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Agenturfür Arbeit
Rathaus IINeues
Rathaus
Volksfest-platz
Stein-graeberPalais
Oberfranken-halle
DasZentrum
Friedrichs-Forum
Post
Post
Stadtfriedhofmit Grabkapelle Franz Liszt
und Jean Paul Grabmal
TierparkRöhren-
see
Prinzessinnen-haus
SynagogeSchloss-kircheAltes
Schloss
NeuesSchloss
Fanggas
se
Am Main
fleck
lein
„WILHELMINENAUE“
Cineplex
Facilities in the Community:
1 Synagoguewithmikvah,Münzgasse2
2 Cemetery,NürnbergerStr.9
3 Formercommunityhouse,Münzgasse5*withmikvahandkosherbutcherscabin
4 Schoolclassroom,centralschoolhouse(Graser-school),Schulstr.4
5 JewishCommunityandCultureCentrewithMuseum(tobecompletedin2020),Münzgasse9
12 Karl-Marx-Str.6*,S.Strauß&Sons,horseandcattletrade
13 Karl-Marx-Str.13,MaxOppenheim,skinandfurstore,laterSelmarOppenheim,Oppinwerke,shoedispatchshipments
14 KulmbacherStr.103*,privatementalhomeDr.Würzburger,laterSanatoriumMainschlossandHerzoghöhe
15 Luitpoldplatz2,MaxundLeopoldReinauer,LudwigHeimann,textilemanu-facturerandtextilestore
16 Maximilianstr.2*,SimonPfefferkorn,womensclothing,curtainsandtextilestore
17 Maximilianstr.9,MaxHarburger,textilestore
18 Maximilianstr.46,H.M.Wilmersdörffer,laterGuttaandMaxWilmersdörffer,PaulNördlinger,manufacturedgoods,textilesupplies
19 Maximilianstr.71,MoritzFleischer,laterIsaacZwirn,shoestore
20Münzgasse11,SimonFleischmann,bookprint,bagandpaperfactory,laterLudwigHönigsberger
21 Opernstr.7,JuliusAptekmannlaterHermannReinauer,Reinauer&Düring,tabaccostore
22 Opernstr.11*,departmentstoreFriedmann,Erwege,JosephFriedmannlaterMaxFriedmannandlawofficeDr.RichardHerzstein,lawyer
23 Opernstr.16,MosesandDavidSeckel,coinsupplierandCourtJew,laterFamilyWertheimer,laterIsidorDittmann,maleclothesstore
24Opernstr.22,LuitpoldKurzmann,departmentstoreforwoolandfashionitemsaswellastoys,thenAdolfandOscarMarx
25 Richard-Wagner-Str.4*,HeinrichSchriefer,departmentstoreforwoolandfashionitemsaswellastoys,thenAdolfandOscarMarx
26Richard-Wagner-Str.38,lawofficeBertholdKlein,lawyer
Birthplaces and former addresses of renowned personalities:27 Dr.FischelArnheim(1812-
1864),Opernstr.7solicitor,bavarianMemberofParlament
28Prof.Dr.SiegfriedBettmann(1869-1939),Luitpoldplatz17*,doctor,dermatologist,professorattheUniversityHeidelberg
29RichardEngelmann(1868-1966),Markgrafenallee44,sculptor,professoratthehighereducationinstitu-tionforvisualartsWeimar
30Dr.HeinrichHarburger(1851-1916),Kämmereigasse9*attorney,PresidentoftheHigherRegionalCourtMunich’sSenate,honoraryprofessorUniversityMunich
31 JuliusHerzvonHertenried(1825-1910),KulmbacherStr.7*engineer,railwaycon-structioninBavaria,Swit-zerland,Austria,inheritedknighthoodinAustria
32 HildeMarx(1911-1986),Richard-Wagner-Str.4*author
33 Dr.AlbertNeuburger(1867-1943),Kirchgasse22electrochemist,authorofhistoricaltechnicalbooks,(“DieTechnikdesAlter-tums”,1919)andnewspa-perarticles
34EmanuelOsmund(1766-1842),Friedrichstr.16friendofJeanPaul,bankerandretailer
35 JosefRubinstein(1847-1884),Badstr.31*,pianistofRichardWagner,graveintheJewishCemetaryBayreuth
36 JustinSteinhäuser(1891-1966),Friedrich-von-Schiller-Str.14*merchantandcitycouncil
*buildingstorndown,partlyreplacedthroughnewbuildings.
Streets named in remembrance of Jews:37 Harburgerstraße38 Judengasse
(=Von-Römer-Straße)39 Jakob-Herz-Straße40Dr.-Würzburger-Straße41 Levistraße
Time of the National Socialist persecution
Prehistory and Anti-Semitism
42Wahnfriedstr.1,Chamberlain-Villa
43Maximilianstr.2/4*,“BrownHouse”,seatoftheNSDAPregionaladministration(“Gaulei-tung”)BayerischeOstmark
Locations of the Reichspogromnacht 1938
1 Münzgasse2,Synagogue44Carl-Schüller-Str.20
1/2,textilestore“G.Roßkamm”(owner:JakobandAdeleStrauß)
45Luitpoldplatz17*,textilestore“Dessauer”
46Richard-Wagner-Str.20*,RudolphWeigert’sNürnbergerBazar
47Schloßberglein3*,toystore(owner:IlseFriedmann)
48Maximilianstr.33,policestationintheOldTownHall
49Hindenburgstr.1*,stablesoftheabattoir
50Markgrafenallee30*,statecourtprison
Locations of remembrance 51 Memorialstones,Jewish
cemetery,NürnbergerStr.952 Memorialstones,New
TownHall,Luitpoldplatz1353 Exhibition“Silenced
Voices”(“VerstummteStimmen”)andplaque,Festspielpark
54PlaqueexternalcampBay-reuthaspartofthecon-centrationcampFloßen-bürg,Spinnereistraße
History of the Community
ThehistoryoftheBayreuthJewishCommunitygoesbacktotheMiddleAges.Sincethe13thcenturythereisevidenceprovingtheexistenceandtheperse-cutionofJewsinthetown.AftertheJewshadtoleavethemargraviatein1515onlyfewisolatedJewsinhabitedBayreuthuntilthe18thcentury.Theirlivingcir-cumstancesweredepend-antonthegoodwilloftheMargraveswhograntedprotectionduetofinan-cialinterestsoftheirown.“Landstände”(politicalrep-resentativesoftheestatesintheGermanEmpiredur-ingtheMiddleAges)andthemunicipalcouncilwereratherhostileandrestrictivetowardsJews.MargraveFriedrich(reignedfrom1735-1763)madeare-establishmentofaJewishCommunitypossible.Heallowedthesettlementof10JewishfamiliesandgavehisconsenttotheCourtbankerandcoinsupplierMosesSeckeltosetupasyna-gogue.Therapidlygrowingnumberofthecommunity,in1792389JewslivedinBayreuthandin1837theJewishpopulationpeakedat530Jewishcitizens,result-
inginaneconomicupswing,despitetheever-presentanti-semitichostilities.Theseintensifyinthe1920’swiththeriseofNationalSocialism.Aftertheseizeofpowerin1933thesituationdramaticallyworsensandJewishcitizensresignandleavethetown.In1933theJewishpopulationinBay-reuthcounted261people,inNovember1938thisnumberhadsunktojust80.TheReichspogromnachtonthe9./10.11.1938showsjusthowseverethesituationhadbecome.Afterthetwodeportationsin1941and1942onlyfewJews,thosethathadChristianspouses,remainedinBayreuth.TheendoftheSecondWorldWarbroughtaboutarevivalofJewishlifeinthecityduetomanyJewish“DisplacedPersons”,mostofthesehoweveremigratedlateron.OnlyveryfewoftheBayreuthJewsthatweredeportedandpersecutedreturnedtotheirhome-town.Thesmallremainingcommunityreceivedanupswingwhenquotarefu-geesfromtheformerSovietUnioncameinthe1990’s.Nowroundabout500JewscallBayreuththeirhome.
Working Life:6 Badstr.30,Abraham
Fleischer,(OwnersIsaakandSamuelFleischer),cattlesales
7 Dammwäldchen4*,LionLöwensohn,firstBayreutherchocolate,sugarconfectionaryandfruitpreservefactory,also“ApparatebauanstaltBavaria”
8 Erlangerstr.19,privatmen-talhome,Dr.Würzburger(laterKulmbacherStr.103)
9 Friedrich-Puchta-Str.26,Dr.HugoHolzinger,doctorandobstetrician
10 Kanzleistr.15,AntiquarianSeligsberg
11 Karl-Marx-Str.4*,JakobKaufmann,leathergoods(suitcasesandschoolsatchels)
On the tracks of Jewish life in Bayreuth
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Imprint:Publisher: BayreuthMarketingundTourismusGmbHund Gesellschaftfürchristlich-jüdische ZusammenarbeitBayreuthe.V.Design: GMK–Medien.Marken.Kommunikation.BayreuthMapofcity: MichaelWegenerMapofcitycenter: EngelbrechtDesign+Werbung,BerlinTexts: ChristineBartholomäusM.A.,Stadtarchiv unterMitarbeitvonDr.NorbertAas,FrankNicklasPhotofrontpage,PhotoSynagogue(new),PhotoMikvah: NorbertMiguletzPhotos: IsraelitischeKultusgemeinde,StadtarchivBayreuth, BayreuthMarketing&TourismusGmbHPrint: ?????Noresponsibilityisacceptedforthecorrectnessofthisinformation.AsofFebruary2019
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Opernstraße 16
Maximilianstraße 9
Cemetery
Maximilianstraße 2
Castle Terraces3:04 Min.
Margravial Opera House3:30 Min.
Haus Wahnfried - Richard Wagner Museum3:54 Min.
Courtyard Garden2:36 Min.
New Palace3:26 Min.
Jean Paul Platz / Friedrichstraße
01
02
03
04
05
063:55 Min.
Stadtkirche and Kanzleistraße 073:18 Min.
Market Place and Old Town Hall 083:17 Min.
Old Palace 092:55 Min.
Festival Theatre 103:03 Min.
Eremitage - Sun Temple 113:19 Min.
Eremitage - Old Palace 123:21 Min.
Your Mobile Audio Guide
Please dial 0911 810 9400 481 + the necessary extension number.Connection fee: call to German landline. This is an exclusive offer of the Bayreuth Touristic Office. Also available on the web: www.bayreuth.tomis.mobiEine Kooperation von:
Hauptbahnhof
Bindlacher Str. I
Bindlacher Str. II
Weiherstraße II
Weiherstraße I
BAT
Grundig
Sophian-Kolb-Str.
Egerländer Str.
Theodor-Schmidt-Str. II
Theodor-Schmidt-Str. I
Ind.-Gebiet St. Georgen West
Grundig
Riedinger- str.
Karlsbader Str .
Königsbergstr .
Bundespolizei
Chr.-R.-v.-Langh-Str. (Tankstelle)
Chr.-R.-v.-Langh-Str. (Fa. Baier)
Alte Bindlacher Allee
Friedrichsthal
Schützenstr. Laineck
Steinachstr.
SiedlungLaineck
Allensteiner Ring
Hammerstatt
Richard-Strauß-Str.
Volksfestplatz
Hbf.Tunnelstr.
Markgrafenallee
St. Georgen
Stuckberg
Bernecker Str.Hagenstr.
Wilhelm-Pitz-Str.
Güterbahnhof
Gartenstadt
Am Festspielhaus
Grüner Baum
Eubener Str.
Siegmundstr.
Hohe Warte
Wendelhöfen
Cottenbacher Str.Gontardstr.
Bezirkskrankenhaus
NordringFeustelstr.
Jägerstr. Spinnereistr.
Berliner Platz
Rotmain-halle
UnteresTor
Kulmbacher Str.Rathaus II
Fröbe
lstr.
Lippa
chers
tr.
H.-v.-F
allersl
eben
-Str.
Gesch
wister-
Scholl
-Plat
z
Andec
hsstr
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Meranie
rring
Roter H
ügel
Sportplatz
Dörnhof
Oberpreusch-witz WestOberpreusch-witz MitteOberpreusch-witz, Am BergOberpreusch-witz Ost
Albert-Schweitzer-Hospiz
Fasanenring
Carl-B
urger-
Str.
Mosing
er Str.
Raben
stein
Richtho
fenhö
he
Preus
chwitze
r Str.
Rheins
tr.
Eibse
estr.
Kliniku
mallee I
Bonho
effer
Schule
Boden
seeri
ng
Kliniku
mallee I
I
Kliniku
m
Reha-K
linik
Lessingweg
Freiheitsplatz
Geseeser Weg
BahnhofAltstadt
Y-Haus Stern-taler-ring
Donn-dorfer
Str.
Meyern-berg Süd
Meyern-berg Nord
Neckarstr.
Adlerstr.
J.-Fuchs-Str.
StadtfriedhofWittels-bacher-ring
Humboldtstr.
SiebenerPlatz
A.-Preu-Str.
Hohen-zollern-
ring
Luitpold-platz
Sternplatz
Stadtkirche
Stadthalle
Rollwen
zelei
Colmdo
rf
Schwab
enstr
.
Neue H
eimat
Wahnfr
ied
W
ieland
-
Wag
ner-S
tr.
Wunaustr.
Grunau Park
Aichig Sonnenstr.
St. Johannis
Ochsenhut
Parkplatz Eremitage
Eremitage
Seulbitz, Alm
Seulbitz, Ort
Breiter Rain
Lohengrin Therme
Lindigstr.
Eremitenhof
Rotkreuzheim
Klinik Herzoghöhe
Calvinstr.
Himmelkronstr.
Laineck
Hammerstatt/Industriegebiet
Jakobshof
Dörnhof
Dialysezentrum
Stolzingstr.
Kinderk
linik
Wörthstr.
Jakobshof
A.-Wächter-Str.
2015-11-06
Opernhaus
B.-Neumann-Str.Kreuz-steinbad
MühlhoferStift
Glockenstr.Lerchenbühl
VeilchenwegErikawegSaas
Saas SüdSüdfriedhof
Otto-Hahn-Str.
Saas
Menzelplatz
Röhren-see
Schweden-brücke
Geowissen-schaftenUniverwaltung
Storchen-nest
Dürschnitz
Hofgarten
Stadtwerke
Oberfr
anke
nhalle
/
Sportz
entru
m
SchwarzerSteg
Herderstr.Eichen-
dorffringBirkenstr.
Klopstockstr.
Friedenskirche
MensaJustizpalast
Leibnizstr.
Studiobühne
Ludwig-Thoma-Brücke
Schopenhauerstr.
Filchnerstr.
Oberkonnersreuth,Hauptstr.Oberkonnersreuth,Ortsmitte
Birken
Campus
Am Aubach
Hohlmühle
Plantage
Destuben Siedlung
Destubener Str.
Bauerngrün
Untern-schreez
Thiergärtner Str.Oberthiergarten
ThiergartenObernschreez
Destuben Ort
Rödensdorf Siedlung
Destuben
Meyernreuth
Am Briefzentrum
Gottlieb-Keim-Str.
Hirschbaumstr.
Wolfsbach
Friedrich-Ebert-Str.
Albrecht-Dürer-Str.
Rotkreuz-str.
Schwarzwaldstr.
Basell
ZOH
Scheffelstr.
ZOH
Prieser-str
Kreuzstein
Nürnberger Str.
Hospitalstift
Bad Berneck
Bindlach
Dürrwiesen
316
Linienplan TagverkehrJewish BayreuthA Tour through Jewish Bayreuth
fatesof53persecutedand12mur-deredJewsarepresentedextensivelyinGermanandEnglish.Since2000amemorial stone (54)intheSpinnereistraßestandsinmem-oryoftheinmatesoftheexternalcampBayreuthbelongingtotheconcentrationcampFlossenbürg.IntheInstituteforphysicsresearch,thathadbeentransferredtoBay-reuthin1944,concentrationcampinmateshadtoworktosatisfythedemandforarmaments.Thisbuild-ingonthepremisesofthenewcot-tonmillwastorndownin1994.
Literature recommendations (only available in German):AdolfEckstein,GeschichtederJudenimMarkgraftumBayreuth1248bis1786,Bayreuth1907,130S.SylviaHabermann/BerndMayer/Chri-stophRabenstein:„Reichskristallnacht“.DasSchicksalunsererjüdischenMitbürger.EineGedenkschriftderStadtBayreuth,Bayreuth1989,2.,überarb.Aufl.,50S.,Abb.JosefGothart:NamhafteBayreutherJudenim19.Jahrhundert,in:ArchivfürGeschichtevonOberfranken75(1995),S.385-394JosefGothart:WasderjüdischeFriedhofBayreuthsunszusagenhat,in:ArchivfürGeschichtevonOberfranken78(1998),S.457-469EkkehardHübschmann/HelmutPaulus/SiegfriedPokorny:PhysischeundbehördlicheGewalt.Die„Reichskristallnacht“unddieVer-folgungderJudeninBayreuth,hrsg.vonderGeschichtswerkstattBayreuthe.V.,Bayreuth:BumerangVerlag2000,260S.,Abb.Denk/Steinesetzen.ÜberdieWiedergewin-nungderErinnerungandieermordetenJudenvonBayreuth.EineDokumentationvonIreneHamel,Bayreuth:BumerangVerlag2003,98S.,Abb.MehralsSteine...Synagogen-GedenkbandBayern.BandI:Oberfranken,Oberpfalz,Nie-derbayern,Oberbayern,Schwaben,hrsg.vonWolfgangKraus,BerndtHammundMeierSchwarz,erarb.vonBarbaraEberhardtundAngelaHager,Lindenberg2007,hierKapitelBayreuth,S.92-105JudeninBayreuth1933-2003.Verfolgung,Vertreibung–unddasDanach.Hrsg.fürdieNeueBayreutherGeschichtswerkstattvonNorbertAas,Bayreuth:BumerangVerlag2008,2.Aufl.,312S.,Abb.JüdischesBayreuthHrsg.vonderGesellschaftfürChristlich-JüdischeZusammenarbeitBayreuth,Bayreuth2010.
Neuropaths.TheSanatoriumalsohadaprivaterehabilitationhousecalledMainschloss.AllthiswaslocatedintheKulmbacherStr.103.AlbertWürzburgersfatherDr.SimonWürzburger(1816-1895)hadfoundedthisasaprivatementalhomeintheErlangerStr.19
(41) LevistraßeInhonouroftheconductoroftheParsifalpremiereinBayreuth,Her-mannLevi(1839-1900),in1962astreetclosetotheFestivalTheatrewasnamedafterhim.
During the time of the National Socialist persecution
Background and Antisemitism:Racetheoreticianandculturalphi-losopherHoustonStewartChamber-lain(1855-1927)whowasmarriedtooneofRichardWagner’sdaughtersEva,spenthislastyearsinthe Wah-nfriedstr. 1 (42).Withhisanti-Se-miticallycoinedworks,inwhichheemphasizedthesuperiorityoftheArianrace,hewasanhonoraryciti-zenofBayreuth(since1922)andoneofthebigenablersforAdolfHitlerandtheNationalSocialists.IntheThirdReichtherearemanyexamplesofcommonplaceanti-semitismtowardsfellowJewishcitizens:EarlyMarch1933thejobcentreemployeeKurtdeJongewaspulledoffhisbicycle.HewasinformedthathewasarrestedbecausehewasaJewandthatamemberoftheSAwouldtakeoverhisjobinstead.Inautumn1940Mrs.MathildeCahn’stelephonewasconfiscatedbytheReichPostalservice–Jewswereforbiddenfromusingthetelephonenetwork.AnupsetMrs.Cahnthreatenedtojumpoutofthewindow–addi-tionallyshehadtohandoverallofherjewellery.Duringthewinterof1940/41FamilyHerzstein,justlikeallotherfamiliesinthehouse,soughtoutthecommunalair-raidshelterafterhearingtheair-raidsiren.Oneresidentdenouncedthemtothelocalgroupleader.ItwastobeimpresseduponthemthatJewswerenotpermittedtouse
thecommunalair-raidshelters.Intheso-called“BrownHouse”intheMaximilianstr. 2 and 4 (43)theNSDAPregionaladministrationforthe“BayerischeOstmark”haditsseat.Fromheretheycouldspewtheirpropaganda.Upuntil1933thehouseintheMaximilianstr.2belongedtotheJewishmerchantSimonPfefferkorn,whohadaflourishingbusinessthere.DuetoimmensepressureandintimidationbythepartyhewasforcedtosellhishousetotheNS-Kulturverlagon31.03.1933.AfterthisthepartyaccumulatedthehouseintheMaximilianstr.4aswellasthebuildingSchlossberglein2,bythesamemeans.TheJewishmerchantswidowJohannaHirschmannwassubjecttothreatsandwashenceforcedtosell.
Locations of the “Reichspogromnacht”
Duringthenightfromthe9thtothe10thNovember1938thesyna-gogue (1) wasviolatedanddestroyedthroughSAandSSmembers.TheordersforthiscamefromMunichwheretheheadoftheNaziparty,amongthemBayreuth’sregionalleaderFritzWächtler,werehavingaparty.TherewasstrictordersnottoburnthesynagoguedownbecausethecloselysituatedpreciousMar-gravialOperaHousemightbeinriskofburningdowntoo.Theritualarticlesaresincemissingandtheinteriordidn’tsurviveatall.ManyshopsandapartmentsweresubjecttotheriotsagainstJewishcitizensintheReichspogromnacht.
Facilities in the Community
Thesynagogue,thecemeteryandthemikvaharecentralfacilitiesthatcanbefoundinaJewishcommunity.
(1) Synagogue with mikvah, Münzgasse 2 In1759theroyalbankerandcoinsupplierMosesSeckelboughttheformermargravialKomödienandRedoutenhauslocatednexttotheMargravialOperaHouse.TenyearspriortothisMargraveFriedrichhadallowedtenJewishfamiliestosettledown.Seckelhadtheold“Reuthaus”,positionedinthebackoftheproperty,convertedintoasynagogue–thegrandopeningheldonthe15thofMarch1760.Overthecourseoftimedifferentrenovationsandchangeshavetakenplace.IntheReichspogromnacht9.-10.11.1938theinteriorofthesynagoguewasdestroyed,thebuildingitselfhow-everremainedlargelyintactdueto
itsclosevicinitytotheMargravialOperaHouse.AfterthewarthesmallJewishcommunitywasabletousethesynagogueaftersomesmallalterationshadbeendone.Afteranewmikvahwithanartesianwellwasinaugurated,acompre-hensiverenovationtookplacefrom2013-2016.UponcompletionoftherenovationthesynagoguewasnowabletoservetheJewishcommunitywhichcountsroundabout500members.AmongstotherthingsnowthereisasabbathelevatorwhichwasdevelopedinJerusalem.AdditionallyoneoftheTorahscrollsthatwasrobbedduringtheNazitimecouldbereturnedtoitsoriginalplace.Rediscovery of a genizahDuringafirstpreliminaryexam-inationin2009becauseofthescheduled,extensiverenovationontheoccasionofthesynagogues250yearanniversary,agenizahwithscripts,fragmentsandcultobjectswasfoundinthecenturiesoldroofbeams.Theoldestartefactsfromthishiddendepotofreligiousandworldlyobjectsgobacktothe16thcentury.Aftertheprofessionalsal-vageandevaluationthroughthe“Genisaprojekt”VeitshöchheimtheartefactwillsoonbedisplayedinthecurrentlydevelopingJewishCultureCentreoppositetotheSynagogueintheMünzgasse9.
(5) Jewish Community and Culture Centre with Museum, Münzgasse 9ThelistedestatetobefoundintheMünzgasse9waspreviouslyusedbytheUniversityBayreuthandiscurrentlybeingconvertedandreno-vated.AmongstofficeandfunctionroomsacaféwhichwillofferkosherfoodandbeveragesisbeingcreatedalongwithaJewishmuseum.Ontheverytopflooraguestroomwillbesetupforguestsofthecommunity.
On the tracks of Jewish life in Bayreuth
InformationOpernstraße22,95444BayreuthTel.0921/885-88,Fax0921/885-55e-mail:[email protected]
Jewish Culture Community BayreuthMünzgasse2,95444BayreuthTel.0921/64389,Fax0921/8710761e-mail:[email protected]
ThecompletionofthisnewCom-munityandCultureCentreoftheJewishCommunityisexpectedtobefinishedin2020.
(2) Cemetery, Nürnberger Str. 9ThesitefortheJewishCemeterynexttotheNürnbergerStraßewasacquiredbytheJewishCommunityin1786.AtthattimeitwaslocatedoutsideofthecityonturfbelongingtothemunicipalityofOberkonners-reuth.Thefirstfuneralwasheldthereonthe25thofJune1787,priortothisthedeadhadtobetransport-edtothecemeteriesofBaiersdorf,AufseßorBurgkunststadt.Thecemeterypremisethatisenclosedbyastonewallhasthreedifferentsectionsforgraves.Furthermorethecemeterywaslargenedin1846,1907and2008andnowholdsaround1000graves.ThecemeterybuildingwiththeTaharahall(mortuaryinwhichthedeadarerituallycleansed)wasbuiltin1898.TheJewishCeme-teryonlyisaccessibleafterpriorconsultationandarrangementwiththeIKG.AllgravestonesaredocumentedintheSolomon-Ludwig-Steinheim-Institutedata-baseandareaccessiblethere(www.steinheim-institut.de)
(3) Community house, Münzgasse 5Inthe19thcenturyfurthercom-munityfacilitieswerelocatedinthecommunityhouseoppositethesynagogueatMünzgasse5–such
ToursonthetracksofJewishlifeinBayreuthaswellasNationalSocialisminBayreuthcanbearrangedatthetouristinformation.Citytoursthroughthehistoricalinnercitytakeplacedailyat10.30o’clockfromMay-OctoberandfromNovembertoAprilat10.30o’clockonSaturdays.
astheapartmentoftheprecentorandthecommunitycouncillorandschoolbuildings.Thisremaineduntilthehousewastorndownduetodilapidationin1858,nowthereisanewconstructioninthisplace.Behindthebuildingthereisamikvah,thetraditionalplungepool,directlynexttotheMühlbachwhichcomesfromtheRedMainriver.Thekosher butchers cabinusedforthetraditionalslaughteringofanimalsinaccordancewithJewishriteswasalsotemporarilynextto/behindthehouseatMünzgasse5.Todaynoneoftheseinstitutionsareinplace.Asof1810alsoJewishchildrenweresubjecttotheBavariancompulsoryschoolattendancelaws.Thefirstclass roomintendedfortheteachingofJewishreligionandtheHebrewlanguagewaslocatedinthehouseofthewatchmakerWagnerintheMaximilianstr.48from1824to1826andthenitwassituatedinthe
apartmentoftheteacherAbrahamSternatMaximilianstr.47onthethirdfloor.After1840therewasaschoolroominthecommunityhouseintheMünzgasse5.Aftertheconstructionofthe“Zentralschule”(nowtheGraserschule)in1875class-eswereheldthereatSchulstr. 4 (4).Today,Jewishreligionclasstakesplaceinthecommunityroomsofthesynagogue.
Working Life
Duetomanyrestrictionsintheanti-JewishlawsthebranchesinwhichJewscouldworkwerelimitedtoveryfewareas,thisremainedassuchuntiltheselawswereadjustedinthecourseofthefoundationoftheGermanReichin1871.Tradealwayswasthemainsourceoflive-lihood.InBayreuththereweresomefewJewishfactoriesforexampleapaperandaleatherfactory.Jewishcitizensalsoheldthepositionsofdoctors,lawyersandnotaries.Bytheendofthe19thcentury/startofthe20thcenturythereweremanyshopswithJewishownersintheBayreuthinner-city,mostoftheseweretextilestores.WiththeongoingNationalSocialistantisemiticpropagandatar-getedatJews,manyJewishownersforciblygaveuptheirshops.InJuly1936therewereonly5Jewishstoresleft,afterthePogromnight1938notasinglestorewasleft.
Streets
DifferentstreetnamesremindoneoftheJewishhistorypresentinBay-reuthaswellasoftheeffectsandinfluencesofbigpersonalities.
(37) Harburgerstraße:TheHarburgerstraßewasnamedassuchin1920afterthemerchant
MaxHarburger(1857-1916).Hehadsetupacharitabletrustalongwithhismotherandsiblingsinordertohelpthetown.In1936thestreetwasrenamed,immediatelyafterthewarhoweverthestreetwasgivenbackitsoldname.
(38) Von-Römer-Straße (former Judengasse)1464theJudengassewasfirstmen-tionedindocuments,intheMiddleAgesJewslivedinthisalleyandthesocalled“Judenschul”(synagogue)wassituatedthere.1889itwasrenamedintoVon-Römer-StraßeinordertopaytributetotheVonRömersiblingsandtheircharitabletrust.
(39) Jakob-Herz-Straße1988thecitynamedastreetinhon-ouroftheBayreuthdoctorJakobHerz(1816-1871).HerzwasthefirstJewishprofessorinBavariaandprac-ticedattheUniversityofErlangen.AstreetthathadbeennamedHer-zstrassein1910afterJakobHerz’sbrotherthetrainengineerJuliusHerz(125-1910)lostitsnamein1933.
(40) Dr. Würzburger-StraßeThestreetreceiveditsnamein1947andhonouredDr.AlbertWürzburger1856-1938).Dr.WürzburgerwasarenownedneurologistandtheheadoftheSanatoriumHerzoghöhefor
bersthe6millionmurderedJewsandhasaninsigniainthemiddleofthememorial.In2003withinthe
frameworkofacampaigninitiat-edbytheGeschichtswerkstatt
Bayreuthwhichwassupportedbynumerousschoolsand
theGermanBundeswehr,memorial stones (52) foreveryBayreuthJewishVic-timoftheNationalSocial-istswerelaiddownasastylisedmemorytower.This,alongsidewithanameboardofthevictims,isexhibitedinthefoyerofthetownhall.New Town Hall,
Luitpoldplatz13,95444Bayreuth,Openinghours:Mo,Tue,Thu:08.00-17.00o’clock,Wed:08.00-18.00o’clock,Fr:08.00-15.00o’clock
in1998attheentrancetotheFesti-valHousejustbelowtheterraceintheFestspielpark (53)wasmountedinordertorememberthetwoJew-ishFestivalsingersOttilieMetzgerandHenrietteGottliebthatweremurderedduringtheThirdReich.
Exhibition Silenced Voices, FestspielparkInimmediateproximitytotheFestivalHousetherearemultiplestelesthathavebeentheresince2012.Initiallythesewereplannedtobeatemporaryinstalmentbuttheyhavesincebecomeaperma-nentexhibition.TheyremindusofthepredominantlyJewishartistsinvolvedwiththeBayreuthFestivalthatfellvictimtothisdarkchapterinGermanyspast.Theexhibition“VerstummteStimmen–DieBay-reutherFestspieleunddie“Juden“1876bis1945“discussesthreecloselyintertwinedtopics:theabuseoftheBayreuthFestivalasameansofantisemitic,Germannationalisticmobilization,thedefamationandexclusionof“Jewish”ArtistsandthefatesofthosewhoperformedinBayreuthandbecamevictimsoftheNaziRegime.Thebiographiesof29ofthesedis-creditedartistsoftheeraofCosimaandSiegfriedWagner,aswellasthe
AtthispointonlyfourJewishshopswereleftinBayreuthandthesehadtheirshopwindowssmashed,theirinteriordemolishedandtheirstockdestroyed.
(44) Carl-Schüller-Str. 20 1/2,TextilestoreG.Roßkamm(OwnersJakobandAdeleStrauß)(45) Luitpoldplatz 17,TextilestoreDessauer(46) Richard-Wagner-Str. 20,RudolfWeigert’sNürnbergerBazar(47) Schloßberglein 3,ToystoreIlseFriedmann
Afterthedevastationofthesyna-gogueandmanyJewishapartmentsmanyJewishmenandwomenwereroundedupinthecourtyardofthepolice station “ Im Alten Rathaus” (Maximilianstr.33)(48)atmidnightonthe10.11.1938.TheLordMayorFritzKempflerinsistedontheplacementinanenclosedspacethearrestedwerebroughttothestables of the abattoir(Hindenburgstr.1)(49).Morethan60maleBayreuthJews,manyofthemstillintheirsleepwear,hadtospendthenighttherecrampedtogetherandbeinggawkedatbyonlookers.Themajor-itywerereleasedthenextdaybut23Jewswerebroughttothestate court prison(Markgrafenallee30) (50) withtheintentionofdeportingthemtotheDachauconcentrationcamp.Theprisonbuildingwasdestroyedin1945andtheabattoirstableswererippeddowninordertobuildBayreuth’sshoppingmall–theRotmainCentre.
“Jew Houses”
Aftertheregulationpassedonthe18.12.1938whichimposedtheconsol-idationofJewsintospecifichouses,remainingfamilieswereonlytobefoundinsomefewhouses,thesewereforexample:Carl-Schüller-Str. 20 1/2 (ErnstIsner,FranziskaandLeoSteinberger,AdeleandJakobStrauß)Friedrich-von-Schiller-Str. 14 (Henri-etteOppenheim,Max,Mina,MoritzSteinhäuser)Kreuzstein 15(Anni,JakobJuliusandMaxdeJonge)
Richard-Wagner-Str. 7 (Charlotte,JetteandMathildeCahn;Clothilde,Ernst,SofieandGerhardWann-bacher,TheodorandSophieWann-bacher)Karl-Marx-Str. 13(RosaandSelmarOppenheim,Friedel,Hanneliese,Leo-poldandMaxReinauer)Wolfsgasse 5(Jakob,SabineandWilhelmOppenheimer,PaulineandRaphaelSündermann)
Deportations
ThefirstdeportationfromBayreuthtookplaceonthe27thNovember1941.47BayreuthJewsweretrans-portedtothecampJungfernhofnearRigaviaNürnbergLangwasser.Only4ofthesepeoplesurvived.Further-more12elderlyJewswerebroughttoBambergon16thJanuary1942,fromtheretheywerebroughttoThere-sienstadtinSeptember1942.ItwashereaswellasintheconcentrationcampsIzbica,MinskandAuschwitzthatallweremurdered.InBayreuthonlyfewJewsthatweremarriedtoChristianpartnersremained.ThemenwereobligatedtoserveinthelastfewweeksofthewarbutwereabletoreturntoBayreuthunharmedafterthewarendedin1945.Intotalatleast145JewsfellvictimtotheNationalSocialistpersecution.ThisnumberencompassesthoseborninBayreuthbutdeportedfromothercitiesbutalsothoseresidentinBay-reuthanddeportedtoexterminationcampsfromhere.
Places of Remembrance
IntheentranceareaoftheJewishCemeteryintheNürnbergerStraßeyouwillfindthreememorialstonesremindingvisitorssince1995ofthelossessufferedbytheBayreuthJew-ishCommunity.OneofthepillarsremembersthefallenJewsoftheFirstWorldWar,theotherremem-
Mikvah Cemetery building
Synagogue
Class with christian and jewish pupils
Retail store Maximilianstraße Münzgasse with Synagogue Synagogue after the Reichspogromnacht
Private Sanatorium Mainschloss
Stables of the abbatoir
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