Download pdf - On the tracks of Jewish life in Bayreuth Imprint: 41

Agenturfür Arbeit

Rathaus IINeues

Rathaus

Volksfest-platz

Stein-graeberPalais

Oberfranken-halle

DasZentrum

Friedrichs-Forum

Post

Post

Stadtfriedhofmit Grabkapelle Franz Liszt

und Jean Paul Grabmal

TierparkRöhren-

see

Prinzessinnen-haus

SynagogeSchloss-kircheAltes

Schloss

NeuesSchloss

Fanggas

se

Am Main

fleck

lein

„WILHELMINENAUE“

Cineplex

Facilities in the Community:

1 Synagoguewithmikvah,Münzgasse2

2 Cemetery,NürnbergerStr.9

3 Formercommunityhouse,Münzgasse5*withmikvahandkosherbutcherscabin

4 Schoolclassroom,centralschoolhouse(Graser-school),Schulstr.4

5 JewishCommunityandCultureCentrewithMuseum(tobecompletedin2020),Münzgasse9

12 Karl-Marx-Str.6*,S.Strauß&Sons,horseandcattletrade

13 Karl-Marx-Str.13,MaxOppenheim,skinandfurstore,laterSelmarOppenheim,Oppinwerke,shoedispatchshipments

14 KulmbacherStr.103*,privatementalhomeDr.Würzburger,laterSanatoriumMainschlossandHerzoghöhe

15 Luitpoldplatz2,MaxundLeopoldReinauer,LudwigHeimann,textilemanu-facturerandtextilestore

16 Maximilianstr.2*,SimonPfefferkorn,womensclothing,curtainsandtextilestore

17 Maximilianstr.9,MaxHarburger,textilestore

18 Maximilianstr.46,H.M.Wilmersdörffer,laterGuttaandMaxWilmersdörffer,PaulNördlinger,manufacturedgoods,textilesupplies

19 Maximilianstr.71,MoritzFleischer,laterIsaacZwirn,shoestore

20Münzgasse11,SimonFleischmann,bookprint,bagandpaperfactory,laterLudwigHönigsberger

21 Opernstr.7,JuliusAptekmannlaterHermannReinauer,Reinauer&Düring,tabaccostore

22 Opernstr.11*,departmentstoreFriedmann,Erwege,JosephFriedmannlaterMaxFriedmannandlawofficeDr.RichardHerzstein,lawyer

23 Opernstr.16,MosesandDavidSeckel,coinsupplierandCourtJew,laterFamilyWertheimer,laterIsidorDittmann,maleclothesstore

24Opernstr.22,LuitpoldKurzmann,departmentstoreforwoolandfashionitemsaswellastoys,thenAdolfandOscarMarx

25 Richard-Wagner-Str.4*,HeinrichSchriefer,departmentstoreforwoolandfashionitemsaswellastoys,thenAdolfandOscarMarx

26Richard-Wagner-Str.38,lawofficeBertholdKlein,lawyer

Birthplaces and former addresses of renowned personalities:27 Dr.FischelArnheim(1812-

1864),Opernstr.7solicitor,bavarianMemberofParlament

28Prof.Dr.SiegfriedBettmann(1869-1939),Luitpoldplatz17*,doctor,dermatologist,professorattheUniversityHeidelberg

29RichardEngelmann(1868-1966),Markgrafenallee44,sculptor,professoratthehighereducationinstitu-tionforvisualartsWeimar

30Dr.HeinrichHarburger(1851-1916),Kämmereigasse9*attorney,PresidentoftheHigherRegionalCourtMunich’sSenate,honoraryprofessorUniversityMunich

31 JuliusHerzvonHertenried(1825-1910),KulmbacherStr.7*engineer,railwaycon-structioninBavaria,Swit-zerland,Austria,inheritedknighthoodinAustria

32 HildeMarx(1911-1986),Richard-Wagner-Str.4*author

33 Dr.AlbertNeuburger(1867-1943),Kirchgasse22electrochemist,authorofhistoricaltechnicalbooks,(“DieTechnikdesAlter-tums”,1919)andnewspa-perarticles

34EmanuelOsmund(1766-1842),Friedrichstr.16friendofJeanPaul,bankerandretailer

35 JosefRubinstein(1847-1884),Badstr.31*,pianistofRichardWagner,graveintheJewishCemetaryBayreuth

36 JustinSteinhäuser(1891-1966),Friedrich-von-Schiller-Str.14*merchantandcitycouncil

*buildingstorndown,partlyreplacedthroughnewbuildings.

Streets named in remembrance of Jews:37 Harburgerstraße38 Judengasse

(=Von-Römer-Straße)39 Jakob-Herz-Straße40Dr.-Würzburger-Straße41 Levistraße

Time of the National Socialist persecution

Prehistory and Anti-Semitism

42Wahnfriedstr.1,Chamberlain-Villa

43Maximilianstr.2/4*,“BrownHouse”,seatoftheNSDAPregionaladministration(“Gaulei-tung”)BayerischeOstmark

Locations of the Reichspogromnacht 1938

1 Münzgasse2,Synagogue44Carl-Schüller-Str.20

1/2,textilestore“G.Roßkamm”(owner:JakobandAdeleStrauß)

45Luitpoldplatz17*,textilestore“Dessauer”

46Richard-Wagner-Str.20*,RudolphWeigert’sNürnbergerBazar

47Schloßberglein3*,toystore(owner:IlseFriedmann)

48Maximilianstr.33,policestationintheOldTownHall

49Hindenburgstr.1*,stablesoftheabattoir

50Markgrafenallee30*,statecourtprison

Locations of remembrance 51 Memorialstones,Jewish

cemetery,NürnbergerStr.952 Memorialstones,New

TownHall,Luitpoldplatz1353 Exhibition“Silenced

Voices”(“VerstummteStimmen”)andplaque,Festspielpark

54PlaqueexternalcampBay-reuthaspartofthecon-centrationcampFloßen-bürg,Spinnereistraße

History of the Community

ThehistoryoftheBayreuthJewishCommunitygoesbacktotheMiddleAges.Sincethe13thcenturythereisevidenceprovingtheexistenceandtheperse-cutionofJewsinthetown.AftertheJewshadtoleavethemargraviatein1515onlyfewisolatedJewsinhabitedBayreuthuntilthe18thcentury.Theirlivingcir-cumstancesweredepend-antonthegoodwilloftheMargraveswhograntedprotectionduetofinan-cialinterestsoftheirown.“Landstände”(politicalrep-resentativesoftheestatesintheGermanEmpiredur-ingtheMiddleAges)andthemunicipalcouncilwereratherhostileandrestrictivetowardsJews.MargraveFriedrich(reignedfrom1735-1763)madeare-establishmentofaJewishCommunitypossible.Heallowedthesettlementof10JewishfamiliesandgavehisconsenttotheCourtbankerandcoinsupplierMosesSeckeltosetupasyna-gogue.Therapidlygrowingnumberofthecommunity,in1792389JewslivedinBayreuthandin1837theJewishpopulationpeakedat530Jewishcitizens,result-

inginaneconomicupswing,despitetheever-presentanti-semitichostilities.Theseintensifyinthe1920’swiththeriseofNationalSocialism.Aftertheseizeofpowerin1933thesituationdramaticallyworsensandJewishcitizensresignandleavethetown.In1933theJewishpopulationinBay-reuthcounted261people,inNovember1938thisnumberhadsunktojust80.TheReichspogromnachtonthe9./10.11.1938showsjusthowseverethesituationhadbecome.Afterthetwodeportationsin1941and1942onlyfewJews,thosethathadChristianspouses,remainedinBayreuth.TheendoftheSecondWorldWarbroughtaboutarevivalofJewishlifeinthecityduetomanyJewish“DisplacedPersons”,mostofthesehoweveremigratedlateron.OnlyveryfewoftheBayreuthJewsthatweredeportedandpersecutedreturnedtotheirhome-town.Thesmallremainingcommunityreceivedanupswingwhenquotarefu-geesfromtheformerSovietUnioncameinthe1990’s.Nowroundabout500JewscallBayreuththeirhome.

Working Life:6 Badstr.30,Abraham

Fleischer,(OwnersIsaakandSamuelFleischer),cattlesales

7 Dammwäldchen4*,LionLöwensohn,firstBayreutherchocolate,sugarconfectionaryandfruitpreservefactory,also“ApparatebauanstaltBavaria”

8 Erlangerstr.19,privatmen-talhome,Dr.Würzburger(laterKulmbacherStr.103)

9 Friedrich-Puchta-Str.26,Dr.HugoHolzinger,doctorandobstetrician

10 Kanzleistr.15,AntiquarianSeligsberg

11 Karl-Marx-Str.4*,JakobKaufmann,leathergoods(suitcasesandschoolsatchels)

On the tracks of Jewish life in Bayreuth

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Imprint:Publisher: BayreuthMarketingundTourismusGmbHund Gesellschaftfürchristlich-jüdische ZusammenarbeitBayreuthe.V.Design: GMK–Medien.Marken.Kommunikation.BayreuthMapofcity: MichaelWegenerMapofcitycenter: EngelbrechtDesign+Werbung,BerlinTexts: ChristineBartholomäusM.A.,Stadtarchiv unterMitarbeitvonDr.NorbertAas,FrankNicklasPhotofrontpage,PhotoSynagogue(new),PhotoMikvah: NorbertMiguletzPhotos: IsraelitischeKultusgemeinde,StadtarchivBayreuth, BayreuthMarketing&TourismusGmbHPrint: ?????Noresponsibilityisacceptedforthecorrectnessofthisinformation.AsofFebruary2019

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Opernstraße 16

Maximilianstraße 9

Cemetery

Maximilianstraße 2

Castle Terraces3:04 Min.

Margravial Opera House3:30 Min.

Haus Wahnfried - Richard Wagner Museum3:54 Min.

Courtyard Garden2:36 Min.

New Palace3:26 Min.

Jean Paul Platz / Friedrichstraße

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02

03

04

05

063:55 Min.

Stadtkirche and Kanzleistraße 073:18 Min.

Market Place and Old Town Hall 083:17 Min.

Old Palace 092:55 Min.

Festival Theatre 103:03 Min.

Eremitage - Sun Temple 113:19 Min.

Eremitage - Old Palace 123:21 Min.

Your Mobile Audio Guide

Please dial 0911 810 9400 481 + the necessary extension number.Connection fee: call to German landline. This is an exclusive offer of the Bayreuth Touristic Office. Also available on the web: www.bayreuth.tomis.mobiEine Kooperation von:

Hauptbahnhof

Bindlacher Str. I

Bindlacher Str. II

Weiherstraße II

Weiherstraße I

BAT

Grundig

Sophian-Kolb-Str.

Egerländer Str.

Theodor-Schmidt-Str. II

Theodor-Schmidt-Str. I

Ind.-Gebiet St. Georgen West

Grundig

Riedinger- str.

Karlsbader Str .

Königsbergstr .

Bundespolizei

Chr.-R.-v.-Langh-Str. (Tankstelle)

Chr.-R.-v.-Langh-Str. (Fa. Baier)

Alte Bindlacher Allee

Friedrichsthal

Schützenstr. Laineck

Steinachstr.

SiedlungLaineck

Allensteiner Ring

Hammerstatt

Richard-Strauß-Str.

Volksfestplatz

Hbf.Tunnelstr.

Markgrafenallee

St. Georgen

Stuckberg

Bernecker Str.Hagenstr.

Wilhelm-Pitz-Str.

Güterbahnhof

Gartenstadt

Am Festspielhaus

Grüner Baum

Eubener Str.

Siegmundstr.

Hohe Warte

Wendelhöfen

Cottenbacher Str.Gontardstr.

Bezirkskrankenhaus

NordringFeustelstr.

Jägerstr. Spinnereistr.

Berliner Platz

Rotmain-halle

UnteresTor

Kulmbacher Str.Rathaus II

Fröbe

lstr.

Lippa

chers

tr.

H.-v.-F

allersl

eben

-Str.

Gesch

wister-

Scholl

-Plat

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Andec

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Meranie

rring

Roter H

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Sportplatz

Dörnhof

Oberpreusch-witz WestOberpreusch-witz MitteOberpreusch-witz, Am BergOberpreusch-witz Ost

Albert-Schweitzer-Hospiz

Fasanenring

Carl-B

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Str.

Mosing

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Raben

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Richtho

fenhö

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Preus

chwitze

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Rheins

tr.

Eibse

estr.

Kliniku

mallee I

Bonho

effer

Schule

Boden

seeri

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Kliniku

mallee I

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Kliniku

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Reha-K

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Lessingweg

Freiheitsplatz

Geseeser Weg

BahnhofAltstadt

Y-Haus Stern-taler-ring

Donn-dorfer

Str.

Meyern-berg Süd

Meyern-berg Nord

Neckarstr.

Adlerstr.

J.-Fuchs-Str.

StadtfriedhofWittels-bacher-ring

Humboldtstr.

SiebenerPlatz

A.-Preu-Str.

Hohen-zollern-

ring

Luitpold-platz

Sternplatz

Stadtkirche

Stadthalle

Rollwen

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Colmdo

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Schwab

enstr

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Neue H

eimat

Wahnfr

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Wunaustr.

Grunau Park

Aichig Sonnenstr.

St. Johannis

Ochsenhut

Parkplatz Eremitage

Eremitage

Seulbitz, Alm

Seulbitz, Ort

Breiter Rain

Lohengrin Therme

Lindigstr.

Eremitenhof

Rotkreuzheim

Klinik Herzoghöhe

Calvinstr.

Himmelkronstr.

Laineck

Hammerstatt/Industriegebiet

Jakobshof

Dörnhof

Dialysezentrum

Stolzingstr.

Kinderk

linik

Wörthstr.

Jakobshof

A.-Wächter-Str.

2015-11-06

Opernhaus

B.-Neumann-Str.Kreuz-steinbad

MühlhoferStift

Glockenstr.Lerchenbühl

VeilchenwegErikawegSaas

Saas SüdSüdfriedhof

Otto-Hahn-Str.

Saas

Menzelplatz

Röhren-see

Schweden-brücke

Geowissen-schaftenUniverwaltung

Storchen-nest

Dürschnitz

Hofgarten

Stadtwerke

Oberfr

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Sportz

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SchwarzerSteg

Herderstr.Eichen-

dorffringBirkenstr.

Klopstockstr.

Friedenskirche

MensaJustizpalast

Leibnizstr.

Studiobühne

Ludwig-Thoma-Brücke

Schopenhauerstr.

Filchnerstr.

Oberkonnersreuth,Hauptstr.Oberkonnersreuth,Ortsmitte

Birken

Campus

Am Aubach

Hohlmühle

Plantage

Destuben Siedlung

Destubener Str.

Bauerngrün

Untern-schreez

Thiergärtner Str.Oberthiergarten

ThiergartenObernschreez

Destuben Ort

Rödensdorf Siedlung

Destuben

Meyernreuth

Am Briefzentrum

Gottlieb-Keim-Str.

Hirschbaumstr.

Wolfsbach

Friedrich-Ebert-Str.

Albrecht-Dürer-Str.

Rotkreuz-str.

Schwarzwaldstr.

Basell

ZOH

Scheffelstr.

ZOH

Prieser-str

Kreuzstein

Nürnberger Str.

Hospitalstift

Bad Berneck

Bindlach

Dürrwiesen

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Linienplan TagverkehrJewish BayreuthA Tour through Jewish Bayreuth

fatesof53persecutedand12mur-deredJewsarepresentedextensivelyinGermanandEnglish.Since2000amemorial stone (54)intheSpinnereistraßestandsinmem-oryoftheinmatesoftheexternalcampBayreuthbelongingtotheconcentrationcampFlossenbürg.IntheInstituteforphysicsresearch,thathadbeentransferredtoBay-reuthin1944,concentrationcampinmateshadtoworktosatisfythedemandforarmaments.Thisbuild-ingonthepremisesofthenewcot-tonmillwastorndownin1994.

Literature recommendations (only available in German):AdolfEckstein,GeschichtederJudenimMarkgraftumBayreuth1248bis1786,Bayreuth1907,130S.SylviaHabermann/BerndMayer/Chri-stophRabenstein:„Reichskristallnacht“.DasSchicksalunsererjüdischenMitbürger.EineGedenkschriftderStadtBayreuth,Bayreuth1989,2.,überarb.Aufl.,50S.,Abb.JosefGothart:NamhafteBayreutherJudenim19.Jahrhundert,in:ArchivfürGeschichtevonOberfranken75(1995),S.385-394JosefGothart:WasderjüdischeFriedhofBayreuthsunszusagenhat,in:ArchivfürGeschichtevonOberfranken78(1998),S.457-469EkkehardHübschmann/HelmutPaulus/SiegfriedPokorny:PhysischeundbehördlicheGewalt.Die„Reichskristallnacht“unddieVer-folgungderJudeninBayreuth,hrsg.vonderGeschichtswerkstattBayreuthe.V.,Bayreuth:BumerangVerlag2000,260S.,Abb.Denk/Steinesetzen.ÜberdieWiedergewin-nungderErinnerungandieermordetenJudenvonBayreuth.EineDokumentationvonIreneHamel,Bayreuth:BumerangVerlag2003,98S.,Abb.MehralsSteine...Synagogen-GedenkbandBayern.BandI:Oberfranken,Oberpfalz,Nie-derbayern,Oberbayern,Schwaben,hrsg.vonWolfgangKraus,BerndtHammundMeierSchwarz,erarb.vonBarbaraEberhardtundAngelaHager,Lindenberg2007,hierKapitelBayreuth,S.92-105JudeninBayreuth1933-2003.Verfolgung,Vertreibung–unddasDanach.Hrsg.fürdieNeueBayreutherGeschichtswerkstattvonNorbertAas,Bayreuth:BumerangVerlag2008,2.Aufl.,312S.,Abb.JüdischesBayreuthHrsg.vonderGesellschaftfürChristlich-JüdischeZusammenarbeitBayreuth,Bayreuth2010.

Neuropaths.TheSanatoriumalsohadaprivaterehabilitationhousecalledMainschloss.AllthiswaslocatedintheKulmbacherStr.103.AlbertWürzburgersfatherDr.SimonWürzburger(1816-1895)hadfoundedthisasaprivatementalhomeintheErlangerStr.19

(41) LevistraßeInhonouroftheconductoroftheParsifalpremiereinBayreuth,Her-mannLevi(1839-1900),in1962astreetclosetotheFestivalTheatrewasnamedafterhim.

During the time of the National Socialist persecution

Background and Antisemitism:Racetheoreticianandculturalphi-losopherHoustonStewartChamber-lain(1855-1927)whowasmarriedtooneofRichardWagner’sdaughtersEva,spenthislastyearsinthe Wah-nfriedstr. 1 (42).Withhisanti-Se-miticallycoinedworks,inwhichheemphasizedthesuperiorityoftheArianrace,hewasanhonoraryciti-zenofBayreuth(since1922)andoneofthebigenablersforAdolfHitlerandtheNationalSocialists.IntheThirdReichtherearemanyexamplesofcommonplaceanti-semitismtowardsfellowJewishcitizens:EarlyMarch1933thejobcentreemployeeKurtdeJongewaspulledoffhisbicycle.HewasinformedthathewasarrestedbecausehewasaJewandthatamemberoftheSAwouldtakeoverhisjobinstead.Inautumn1940Mrs.MathildeCahn’stelephonewasconfiscatedbytheReichPostalservice–Jewswereforbiddenfromusingthetelephonenetwork.AnupsetMrs.Cahnthreatenedtojumpoutofthewindow–addi-tionallyshehadtohandoverallofherjewellery.Duringthewinterof1940/41FamilyHerzstein,justlikeallotherfamiliesinthehouse,soughtoutthecommunalair-raidshelterafterhearingtheair-raidsiren.Oneresidentdenouncedthemtothelocalgroupleader.ItwastobeimpresseduponthemthatJewswerenotpermittedtouse

thecommunalair-raidshelters.Intheso-called“BrownHouse”intheMaximilianstr. 2 and 4 (43)theNSDAPregionaladministrationforthe“BayerischeOstmark”haditsseat.Fromheretheycouldspewtheirpropaganda.Upuntil1933thehouseintheMaximilianstr.2belongedtotheJewishmerchantSimonPfefferkorn,whohadaflourishingbusinessthere.DuetoimmensepressureandintimidationbythepartyhewasforcedtosellhishousetotheNS-Kulturverlagon31.03.1933.AfterthisthepartyaccumulatedthehouseintheMaximilianstr.4aswellasthebuildingSchlossberglein2,bythesamemeans.TheJewishmerchantswidowJohannaHirschmannwassubjecttothreatsandwashenceforcedtosell.

Locations of the “Reichspogromnacht”

Duringthenightfromthe9thtothe10thNovember1938thesyna-gogue (1) wasviolatedanddestroyedthroughSAandSSmembers.TheordersforthiscamefromMunichwheretheheadoftheNaziparty,amongthemBayreuth’sregionalleaderFritzWächtler,werehavingaparty.TherewasstrictordersnottoburnthesynagoguedownbecausethecloselysituatedpreciousMar-gravialOperaHousemightbeinriskofburningdowntoo.Theritualarticlesaresincemissingandtheinteriordidn’tsurviveatall.ManyshopsandapartmentsweresubjecttotheriotsagainstJewishcitizensintheReichspogromnacht.

Facilities in the Community

Thesynagogue,thecemeteryandthemikvaharecentralfacilitiesthatcanbefoundinaJewishcommunity.

(1) Synagogue with mikvah, Münzgasse 2 In1759theroyalbankerandcoinsupplierMosesSeckelboughttheformermargravialKomödienandRedoutenhauslocatednexttotheMargravialOperaHouse.TenyearspriortothisMargraveFriedrichhadallowedtenJewishfamiliestosettledown.Seckelhadtheold“Reuthaus”,positionedinthebackoftheproperty,convertedintoasynagogue–thegrandopeningheldonthe15thofMarch1760.Overthecourseoftimedifferentrenovationsandchangeshavetakenplace.IntheReichspogromnacht9.-10.11.1938theinteriorofthesynagoguewasdestroyed,thebuildingitselfhow-everremainedlargelyintactdueto

itsclosevicinitytotheMargravialOperaHouse.AfterthewarthesmallJewishcommunitywasabletousethesynagogueaftersomesmallalterationshadbeendone.Afteranewmikvahwithanartesianwellwasinaugurated,acompre-hensiverenovationtookplacefrom2013-2016.UponcompletionoftherenovationthesynagoguewasnowabletoservetheJewishcommunitywhichcountsroundabout500members.AmongstotherthingsnowthereisasabbathelevatorwhichwasdevelopedinJerusalem.AdditionallyoneoftheTorahscrollsthatwasrobbedduringtheNazitimecouldbereturnedtoitsoriginalplace.Rediscovery of a genizahDuringafirstpreliminaryexam-inationin2009becauseofthescheduled,extensiverenovationontheoccasionofthesynagogues250yearanniversary,agenizahwithscripts,fragmentsandcultobjectswasfoundinthecenturiesoldroofbeams.Theoldestartefactsfromthishiddendepotofreligiousandworldlyobjectsgobacktothe16thcentury.Aftertheprofessionalsal-vageandevaluationthroughthe“Genisaprojekt”VeitshöchheimtheartefactwillsoonbedisplayedinthecurrentlydevelopingJewishCultureCentreoppositetotheSynagogueintheMünzgasse9.

(5) Jewish Community and Culture Centre with Museum, Münzgasse 9ThelistedestatetobefoundintheMünzgasse9waspreviouslyusedbytheUniversityBayreuthandiscurrentlybeingconvertedandreno-vated.AmongstofficeandfunctionroomsacaféwhichwillofferkosherfoodandbeveragesisbeingcreatedalongwithaJewishmuseum.Ontheverytopflooraguestroomwillbesetupforguestsofthecommunity.

On the tracks of Jewish life in Bayreuth

InformationOpernstraße22,95444BayreuthTel.0921/885-88,Fax0921/885-55e-mail:[email protected]

Jewish Culture Community BayreuthMünzgasse2,95444BayreuthTel.0921/64389,Fax0921/8710761e-mail:[email protected]

ThecompletionofthisnewCom-munityandCultureCentreoftheJewishCommunityisexpectedtobefinishedin2020.

(2) Cemetery, Nürnberger Str. 9ThesitefortheJewishCemeterynexttotheNürnbergerStraßewasacquiredbytheJewishCommunityin1786.AtthattimeitwaslocatedoutsideofthecityonturfbelongingtothemunicipalityofOberkonners-reuth.Thefirstfuneralwasheldthereonthe25thofJune1787,priortothisthedeadhadtobetransport-edtothecemeteriesofBaiersdorf,AufseßorBurgkunststadt.Thecemeterypremisethatisenclosedbyastonewallhasthreedifferentsectionsforgraves.Furthermorethecemeterywaslargenedin1846,1907and2008andnowholdsaround1000graves.ThecemeterybuildingwiththeTaharahall(mortuaryinwhichthedeadarerituallycleansed)wasbuiltin1898.TheJewishCeme-teryonlyisaccessibleafterpriorconsultationandarrangementwiththeIKG.AllgravestonesaredocumentedintheSolomon-Ludwig-Steinheim-Institutedata-baseandareaccessiblethere(www.steinheim-institut.de)

(3) Community house, Münzgasse 5Inthe19thcenturyfurthercom-munityfacilitieswerelocatedinthecommunityhouseoppositethesynagogueatMünzgasse5–such

ToursonthetracksofJewishlifeinBayreuthaswellasNationalSocialisminBayreuthcanbearrangedatthetouristinformation.Citytoursthroughthehistoricalinnercitytakeplacedailyat10.30o’clockfromMay-OctoberandfromNovembertoAprilat10.30o’clockonSaturdays.

astheapartmentoftheprecentorandthecommunitycouncillorandschoolbuildings.Thisremaineduntilthehousewastorndownduetodilapidationin1858,nowthereisanewconstructioninthisplace.Behindthebuildingthereisamikvah,thetraditionalplungepool,directlynexttotheMühlbachwhichcomesfromtheRedMainriver.Thekosher butchers cabinusedforthetraditionalslaughteringofanimalsinaccordancewithJewishriteswasalsotemporarilynextto/behindthehouseatMünzgasse5.Todaynoneoftheseinstitutionsareinplace.Asof1810alsoJewishchildrenweresubjecttotheBavariancompulsoryschoolattendancelaws.Thefirstclass roomintendedfortheteachingofJewishreligionandtheHebrewlanguagewaslocatedinthehouseofthewatchmakerWagnerintheMaximilianstr.48from1824to1826andthenitwassituatedinthe

apartmentoftheteacherAbrahamSternatMaximilianstr.47onthethirdfloor.After1840therewasaschoolroominthecommunityhouseintheMünzgasse5.Aftertheconstructionofthe“Zentralschule”(nowtheGraserschule)in1875class-eswereheldthereatSchulstr. 4 (4).Today,Jewishreligionclasstakesplaceinthecommunityroomsofthesynagogue.

Working Life

Duetomanyrestrictionsintheanti-JewishlawsthebranchesinwhichJewscouldworkwerelimitedtoveryfewareas,thisremainedassuchuntiltheselawswereadjustedinthecourseofthefoundationoftheGermanReichin1871.Tradealwayswasthemainsourceoflive-lihood.InBayreuththereweresomefewJewishfactoriesforexampleapaperandaleatherfactory.Jewishcitizensalsoheldthepositionsofdoctors,lawyersandnotaries.Bytheendofthe19thcentury/startofthe20thcenturythereweremanyshopswithJewishownersintheBayreuthinner-city,mostoftheseweretextilestores.WiththeongoingNationalSocialistantisemiticpropagandatar-getedatJews,manyJewishownersforciblygaveuptheirshops.InJuly1936therewereonly5Jewishstoresleft,afterthePogromnight1938notasinglestorewasleft.

Streets

DifferentstreetnamesremindoneoftheJewishhistorypresentinBay-reuthaswellasoftheeffectsandinfluencesofbigpersonalities.

(37) Harburgerstraße:TheHarburgerstraßewasnamedassuchin1920afterthemerchant

MaxHarburger(1857-1916).Hehadsetupacharitabletrustalongwithhismotherandsiblingsinordertohelpthetown.In1936thestreetwasrenamed,immediatelyafterthewarhoweverthestreetwasgivenbackitsoldname.

(38) Von-Römer-Straße (former Judengasse)1464theJudengassewasfirstmen-tionedindocuments,intheMiddleAgesJewslivedinthisalleyandthesocalled“Judenschul”(synagogue)wassituatedthere.1889itwasrenamedintoVon-Römer-StraßeinordertopaytributetotheVonRömersiblingsandtheircharitabletrust.

(39) Jakob-Herz-Straße1988thecitynamedastreetinhon-ouroftheBayreuthdoctorJakobHerz(1816-1871).HerzwasthefirstJewishprofessorinBavariaandprac-ticedattheUniversityofErlangen.AstreetthathadbeennamedHer-zstrassein1910afterJakobHerz’sbrotherthetrainengineerJuliusHerz(125-1910)lostitsnamein1933.

(40) Dr. Würzburger-StraßeThestreetreceiveditsnamein1947andhonouredDr.AlbertWürzburger1856-1938).Dr.WürzburgerwasarenownedneurologistandtheheadoftheSanatoriumHerzoghöhefor

bersthe6millionmurderedJewsandhasaninsigniainthemiddleofthememorial.In2003withinthe

frameworkofacampaigninitiat-edbytheGeschichtswerkstatt

Bayreuthwhichwassupportedbynumerousschoolsand

theGermanBundeswehr,memorial stones (52) foreveryBayreuthJewishVic-timoftheNationalSocial-istswerelaiddownasastylisedmemorytower.This,alongsidewithanameboardofthevictims,isexhibitedinthefoyerofthetownhall.New Town Hall,

Luitpoldplatz13,95444Bayreuth,Openinghours:Mo,Tue,Thu:08.00-17.00o’clock,Wed:08.00-18.00o’clock,Fr:08.00-15.00o’clock

in1998attheentrancetotheFesti-valHousejustbelowtheterraceintheFestspielpark (53)wasmountedinordertorememberthetwoJew-ishFestivalsingersOttilieMetzgerandHenrietteGottliebthatweremurderedduringtheThirdReich.

Exhibition Silenced Voices, FestspielparkInimmediateproximitytotheFestivalHousetherearemultiplestelesthathavebeentheresince2012.Initiallythesewereplannedtobeatemporaryinstalmentbuttheyhavesincebecomeaperma-nentexhibition.TheyremindusofthepredominantlyJewishartistsinvolvedwiththeBayreuthFestivalthatfellvictimtothisdarkchapterinGermanyspast.Theexhibition“VerstummteStimmen–DieBay-reutherFestspieleunddie“Juden“1876bis1945“discussesthreecloselyintertwinedtopics:theabuseoftheBayreuthFestivalasameansofantisemitic,Germannationalisticmobilization,thedefamationandexclusionof“Jewish”ArtistsandthefatesofthosewhoperformedinBayreuthandbecamevictimsoftheNaziRegime.Thebiographiesof29ofthesedis-creditedartistsoftheeraofCosimaandSiegfriedWagner,aswellasthe

AtthispointonlyfourJewishshopswereleftinBayreuthandthesehadtheirshopwindowssmashed,theirinteriordemolishedandtheirstockdestroyed.

(44) Carl-Schüller-Str. 20 1/2,TextilestoreG.Roßkamm(OwnersJakobandAdeleStrauß)(45) Luitpoldplatz 17,TextilestoreDessauer(46) Richard-Wagner-Str. 20,RudolfWeigert’sNürnbergerBazar(47) Schloßberglein 3,ToystoreIlseFriedmann

Afterthedevastationofthesyna-gogueandmanyJewishapartmentsmanyJewishmenandwomenwereroundedupinthecourtyardofthepolice station “ Im Alten Rathaus” (Maximilianstr.33)(48)atmidnightonthe10.11.1938.TheLordMayorFritzKempflerinsistedontheplacementinanenclosedspacethearrestedwerebroughttothestables of the abattoir(Hindenburgstr.1)(49).Morethan60maleBayreuthJews,manyofthemstillintheirsleepwear,hadtospendthenighttherecrampedtogetherandbeinggawkedatbyonlookers.Themajor-itywerereleasedthenextdaybut23Jewswerebroughttothestate court prison(Markgrafenallee30) (50) withtheintentionofdeportingthemtotheDachauconcentrationcamp.Theprisonbuildingwasdestroyedin1945andtheabattoirstableswererippeddowninordertobuildBayreuth’sshoppingmall–theRotmainCentre.

“Jew Houses”

Aftertheregulationpassedonthe18.12.1938whichimposedtheconsol-idationofJewsintospecifichouses,remainingfamilieswereonlytobefoundinsomefewhouses,thesewereforexample:Carl-Schüller-Str. 20 1/2 (ErnstIsner,FranziskaandLeoSteinberger,AdeleandJakobStrauß)Friedrich-von-Schiller-Str. 14 (Henri-etteOppenheim,Max,Mina,MoritzSteinhäuser)Kreuzstein 15(Anni,JakobJuliusandMaxdeJonge)

Richard-Wagner-Str. 7 (Charlotte,JetteandMathildeCahn;Clothilde,Ernst,SofieandGerhardWann-bacher,TheodorandSophieWann-bacher)Karl-Marx-Str. 13(RosaandSelmarOppenheim,Friedel,Hanneliese,Leo-poldandMaxReinauer)Wolfsgasse 5(Jakob,SabineandWilhelmOppenheimer,PaulineandRaphaelSündermann)

Deportations

ThefirstdeportationfromBayreuthtookplaceonthe27thNovember1941.47BayreuthJewsweretrans-portedtothecampJungfernhofnearRigaviaNürnbergLangwasser.Only4ofthesepeoplesurvived.Further-more12elderlyJewswerebroughttoBambergon16thJanuary1942,fromtheretheywerebroughttoThere-sienstadtinSeptember1942.ItwashereaswellasintheconcentrationcampsIzbica,MinskandAuschwitzthatallweremurdered.InBayreuthonlyfewJewsthatweremarriedtoChristianpartnersremained.ThemenwereobligatedtoserveinthelastfewweeksofthewarbutwereabletoreturntoBayreuthunharmedafterthewarendedin1945.Intotalatleast145JewsfellvictimtotheNationalSocialistpersecution.ThisnumberencompassesthoseborninBayreuthbutdeportedfromothercitiesbutalsothoseresidentinBay-reuthanddeportedtoexterminationcampsfromhere.

Places of Remembrance

IntheentranceareaoftheJewishCemeteryintheNürnbergerStraßeyouwillfindthreememorialstonesremindingvisitorssince1995ofthelossessufferedbytheBayreuthJew-ishCommunity.OneofthepillarsremembersthefallenJewsoftheFirstWorldWar,theotherremem-

Mikvah Cemetery building

Synagogue

Class with christian and jewish pupils

Retail store Maximilianstraße Münzgasse with Synagogue Synagogue after the Reichspogromnacht

Private Sanatorium Mainschloss

Stables of the abbatoir

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