On the Normative Dilemmas of the Emerging European Roma Policy

8/3/2019 On the Normative Dilemmas of the Emerging European Roma Policy

1/23Romani Studies 5, Vol. 21, No. 1 (2011), 122 issn 15280748 (prt) 17572274 (ole)do: 0.3828/.20.

I beefted greatly rom the opportuty to preet earler vero o th artcle at AualWorld Coveto o the Aocato or the Study o the Natoalte New York, the AualCoerece o the Brth Aocato or Slavoc ad Eat Europea Stude Cambrdge,the Roma Moblte Europe Coerece Oxord, ad the Aual Coerece o theGypy Lore Socety Helk. I partcular, I am grateul or the commet I receved romToma Acto, Stephe Deet, Mart Kovat, Yaro Matra, Ada McGarry, Vera Meg,Mra Nemy, Gudo Schwellu, Eva Sobotka, Ndh reha, Peter Vermeerch, a well athe revewer o Roma Stude.

Mrto Rvd a PhD caddate at the Departmet o Iteratoal Relato ad EuropeaStude o Cetral Europea Uverty. Emal: [email protected]

One-size-fts-all Roma? On the normative dilemmas

o the emerging European Roma policy

M

T al h al a plal la ha a h x hgg Epa a ply, a whh all pa, lg ga- a gaa, hl b abl xp h w. T la whh a-a a ba al al gh a - p h al l a, whh pl ba gp-a y gh a q h x h aalha gh. E hgh h appa b a h y h appah, la xaly wha k y gh hl bp, whh la h la: g ag ygh. T h la whh g a a a aal y a a-al a. T al ag ha h -al a ab ba ahplgal, plal a al g.

Keywords: a pl, l-a, a-a, gga,y gh, -al a, a la, g, ga

A w h al Mah 2009, h Hgaa pbl ph wh al, p, a a g by

aga a. T Gypy aly1 a ply gaa h gp, wha h la aw a h a-g pa a a a agaa ppl Jaay 2008, lg 5 whh ah bg bb a w aak a h wh ha ga whh a la ppl a g w kll (EC 2009).

. Hgaa, cignybnzs.


2/23

mrton rvid2

T aph ala q all a l-a h x a gg Epaa ply. T ala h pbl aally hk h pa al aga q j (K 2009: 59). T algw h ha a h la al l a l-a a a ha.

T al a b h h gg Epaa ply by hghlghg a aalyg h hal a pl-al la ha ply-ak a l a a wh pgh al l a l-a a. T la a bala Epa ply p whh all pa, p-ally ga a gaa, wll b abl lba. pa-la, h la a p () h la l-a a-a; () h q a p a pl;

a () h la whh h a hl b g a a aaly a a -al a. B g h la, haal x p.

Te international context

aal a play a al l h a, pa a ap-a la a. aal gal a -gal a a p h k : h p

aal ha gh; g y gh; a a-p . a h gal ha-gh g ba h Ual

laa Ha gh, a ph aal lgal a -al awk ha lp h la 5 20 ya ag a h p- h gh .

T U a ap a laa h gh PBlgg aal Eh, lg a Lg M 992a wll a h gal gaa, h a h U aEaal, S a Clal gaa (unesco), h aal

Lab gaa a h Wl Bak, ha lp y g gh. laa ha al b a by gaa ah gal ll, h a h Cl Ep 995 Fawk C h P aal M a h gaa AaSa 997 a laa h gh g Ppl.

B h gal y gh g, a paa wk - ha g alg pally wh h a pg palb h ap aal gaa h a h Cl Ep, h SCE a h EU, a wll a aal G h a h


3/23

one-size-fits- rom 3

Epa a gh a h Epa a a .Ul h 990, Epa aal gaa pa ll a

a. T w ha h gaa p a a all, a a ppla a g. Hw, l ha a a, h a lp a ppl a Epa y, pal a ga w p whEpa gaa al pally wh a, a h al h p h EU Ea lag wa h p a aa h .

T a h a a l lah 2005 k ga a a h laa, a a pl wh awk. By Mah 2009, a j h a a layba. Hw, h papa h pga a ha h EU playa a l, a a l whh a Epa a S wa hl

Spb 2008 Bl, wh, ag h, J Mal Ba,Jaq Ba, Gg S a la Spla xp h w h a Epa a Ply.

pa h pal l h Epa U h -lla. A a sui generis qa-paaal gaa, h EU -p a apa h by ha all h -galgaa a la h way.() T EU p a ph lgal awk plg

gla aal pbl law. T -all A-a a

Chp6 a pala pa la a.(2) T EU ha baal aal hawg h

-gal gaa. T Sal a Ch Fb 347 bll bw 2007 a 203. Wh h SalF, h Epa Sal F wh a all bg 7 bll h a p pp h al ga a.

2. S a h llwg h Cl Ep: Ably -a 53 (99) h a Gyp a h all Ep; C M l (975) 3 h al a a Ep; a

(983) al a a a aaly; Sag C Lal a gal Ah Ep l 25 (98) h l a pbly lal a gal ah ga h lal a al pbl ppla a g.3. Cl Ep, Ably a 203 (993) h Gyp Ep.4. Sh a h Ca P a a S wh SCE a h Gp Spal a wh h Cl Ep.5. Cl 2000/43/EC 29 J 2000 plg h ppl qal a- bw p p aal h g.. 2004/38/EC h Epa Pala a h Cl 29 Apl 2004 hgh h U a h aly b a ly wh hy h Mb Sa.


4/23

mrton rvid4

(3) T EU p a al awk ply a alag h al aa a al l, ply, halh a,a a.

T al h p l a h EpaU; ah aaly gal a la ha g hba Epa pbl ph g a wk h aalgaa al, G, xp b, .

Sel-determination versus anti-discrimination

T q whh () h p h qaly ah p h aal ha gh a ppl, (2) h l-a a ay, p a la a, ply-ak a hla alk.

() T ga a gaa gglg qal-y a g h hal h wh y h BalkaPla ba g ha h a Ep Gyp ha b jy-g l gh h h y lk h Gyp Cal aW Ep, wh b h la a ha h l a ably gh h gh (Mahaka a Pp 2004: 72). Byh 920, a gaa a ll a Blgaa, Yglaa, aa a G. T gaa pblhh w pal; al aa k a ah; a

p h a Gypy yh (Mahaka a Pp 2004: 74).Hw, bh aal a aal a plal apa wh g h S Wl Wa. T y p a x-a a l h a a a paaly aa a h wa (Kl-Alxa 2005: 5).

F h 950 a plal a gaally hgh- Ep, a b h 990. T ha-gh wa h aly 990 by p h aally wG a Ay aal a Ha gh Wah.

99 h Epa a gh C (EC) wa , h paa-ga pa h a-a appah. EC aaal pbl law gaa wkg ba a-aa a ha gh ab a hgh ag lga, aha ply lp, aay a ha gh a ( hp://.g/-ab--w.php).

7. Torture and ill-treatment o Roma, 993; Turning the blind eye to Racism, 994; Broken commit-ments to human rights, 995.


5/23


T agy a-a p by h Aa-Aa l-gh ggl a h U 95 C hEla All F aal a. Agly, l gha qaly a p h x a-a a g-ga.

(2) A pp h a-a appah ha h qaly a ga a aa y, h l-a h pa gg ha a a a aag a ay. T h -aal ggl h l-a a a b a bak a la h 90, wh h U a p h a a b aal a blla gaa p h hwl a hgh U a . T gaawk wa h lga a a a a wh h gh a a

by ag a pg aal l. Alhgh h gal pglg aa a lal a al plg h a w allyla, hy ha alway a ay h aal apa(Kl-Alxa 2005: ).

By h 970 h ap yall h F Wl a Cg,hl Apl 97, a L, aag papa W, Cala Ea Ep a wll a Aa a h Aa. T Cgwa ally ga by h C aal (a gaa haha b Pa 95) (A a Kl-Alxa 200: 58);

a wa by h Wl Cl Chh a h a g- (F 2003: 2).

T lga h F Wl a Cg ap a aal aga a hy, a ag h a a w h labl. H h a wa a h al a ap a ay -al-ba a (Cha 2003). T ap w h ppl amaro Romano drom ( a way) ah pha a ywh wh h a a ba aa ha (Mahaka a Pp 2004: 78). Expg a pwl

lg y, hy la ha All a a bh (Lg 2007: 23).

8. Ag A a Kl-Alxa (200: 78), pa - papa, wha Mahaka a Pp ag ha h gl lga gh , w whh Ea Ep (Yglaa aChlaka) a b.9. T g w ga wh h pp Eaglal hh wkg agh Gyp, h Pal hh pala. La h Eaglal hhl h wl a hgh hy a ll a ag h Gyp.(Mahaka a Pp 2004: 79).


6/23

mrton rvid

a, al aa, wa , lagag aa-a a l w ablh (F 2003: 2). wa al ha8 Apl, h a whh h Cg wa p, hl b aay, hh b lba aally. A gl lga p hCg: T ppl ha h gh k h w pah wapg (Lg 2007: 24).

Ul w, x Wl a Cg ha b hl. palapa h h Cg hl Pla 990, whh ap ha laa a b aaly la h h la.T la, whh p h qaly h l-a a, a b lla wh h a h a la-gag. S a la pp ba hy bl wl gh- h h y a , wha h a pp la a ba hy l ha hy wl h a h al

a bw Gyp a gadje, hg h a ha hlab ak (By 2002: 2).

gal, h gga aqa haw laly xl h ba p- a hy. Hw, a h ppp: hy ha b laly ala a pp hw lagag, l a l-gg .1 T gp -ajaa p, lly h a-aa a hp, b al a gp-a -

y gh (Kylka 2007: 90). A la h q ha b a agah l-a appah.

() ag ha h l-a la h gl pbl a. Kl p ha h y a p-

ha-gh ab a ay h gal g plal a whh h aal a U a ppg h gal.

Cqly, y ll ha b ah h aa. ly l aala ally al pp a l a lagag a a

a hl a yh ha b l ly h U y. T Uha hlp h h a ybl a aal Hla paa. ly ly a agg a a a al a pb-l a w g pj wa h ha b al. ly hp-a EC ha aally yaally bg la h gh a a h y h U ha gh ay b.(Kl-Alxa 2005, 5)

0. T qly xapl a h Caala a h Hgaa lg Hgay ghbg .


7/23


() Slaly, h l-a ay b aly p- a bg h ha al pbl, h g-h lay.

T p al bw a ppl a y l

y xpl aal pj a lw xpa. xpla a ph, al a , ga, a h al ga a. h plal la a ppl a p-p h lgy gga. (Ka 2003)

() M, hap p h h a ha p h lg h a a wh l h jb.

, h ha gh/a-a a - glg a al p h ha aha b h agala a.

() Abg al aaag a h h l p-bly by blag ppla pj h al a (Ka 2003).

() T aably ha gh G a b ba, pally h a hgh pl G [. . .] ha lak ga- , bg by G pa a pa a (ha200: 34). T gaa a aabl ay y apa h l b W , wh bb agaha ay ay h al h q- (38).

() T y lag b a a ly b xpla by a-. Fllwg h llap a h g aal, Ea Epa a ly ll h lgal labak a a gaally lg h y. T -lbal a- l h a a la, ha , bh ally aally xl ppla w lk l y a la - (Sly a Lay 200).

pbl wgh h la a () q h aga ah? A hy ably ally xl a

hy pl ah h? a ag ha h gh l-a, ha , y gh, wll qaly h x- ha gh. , y gh11 y h a lg h h ba lgla. F a, h gh b a h g gaa h aal hagh a b lg .

. pala, al y gh (a b ), hll y gh (a y gp).


8/23

mrton rvid8

Hw, h a a wh y gh a h pp a-a, h w appah bj pp. Sl-a p h hg bhp a gp, wha a h p xl h gp. T al l-a pla ha hba h gp a a by h al gp. h ha, a-a pl akl h pbl xl- p wh a p a a. h w: wh a h gp wll ay pg wh ak h laa. -a ay lay bj a a hy yp: bg p,ag g a a lyl, . (Sly a Lay 200).

My gh a qaly ly h x ha gh h a bj h a a ha l-a. Hw,Sly a Lay -aal y ha all h ga

Blgaa, Hgay, Pla, aa, a a Slaka lya pp ppl p a a y hl a a; a, 3.8 p Hgay a pp 73.3 p Blgaa.

Pa Sl-

a

Fiure . a xpal

T gh ablh pal hl a hl, h a hGah Hgh Shl Hgay, y h gga ha wh wl lk ha a h a hl a -a hl.

al ply aa a g la whh p h l a ppl a pp g-glg aga aal xl or p h l, lagag a

a ppl ala a ajy . ha b ha h h l bw aa a ala- y l aly ba. F a, pal alagag l ajy hl l b a pay lagag, wha h ay ag paa hl ahl wh all h la a hl ay a pal pha la ay hy a l ( g wh a hl pak a ay a l b aaag wh a y h lagag).


9/23


Generic versus targeted minority rights

ag ha ly y gh a qaly h x haal ha gh a, h h gp gh ha bp. g y p

w ha a-p ?G y gh a apply all hlal -

, wha ag y gh a apply pa-la yp , h a g ppl, aal aga (Kylka 2007: 99). A la xapl h Al 27 h U 9 aal Ca Cl a Plal gh.1 a Epa ll, h Cl Ep Fawk C aal , whh ally l all b-a aal gp xp ga.1 A h lgal gaag h gh jy

l p h gh a? h h a ay h abl a a wh h l gp gh.1A al, a paa wk aal b a pl

ha g alg pally wh h a, ggg ha h g y p a . T Cl Ep, SCEa EU all ha h w a-p ga, h a h Ca a , Spal Gp a, Gyp a all, a Epaa a all F (Cl Ep), h Ca P aa S (SCE), a h -paal a g

gp a (EU).A a l, h la 0 5 ya ay p, laa, -a a l ha b p la a ( a,a hy w all l h 990) (Majy a 200; Maha 200).T, , ap y h p pblha a a a ak -bg pp a g-al a y h pbl.

Hw, g by gal plal laa, h qa: wha p gp gh hl a jy? pbl -la h gh, a a w EU ? S h a gp h a S, Ga, Mah, Ma a all

2. h a whh h, lg lg x, ppl blgg h hall b h gh, y wh h h b hgp, jy h w l, p a pa h w lg, h wlagag.3. hl b ha Blg, Fa, G, Lxbg, Mla a ky ha y ay h Fawk C.4. Sall a ala abl wllg x gal ay a h w (h a ) ay b a wh l lal gpgh.


10/23

mrton rvid0

a j a w wh aly y hl a a,1h lkly b ag wha p ajy . ha ak h ba h a -g ppl labll a g h p hgy hgp, hag , lagag, hh ala a lgal a.

aga: la whh h a a wlw apa a -al a (g a a ga pj y-wh) h p w pllg wha p gp gh ay a y h pala a ha a ppla. , h q a lyl, lagag a ayl a a. A la Ghgh a Ta A ,

h a a l-yl whh h al Gypy gaa- h-w Ep xplly pa by ay Cal a EaEpa [a] pla. [. . .] A h a h ggl lal a

lg gh (a la a h lkl ll), whh w h pbl gp l-p ay C , w ll haa plaa b la a W Epa a la, wh hlagag ha ll al. Eqally, h g h ayl-k Ea Ep ha h . [. . .] h ajy W a ga-a [] ha wha hy a pp ayl-k a a - app ha a la Ea Ep gah ayl-k a h wh ha away h ggl aga h gwga l a a Ea Ep. (A a Ghgh 200: 5)

Epa-ll ply-ak a a a gl h ga - h al p a gp b a a h a a xl ha hy a. T h y a gp p a ly p h ala a l h pp ahg a ppagag , b p hla a-a pl h y gh a wll.

Alhgh aly all hlaly a ply pap a wll a al a a a a h hgy gplabll a, a ph EU l CommunityInstruments and Policies or Roma Inclusion16 al g h pa h y al l a a-a pl.1

5. Ta , blgg a a a a p, a, by h aala U.. C h Epa C: Commission Sta Working Document

Accompanying the Communication rom the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council,the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee o the Regions: CommunityInstruments and Policies or Roma Inclusion, CM (2008) 420, Bl 2008.7. F 3 h a F h pp h al, h a

laly h plal h Epa Cl, Epa Pala . aa blla lg al h gp ppl wh ha l la l-


11/23

one-size-fits- rom

Alaly, akg ly h hgy a gp aly la a ah x h aal ply pp-al. h Conclusions and Recommendations on the Situation o FundamentalRights in the European Union and Its Member States 2003, h EU wk p Exp Faal gh, pg a p EU - ag a h ga a, k h llwg p:

[T EU ] hl p ha aa wll b a h a/Gyp wll b abl aa h aal lyl, wh hyha h h a -a l, wh bg aa. hl ak a h a h gga ha/Gypy , wh h q, pally ply, h-g a a [. . .]. hl a h q h ably aal a gh h aa a a/Gyp wh aa a wh a al.1

E hgh h appa b a h aqay h -al-gh-ba EU a-a gaag h qal-y a h x h aal ha gh,1 lawhh pbl a abl a gp gh a - labll a a, , wha h h gh hl b. a a w ppal:

a/Gyp hl b abl ha a ply ba - wh bg p g by h a h wagaal lhg, wh a ja ay b g pp h

phb h lhg. Wha hl q ja h al ak a xp a gal phb a, wha h a- p h a/Gyp pg a al l h y.

T a/Gyp hl b abl h la a a -

al haa a a hy p agala Epa , h ah S, all, Ahkal . T Epa C awa h bagag h h a, a ha ala h b hgp h a hl lal . Nonetheless, it considers the use o Roma as

an umbrella term practical and justifable within the context o a policy document which is dealingabove all with issues o social exclusion and discrimination, not with specifc issues o culturalidentity (al a).8. EU wk p Exp Faal gh: Conclusions andRecommendations on the Situation o Fundamental Rights in the European Union and Its MemberStates in 2003. p. 4.9. Cl 2000/43/EC 29 J 2000 plg h ppl qal a- bw p p aal h g, J L 80 (9 Jly 2000).20. Ay C h Fawk C h P aalM, p Fla (ACFC/F/P/(200)002), paa. 25; Ay C h Fawk C h P aal M, p Sw(ACFC/F/P/(2003)00), paa. 24


12/23

mrton rvid2

a lyl, h wh h a g ja yplag lgla whh ppl h h aalably p-pg pla h aaa.1

Eaal pl a/Gypy hl hl b apa byaqa a h xbl ay h -y h a/Gypy ppla Ep a whh ak a hx a/Gypy gp whh la a a -alyl. h p, gh b ag hag aa, ba w a hlg.

-ay a halh a h a/Gyp, halh-a wk hl b ala wh a pa- lag halh a ha hy a ak h ay a-a h pa.Sh p a aly la a gp; hw,

bl whh a ph l la all a a b a,akg a h aally pp . C, a, h a a Gyp paa ppg pla h aaa a h ay a l -ggaghbh.

National minority versus non-territorial nation without a state

T h la h l a l-a a

ay. Shl a ppl b g a aal h p h , a a -al a?

T a a a/Gypy a wa aa by l-appGypy kg h Kwk aly h hal h h -

2. Ay C h Fawk C h P aalM, p h U Kg (ACFC/F/P/(2002)00), 30 . 200, paa.4042.22. a (2000) 4 h C M b a ha a/Gypy hl Ep (ap by h C M 3 Fb.

2000 a h 9h g h M p)23. Cl Ep (2003), Breaking the Barriers: Romani Women and Access to Public HealthCare.24. T h -all Gypy kg ( ah a a a h ak h g ppla) a ph ha wll kw hy. Sh Gyp a W Ep h h y, h hal hkg Sl, h k Aah, Mhal a Pal, a h p Ll Egyp. T a a pg h la ag h gal lgy la hEpa l gag plg h Gyp. La , h h Gypykg appa h Plh Cwalh h h a gh . wa ha by -Gyp wh w pbl h a llg ax h Gyp.


13/23


y. T Kwk yay p hg ally w Gypy hy: ha a p a, Romanestan (la h a). a wak ahg y h a (Mahaka a Pp 2004:77). Hw, h a aa gaally a away, gg way aw a-blg agy ha wa p h ab awk h Wl Cg.

h 990, h p ahg a pla h Gyp Epaga aw h g h p h a a a a[b]-aal y. T p wa h a h -g a a 99. A ha , wa hp ha aallaw a h Epa l p h al a hGyp a l h pbl Cal a Ea Ep,whh appa w aggaa a a l h l p a-. Wh h Cal a Ea Ep j h Fawk

C aal a h a w g h a aal y wh ay abl p hag h, h app l h k w a h lp h a y (Mahaka a Pp 2004: 8).

T p h a a a a wh a a wa a lgal -q h lp.6 T Fh Wl a Cg, hl Jly 2000 Pag, ap h a Declaration o Nation ha - a al h la -al ah a aalg. M, h a la ha h a a

h hay a w al ah ha a glbal wl ha ala aal a-a.

A a l, h a a agly a a gp ha hallg hppl al ay a h Wphala aal .M h ab al a-p b a bb

25. 934 h wly l Gypy kg J Kwk a lga h Lag a ak la Sh Aa (pally aba) ha h Gyp l ha hw a h. A h a h ala kg Mha Kwk all a py h la h Gypy a (wh alg h h h

Gag). A h p h bga pp h a ha h a hl b Aa (Ugaa)a all Chlaka a Egla k pp h a. 93 h x kg,h Jph, Ja Kwk, a lga Ml akg la Abya(a ha p by aly) wh h Gyp l ha h w a.2. T p h a a a a wh a a wa gg a lp ayal by a -a al, Pal Pa aly, a al b haaal pay, wa -p h aal a U lahp ( hgh wa y la hw h happ) a aly a h -990. h a bak h a aaal -al y h Fh lg Ja-P Lg (Gy200).27. Hw, ag h A a Kl-Alxa (200), h a wa a h Cg l, h lga app .


14/23

mrton rvid4

h a appah by lag h Gyp b a Epa y a pal y wh aaal haa.

A h a a xpal a, h? Fllwg Babk, h aa b a pal k ab y (Babk 2007). Simpleab ha b hally a ghbg k.Sh h a h Hgaa Slaka a aa. a-, hw, plx a a b gh ha g -ly ppg, by , h llwg ap: (a) ha h bw a ajy wh a aalg a a a y wh a x-al k-a; (b) ha h wh a a wh aallyg b a a prima acie la al gy a -p; () ha ah gp wh g xal h a k-awh whh ; a () ha ah gp ha a la alhla wh a l al apa aal l-g.

T p wll w b laba.(a) T plx a ha a divided minority wh al xal

k-a. Mla a Cyp a xapl h a lla.(b) T lla la disputed territories. Kah a

h la lla h yp. bh p, h ppla p-ly h q whh h ghbg a hlb pa. Kah h aally g ba h a Paka ha h la h p.h la ba g a pa h U

Kg, b h Bh g l ha a ha wl p aplb h p a ()a wh la.

() T a transborder minorities without kin-states. M h a-l a l a aal hla ha wh h b a a. S apa gp, hw, hal h a aal - h g a ga ba hy l pp byh a . a xpg xal pp h a g, hy hl p plal pp -h ag h hla. ppg h ap ha h a p x-

al k-a ga y ah yp ab . T a wh l ha b ablh ay a a wh l a aal hla ha h a a aal b. Ep,h Caala a Baq gh b haa h way.

() Fally, h a dispersed minorities ha ha a al h-la wh hy l al apa aal l-g. Wha h gp ha h a k-a ha p xal pp a -

28. Cl Ep: Ably a 203 (993) h Gyp Ep.29. a a l, Call or European Roma Policy, 25 Fb. 2008.


15/23


y wh l al apa l-g? T pl aw ha h gp a lkly lp h apa h pla.T aw , hw, ly ba x g-ga a pp gh ga h p h gp a ha p a-blg h ly hp p h al. T xpla h aa h Z p Epaa-S h hal h wh y.

ay, h a ppla lly h p a a paaal y. T a -al, p, aaala wa ak p by a a a l Ulk h - a h wh a l a g, a a p bh wh aa h ba , a a a wl-w a-pa (A a Ghgh 200: 3) a hla: T q

h Gyp l h a hy a a aaal, -ally bappl wh ha a h a a p a ha x p- h (By 2002: 2).

Hw, h a nation without a state a b alg. () ah pj p ha h h - labll a a awa h hy y wh. (2) h h la b h a -al a, a pl-

ab

wh al k-a

M

p

Mwh k-a

p

Fiure 2. yp y


16/23

mrton rvid

al pp, b hal p. (3) Fally, h alag h la ay al b .

() F, al ahplg ha p ha Gypy,S, Ga a h hl a a. hw, hy la ha pbl pla h pja xya cikn Ch, cygan Slak a cigny Hgaa by a allyla y, aly ha a.

Gy y Bla la ha h ya, h Gypy apaha b haa by x plal a al aga,a by h wak ay ahg Gypy ag y. Shag ha h Ga y Jaaa awa h a a a wl y wh a. T y haa- by h wak ay a al xal Gaal hl (Gay y Bla 2002: 84).

b, h y gp labll a q a a h y. S ah ak h q hw al h p y (l al a) a gp ppl whh g a ly h a al a b al Aab,kh, Gk, Albaa, aa, Hgaa, Spah a h, whl,h, gp wh a p (.. pblly la ally xp) , -Gypy h a q .S h awa y y g ay b abalgh ( ay x lw ll) a h Gyp ay b awa

h x bgg y b (Mahaka a Pp2004: 89). A ag h gp ha y hl a a,xg gg ha hy wl lk ga plally a ally h p a-a a wh h g a -al a (h 200).

(2) T -al a ay al b ab la q. aal g a ak p h h h w pbly by Epag h pbl h a,aal g ay k h w a h b

a.T p a a wh a a ay al b haal pbl a -h lay a pa-. T ppaga a ah ay aal aalag a a -a alk. Xphb a a gaa ag xlay a gga pl b h a a, h gh xpl h y.

aal gal b (h a h Cl Ep) a-gal gaa (h a h Epa a a all


17/23


F) ay ak p h -al a a Epay jy a-Epa ga a h w l h a (Ka 2003).(3) Fally, h pla p-aal aa hDeclaration o Nation ay b ally abl.

Kylka ag ha lbal ah hl b tamed transcendedh p-aal pla hp. T a blggh hp , a l, a plally pg p.F ay h gh Gay, wa a l ag h gag lla qal hp. [. . .] pay blg plally pg a wh a a p wa blg h ll a qalhp wh h awk lbal ah.(Kylka 200: 38)

Hw, a la w ag a b a aga Kylka. F, ha-a h l a aah. E al

aaal a (h a h Epa Pala) apa, l y h x a g -aal blgg, h a lg- y, baaly, a aa-aly a ay b h a wh a. Sly, al -a-al hp ay a along with ah ha in place oaal hp(Bhabb 200: 72).

L h gal la: hl h a b a a aaly a a -al a? A h w p ally xl?

T la b a -al a a b p a la wway. () S ag ha h la wa a ag pp; () h h h al h la g h a a a xpal,aa-ga a. T ay h p aal , wh-a h la k a .

() By ag h h a a y a, wh w pala, h aal a U a a pw lag wh bh aal g a aal b. T hp ha h agy wll la a g p h aal -

a, h ghg h al y (Gy 200: 22). a, h la pal a ay al b h q h a-qay h xg aal a aal lgal (h a hEpa Fawk C aal ) pg hal a a.

b, a ag ha alhgh h a a g ga a a, h al plal a ah, b a gaay hw h w pbl a l, .. ga plal papa(Tl 2005: 4).


18/23

mrton rvid8

() M aally, h x a xpag a hagg, l-h Ep, bl ha h l a a pahah h a ajy a a, phap q,bg ab hg l ha h abl h a-a:

a a a k wh h pla; hy a p wh a a Z ay h k h pala. a, whlJw a ll ag ha hy ha la h Hla ha ly hag a pla h w a p h a p, a h l h pp.F h h wh-y Hla ablh h p h mehalla, hgh, h gga paah a, a h h aa ha g ag a h hla h xh y.

T b hag ha gh ywh; h h lg k-g a a a aaal ah ha a aal y. hha h gh h b p, a ha h aj b hl . T a glbal ha law h hl-ay ll aal l-a a w bk -al ha l-a. T lg aga Gypy a ay b h-g l ha h abl h a-a. (A a Ghgh 200: 8)

Conclusions

T al ha h al a plal la ha ablya h x h gg Epa a ply, a whh all pa, lg ga a gaa, wll b abl

xp h w. T h a whh a-a- a ba al al gh a ph al l a whh h ba gp-a- y gh a q h x h aalha gh. E hgh h appa b a h -y h appah, la xaly wha y ghhl b p whh la h la g ag y gh.

Alhgh ppla labll a ay la -

a, a a, hg halh a, whh a-a gga a ay , h gp al ayp ha ly p lal y b aly la al xl.

30. A pp h la a EU : C h Epa C-, Cmmission Sta Working Document Accompanying the Communication romthe Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and SocialCommittee and the Committee o the Regions: Community Instruments and Policies or RomaInclusion, CM (2008) 420, Bl 2008.


19/23


F a, g q a lyl, lagag a ay-l h a g ag a ppla whh p h l p h l,lagag a ala a ajy . T - b p: ---all-a a hl b h-ghly ba.

T h la whh g a a a aal y a a -al a. T al ha ag ha h -al a a b ba ahplgal, plal a alg. Ahplg ha p ha h h labll a a awa h a -al a hy y wh . h h la plally hal -p. Fally, h al ag h a p-aal ay alb .

Hw, h la b a -al a ay al b p ag pp a h wh h h la g. T p- aal a Epa lgal awk gaa ly al- g gh : ally h gh jy h w l.T awk laly akl h a pa xlha a a.

A a l, a-p aal b a pl ha gha y x p aal g p h l a. T al plal bh h la b a -al a

h aal g a ga plal papa.hl, h plal papa a ppla a

wak lal, aal1 a aal ll, b h a a- h a h bj ah qy.

Wha l a b aw pally la h l hEpa U a gg a agy? T Epa U hagaally g ha a-a a hl a p h al ga a. A wkg EU b h py ggaphal-

ly a p-aal al a bba la whh hajy EU a ppla ly bj ly ha- by.

3. F a, h Hgaa y l-g y p la, - p, l h a h p paa y a

jyg gga whl p lgal p a b h y abl h ha a ay h hapg lal wla gla a wg h h ay a (Sala 2003).32. Wkg h EU agy h al l a, C Cl Lb, J a H Aa. app: La Jka, 28 Sp. 200.


20/23

mrton rvid20

() T a lga a al ply ; hw, xplly xlh plx pha hy-ba a [a] ga a plly h al l all h a gpwh l ph p- g. y w, hEpa U a la bh h all gglg aqappg pla Ahkal ga a ap lkcampi nomadi aly lla w pbl a by h -gg EU a Sagy.

(2) Fh, h al ga a a b l ly pl wh h ag g. Eaal ga pgaa al a lg a wh pa p p h hl all-wh la. Mg a al l h whghbh wll ly la wh-gh a w ghawhl -a ap a ghb. ga pga wll

wk ly bh h ajy a y wa a a abl gah h a l gh.

(3) Fally, ply aag a wh y a x p-y ha p yp pg h g a ga a. T EU hl all ga a aal ag a hg a l, hy, a, l . F a, ahy xbk Hgay ll g a hy, lg h p- a h S Wl Wa ( al. 2007). T a ll ha-ly ay a p, a h p pbl g ha

l b l l. T a ly w xapl hw yp h-g h ga a l b bk w.

, a-a a a h lp h p- p-a -g a b hl. A al la ha g alg a l qaly a y. Ah p a h US Fal G play a al l hal ga a g h Aa-Aa y h 90, h Epa U l b h aaly g h -al pp a a ay Ep.

Reerences

A, Ta, a Ghgh, la. 200. C h wl a wh:My, h a ha gh a. : Gy, Wll, . Bw paa : T a Cal a Ea Ep. Hal: Uy Hh P. 547.

a la Kl-Alxa. 200. T aal a U. A Ea-Epa Aw W Epa Q? : Gy, Wll, . Bw

33. b.


21/23


pa a : T a Cal a Ea Ep. Hal: Uy Hh P. 57227.

By, Zl. 2002. T Ea Epa Gyp: g hag, agaly ahpl. Cabg: Cabg Uy P.

Babk, a. 2007. T a- bw aaal hp a plal

ay. : Fa, . a K, P., . al hp glbal pp.L: Palga Malla. 972.Bhabb, Syla. 200. Ah pla wh a by Jy

Wal, B Hg, Wll Kylka. x: x Uy P.Cha, Mal. 2003. . Eylpa Ual. hp://www.al-.

/ylp//EC. 2009. T Epa a gh C all g ga a

p ppa ha Hgay.F, Ll. 2003. apa a aal: A ahplgal appah h

aal a M. g ().Gay y Bla, Pala. 2002. Gypy/a apa: g a paa pp-

. Sal Ahplgy 0 (2): 7388.Gy, Wll. 200. a y a p-C ply. : Gy, Wll, . Bw

pa a : T a Cal a Ea Ep. Hal: Uy Hh P. 333.

, . Bw pa a : T a Cal a Ea Ep. Hal:Uy Hh P.

K, J. 2009. A gyk kalla. HG (8).Kl-Alxa, la. 2005. T a wl pl. Alh: Ahga.Ka, Ma. 2003. T pl a y: Bw aal a -

. p ay. Jly, 8.

Kylka, Wll. 200. Lbal aal a pla j. Bhabb, S.,. Ah pla wh a by Jy Wal, BHg, Wll Kylka. x: x Uy P. 284.

Kylka, Wll. 2007. Mllal yy: agag h w aal pl y. x: x Uy P.

Lg, Ja-P. 2007. a Ep. Cl Ep.Majy, Bal, a , Bal, . 200. A y Ep. Sl -

aal gag h a. Bap: Gla Ka.Maha, Aa. 200. La p ga a lEp a-

jh: l lapph aal. Pa: Haaa.

Mahaka, Ela, a Pp, l. 2004. T : A a wh a a?Hal bakg a pay . Mlg SFB - ga : Sga Cpla. w-halh H 4.

, M, B Mkl, Sab, Kga, a Kak, . 2007. T p-a a Hla Hgaa hgh-hl xbk. : -a a Hla Ea.

Sala, Jla. 2003. Cg ggl g: Clahg ga hy pay Hgay. : Hb, B., . g g-gl a al . Cabg: Cabg Uy P. 8824.


22/23

mrton rvid22

Sly, , a Lay, J. 200. T al a hy Blgaa, aa a Hgay g ak a. w Slgy7(2): 7889.

. 200. Pa xl: Cg Gypy hy a h akg a la aal Ep. w Yk: Clba Uy

P.Tl, P. 2005. a Ply: T lg walk wa plal papa. :Tl, P., . a Ep: al xl a papa.Skpj: Fh Eb Sg. 774.

ha, h. 200. h a h a? T l pa a aG. : Gy, Wll, . Bw pa a : T a Cal aEa Ep. Hal: Uy Hh P. 3457.

h, P. 200. T a : My pl a h bl-a pay Cal Ep. x a w Yk: Bghah Bk.


23/23

Copyright of Romani Studies is published by Liverpool University Press, and its content may not be copied or

emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without Liverpool University Press's express written copyright

permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.

Documents

On the Normative Dilemmas of the Emerging European Roma Policy