Objectives:

Identify basic properties of waterIdentify macromolecules

Catalyst: Draw a water molecule and label the charges. What does it mean to be polar?

Abiotic – nonliving factorsBiotic – living factors

biotic

abiotic

What allows this drop of

water to hang there

without falling?

Water is Magical!!!

Polarity – POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ENDS

Water is Magical!!!

Adhesion – water sticks to other substances (a for adhere)

Cohesion – water molecules stick together (c for couple)

Capillary Action – combination of cohesion and adhesion allow for water to move up plant stems

SOL QUICKIE!!!!

Hydrogen Bonding in Water

• Attraction between positive end of one water molecule and negative end of another water molecule

Water as Universal Solvent

Solute – what’s being dissolved (ex: salt)Solvent – does the dissolving (usually

water)Universal solvent

Due to having positive and negative sides any atom with a positive or negative charge can bond with water

Chemical nutrients can be dissolved and carried throughout the body

Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophile

Hydrophobic – hates water (phobia = fear) Example – oil and water not mixing

Hydrophile – loves water Part of the cell membrane

Interesting fact: Soap has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail which allows it to dissolve in both waters and oils, therefore allowing the soap to clean a surface.

Density of Water

1 gram per cubic centimeterGreater than 1 – sinkLess than 1 -- float

Specific Heat

Water has a high specific heat index - can absorb a lot of heat before it begins to get hot.

Water promotes homeostasis by preventing large fluctuations in temperature

This is why water is valuable to industries and in your car's radiator as a coolant. The high specific heat index of water also helps regulate the rate at which air changes temperature, which is why the temperature change between seasons is gradual rather than sudden, especially near the oceans.

pH Scale

An acid is a substance that ionizes in water to give hydrogen ions (H+)

A base is a substance that ionizes in water to give hydroxide ions (OH-)

Review – Drawing a Water Molecule

Capillary action

• Capillary Action – combination of cohesion and adhesion allow for water to move up plant stems

SPONCH!!!! Vital elements

Sulfur Phosphorous Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon Hydrogen

We’ve got a little song to remember this

PHOSPHOROUS If you ain't got no bio love take yo‘ stinky butt home

If you ain't got no bio love take yo‘ stinky butt homeP-H-O-S-P-H-O-R-O-U-S, yeah P-H-O-S-P-H-O-R-O-U-S

[B-Section:]We're flyin' first classUp in the skyPoppin' notesLivin' my lifeIn the fast laneAnd I wont changeBy the Phosphorous, oh the flossy flossy

[Chorus:]The phosphorous,The phosphorous, phosphorousBy the phosphorous, oh the flossy flossy

Carbon Chemistry

• Let’s see the sheet!!!

Time for MACROMOLECULES!!!

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Nucleic Acids

• Proteins

• Chart time! Then LAB!!!

Carbohydrates - Components

• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen

Carbohydrates - Examples

• Monosaccharides – glucose• Disaccharides – sucrose, lactose• Polysaccharides – starch, glycogen,

cellulose• Remember: mono = one, di = two, poly =

many

• Plants use starch to store glucose, animals use glycogen to store glucose

Carbohydrates - Purposes

• Carbohydrates are sugars and are the key to metabolism.

• Identify sugars by their ending in –ose.

Carbohydrates – Misc.

• Dehydration synthesis – formation of disaccharide from two monosaccharides

• Synthesis – brings together• Dehydration – take a water

molecule out

Carbohydrates (and beyond …)

• Glucose is the preferred energy source for the brain. Brain function drops off sharply if glucose is in short supply.

• PET scans can detect areas of glucose usage and can show brain damage following trauma or drug use.

• The breakdown of glucose for energy can be traced all the way through glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain.

Lipids - Components

• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen

• 3 fatty acids and one glycerol molecule

Lipids - Examples

• Fats, waxes, and steroids.• Phospholipids make up all cell

membranes

Lipids - Purposes

• Non-polar and do not dissolve in water.

• Lipids store energy and are the basis for steroid hormone synthesis.

Lipids – Misc.

• Most common fats– Triglycerides– UnSaturated fats

• Usually plant fats (double bonds between carbons)

– saturated fats• Usually animal fats (single bonds between Carbons)

• Waxes• Steroids

– Chlorophyll, estrogen, cortisone

Lipids (and beyond …)

• Phospholipids make up all cell membranes and play a large role in determining what gets in and out of the cell.

• Hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions give phosopholipids their unique properties.

Proteins - Components

• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen• Nitrogen• Linked chains of amino acids

– (20 different groups in different orders)– Like alphabet making words

Proteins - Examples

• Most abundant macromolecule• Most catalysts are made of protein.• Key structural elements of:

– Cells, skin, muscle, blood, fur

Proteins - Purposes

• Proteins are the cell’s molecular machinery.

• Proteins are synthesized by the ribosome from a code made of RNA.

Proteins – Misc.

• Dipeptide – two amino acids• Polypeptide – three amino acids

• Proteins are made of one or more polypeptides

• Dehydration synthesis again!!!

Proteins (and beyond …)

• Proteins gain their function from the way they fold.

• Proteins act as catalysts by lowering activation energy.

• Hemoglobin transports oxygen to all tissues and is made of 4 dimers.

• Many proteins use minerals such as calcium or iron to aid in their function.

Nucleic Acids – Components

• Made up of repeating units called nucleotides– Five carbon sugar– Phosphate group– Nitrogenous base

Nucleic Acids – Examples

• There are two types of nucleic acids: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acids (RNA).

Nucleic Acids – Purposes

• Store genetic information• Code for protein synthesis

Nucleic Acids – Misc.

• None

Enzymes

• This reaction normally happens (black), but is catalyzed by the enzyme (red). The Activation energy to start the reaction is lowered!!!!!

Endothermic

• Energy of products is higher than energy of reactant

• Feels Cold!!! It sucks up the heat from environment.

Exothermic

• Energy of products is lower than energy of reactant

• Feels Hot!!! It gives off heat from the reaction.

Enzymes

• Enzymes act as catalysts which speed up the rate of a reaction.

Enzymes

• This reaction normally happens (black), but is catalyzed by the enzyme (red). The Activation energy to start the reaction is lowered!!!!!

Lock and Key Theory

• SIDEBOARD

• SAY HI TO FISH!

Effects on Enzyme Activity

• Rate of Enzyme Activity is influenced by:– Substrate concentration (more substrate = more

activity until saturation)– Temperature (higher temperature = more activity

until the enzyme’s protein denatures)

Effects on Enzyme Activity

• Rate of Enzyme Activity is influenced by:– pH (usually in range of 6-8 for humans)

– Inhibitors (reduce activity by binding or changing shape of active sites)

Alkaline IntestineAcidic

Stomach

Water Activities Forming PODS

Follow Mr. G’s directions You must name your POD

Water activities – 25 points credit Lab Manager Assistance

Petri Dishes distributed Glass slides One napkin / paper towel 2 beakers to everyone

Autrophs vs. Heterotrophs

AutotrophsOrganisms that acquire energy by making their

own food. Plants and certain unicellular organisms are autotrophs.

HeterotrophsOrganisms that gain energy by eating other

organisms are called heterotrophs. Some unicellular organisms, as well as all animals and fungi, are heterotrophs.

Living things run on batteries.

Living things run on batteries.

THE WEB OF LIFE

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

Plants and Animals

(heterotrophs)

Plants(autotrophs)

Sun

CO2 + H20

Glucose + O2

Process by which cells make ATP

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy (glucose) that life forms can use

Cellular Respiration

Process by which cells make ATP

Comparison of Mitochondria

and Chloroplasts

Comparison of Mitochondria

and Chloroplasts

Both have a large amount of internal membrane surface area.

Both have their own ribosomes.

Both have their own genomes.

Both produce a large amount of ATP.

Both derive energy for ATP synthesis from H+ pumps.

Both have a large amount of internal membrane surface area.

Both have their own ribosomes.

Both have their own genomes.

Both produce a large amount of ATP.

Both derive energy for ATP synthesis from H+ pumps.

Glycolysis

38 ATP

Aerobic Respiration

Fermentation

(anaerobic)

2 ATP

Lactic Acid

Alcohol

No Oxygen Present

Oxygen Present

Breaking down glucose….

Occurs in plants and animals

GlycolysisBreaking down glucose….

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

-It is the opposite of photosynthesis-Takes place in the cytoplasm.-Forms 2 molecules of ATP (energy source)

2 ATP

BUT DON’T WE NEED MORE THAN 2 ATP????!!!!??!?!

Glycolysis

38 ATP

Aerobic Respiration

2 ATP

Oxygen Present

Breaking down glucose….

If there is oxygen…

We go through a bunch of complex chemical interactions including the Krebs cycle, and we make a total of 38 ATP molecules

WHAT IF WE AIN’T GOT NO OXYGEN MR. G?????

Glycolysis

Fermentation

(anaerobic)

2 ATP

Lactic Acid

Alcohol

No Oxygen Present

Breaking down glucose….

Occurs in plants and animals

Gives us 2 more ATP

FERMENTATION— allows cells to carry out energy production in the absence of oxygen

2 Types of Fermentation

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION—occurs in most species when body can’t supply enough oxygen. The lactic acid burns and that is what you feel when you exercise.

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION—occurs in yeasts and other microorganisms. Makes beer, bread, cheese, etc.

Chemical Version of Web of Life Photosynthesis

6CO2 + H2O + Light C6H12O6 + 602

Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light Glucose + Oxygen

Cellular Respiration (Exact Opposite)C6H12O6 + 602 6CO2 + H2O

Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water

THIS CYCLE NEVER ENDS!!!

Comparison of Mitochondria

and Chloroplasts

Comparison of Mitochondria

and Chloroplasts

Both have a large amount of internal membrane surface area.

Both have their own ribosomes.

Both have their own genomes.

Both produce a large amount of ATP.

Both derive energy for ATP synthesis from H+ pumps.

Both have a large amount of internal membrane surface area.

Both have their own ribosomes.

Both have their own genomes.

Both produce a large amount of ATP.

Both derive energy for ATP synthesis from H+ pumps.

Ready??

Open Notes Quiz

DiabetesDiabetes Insulin – helps take Insulin – helps take glucoseglucose from blood from blood

into into cellscells and start and start cellularcellular respirationrespiration Type 1Type 1

– Children and young adultsChildren and young adults– Beta cells in pancreas do not make insulin Beta cells in pancreas do not make insulin

b/c body’s immune system has attacked and b/c body’s immune system has attacked and destroyed themdestroyed them

Type 2Type 2– Either body doesn’t produce enough insulin Either body doesn’t produce enough insulin

or cells ignore insulin. Cells become starved or cells ignore insulin. Cells become starved for energy & high glucose levels hurt your for energy & high glucose levels hurt your eyes, kidneys, nerves and hearteyes, kidneys, nerves and heart

KWL CHART What we know about Photosynthesis and

Cellular RespirationPhotosynthesis: how plants make energyCellular Respiration: cell makes ATP

What we want to know about Photosynthesis and Cellular RespirationHow does it work?

Light versus Dark Reaction: Chlorophyll Glycolysis

How long it takes? The different types of processes?

What we learned to know about Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Pretend time We are going to create life…. All we have is a big SUN… We make plants… they use photosynthesis

to produce glucose and oxygen. The plants need to eat so they use glycolysis

to access the energy… this is the start of cellular respiration.

We create animals… they eat plants. They need energy so they breakdown the glucose that plants give them by cellular respiration

The animals give off carbon dioxide and water which the plants use to start the process again.

We’re pretty smart creators!!!