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Nanogenerators H ti b d ti f i– Harvesting body motion energy for powering
conventional electronics
Zhong Lin (Z.L.) Wang
S h l f M t i l S i d E i iSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA
Research supported by DARPA, NSF, BES DOE, NIH
www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang 1
Reality: now and future• More personal electronics• More mobile electronics
More sensors• More sensors• …
• More tiny power sources• More waste• More environmental concerns• …
2www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang
Motivation: Self-powering, independent and defect tolerated sensor networkdefect tolerated sensor network
Energy in environment
Energy harvester
Applications: • Implantable sensorsEnergy • Implantable sensors • Remote patient monitoring • Environmental monitoring
storage
SensorsData
transmitter & i • Internet of things
• Long range asset tracking • Structural monitoring
Data processor
& controller
& receiver
• Structural monitoring • National security • ….
controller
Changes in environment3www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang
Objective: harvesting energy from environment (body motion)(body motion)
Table 1. Mechanical energy from typical body motions and the expected electrical energy can be generated.
Activity Mechanical Electrical Electrical energy per movement
How much energy does each of us have?
Irregular energy:- Low frequency;
Activity Mechanical Electrical Electrical energy per movement
Blood flow 0.93W 0.16W 0.16JExhalation 1.00W 0.17W 1.02JBreath 0.83W 0.14W 0.84JLow frequency;
- Variable frequency;- Variable amplitudes
Upper limbs 3.00W 0.51W 2.25JFingers type 6.9-19mW 1.2-3.2mW 226-406μJWalk 67.00W 11.39W 18.9J
4www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang
Controlled growth of ZnO nanowires
Science 291 (2001) 1947ZnO
ZnO:
• Semiconductor• Piezoelectricity• Optical material
$5/lb
www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang 5
2 μm
Scientific principle of the nanogenerator
• Convert tiny body motion into electricity using nanomaterials;
• Tolerate variation in driving
I
-
frequencies and amplitudes;
• Build self-powering d i d t
RLVL
+
-ZnO
nanodevices and nanosystems;
• Possible source of energies: biological mechanical energybiological mechanical energy, acoustic/ultrasonic vibration energy, and biofluid hydraulic energy into electricityenergy, into electricity.
Wang & Song, Science, 312 (2006) 242.Wang et al., Nano Letters, 3 (2004) 423-426
6www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang
F
Fundamental physics: Piezoelectric potential (Piezopotential)
-+ PPiezoelectric effect:
F
cInner potential created by strain;
f fV+V- V-Switch polarity by switch sign in strain;
V-Drive/control charge transport
www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang
Single wire nanogenerator
10
20400
600
FSFS FSFSo
g g
-20
-10
0
10
olta
ge (m
V)
400
-200
0
200
Cur
rent
(pA
)
FRFR FRFRFRFR FRFR
FSFS FSFS
conn
ectio
n to
men
t sys
tem
-600
-400
-200
0
Cur
rent
(pA)
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Vol
tage
(mV
)
I
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140-50
-40
-30Vo
Time (Second)0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
-800
-600
-400
Time (Second)Fo
rwar
d-c
mea
sure
m
25.3 25.5Time (Second)25.2 25.4-50
Time (Second)V+V-
( )
C DA
EFΦSB
CBΔE
B
L R L RL REF
VBL R
ΔEp
5
10
nt(p
A)
E
A
B
C A
FS
V+ V- +-
e
+-
e
V+ V--5
0
Cur
ren A C
D
A
FR
8
IRL
I 0 1 2-10
Time (Second)
Nature Nanotechnology, 4 (2009) 34-39 www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang
Electricity generation by finger movementy g y g
20
V)
10
20
olta
ge (m
V)
0
Volta
ge (m
V
39.3 39.6 39.90
Vo
Time (Second)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-20
V
www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang 9
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80Time (Second) Nano Letters, 9 (2009) 1201
Nanogenerator: engineering scale up and integrationNanogenerator: engineering scale up and integration
Nano Letters, 10 (2010) 315111www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang
Lighting up an LED by nanogenerator: applications
1.0
06
0.8
(V)
02
0.4
0.6
Volta
ge (
0.0
0.2V
0 5 10 15 20Time (s)
Nano Letters, 10 (2010) 3151
12www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang
Driving a commercial LCD by nanogenerator
F
x
y z
Hu, Zhang, Xu … Wang, Nano Letts. 13www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang
Driving a laser diode by nanogenerator
0F
g y g
0
‐0.2
‐0.4V (V)
‐0.6
‐0.8
• Stacked fabrication of NGsof NGs
• Rectification• Charge storage
14www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang
D t ti “ lf i ”Demonstrating a “self-powering” nanosensor
• Nanogenrator as power source;N ti it
H+ OH-
Nanosensor• Nanosensor as action unit• Integrated system for independent
and self-sufficient operation
Nanogeneratorg
Xu, Qin, Xu … Wang, Nature Nanotech, 5 (2010) 366. 16www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang
Nanogenerator: from science to engineering and to applications
1. AFM based nanogenerator
2. DC nanogenerator 3. Fiber nanogenerator 4. Lateral and packaged NG
and to applications2005-2008: Science
nanogenerator
RL
I
VL+
-ZnO
Science 316 (2007) 102 Nature Nanotech., 4 (2009) 34
Nature 451 (2008) 809
6. Powering nanodevices5. In-vivo nanogenerator
+
7 Lighting up a LED
Science, 312 (2006) 242.
Science 316 (2007) 102Nano Letters, 8 (2008) 4027
Nature Nanotech., 4 (2009) 34Nano Letters, 9 (2009) 1201
Hybrid cells2009-2010: Engineering 2010-future: applications
6. Powering nanodevices5. In vivo nanogenerator 7. Lighting up a LED y
0.5 cm
Nature Nanotech., 5 (2010) 366Nano Letts., onlineAdv. Mater. 22 (2010) 2534 JACS, 131 (2009) 5866
ACS Nano, 4 (2010) 364717www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang
Perspectives of NanogeneratorPerspectives of NanogeneratorScience – engineering – technology - commercialization
Blood flow & heart beating
Breath
Wireless sensors
Implantable devices
Wind
sensorsRobots
Mechanical energy sourcesWave
Nanosensors
sourcesWave
Body movements
MEMs
Car running
Air conditioning
movements MP3sCell phones
Laptops
www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang
g
18