Organized by United Nations Economic Commission for

Africa10 – 12 March, 2008

Rabat

‘Climate change refers to the phenomenon that is causing the earth to become warmer which means that our climate and our weather systems are changing.’

Today, the earth is hotter than it has been in two thousand years…

GHG emissions from

•Industrialization

•Urbanization

•Deforestation

•Land use changes

Carbon dioxide (CO2);• Methane (CH4);• Nitrous oxide (N2O);• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs);• Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); and• Sulphur hexafluoride (SF

Global mean temperature has increased by 0.740C

Decrease in snow cover and ice extent 10 % reduction in snow cover since late 1960s 10 -15 % reduction in spring/ summer ice content

since 1950s 10 – 20 cm rise in global sea level

CO2 CH4 N2O HFC-23

Pre-industrial concentration

About 290 ppm About 700 ppb About 270 ppb Zero

Concentration in 1998

365 ppm 1745 ppb 314 ppb 14 ppt

Rate of concentration change

1.5 ppm/yr 7.0 ppb/yra 0.8 ppb/yr 0.55 ppt/yr

Atmospheric lifetime

5 to 200 yr 12 yr 114 yr 260 yr

GHGs affect by human activities

Source: climate change 2001, The Scientific Basis, Technical Summary of the Working Group/Report

Natural and human systems are both vulnerable to climate change

─Agriculture, water resources, coastal areas, forests, biodiversity, infrastructure

Those with the least resources have the least capacity to adapt and are the most vulnerable

─Reliance on climate-sensitive activities ─Weak technical, institutional, and financial capacity

Disproportionate effects on developing countries and poor in all countries

Climate change has affected many sectors in Asia

In future it is likely to affect agriculture, risk of hunger and water resource scarcity with enhanced climate variability and more rapid melting of glaciers

Also, likely to affect forest expansion and migration, exacerbate threats to biodiversity

Multiple stresses in Asia will be compounded further due to climate change

Substantial decreases in cereal production potential in Asia

Crop simulation modeling studies based on future climate change scenarios indicate, substantial losses are likely in rain-fed wheat in South and Southeast Asia

For e.g. 0.5o C rise in winter temperature would reduce wheat yield by 0.45 tonnes per hectare in India. (Average yield of wheat 2.6 tonnes per hectare in 2006 – Source: GAIN Report)

TERI (1996)

In its 2007 report IPCC stated that ‘Africa is one of the most vulnerable continents to climate change and climate variability, a situation aggravated by the interaction of “multiple stresses”, occurring at various levels , and low adaptive capacity’.

Very likely that hot extremes, heat waves, and heavy precipitation events will continue to become more frequent

Likely that future tropical cyclones will become more intense, with larger peak wind speeds and more heavy precipitation

Extra-tropical storm tracks projected to move pole ward with consequent changes in wind, precipitation, and temperature patterns

In Europe : 20 million providing employment to 60 million SMEs in China have become an important part of the transnational corporations' world industrial chain.With around 80% of the industrial sector employment. Indian SME is the second largest employer of human resources after agriculture, employing around 20 million people, contributing 35% of the total export trade and accounting for nearly 40% of the total value of industrial production

While China is consistently rated by SME leaders with the greatest prospects for economic growth (92 per cent) in 2007, across the region

India’s prospects are also viewed as very positive in the coming year (81 per cent).

Source :UPS Asia Business Monitor

Very few countries have working definitions of SMEs, except some members of UEMOA/WAEMU and Mauritius and Morocco.

A large gap between the numbers of SMEs in the formal and the informal sectors and among them very few in the manufacturing sector.

SMEs in Kenya employed some 3.2 million people in 2003 and accounted for 18 per cent of national GDP.

SMEs in Senegal contribute about 20 per cent of national value-added.

Nigerian SMEs account for some 95 per cent of formal manufacturing activity and 70 per cent of industrial jobs.

In Morocco, 93 per cent of all industrial firms are SMEs and account for 38 per cent of production, 33 per cent of investment, 30 per cent of exports and 46 per cent of all jobs.

Source: African Development Bank and OECD Development Centre, African Economic Outlook

SMEsAddressing climate

change

Mitigation of GHG emissions

Adaptation to climate change

Controlling GHG emissions by introduction of clean technologies and fuels switch

End use energy conservation

Sequestration of GHG emitted in the earth’s atmosphere by

Afforestation and reforestation Geological storage of CO2

Oceanic sequestration, etc.

Adaptation

Planned and anticipatory

Autonomous and reactive

Planned anticipatory adaptation has the potential to reduce vulnerability and realize opportunities associated with climate change

WMO and the UNEP established the IPCC in 1988• provide the policy makers up-to-date scientific

information on climate change IPCC AR in 1990 confirmed that

human induced climate change was indeed a threat and called for global treaty to address the problem

The Kyoto Protocol adopted at CoP3 in Kyoto, Japan, in Dec. 1997

Provides legally binding commitments for industrialized countries to return their GHG emissions to an average of approx. 5.2% per cent below their 1990 levels during the 2008-2012

Joint Implementation

International Emission Trading

Clean Development Mechanism

assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development

contribute to the ultimate objective of the Convention, and

assist developed countries in achieving compliance with their QELRCs

Improving the competitiveness ofsmall and micro enterprises

•Enhanced energy efficiency•Higher productivity•Improved environmental performance•Innovative processes for techno-social integration

• Grey iron foundries (cupolas)• Glass units (pot furnaces and muffle

furnaces)• Brick kilns (vertical shaft brick kilns and

bull’s trench kilns)• Puffed rice making• Biomass gasifier-based thermal

applications (silk reeling, cardamom drying, and other sub-sectors

Interaction with bankers Gas fired muffled furnace

Pouring molten into molds

• Cluster approach developed by UNIDO could be way in which a multiplier effect can be created in supporting the development of a cluster of SMEs from a particular industry or sector.

• Clustering allows for networking to take place amongst SMEs thereby sharing learning and increasing influence.

• Increased research and awareness for and among specific SME sectors keeping in mind their requirements