel of wood ellet
Ethanolfromwoodybiomass
Japan:ExistenceofLowdensityandwidearea
Itisdifficulttomakelargeandintensivetreatment.Localproductionforlocalconsumptionisimportant.
CalorificvalueandlargeamountofmoistureLimitof,
efficiency
Priortodistrictheating andhotwaterutilization
Cogenerationsystemisimportant.
7/29/2019 oVietnam lecture 1, 2013.3-20
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Japanesebiomassabundanceandutilizationrate
Mt
Woodchi derivedfromconstruction
Noedibleinfarmproducts
Timberoffcuts
.471
.40
.8
iomassamount,
Sewagesludge
Blackliquor
Usedpaper
Foodwastes
Sawmillremindermaterial
7.9
7
3.6
1.9
0.4
30
(Annual ReportonFood,AgricultureandRural Areasin Japan, MAFF(Ministry agriculture,forestry and fisheries, 2009)
B0 20 40 60 80 100
Livestockexcrement8.7
Utilizatin (%)
noused(%)
Large
Utilizationofbiomassin2002,2009and2020Biomassabundanceandutilizationratefrom2002to2020
Utilization
NousedComposting construction
material&
composting
Energy
Material&
energy
Feed&
composting
Livestockexcrement, Sewagesludge,Blackliquor,Usedpaper,Foodwastes
Pper &
energy
Paper&
FeedComposting
&feedPaperCompostin
g&feed
(A.Sakoda,TheU.ofTokyo)
Sawmillreminder,Woodchipderived,Noediblein,Edible, Timber
material. fromconstruction.farmproducts.farmproducts.offcuts.
RPF sample40mm20mm 8mm
Refusederivedpaperand
plasticsfuelsafe (RefusePaperCalorificvalue 6,000kcal25MJ)kg gradesimilartocoal
8,000kcalMJ)kg gradesimilartocoke
RDF(Refusederivedfuel)4500200kcalMJ kgPossibilityofexplosionbymethanegasduringstock
RPFquality
JapaneseIndustrialStandards JIS Z7311:2010 :Fujitaetal.werediscussed.
Grade
Number
Calorificvalue
Moisture
Ash
TotalCl
>