Unit 9 Organic ChemistryWhat is Organic Chemistry? Organic Chemistry is The Chemistry of Carbon: 1. Hydrocarbons (C and H only) and 2. Molecules Derived from Hydrocarbons.What does Organic mean? Historically, Organic molecules came only from Living Organisms. What are Hydrocarbons?Molecules made of Only Hydrogen and Carbon.What are Homologous Hydrocarbons? Homo-Logos = Same-Ratio Carbon-Hydrogen Molecules with similar General FormulaeHow do the Carbon-Carbon Bonds determine the Type of Hydrocarbon? have All Carbon-Carbon Single Bonds. These Hydrocarbons are Saturated.1. Alkanes 2. Alkenes have One Carbon=Carbon Double Bond. These Hydrocarbons are Unsaturated. 3. Alkynes have One Carbon/Carbon Triple Bond. These are also Unsaturated.

What is the Process for Naming (Nomenclature) Hydrocarbons?1. Begin the name with the Number of Carbon Atoms in the longest, continuous Carbon Chain. Naming (Nomenclature) of Hydrocarbons2. End the name with the Type of Hydrocarbon.butane2-hexenepentaneheptanepropyne1-pentene2,2-dimethylpentane2-pentyne3-methylhexane2-penteneWhat does the 2 indicate?2 is the Lowest number of a Carbon with Double Bond.

IsomersWhat are Isomers? Isomers are Molecules with the Same Molecular Formula, but Different Structural Formulae. A Different Arrangement of the Same Atoms.Draw Isomers of C3H8O.How many Bonds does each atom form?Carbon: 4 Bonds Oxygen: 2 Bonds Hydrogen: 1 BondDraw Isomers of C4H10O. How does the number of Carbon atoms in a molecule relate to the number of possible Isomers? As the number of Carbons Atoms Increases the number of Possible Isomers also Increases.1-propanol2-propanolethyl methyl ether1-butanol2-butanolmethyl propyl ether diethyl ether 2-methyl-1-propanol2-methyl-2-propanolGive the Correct Name of Each Molecule

What is IUPAC? The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry determines Rules for Nomenclature.Functional GroupsWhat are Functional Groups?Groups of Atoms that give Distinctive Physical and Chemical Properties to Organic Compounds. What is the Process for Naming Organic Compounds with Functional Groups?1. Determine Longest, Continuous Carbon Chain. Number Cs in a direction to give Groups the Lowest Numbers Possible.2. Use Ref. Table R to Identify the Type of Functional Group(s) present. 3. In Ref. Table R, check the Example and determine: How did they name theirs?4. List Functional Groups Alphabetically.5. Use di-, tri-, tetra- for multiple, similar Groups. Ex. Polarity and Partial Charge Affect IFAs (therefore m.p. & b.p. & Solubility). Some Functional Groups impart Acidic or Basic properties.

Organic ReactionsWhat Specific Types of Reactions can Organic Compounds Undergo?1. Combustion:React with Oxygen (O2) and Produce CO2 + H2O + EnergyWrite the Balanced Reaction for the Burning of Propane. 1 C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O2. Addition: A Halogen (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) or Hydrogen (H2) reacts by Adding One Atom to Each Carbon in a C=C Double Bond (Alkene) or C/C Triple Bond (Alkyne).Write the Chemical Equation for the Addition of Bromine to Propene. Show Structural Diagrams and Molecular Formulae.Write the Balanced Reaction for the Complete Combustion of Ethanol.1C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

Organic Reactions Continued3. Substitution: A Halogen (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) reacts by Substituting One Atom for One Hydrogen Atom on an Alkane. Another Product is HF or HCl or HBr or HI.Use Structural Diagrams to show the Substitution reaction between Chlorine and Butane.4. Polymerization: The repeated combination of many small units (monomers) to form one larger molecule (polymer). 4a. Addition Polymerization: Polyethylene is made from many ethene units. Double Bond becomes Single and New Bonds form between the monomers.What Types of Hydrocarbons can undergo Addition Polymerization?Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Alkenes and Alkynes (Not Alkanes).

4b. Condensation (Dehydration) Polymerization: Identify and Remove Water from between units. Use Broken Bonds to Form New Bonds between monomers.More Organic Reactions

Even More Organic Reactions5. Esterification: A Dehydration Synthesis between an Alcohol and an Organic Acid forms an Ester.Draw the Structural Diagrams for the Esterification Reaction between 1-Propanol and Acetic Acid.6. Saponification: The Hydrolysis* Reaction between Fat and Strong Base to Produce Soap and Glycerol.* Hydrolysis = Splitting by Adding Water = Opposite of Dehydration SynthesisName the Ester.propyl ethanoateEsterification SaponificationWhat are the Properties of Soap?1. Polar headNa+2. Nonpolar tailSoap can mix with water and oil.

7. Fermentation:Yeast use enzymes to catalyze the conversion of Sugar into Ethanol and CO2.Organic ReactionsWrite a Chemical Equation for Fermentation.6. Saponification (Continued)Soap MoleculeGlycerol C6H12O6 Yeast/ZymaseEnzymes2C2H5OH + 2CO2SugarEthanol and Carbon DioxideEnzymes act as Catalysts. They are Not Consumed as a Reactant.Polar: Water Soluble Nonpolar: Oil + Grease Soluble

Oxidation of a Primary AlcoholWhat are the products of the Oxidation of a Primary Alcohol?AlcoholAldehydeOrganic AcidHow does the Oxidation Number of the Primary Carbon change in these reactions?The Oxidation Number Increases = Oxidation. -1 +1 +3 Carbon Loses Electrons in Bonds with Oxygen.

Polypeptides and Proteins are Polymers Made of Amino Acid Monomers

Protein Structures

The Specific Shapes of Protein Molecules

What Type of Reaction Splits Sucrose (disaccharide) into two monosaccharides?HydrolysisSugar MoleculesOrganic Molecules can form Rings.

Starch is a Polymer Made of Glucose Monomers

Cellulose is Also a Polymer Made of Glucose Monomers