gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;Wtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj ... G-9 T/Chapter 01.pdf · ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 2,yq;ifkPJ gpupj;jhdpau; ftdk; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;fhuzq;fs;fhuzq;fs;

1 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

,yq;iff;F tUif je;j Nkiy ehl;ltu;fSs; gpupj;jhdpau;fs;

Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wdu;. ,jw;F Kd;du; ,yq;iff;F tUif je;j

Nghu;j;Jf;NfauhYk; xy;yhe;juhYk; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; xU

gFjpia kl;LNk jkJ Ml;rpf;Fs; nfhz;L tu Kbe;jJ. vdpDk; 1796

,y; xy;yhe;juplkpUe;J fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpa

gpupj;jhdpauhy; 1815,y; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpajd; %yk;

KOehl;ilANk jkJ Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Kbe;jJ.

,t;thW ehL KOtijAk; jkJ Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jpa gpd;du;

murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhuj; Jiwfspy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpa

tz;zk; 1948 ngg;utup 4Me; jpfjptiu xd;wiu E}w;whz;Lfshf vkJ

ehl;il Ml;rp nra;jdu;. ,t;tj;jpahaj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk; ,yq;if

kPJ ngUQ; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa gpupj;jhdpaupd; ,yq;if tUif

njhlu;ghfTk;> ,yq;ifapy; mtu;fs; jkJ Ml;rpia epWtpaik

njhlu;ghfTk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;Wtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpagpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;Wtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpagpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;Wtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpagpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;Wtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpagpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;Wtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpag pd ;dzpg pd ;dzpg pd ;dzpg pd ;dzpg pd ;dzp

fPioj;Njr tu;j;jfj;jpd; %yk; xy;yhe;ju; mjpf ,yhgk; <l;Ltijf;

fz;l gpupj;jhdpau;> mt;tpahghuj;ijj; jkjhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; vz;zj;Jld;

1600 Mk; Mz;by; gpupj;jhdpa fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff; fk;gdpia epWtpdu;.

Kjd;Kiwahf 1664,y; gpuhd;]pau; gpnuQ;R fpof;F ,e;jpa tu;j;jf

fk;gdp; xd;iwAk; cUthf;fpdu;. ntF tpiutpy;; fPioj;Njr tu;j;jf

cupikiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; ,t;tpU rhuhUf;Fk; ,ilNa Nghl;b

cUthdJ. ,e;jtifapy; ,e;JrKj;jpu Mjpf;fj;ijj; jkjhf;fpf;

nfhs;tjpy; ,yq;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu;e;J nfhz;l

gpupj;jhdpaUk;> gpuhd;]paUk; jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfj;jpd; kPJ jkJ

ftdj;ijr; nrYj;j Muk;gpj;jdu;.

2,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

,yq;ifkPJ gpupj;jhdpau; ftdk; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd,yq;ifkPJ gpupj;jhdpau; ftdk; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd,yq;ifkPJ gpupj;jhdpau; ftdk; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd,yq;ifkPJ gpupj;jhdpau; ftdk; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd,yq;ifkPJ gpupj;jhdpau; ftdk; nrYj;jpaikf;fhdfhuzq;fs;fhuzq;fs;fhuzq;fs;fhuzq;fs;fhuzq;fs;

« Nfe;jpu epiya Kf;fpaj;Jtk;Nfe;jpu epiya Kf;fpaj;Jtk;Nfe;jpu epiya Kf;fpaj;Jtk;Nfe;jpu epiya Kf;fpaj;Jtk;Nfe;jpu epiya Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

v ,e;J rKj;jpuf; flw;ghijapd;

kj;jpapy; ,yq;if mike;jpUe;

jik.

v ,e ;j paht pd ; f pof ;Ff ;

fiuapdJk; (kyghu;)> Nkw;Ff;

fiuapdJk; (nfhunkz;ly;)

flw ; gil > t pahghu

e l t b f ; i f f i s

,yq;ifapypUe;J

Nkw;nfhs;tJ trjpahapUe;jik.

v tlfPo;g; gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhyq;fspy;

ngUe;njhifahd fg;gy;fisg;

ghJfhg;ghf epWj;jp itf;ff;$ba

jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfk;

,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gl;lik.

v ,e ;j paht py ; Ml ;r pia

mikj ;Jf ; nfhs ;tjpy ;

g p u h d ; ] p a U l d h d

N g h l ; b a p y p U e ; J

, e ; J r K j ; j p u f ;

flyhjpf;fj;ijj; jkjhf;fpf;

n f h s ; t j w ; F j ;

jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfk; mtrpakhf mike; jik.

,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpd; tu;j;jfg;

ghij

,yq;ifapd; miktplk;

jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfk;


« tpahghu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;tpahghu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;tpahghu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;tpahghu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;tpahghu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

v INuhg;ghTf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;l fWthtpy; ,yq;ifapd;

fWth Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;jik.

v fPioj;Njr ehLfSldhd tu;j;jfj;jpd; %yk; Nghu;j;Jf;

NfaUk; xy;yhe;jUk; ngw;W te;j ,yhgj;ij gpupj;jhdpau;

jkjhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; Mty; nfhz;bUe;jik.

v kpsF> Vyk;> fuhk;G> Kj;J> khzpf;fk;> ahidj;je;jk;

Nghd;w tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fs; ,yq;ifapy; fpilf;fg; ngw;wik.

gpupj;jhdpau; ,U re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,yq;if KOtijAk; jkJ

fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; nfhz;L te;jik.

1. 1796 Mk; Mz;L fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;Wjy;.

2. 1815 ,y; ehL KOtijAk; ifg;gw;Wjy;.

gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf;gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf;gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf;gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf;gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf;nfhs;Sjy;nfhs;Sjy;nfhs;Sjy;nfhs;Sjy;nfhs;Sjy;

1658 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fs;

xy;yhe;ju; trkpUe;jd. INuhg;ghtpy; Mq;fpNyaUk; xy;yhe;jUk;

ez;gu;fshapUe;jdu;. Mifahy; Mrpahtpy; xy;yhe;jUld; Nkhjiy

Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s mtu;fs; tpUk;gtpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; kiyaf kd;dDld;

njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; xy;yhe;ju; trKs;s fiuNahug;

gpuNjrq;fisf; Fwpg;ghfj; jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfj;ijj; jkjhf;fpf;

nfhs;tjw;fhd eltbf;iffspy; gpupj;jhdpau; <Lgl;ldu;.

vdpDk; mt;thwhd Kaw;rpfs; midj;Jk; Njhy;tpapNyNa Kbe;jd.

v ,jw;fpilNa 1789 Mk; Mz;by; ,lk;ngw;w gpuhd;]pag; Gul;rpapd;

gpd;du; (8 Me; jug; ghlE}ypy; gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp gw;wp ePq;fs;

fw;Ws;sPu;fs;)> gpuhd;rpy; cUthd Fbaurpdhy; xy;yhe;J

Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;L> mq;Nf> ~~gl;Nltpaf; FbauR|| vDk; Gjpa

murhq;fk; xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

v ,t;Ntisapy; xy;yhe;j ,sturuhd (];nll;N`hy;lu;) xNwQ;

tpy;ypak; ghJfhg;Gf; fUjp ,q;fpyhe;jpw;Fj; jg;gp Xbdhd;.

v ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;Wk; vz;zj;Jld; ,Ue;j gpupj;jhdpau;

,r;re;ju;g;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L tpy;ypak; ,sturdplk;

fbjk; xd;iwg; (fpA+ fbjk;) ngw;W te;J (fpA+ khspifapypUe;J

ngw;W te;jjhy; fpA+ fbjk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ)> ,yq;ifapy;

,Ue;j xy;yhe;j MSeuplk; rku;g;gpj;jdu;. ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;j


xy;yhe;j Ml;rpg; gpuNjrq;fisg; gpuhd;rpau; jkjhf;fpf;

nfhs;tjidj; jLg;gjw;fhfj; jw;fhypfkhf mg;gpuNjrq;fisg;

gpupj;jhdpauplk; xg;gilf;Fk;gb mf;fbjj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ.

v mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;ij Mz;L

nfhz;bUe;j xy;yhe;j MSeuhd /gd; vq;fy; ngf; ,jw;F

,zq;ftpy;iy. vdNt gpupj;jhdpau; jhkjpf;fhJ jkJ jhf;Fjiy

Muk;gpj;jdu;. ,t;thW xy;yhe;jupd; Mjpf;fj;ijj; Njhw;fbj;J

fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ltu;fs; Mq;fpy

fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jf fk;gdpapduhtu;.

Kjypy; jpUNfhzkiyiaj; jhf;fpa gpupj;jhdpau;> 1795 Mf];l;

khjj;jpy; mjidf; ifg;gw;wpaJld; aho;g;ghzk;> kd;dhu;> fw;gpl;b>

fhyp> nfhOk;G Mfpa gpuNjrq;fisAk; gbg;gbahff; ifg;gw;wpf;

nfhz;ldu;. 1796 ngg;utup MFk; NghJ MSeu; /gd; vq;fy; ngf;

,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;j xy;yhe;j Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;

midj;ijAk; Mq;fpNyauplk; xg;gilf;Fk; xg;ge;jk; xd;wpy;

ifr;rhj;jpl;lhu;. ,yq;ifapy; xy;yhe;ju; trkpUe;j rfy fiuNahug;

gpuNjrq;fSk; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;ld.

,yq ;ifa pd ; fiuNahug ;,yq ;ifa pd ; fiuNahug ;,yq ;ifa pd ; fiuNahug ;,yq ;ifa pd ; fiuNahug ;,yq ;ifa pd ; fiuNahug ;gpuNjrq;fspy; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpgpuNjrq;fspy; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpgpuNjrq;fspy; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpgpuNjrq;fspy; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpgpuNjrq;fspy; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rp

g p u p j ; j hd pau ; %d ;W

re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ntt;NtW tpjkhf

,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fis

epu;tfpj;jdu;.

♦ Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jf

fk;gdpapd; Ml;rp (1796 - 1798)

♦ ,ul;il Ml;rp (1798 - 1802)

♦ Kbf;Fupa Ml;rp (1802)

1796,y; ,yq;ifapy;

gpupj;jhdpau;Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l

gpuNjrq;fs;

kiyehL

gpupj;jhdpaupd;

Ml;rpg; gpuNjrk;g;

kl;lf;fsg;G

fhyp


Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff; fk;gdpapdupd; Ml;rpMq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff; fk;gdpapdupd; Ml;rpMq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff; fk;gdpapdupd; Ml;rpMq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff; fk;gdpapdupd; Ml;rpMq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff; fk;gdpapdupd; Ml;rp

gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;ij 1796 -

1798 tiuahd KjypU tUlq;fspy; Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff;

fk;gdpapdNu Ml;rp nra;J te;jdu;. fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa

tu;j;jff; fk;gdpNa Ml;rpg; nghWg;igAk; Vw;wJ. vdNt mg;NghJ

epytpa nrd;id Ml;rp KiwiaNa ,q;Fk; mtu;fs; mKy; nra;jdu;.

,jdhy; ,t;thl;rp Kiw nrd;id Ml;rp Kiw vdg;gl;lJ.

cs;ehl;L cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf nrd;id mYtyu;fs;

mku;j;jg;gl;lik kf;fSf;F ,ilQ;ry; tpistpg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy;

1797 Mk; Mz;lstpy; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; tu;j;jf epWtdj;jpw;F

vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

1797 ,d; fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; 1797 ,d; fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; 1797 ,d; fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; 1797 ,d; fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; 1797 ,d; fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

v ,Jtiu ,yq;ifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tuptpjpg;G Kiwikf;Fg;

gjpyhf nrd;idapy; ifahsg;gl;l tupmwtpLk; Kiwik

,q;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lik. ,t;tupfis mwtpLtjw;fhf

~mTkpy;jhu;fs;| vdg;gLk; mjpfhupfs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

v nghUl;fshf tup mwtpLk; Kiwf;Fg; gjpyhfg; gzkhf tup

mwtpl Kide;jik> gzg;ghtid ,y;yhj r%fnkhd;wpy;

,J ,lu;g;ghlhf ,Ue;jik.

v tup mwtpLk; cupik Vy tpw;gidapy; tplg;gl;L> mit

nrd;id cj;jpNahfj;ju;fshd mTkpy;jhu;fshy; nfhs;tdT

nra;ag;gl;lik. nghJkf;fSila nkhop> gof;ftof;fq;fs;

vd;gtw;iw mwpahj mtu;fs;> $ba ,yhgj;ij <l;Ltjw;fhf

Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs; kf;fSf;Fg; gy;NtW rpf;fy;fis

cUthf;fpaik.

tup Vy tpw;gid Kiwtup Vy tpw;gid Kiwtup Vy tpw;gid Kiwtup Vy tpw;gid Kiwtup Vy tpw;gid Kiwmurhq;fj;jpw;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tupia t#ypf;Fk;

cupikia Vyj;jpy; tpw;gJ tup Vy tpw;gid MFk;.

murhq;fj;jpw;F mj;njhifiar; nrYj;jp mt;Tupikiag;

ngWk; eguhy; tup t#ypj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk;.


v jkJ cupikfis ,oe;j RNjr cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; gpupj;jhdpa

epu;thfj;ij vjpu;j;jik.

v njd;idkutup> kPd;tup> cg;Gtup> fs;tup> rhuhatup;> Gifapiy

tup Nghd;w gy;NtW Gjpa tupfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;lik. ,tw;Ws;

fpsu;r;rpf;fhd cldbf; fhuzkha; mike;jJ njd;id

tupahFk;.

v njd;id ehl;L kf;fspd; Kf;fpa tUkhd topahf ,Ue;jjhy;

mjpypUe;J tupia mwtpl;L ,yhgk; ngwg; gpupj;jhdpau;

vz;zpdu;.

v vdpDk; kuj;jpd; tpisr;riyg; ghuhJ kuq;fSf;F tup

mwtplg;gl;lik kf;fSf;Fg; ngUQ; Rikahf mike;jJ.

Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rpf;fy;fSk; rpq;fs kf;fspd; nfupy;yhg; (kiwe;

jpUe;J jhf;Fk;) Nghu; KiwAk; fpsu;r;rpia mlf;Ftjpy; ,lu;g;ghLfis

tpistpj;jd. 1797 ,y; Muk;gkhd ,f;fpsu;r;rp 1798 khu;r; khjk; tiu

,lk; ngw;wJ.

fpsu;r;rp mlf;fg;gl;l gpd;du;> mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisf; fz;lwptjw;

fhfg; gpupj;jhdpa murhy; tprhuizf;FOnthd;W epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. %tu;

nfhz;l ,f;FOTf;F Nfzy; b.kpA+ud; vd;gtu; jiyik tfpj;jhu;.

mjdhy; ,J ~~kpA+ud; FO|| vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;g;gjw;F

,f;FOtpduhy; Kd; itf;fg;gl;l MNyhridfs; tUkhW

1. tup Vy tpw;gid Kiw mfw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

2. Gjpjhf tpjpf;fg;gl;l tupfs; ePf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

3. tup mwtPl;Lf;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;l nrd;id cj;jpNahfj;ju;fshd

mTkpy;jhu;fs; ePf;fg;gl;L> mtu;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf cs;ehl;L

cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

4. gzj;jpd; %yNk tupfs; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jid

mfw;wg;gl;L Kd;NghyNt nghUl;fs; %yk; nrYj;Jk; Kiwf;F

,lkspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

« ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw (1798 - 1802),ul;il Ml;rp Kiw (1798 - 1802),ul;il Ml;rp Kiw (1798 - 1802),ul;il Ml;rp Kiw (1798 - 1802),ul;il Ml;rp Kiw (1798 - 1802)

gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fKk; Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff;

fk;gdpAk; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisf; $l;lhf epu;tfpj;jik

,ul;il Ml;rpKiw vdg;gLk;.


gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fk; Fbapay;>

ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffisj; jk;trk;

itj;Jf; nfhz;L> tUkhdk; <l;ly;>

tu;j;jfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;sy; Mfpa

nghWg;Gfis Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa

tu;j;jff; fk;gdpaplk; xg;gilj;jJ.

,ul;ilahl;rp Kiwapd;fPo; gpupj;

jhdpa murhq;fj;jhy; ,yq;ifapd;

fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fis epu;tfpg;

gjw;fhf 1798 ,y; gpul;upf; Nehu;j; mtu;

fs; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. Ml;

rpahsu; vd;w Kiwapy; mtu; epWtdj;

jpw;Fg; nghWg;ghsuhthu;. mtupd; fPo;

murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;> tu;j;jf

epWtd epu;thfpfs; vd ,U gpuptpdu; nraw;gl;ldu;.

,tu;fspilNa xj;Jiog;Gf; fhzg;gltpy;iy. tu;j;jf epWtdj;jpdu;

,ad;wsT ,yhgk; <l;Ltjpy; mf;fiw nrYj;jpdu;. gpupj;jhdpa murhq;f

cj;jpNahfj;ju;fNsh RNjr Kiwfs;> gof;ftof;fq;fs; gw;wp

mDgtkw;wtu;fshfTk;> nraw;wpwd; mw;wtu;fshfTk; fhzg;gl;ldu;.

,jdhy; ePz;l fhyk; nry;tjw;fpilapy; ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw Njhy;tpapy;

Kbe;jJ.

« fiuNahug; gpuNjrk; Kbahl;rpf;F cl;gly; (1802 - 1815)fiuNahug; gpuNjrk; Kbahl;rpf;F cl;gly; (1802 - 1815)fiuNahug; gpuNjrk; Kbahl;rpf;F cl;gly; (1802 - 1815)fiuNahug; gpuNjrk; Kbahl;rpf;F cl;gly; (1802 - 1815)fiuNahug; gpuNjrk; Kbahl;rpf;F cl;gly; (1802 - 1815)

,ul;ilahl;rp Njhy;tpAw;wikahy; 1802 ,y; ,yq;ifapd;

fiuNahug; gpuNjr Ml;rp Kiw gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fj;jhy; nghWg;Ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fika ,yq;if gpupj;jhdpaupd; FbNaw;w ehlhf;

fg;gl;lJ. gpnul;upf; Nehu;j; njhlu;e;Jk; gpupj;jhdpa MSeuhfr; nraw;

gl;lhu;.

gpnul;upf; Nehu;j; MSeupd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;gpnul;upf; Nehu;j; MSeupd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;gpnul;upf; Nehu;j; MSeupd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;gpnul;upf; Nehu;j; MSeupd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;gpnul;upf; Nehu;j; MSeupd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;

v cau; ePjpkd;wq;fis epWTjy;.

v Fbapay; tof;Ffs; njhlu;ghf Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wq;fis

mikj;jy;.

v ,uhrfhupa Kiwia xopj;jy;.

v murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfis xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;fhf epy

msit> nghJNtiy> jghy; jpizf;fsq;fs; cUthf;fg;gly;.

v itj;jparhiyfs; mikf;fg;gly;> mk;ikj; jLg;G kUe;J

toq;fg;gly;.

vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitfshFk;.

gpul;upf; Nehu;j;


MSeu; Njhk]; nkapl;yz;bd; Ml;rpMSeu; Njhk]; nkapl;yz;bd; Ml;rpMSeu; Njhk]; nkapl;yz;bd; Ml;rpMSeu; Njhk]; nkapl;yz;bd; Ml;rpMSeu; Njhk]; nkapl;yz;bd; Ml;rp

,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjr Ml;rpahsuhf 1805 ,y; Njhk];

nkapl;yz;l; epakdk; ngw;whu;. jkJ gpuNjrq;fspy; gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpiag;

gyg;gLj;Jtjw;F mtuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l eltbf;iffs; tUkhW:

♦ cs;ehl;L cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F cupa nghWg;Gf;fisf;

Fwpg;gpl;L epakdf; fbjq;fis toq;fpaik.

♦ cs;ehl;L cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; (Kjypahu;fspd;) mjpfhuq;fisf;

Fiwj;jik.

♦ MSeu; Nehu;j;jpdhy; xopf;fg;gl;l ,uh[fhupa Kiwia kPz;Lk;

epWtpaik.

♦ epu;thf Nritahsu;fspd; gjtp cau;tpw;Fr; rpq;fsk; my;yJ

jkpo; nkhop mwpitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Ff; fl;lhag;gLj;jpaik.

♦ rl;lk;> ePjp Mfpa Jiwfspy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L

[Pup rig %yk; tof;Ffis tprhupf;Fk; Kiwia mwpKfg;

gLj;jpaik.

Njhk]; nkapl;yz;bdhy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l ,r;nraw;ghLfshy;

fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rp rpwg;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl

top Vw;gl;lJ.

fz;b ,uhr;rpak; ifg;gw;wg;gly; - 1815 fz;b ,uhr;rpak; ifg;gw;wg;gly; - 1815 fz;b ,uhr;rpak; ifg;gw;wg;gly; - 1815 fz;b ,uhr;rpak; ifg;gw;wg;gly; - 1815 fz;b ,uhr;rpak; ifg;gw;wg;gly; - 1815

1796 ,y; ,yq;ifapd ;

fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;

gw;wpa gpupj;jhdpau; mjd; gpd;du;

fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; njhlu;Gfis

Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Kaw;rpfis

Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. Muk;gj;jpy; el;Gw

Tld; nraw;gl;l mtu;fs; gpd;du;

mt; ,uhr;rpaj;ijj; jkJ fl;Lg;

ghl;bDs; nfhz;Ltu vz;zpdu;.

,jw;fhff; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;w ,U

jlitfs; Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;

sg;gl;ld.

fz;b efuk;


1. 1803 ,y; MSeu; gpul;upf; Nehu;j;jhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

Mf;fpukpg;G.

2. 1815 ,y; MSeu; nuhgl; gpuTz;wpf;fpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

Mf;fpukpg;G.

gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlu;Gfs;gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlu;Gfs;gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlu;Gfs;gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlu;Gfs;gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlu;Gfs;

gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;

Wtjw;F Kd;gpUe;Nj xy;yhe;jUf;F vjpuhf fz;b murDld; njhlu;Gfis

Vw;gLj;Jk; vz;zj;Jld; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; J}Jf;FOf;fis

mDg;gpdu;. mt;thW mDg;gg;gl;l J}Jf; FOf;fs; tUkhW:

1. 1762 ,y; gpupj;jhdpa tu;j;jf epWtdj;jpd; nrd;idg; gpujpepjpahd

N[hd; igg]; fz;b kd;dd; fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdplk; tUjy;.

2. 1782 ,y; gpupj;jhdpaj; J}Jtuhd `pA+ ngha;l; ,uh[hjp

,uh[rpq;fidr; re;jpj;J> xy;yhe;jiu ,e;ehl;bypUe;J tpul;Ltjw;F

cjtp toq;Ftjhf thf;FWjp mspj;jy;.

3. 1795 ,y; gpupj;jhdpa epUthf mjpfhupahd nuhgl; mz;l;W}];

xy;yhe;jUf;F vjpuhfg; gilAjtp Guptjw;fhf kd;dd; ,uh[hjp

,uh[rpq;fidr; re;jpj;jy;

4. fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpa gpd;du; 1800 ,y; nkf;Nlhty;

jsgjpapd; fPo; fz;bf;Fg; gil xd;iw mDg;gp kd;dd; = tpf;fpuk

uh[rpq;fDld; xg;ge;jk; xd;iwr; nra;J nfhs;tjw;F MSeu;

gpul;upf; Nehu;j; vj;jdpj;jy;. vd;whYk; ,k;Kaw;rpfs; midj;Jk;

if$lhky; Nghapd.

gpu pj ;jhdpau; kiyaf ,uhr;r paj;ijf; ifg;gw;w pf ;nfhs;s Mu;tk;g pu pj ;jhdpau; kiyaf ,uhr;r paj;ijf; ifg;gw;w pf ;nfhs;s Mu;tk;g pu pj ;jhdpau; kiyaf ,uhr;r paj;ijf; ifg;gw;w pf ;nfhs;s Mu;tk;g pu pj ;jhdpau; kiyaf ,uhr;r paj;ijf; ifg;gw;w pf ;nfhs;s Mu;tk;g pu pj ;jhdpau; kiyaf ,uhr;r paj;ijf; ifg;gw;w pf ;nfhs;s Mu;tk;fhl;baikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;fhl;baikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;fhl;baikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;fhl;baikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;fhl;baikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

v tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;ifapy; fiuNahuj;jpw;Fk;

kiyafj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j flitfspy; tup

nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;jik tu;j;jfj;jpw;F ,ilQ;ryhff; fhzg;

gl;lJ.

v jkJ epUthfj; jiyikafkhd nfhOk;gpw;Fk; flw;gilj;

jiyikafkhd jpUNfhzkiyf;Fk; ,ilNa jiu topg;

Nghf;Ftuj;jpid elhj;j fz;b ,uhr;rpak; jilahf ,Ue;jik.

v nfhOk;gpw;Fk;> jpUNfhzkiyf;Fk; ,ilNa fly;top njhlu;

Gfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F mjpf nryTk; ePz;l fhyKk; Njitg;

gl;lik.


v nfhOk;Gf;Fk; jpUNfhzkiyf;FkpilNa ngUe;njU xd;iw

mikf;f murdplk; mDkjp Nfhupa NghJk; mtu; mjw;F kWg;Gj;

njuptpj;jik.

v ghJfhg;gpw;fhff; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspYk; kiyehl;L vy;iyg;

Gwq;fspYk; ,uz;L gilfis itj;Jg; guhkupf;f Ntz;ba

Njit ,Ue;jik.

v gpupj;jhdpauJ Ml;rpg; gpuNjrq;fspy; Vw;gLk; fpsu;r;rpfSf;F fz;b

kd;dd; Mjutspj;jik.

v fiuNahug; gpuNjr kf;fSk; fz;b kd;didNa jkJ kd;ddhff;

fUjpaik.

v gpupj;jhdpaiu ,q;fpUe;J ntspNaw;Wtjw;F fz;b kd;dd;

gpuhd;rpaupd; gil cjtpia ehlf;$Lk; vd;w gak; mtu;fsplk;

fhzg;gl;lik.

gpul;upf; Nehj;jpd; kiyaf Mf;fpukpg;G - 1803gpul;upf; Nehj;jpd; kiyaf Mf;fpukpg;G - 1803gpul;upf; Nehj;jpd; kiyaf Mf;fpukpg;G - 1803gpul;upf; Nehj;jpd; kiyaf Mf;fpukpg;G - 1803gpul;upf; Nehj;jpd; kiyaf Mf;fpukpg;G - 1803

gpypkj;jyhit kiyafj;jpd; murdhf tpUk;gpa fhuzj;jhy;

Mq;fpNya MSeu; gpul;upf;Nehu;j;Jld; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhz;lhd;. ,J Mq;fpNyau; kiyafj;Jld; njhlu;G nfhs;s

toptFj;jJ. kiyafj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;j;jpUe;j

gpupj;jhdpau;fSf;F ntF tpiutpNyNa ,t;tpuhr;rpaj;jpw;F vjpuhd

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; tha;j;jJ. 1802 ,y;

fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; ,Ue;J kiyafj;jpw;Fr; nrd;w K];ypk;

tpahghupfSf;F mq;Fs;s mjpfhupfs; ,ilQ;ry; tpistpj;J>

mtu;fsplkpUe;j xU njhifg; ghf;ifg; gwpKjy; nra;jdu;. ,tw;wpdhy;

Vw;gl;l ,og;gpw;F> e\;l <L toq;Fk;gb MSeu; Nehu;j; Nfhupf;if

tpLj;jhu;. ,jw;F kd;du; nrtpkLf;fhikahy;> 1803 ,y; Mq;fpNyau;

fz;bkPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;wdu;.

jsgjp nkf;Nlhty; jiyikapy; nfhOk;gpypUe;J fz;bf;Fg; gil

xd;W nry;y jsgjp ghgl; jiyikapy; jpUNfhzkiyapy; ,Ue;Jk;

NkYk; xU gil fz;bf;F te;jJ. ,g;gilfis vjpu;nfhs;tJ rpukk;

vdf; fUjpa kd;dd; = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fDk;> efu kf;fSk; fz;b

efiuf; iftpl;L `q;Fud;nfj;ijf;Fg; gpd;thq;fpr; nrd;wdu;. vt;tpj

,ilA+Wkpd;wp efUf;Fs; GFe;j gpupj;jhdpag; gilapdu;> ghJfhg;Gf;

fUjp nfhOk;Gf;Fj; jg;gpNahb Mq;fpNyaupd; ghJfhg;gpypUe;j ,sturd;

Kj;Jrhkpiaf; fz;b kd;ddhfg; gpufldk; nra;jdu;.


,sturd; Kj;Jrhkpf;F kiy ehl;bd; muRupik ,Ue;jJ. vd;whYk;

mtidg; Gwf;fzpj;J> ,sturd; fz;Zrhkpia =tpf;uk uh[rpq;fd;

vd;Dk; ngaupy; kd;ddhf;fpa NghJ> ,sturd; Kj;Jrhkp jg;gpNahb

Mq;fpNyauplk; jQ;rkile;jpUe;jhd;.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghLNkyjpf E}y;fis thrpj;J> 1803 Mk; Mz;L gpupj;jhdpaupd; kiyaf

Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fhd fhuzq;fisAk; mJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

tpjj;ijAk; mjd; tpisTfisAk; tptupf;Fk; rpw;Nwnlhd;iwj;

jahupAq;fs;.

gpupj;jhdpau; Njhy;tpailjy;gpupj;jhdpau; Njhy;tpailjy;gpupj;jhdpau; Njhy;tpailjy;gpupj;jhdpau; Njhy;tpailjy;gpupj;jhdpau; Njhy;tpailjy;

rpwpJ fhyj;jpy; gUtg;ngau;r;rp kio nga;aj; njhlq;fNt

Mq;fpNyau; gy ,d;dy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;fj; njhlq;fpdu;. ,r;re;ju;g;

gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp kiyafg;gil Mq;fpNyaiur; Rw;wp tisj;Jj;

jhf;f Muk;gpj;jJ. ,tu;fspd; nfhupy;yhg; Nghu; Kiwahy; gpupj;jhdpag;

gil gLNjhy;tp mile;J> ruzila Neupl;lJ. = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;f

kd;ddpd; fl;lisg;gb ,sturd; Kj;Jrhkp nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lNjhL

gpupj;jhdpag; gil Kw;whf mopf;fg;gl;lJ. kiyehl;Lr; rpq;fstupd;

xw;WikahYk; mtu;fspd; mur tpRthrj;jpdhYk;> rpwe;j nfhupy;yhg;

Nghu; KiwahYk;> fz;bia Mf;fpukpf;f Nehu;j; MSeuhy; Nkw;

nfhs;sg;gl;l Kaw;rp ,Wjpapy; Njhy;tp fz;lJ.

Njhk]; nkapl;yz;Lk; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaKk;Njhk]; nkapl;yz;Lk; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaKk;Njhk]; nkapl;yz;Lk; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaKk;Njhk]; nkapl;yz;Lk; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaKk;Njhk]; nkapl;yz;Lk; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaKk;

gpul;upf; Nehu;j;jpd; gpd;du; 1805 ,y; fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;jpd;

MSeuhf te;j Njhk]; nkapl;yz;l;> kiyehl;il Aj;jj;jhy; ntw;wp

nfhs;s KbahJ vd;W Gupe;J nfhz;L> mjDld; xw;Wikahd el;G

uPjpahd nfhs;if xd;iwg; gpd;gw;wj; njhlq;fpdhu;. kiyehl;Lld;

njhlu;Gfisg; NgZtjw;fhf mf;fhy epu;thf Nritapy; gzpahw;wpa

rpwg;Gkpf;f cj;jpNahfj;juhd N[hd; nlhapyp vd;gtiu epakpj;jhu;.


nuhgl; gpnusd;wpf;Fk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaKk;nuhgl; gpnusd;wpf;Fk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaKk;nuhgl; gpnusd;wpf;Fk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaKk;nuhgl; gpnusd;wpf;Fk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaKk;nuhgl; gpnusd;wpf;Fk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaKk;

nkapl;yz;il mLj;J gpupj;jhdpa

MSeuhf 1812 ,y; epakdk; ngw;w nuhgl;

gpnusd;wpf; kiyaf ,uhr;rpa murDld;

tu;j;jf xg;ge;jk; xd;iwr; nra;J nfhs;tjw;F

Kaw;rpj;jhu;. MapDk; mJ if$ltpy;iy.

,jdhy; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;ij Mf;fpukpg;gJ

my;yJ jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;f; nfhz;L

tuNt gpnusd;wpf; ehl;lq;nfhz;lhu;. mjw;

fika N[hd; nlhapypapd; jiyikapy; 1815

,y; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;ij vt;tpj ,ilA+

Wkpd;wpj; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L

tu mtuhy; Kbe;jJ.

gpupj;jhdpau;fshy; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;sgpupj;jhdpau;fshy; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;sgpupj;jhdpau;fshy; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;sgpupj;jhdpau;fshy; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;sgpupj;jhdpau;fshy; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;sKbe;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;Kbe;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;Kbe;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;Kbe;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;Kbe;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

v gpypkj;jyhitapd; nraw;ghLgpypkj;jyhitapd; nraw;ghLgpypkj;jyhitapd; nraw;ghLgpypkj;jyhitapd; nraw;ghLgpypkj;jyhitapd; nraw;ghL

w kiyaf ,uhr;rpag; gpujhdpfspd; mjpfhuk; kpfTk; cr;rkile;J>

murdpd; mjpfhuj;ijAk; tpQ;rpr; nraw;gLkstpy; tsu;r;rp

mile;jpUe;jJ. mjd; tpisthf ehaf;fu;Fy Kiwg;gb

,uh[hjpuh[rpq;fdpd; kiwtpw;Fg; gpd; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F

cupikahsdhd Kj;Jrhkp ,sturidg; Gwf;fzpj;J ,sturd;

fz;Zrhkpia = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd; vd;Dk; ngaUld;

murdhf;f gpujk gpujhdpahd gpypkj;jyhitahy;Kbe;jJ. ,tuJ

Nehf;fk;> ,uh[rpq;fid rpk;khrdj;jpy; mku;j;jp tpl;Lj; jhd;

epidj;jgb Ml;rp mYty;fis elj;jpr; nry;tjhFk;.,Ug;gpDk;

tpiutpNyNa ,UtUf;FkpilNa fUj;J Kuz;ghLfs;Vw;gl

Muk;gpj;jd.

w 1803,y; gpupj;jhdpau; kiyafj;ij Mf;fpukpj;j Ntisapy;

gpypkj;jyhit jd;id Mjupf;fhJ gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fr; rhu;ghf

nraw;gl;ljhfr; re;Njfpj;j kd;dd;> gpypkj;jyhit cl;gl

gpujhdpfspd; mjpfhuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhz;lhd;;.

nuhgl; gpnusd;wpf;


v kd;dUf;Fk; gpujhdpfSf;FkpilNa fhzg;gl;l xw;Wikkd;dUf;Fk; gpujhdpfSf;FkpilNa fhzg;gl;l xw;Wikkd;dUf;Fk; gpujhdpfSf;FkpilNa fhzg;gl;l xw;Wikkd;dUf;Fk; gpujhdpfSf;FkpilNa fhzg;gl;l xw;Wikkd;dUf;Fk; gpujhdpfSf;FkpilNa fhzg;gl;l xw;Wik

apd;ik tsu;e;J nry;tjpy; fPo;tUk; fhuzpfs; gq;fspg;Gr;apd;ik tsu;e;J nry;tjpy; fPo;tUk; fhuzpfs; gq;fspg;Gr;apd;ik tsu;e;J nry;tjpy; fPo;tUk; fhuzpfs; gq;fspg;Gr;apd;ik tsu;e;J nry;tjpy; fPo;tUk; fhuzpfs; gq;fspg;Gr;apd;ik tsu;e;J nry;tjpy; fPo;tUk; fhuzpfs; gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;jd.nra;jd.nra;jd.nra;jd.nra;jd.

w gpypkj;jyhitf;Fk; murDf;Fk; ,ilNa fUj;J Kuz;ghLfs;

mjpfupj;Jr; nry;ifapy; kd;dd; gpypkj;jyhitiag; gjtpapwf;fk;

nra;jik.

w kd;diuf; nfhiy nra;tjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rjp mk;gy

khdijj; njhlu;e;J gpypkj;jyhit cl;gl mtuJ cjtpah

su;fs; VONgUf;F kuz jz;lid tpjpj;jik.

w gpypkj;jyhitia mLj;J gpujk gpujhdpg; gjtpf;F v`y

nghyit epakpj;jNjhL ,uz;lhtJ gpujhdpg; gjtpf;F mtuJ

giftuhd nkhy;ypnfhilia epakdQ; nra;jik.

w kd;dUf;F tpNuhjkhfr; nraw;gl;l gpujhdpfSf;Fk; mtu;fSf;F

MjuT ey;fp cjtp Gupe;NjhUf;Fk; gy;NtW jz;lidfs;

toq;fg;gl;lik.

w khk;gpl;ba jp]hit> G];n]y;Ny jp]hit> guzjy Njuu;

MfpNahUf;F kuzjz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lik.

v`ynghy fpsu;r;rpapy; <Lgly;v`ynghy fpsu;r;rpapy; <Lgly;v`ynghy fpsu;r;rpapy; <Lgly;v`ynghy fpsu;r;rpapy; <Lgly;v`ynghy fpsu;r;rpapy; <Lgly;

murdpd; nraw;ghLfshy; NfhgKw;w v`ynghy kd;dDf;F

vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhfg; gpupj;jhdpaupdNjh>

gpujhdpfspdNjh rg;ufKitg; gFjp kf;fspdNjh MjuT fpl;lhikahy;

fpsu;r;rp Njhy;tpAw;wJ. v`ynghy gpupj;jhdpauplk; jg;gp Xbdhu;. ,jdhy;

NfhgKw;w kd;du; v`ynghytpd; gps;isfisf; nfhd;W mtuJ kidtp

cl;gl> cwtpdu;fs; rpyiuAk; Nghfk;giu thtpapy; %o;fbj;Jf;

nfhd;wjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; gpujhdpfSf;Fk; murDf;Fk;

,ilNa gifik tsuj; njhlq;fpaJ.

ePz;l fhykhf kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Rje;jpuj;ijf; fhg;gjpy;nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa nghJkf;fspd; mur tpRthrk;>Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l eltbf;iffshy; ghjpg;Gw;wJ.


gpupj;jhdpaupd; je;jpuk;gpupj;jhdpaupd; je;jpuk;gpupj;jhdpaupd; je;jpuk;gpupj;jhdpaupd; je;jpuk;gpupj;jhdpaupd; je;jpuk;

MSeu;fshd Njhk]; nkapl;yz;bdJk; nuhgl; gpnusd;wpf;fpdJk;

topfhl;lypd; fPo; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd

#oiy cUthf;fpatu; N[hd; nlhapyp Mthu;.

v mtu; rpq;fs Gj;jp[PtpfsplKk;

ngsj;j FUkhuplKk; rpq;fs

nkhopiaf; fw;W> rpq;fs

nkhopapYk; kiyehl;ltupd;

gof;f tof;fq;fspYk; Nghjpa

mwpitg; ngw;wpUe;jhu;.

v gpypkj;jyhit> v`ynghy>

G];n]y;iy> kPNf];njd;id>

vf;ndypnfhl Mfpa gpujh

dpfSld; njhlu;Gfis itj;

jpUe;j nlhapyp> kiy ehl;bw;

nfd;Nw csTr; Nrit xd;

iwAk; cUthf;fpdhu;.

v kjFUkhu;> tpahghupfs; Nghd;w Ntlq;fspy; xw;wu;fis kiy

ehl;bw;F mDg;gp> mg;gpuNjrk; njhlu;ghd Nghjpa mwpitg;

ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;.

v kd;dUf;F Mjuthd> kw;Wk; vjpuhd gpujhdpfs; njhlu;ghfTk;

kiyafj;jpd; ,uhZt ty;yik gw;wpAk; mq;F fhzg;gLk;

ghijfs; gw;wpAk; Aj;jq;fspd; NghJ kd;du; gJq;Fk; ,lq;fisAk;

nry;tj;ijg; gJf;fp itf;Fk; ,lq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisAk;

xd;Wjpul;bf; nfhz;lhu;.

v kd;dUf;Fg; gupRg; nghUs;fSld; gy;NtW tifahd kJ

tiffisAk; mDg;gp> kd;diu kJTf;F mbikahf;FtjpYk;

ftdQ; nrYj;jpdhu;.

kJghtidahy; kd;du; csg; ghjpg;Gw;W nfhûkhf elf;fj;

njhlq;fpdhu;. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l F&ukhd jz;lidfs; toq;Ftjw;F

kd;du; J}z;lg;gl;likf;Fk; ,k; kJg;ghtidNa fhuzkhapUe;jpUf;fyhk;.

kd;dupd; ,r;nraw;ghLfshy; gpujhdpfs; kl;Lkd;wp> nghJ kf;fSk;

fyf;fKw;wdu;. ,jdhy; kd;dUf;F vjpuhfg; gpujhdpfspd; Mjuitg;

gpupj;jhdpau; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ ,yFthapUe;jJ.

gpujhdp v`ynghy

Mq;fpNyaiur; re;jpj;jy;


kiyaf Mf;fpukpg;G - 1815kiyaf Mf;fpukpg;G - 1815kiyaf Mf;fpukpg;G - 1815kiyaf Mf;fpukpg;G - 1815kiyaf Mf;fpukpg;G - 1815

v Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F toptFj;j cldb eltbf;iffs;Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F toptFj;j cldb eltbf;iffs;Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F toptFj;j cldb eltbf;iffs;Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F toptFj;j cldb eltbf;iffs;Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F toptFj;j cldb eltbf;iffs;

• 1814 ,y; gpupj;jhdpaupd; gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J kiy

ehl;Lf;F te;j tu;j;jfu;fis xw;wu;fs; vdr;

re;Njfpj;J> mtu;fsJ if> fhJ> %f;F vd;gtw;iwj;

Jz;bj;J tijj;Jj; jpUg;gp mDg;gpaik.

• kiyehl;L fpsu;r;;rpf;fhuu;fisj; njhlu;e;J nrd;w

fz;bag; gilapdu; gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l

fpuhkq;fSf;Fj; jPapl;lik.

,e;eltbf;iffisj; jkf;Fr; rhu;ghfg; gad;gLj;jpa MSeu;

gpnusd;wpf; 1815 Idtup khjk; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F vjpuhf Aj;jg;

gpufldj;ijr; nra;jhu;.

gpupj;jhdpaUf;F kiyehl;by; vjpu;g;Gf; fhl;lg;glhj #o;epiyapy;

gpujhdpfs; xt;nthUtuhf mtu;fs; gf;fk; rhu;e;jdu;. kd;dupd; gpujk

gpujhdpahd nkhy;ypnfhl $l gpupj;jhdpaupd; gf;fQ; rhu;e;J nfhz;lhu;.

1803 ,y; gpupj;jhdpaupd; kiyaf Mf;fpukpg;gpd; NghJ gpujhdpfSk;>

nghJkf;fSk; kd;du; gf;fk; ,Ue;jikahy; mtu;fshy; fz;bia

Mf;fpukpf;f ,ayhkw; Ngha;tpl;lJ. Mdhy; 1815,y; gilnaLg;gpd;

NghJ kd;dUf;F gpujhdpfspdJk; nghJkf;fspdJk; MjuT fpl;lhikahy;

FWfpa fhyj;jpDs; kiyehl;il gpupj;jhdpauhy; ntw;wp nfhs;s Kbe;jJ.

gpupj;jhdpau; fz;bf;F te;jNghJ kd;dUk; mtuJ kidtpaUk;

muz;kidiaf; iftpl;L> nkjkÈtu vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; gJq;fpapUe;jdu;.

kd;diuj; njhlu;e;J nrd;w gpupj;jhdpag; gil gpujhdpfshd v`ynghy>

vf;ndypnfhil MfpNahupd; cjtpapdhy; mtiuf; ifJ nra;af;

$bajhapUe;jJ. ifJ nra;ag;gl;lJld; mtu; jdJ vjpupfspd;;

nfhûq;fSf;F cl;gl;lhYk; gpd;du; kd;dUk; kfhuhzpfSk;

kupahijAld; gy;yf;fpy; Vw;wp mioj;J tug;gl;ldu;. rpy jpdq;fSf;Fg;

gpd;du; gpupj;jhdpau;> kd;diuAk;> ,uhzpfisAk; nfhOk;gpw;F mioj;J

te;J ~~nfhd;Nthyp];|| vDk; fg;gypy; ,e;jpahTf;F ehL flj;jp NtY}upy;

rpiw itj;jdu;.


= tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd;

1798 Mk; Mz;by; = tpf;fpuk uh[rpq;f vDk; ngaUld; mupahrdj;jpy;

mku;e;j ehaf;fu; tk;rj;J fz;Zrhkp vDk; ,sturu; Muk;gj;jpy;

nkd;ikahd Fzq;fs; epuk;gg; ngw;w xUtuhfNt fhzg;gl;lhu;. jkJ

gpujhdpfspd; eltbf;iffshYk; gpw;

fhyj;jpy; kJTf;F mbikg;gl;ljhYk;

nfhba Ml;rpahsdhf khwpdhu;. kf;fSf;F

,ilQ;ry; tpistpf;Fk; jiytu; fSf;Fj;

jz;lid toq;fp> Fbkf;fspd; kdijf;

ftu;e ;j ,k;kd;du; mj;jpahtrpakhd

nghUl;fSf;F tpiyf; fl;Lg;ghL tpjpj;J>

kJtUe;Jjy;> kpUfq;fisf; nfhy;yy;

vd;gtw;iwj; jLj;J ehl;L eyd; fUjpr;

nraw;gl;lhu;. jyjhkhspiff;F kdq; ftUk;

gl;bUg;ig (gj;jpUg;G) fl;b vOg;gp> fz;b

thtpia myq;fupj;jhu;. je;jpuk; kpf;f

Ml;rpahsuhfj; jpfo;e;j mtu; ehl;bd; kPJ

mjPj gw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;.

mtu; ehl;il tpl;Lr; nry;ifapy; mtuJ cs;sj;jpy; cjpj;j

vz;zq;fs; ftpijahf ntspte;jNghJ mjpy; mtuJ jhafg; gw;W

kpspu;e;j tpjk; tUkhW:

xg;gw;w ,yq;ifg; ghuk;gupa kf;fs; thOk; tiu

cd;dj kd;du;Fy ,uj;jk; vd;dpy; ghAk; tiu

fz;zPu;j; JspAk; rpe;Njd; capu;thOk; tiu

,Wjpahf cd;id tzq;Ffpd;Nwd;

,yq;ifj; jhNa!

= tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;f

kd;dd;


fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp

1594ypUe;J Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy; gy re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; gpd;du;

xy;yhe;juhYk; 1803 ,y; gpupj;jhdpauhYk; kiy ehL Mf;fpukpf;

fg;gl;lhYk; xt;nthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; jkJ jhafj;jpd; Rje;jpuj;ij

kiyafj;jpdu; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. mtu;fs; jkJ kd;dd;kPJ

nfhz;bUe;j tpRthrKk;> jk;kpilNa nfhz;bUe;j xw;WikAk;

INuhg;gpau;fshy; kiyehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;s Kbahikf;fhd

fhuzq;fshFk;. vd;whYk; 1815 ,y; Mf;fpukpg;G epfOk;nghOJ mjd;

gpujhdpfSf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; mur tpRthrk; mw;Wg; Nghdikahy;

gpupj;jhdpau; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;ij ,yFtpy; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;.

rpy E}w;whz;Lfshfr; Rje;jpukhfj; jpfo;e;j ,yq;ifapd; kiyaf

,uhr;rpaj;jpd; KbT ,Wjpapy; ,t;thwhf mike;J tpl;lJ.

fz;b cld;gbf;if fz;b cld;gbf;if fz;b cld;gbf;if fz;b cld;gbf;if fz;b cld;gbf;if

Aj;jj;jpd; Kbtpy; 1815 khu;r; khjk; 2Me; jpfjp fz;b mur

kz;lgj;jpy; xd;W $ba gpupj ;jhdpa MSeuhd nuhgl;

gpnusd;wpf;Ff;Fk; kiyaf gpujhdpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa ,lk;ngw;w

xg;ge;jj;jhy; fz;b ,uhr;rpak; gpupj;jhdpau; trkhdJ. gpupj;jhdpa

kd;du; %d;whk; N[hu;i[ gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;j nuhgl;

gpnusd;wpf;Fk; kiyehl;L kf;fs; rhu;gpy; gpujhdpfs;> gpuNjr

Ml;rpahsu;fs;> Vida cj;jpNahfj;ju;fisf; nfhz;l FOtpdUk;

1815 khu;r; 10 Me; jpfjp ,t; xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;ldu;. gpujk

gpujhdpahd v`ynghiyAk; fynfhl jp]hitAk; 1815 khu;r;

18Me; jpfjp ifnahg;gkpl;ldu;. ,JNt 1815 ,d; fz;ba xg;ge;jk;

vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t; xg;ge;jk; ,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; xU jpUg;G

Kidahf mike;jjhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,uz;lhapuk; tUlq;fSf;Fk;

Nkyhf jd;dhjpf;fk; epytpa Rje;jpu ehnlhd;wpd; ,Wjp tuyhW

,t;thW KbTw;wJld;> KO ehLk; gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;lik

,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; ele;NjwpaJ. ,j;Jld; kiyaf Kbahl;rp

Kw;Wg; ngw;wNjhL = tpf;fpuk uh[rpq;fd; kd;du; gjtp Jwf;fr;

nra;ag;gl;L KO ehLk; Mq;fpNyau; trkhdJ.


thupag;nghy = Rkq;fy Njuupd; tPuk;thupag;nghy = Rkq;fy Njuupd; tPuk;thupag;nghy = Rkq;fy Njuupd; tPuk;thupag;nghy = Rkq;fy Njuupd; tPuk;thupag;nghy = Rkq;fy Njuupd; tPuk;

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL

(tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fs; ,uz;L FOf;fshf gpupe;J nraw;ghLfspy;

<Lgl Ntz;Lk;.)

1 xUtu; = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd; kd;dd; Nghy; jahuhf Ntz;Lk;.

kw;w rpyiug; gad;gLj;jp murpdp;d; Kb#l;L itgtk;> gj;jpupg;G>

epu;khzk;> cjtp nra;jy;> Fsq;fis epu;khzpj;jy; Nghd;w

nraw;ghLfSld; $ba murdpd; ghj;jpuj;ij ebj;Jf; fhl;ly;.

2 = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;f kd;ddpd; ,Wjp re;ju;g;gk; ,uhzpAld;

xope;J nfhs;sy; mtu;fis gpujhdpfs; Mq;fpNyauplk; gpbj;Jf;

nfhLj;jy;> murid ehl;il tpl;L ntspNaw;wy; Nghd;w

re;ju;g;gq;fis ebj;J fhl;Ljy;.

thupanghy = Rkq;fy Njuuhy; gpupj;jhdpaf;

nfhb ,wf;fg;gl;L jpUk;gTk; rpq;ff; nfhb

Vw;wg;gly;

1815 khu;r; 2 Me;

jpfjp fz;ba xg;ge;jk;

ifr; rhj;jpLtjw;Fj;

jPu;khdpf; fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jplg;

gLtjw;F Kd;du; fz;b

mur kz ;lgj ; j py ;

gpupj;jhdpa ,uhZt

tPud; xUtd; rpq;ff;

nfhbia e pyj ;j py ;

Nghl;Ltpl;L Mq;fpyf;nfhbia Vw;wpdhd;. gyE}w;whz;Lfshff; fhg;ghw;wp tug;gl;l Rje;jpuk; ,y;yhky; Nghdijr;

rfpj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbahj thupa nghy = Rkq;fy Njuu;> fLk;

NfhgKw;W mtu; clNd Kd;te;J ~~xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jplg;gLtjw;F

Kd;du; cq;fSila nfhbia Vw;Wtjw;F ,lkspf;f KbahJ.

mjid Vw;w Ntz;baJ xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l gpd;dNu||

vd;W $wpf;nfhz;L Mq;fpNyaupd; nfhbiaf; fPNo Nghl;L tpl;L>

kPsTk; rpq;ff; nfhbia Vw;wpdhu;. Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf

Rje;jpuj;ij ehb Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kjy; eltbf;ifahf ,jidf;

fUjyhk;. ,t;tplj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpa giltPud; xUtd; gpf;F kPJ

gha;e;jhYk; nlhapypapd; jiyaPl;bdhy; mJ rkhjhdkhfj;

jPu;f;fg;gl;lJ.


1815 xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;l1815 xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;l1815 xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;l1815 xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;l1815 xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;l

kiyehl;Lj; jiytu;fs;kiyehl;Lj; jiytu;fs;kiyehl;Lj; jiytu;fs;kiyehl;Lj; jiytu;fs;kiyehl;Lj; jiytu;fs;

,oe;J tpl;l Rje;jpuj;ij kPsg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf 1818

,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l KjyhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghupd;NghJ jyjh

khspifapy; ,Ue;j Gdpj je;jj;ij vLj;Jr; nrd;W ,ufrpakhd

Kiwapy; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuupd; ifapy; nfhLj;jJk; ,j;Njuu;jhd;

mg;Nghuhl;lk; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jNghJ ,uh[JNuhf rjpf;Fw;wr;

rhl;bd; Ngupy; mtu; Fw;wthspahf;fg;gl;L aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rpiw

itf;fg;gl;lhu;. Rkq;fy Njuupd; tPuj;ij gpupj;jhdpag; NguuRk;

kjpj;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. 1821 ,y; mtu; tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;lhu;.

nkhy;ypnfhl kpy;yhtgpypkjyht fyfkuj;tj;j v`ynghynkhdutpy - nfg;gl;bg;nghy fynfhlJy;Nyt

kiyaf xg ;ge ;jj ;j pd ;kiyaf xg ;ge ;jj ;j pd ;kiyaf xg ;ge ;jj ;j pd ;kiyaf xg ;ge ;jj ;j pd ;kiyaf xg ;ge ;jj ;j pd ; gd ;d pU thrfq ;fSs; ; Kf ;f pakhd r pygd;d pU thrfq ;fSs; ; Kf ;f pakhd r pygd;d pU thrfq ;fSs; ; Kf ;f pakhd r pygd;d pU thrfq ;fSs; ; Kf ;f pakhd r pygd;d pU thrfq ;fSs; ; Kf ;f pakhd r pythrfq;fs;thrfq;fs;thrfq;fs;thrfq;fs;thrfq;fs;

v kyghiur; Nru;e;j ehaf;f tk;rj;jtu;fSf;F kiyafr; rpk;khrd

cupik mfw;wg;gl;L III Mk; N[hu;[;

kd;dUf;F mJ toq; fg;gLfpwJ.

(thrfk; 1)

v cs;ehl;L mjpfhupfspd; gjtpfs;>

cupikfs;>rYiffs;> mjpfhuq; fs;

g hJfhf ; fg ; gLk ; . gioa

rk;gpujhaq;fspd; gbNa kiyafk;

Msg;gLk;. (thrfk; 4)

v ngsj;j kjk;> tzf;f];jyq;fs;>

Gdpj ,lq;fs;> ngsj;j FUkhu;fs;

ghJfhf;fg;gLtu;. (thrfk; 5)

v MSeupdhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;lhyd;wp> kuz jz;lidfs; tpjpf;fg;

glf;$lhJ. (thrfk; 7)

v nghJkf;fspd; Fbapay;> Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffs; RNjr cj;jp

Nahfj;jupdhy; rk;gpujha Kiwg;gb tprhupf;fg;gLk;. (thrfk; 8)

fz;ba xg;ge;jj;jpy; ,lg;gl;l

gpujhdpfs; ifnahg;gq;fspy;

rpy

fz;ba xg;ge;jj;jpd; xU gFjp


Rje;jpug; Nghu; - 1818Rje;jpug; Nghu; - 1818Rje;jpug; Nghu; - 1818Rje;jpug; Nghu; - 1818Rje;jpug; Nghu; - 1818

1815 xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb kiyehl;bd; epu;thfj;ijf; nfhz;L

elj;Jtjw;fhf gpnusd;wpf; MSeuhy; jdJ gpujpepjpahf (nu]pld;l;)

N[hd; nlhapyp epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. mtupd; jiyikapy; Mizf; FO

xd;wpd; Nkw;ghu;itapd;fPo; kiyehL Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

kiyehl;ilg; gpupj;jhdpa Kbf;Fupajhf;fpa gpd;du; jhk; Gupe;j

nraypd; ghuJ}uk; kiyafg; gpujhdpfSf;Fk; nghJ kf;fSf;Fk; Gupa

Muk;gpj;jJ. jkJ Kd;Ndhu;fshy; capu;j;jpahfq;fSld; ,uz;lhapuk;

Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l jha;ehl;bd; Rje;jpuj;ijj; jhNk

ntspehl ;ltUf;F xg ;gilj;Jtpl ;lij czuj;jiyg;gl ;ldu ; .

gpupj;jhdpaUf;F kiy ehl;il xg;gilj;jjw;fhf mtu;fs; kdk; tUe;jpdu;.

,Jtiu jkJ nfsutj;jpw;Fg; ghj;jpukhapUe;J jhk; ghJfhj;J

te;j muriu ,oe;Jtpl;Nlhk;> jw;nghOJ muru; ,y;yhj fjpaw;w

kf;fshfptpl;Nlhk; vd;w czu;T mtu;fis Ml;nfhz;lJ.

rhjhuz kf;fs; khj;jpukd;wp ngsj;j FUkhUk; $l kdr;

rQ;ryKw;wjhff; fz;ba xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jpl;l gpd;du; nrq;flfiyapy;

,Ue;J jj;jkJ Cu;fis Nehf;fpr; nry;ifapy; gpf;F xUtu; ghba

gpd;tUk; ghlypypUe;J njupe;J nfhs;sf; $bajhAs;sJ.

INah vWk;GfNs!

cq;fSf;F murd; xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd;.

vq;fSf;F mtd; ,y;iy

vq;fsJ tpidfshyh ,J Neu;fpwJ?

murd; xUtd; tha;g;ghNdahdhy;

gyfhuKk;> ghw;NrhWk; cz;Nghk;

nguù vLg;Nghk;.

~rhJ| ehjj;ij Koq;fr; nra;Nthk;.

kiyehl;by; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L rpwpJ fhyj;

jpNyNa nghJkf;fSf;F mjpUg;jp Vw;glj; njhlq;fpaJ. kiyehL

gpupj;jhdpaUf;F cupikahfp %d;W Mz;Lfs; nry;tjw;fpilapy; mtu;

fsJ Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf Gul;rp ,af;fk; xd;W Muk;gkhdJ. 1818 ,y;

nty;y];] gpuNjrj;jpy; Muk;gkhd ,r;Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fg;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j fhuzpfs; gythFk;.


1818 Rje;jpug; NghUf;F gpd;dzpaha; mike;j fhuzpfs;1818 Rje;jpug; NghUf;F gpd;dzpaha; mike;j fhuzpfs;1818 Rje;jpug; NghUf;F gpd;dzpaha; mike;j fhuzpfs;1818 Rje;jpug; NghUf;F gpd;dzpaha; mike;j fhuzpfs;1818 Rje;jpug; NghUf;F gpd;dzpaha; mike;j fhuzpfs;

kpfj; njhiytpy; trpf;fpd;w fhzKbahj murdhy; jk;ehL

Msg;gLtJ kiyehl;bdUf;F nghUj;jkw;w> gof;fkw;w xd;wha;

mike;jik.

♦ jq;fs; fz;fshy; fhzKbahj J}uj;jpypUe;j murDf;Fg;

gzpe;J elg;gJ fz;b kf;fshy; Kbahj nrayhf ,Ue;jik.

♦ gpupj;jhdpa cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; xg;ge;j tpjpfSf;F mikthf

ele;J nfhs;shik.

♦ gpujhdpfspd; rYiffSk; tUkhd khu;f;fq;fSk; ,y;yhkw;

Nghdik>

♦ gpf;Ffis kjpf;fhikAk;> xg;Gf;nfhz;lgb ngsj;j rkaj;jpw;F

cupa kupahij toq;fg;glhikAk;>

♦ RNjr nkhop> gof;ftof;fq;fs; gw;wp rw;Wk; mwpahj gpupj;

jhdpau;fshy; ehL Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;likahy; ehl;bDs;

rQ;rykhd epiy cUthdik.

♦ ,Jtiu kiyaf gpujpepjpj;Jtf; FLk;gq;fSf;Nf gl;lk;>

gjtpfs; toq;fg;gl;L te;jikf;Fg; Gwk;ghfTk;> fz;ba xg;ge;

jj;jpw;F khwhfTk; ̀ [;[pkupf;fhu; vd;gtu; Kfhe;jpukhf epakpf;

fg;gl;lik> 1818k; Mz;L Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F cldbf;

fhuzkha; mike;jJ.

♦ kiyehl;L muRf;F cupik Nfhupf;nfhz;L Jiurhkp vd;w

egu; xUtu; Cthg; gpuNjrj;jpy; Njhd;wpaik.

guk;giuahf rpq;fsj; jiytu; xUtuhy; tfpf;fg;gl;l nty;yr

gpuNjr Kfhe;jpuk; gjtpf;F K];yPk; ,dj;ijr; Nru;e;j ̀ [;[p kupf;fhu;

vd;gtu; epakpf;fg;gl;lik 1818Mk; Mz;L fpsu;r;rpf;F cldbf;

fhuzkhf mike;jJ. ,J 1815Mk; Mz;L cld;gbf;iff;F vjpuhdJ

vdf; fUjpa gpujhdpfSk;> rpq;fs kf;fSk; vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpj;jdu;.

jhk; fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdpd; cwtpdu; vd;Wk; jkf;F muRupik

cz;nld;Wk; $wpf;nfhz;L Cthg; gpuNjrj;jpw;F te;j xUtiur; Rw;wp

Cth kf;fs; xd;W jpuz;lik.

`[;[p kupf;fhUk; gJisaps; cjtp murhq;f mjpguhd

rpy;nt];lu; tpy;]Dk; gpupj;jhdpag; gilnahd;Wld; Jiurhkpiaf; ifJ

nra;ar; nrd;wdu;. mg;NghJ rpq;fstu;fshy; ,tu;fs; nfhiy

nra;ag;gl;ldu;. ,f;Fog;gfukhd epiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfr; nrd;w

gpupj ;jhdpag; gil Fog;gf;fhuu;fSf;F Jg;ghf;fpg ; gpuNahfk;

nra;jikapdhy; Vw;gl;l fpsu;r;rp> Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lkhf khwp kiyehL

vq;Fk; gutpw;W.


Nghuhl;lj;ij mlf;Ftjw;fhf gpupj;jhdpau;fshy; Cthtpd; jp]hitahd

nkhdutpy nfg;gl;bg;nghy jiyikapy; gilnahd;W mDg;gg;gl;lJ.

fytuj;ij mlf;Ftij tpLj;J fyff;fhuu;fSld; mtUk; Nru;e;J

nfhz;likahy; fytuk; ,d;Dk; cf;fpukile;jJ.

nfg;gl;bg;nghy jp]hitnfg;gl;bg;nghy jp]hitnfg;gl;bg;nghy jp]hitnfg;gl;bg;nghy jp]hitnfg;gl;bg;nghy jp]hit

mg;NghJ nfg;gl;bg;nghy Cthtpd; jp]h

itahff; flikahw;wpf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. 1818,y;

fytuk; Muk;gpj;jTld; mjid mlf;Fk; gzp

nfg;gl;bg;nghytplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. gpuNjr

kf;fs; mtiur; rhu;e;J fytuj;ij epWj;jptpLthu;fs;

vdg; gpupj;jhdpau; fUjpdu;. Mdhy; fytuj;ijf;

fl;Lg;gLj;j mDg;gg;gl;l mtu;> fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSld;

Nru;e;J nfhz;L> ~~cq;fSila MAjq;fshy;

cq;fisj; jhf;f khl;Nld;|| vd;W $wp Mq;fpyg;

gilfis MAjq;fSld; jpUg;gp mDg;gptpl;lhu;. ,jid

mLj;J Nghuhl;lj;jpd; jiyik mtUf;F cupj;jhdJ.

nty;y];] gpuNjrj;jpy; Muk;gkhdjhy; nty;y];] fytuk; vd;Wk; CthgpuNjrnkq;Fk; gutpaikahy; ~Cth fytuk;| vd;Wk; 1818 Mk; Mz;Lg;Gul;rp vd;Wk; mwpKfg; gLj;jg;gl;lhYk; cz;ikapy; ,J rpq;fstupd; KjyhtJRje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; vdf; $WtJ kpfTk; rupahdjhFk;.

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj; jiytu;fs;Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj; jiytu;fs;Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj; jiytu;fs;Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj; jiytu;fs;Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj; jiytu;fs;

w nkhdutpy nfg;gl;bnghy jp]hit

w kLfy;y jp]hit

w jpk;Gyhd jp]hit

w fpTNynfju nkh`l;lhy

w 2Mk; gpypkj;jyht mjpfhuk;

w G+l;lhNt ul;Nluhy

w nfh`_ Fk;GNu ul;Nluhy

w fynfju nkh`l;lhy

w nfhNl nfju mjpfhuk;w jk;gtpd;d jprhit

nfg;gl;bnghy

jp]hit


Nghuhl;lk; gutyiljy;Nghuhl;lk; gutyiljy;Nghuhl;lk; gutyiljy;Nghuhl;lk; gutyiljy;Nghuhl;lk; gutyiljy;

rpq;fstu;fs; ,aw;ifahd kiwtplq;fspy; gJq;fpapUe;J

nfhupy;yhg; Nghu; Kiwiaf; ifahz;lgbahy; gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fg;

ngUQ;Nrjk;; tpise;jJ. nkhy;ypnfhl> vf;ndypnfhl Mfpa gpujhdpfs;

ePq;fyhf Vida midj;Jg; gpujhdpfSk; Nghuhspfisr; rhu;e;jikahy;

gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rp kiyafj;jpypUe;J xopf;fg;gLk; epiyf;F MshfpaJ.

,jw;fpilNa Gdpj je;jKk; fpsu;r;rpahsu;fs; trkhfNt> mtu;fSf;F

mJ rhjfkhf mike;Jtpl;lJ. CthTf;F kl;Lk; vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j

Nghuhl;lk; tpiutpNyNa Jk;giw> N`thn`l;il> `hup]; gj;Jit>

khj;jis cl;gl gy gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; gutpr; nrd;wJ.

Nghuhl;lj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;Nghuhl;lj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;Nghuhl;lj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;Nghuhl;lj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;Nghuhl;lj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

Nghuhl;lj;ij mlf;Ftjw;fhf> fytug; gpuNjrk; vq;Fk; khu;\y;

Nyh vd;Dk; ,uhZtr; rl;lj;ijg; gpupj;jhdpau; gpufldg;gLj;jpdu;.

Nghuhspfisg; gytPdg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; czTj;

jl;Lg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;Jk; tz;zk; gpuGf;fspdJk;> nghJkf;fspdJk;

tPL thry;fs;> Njhl;le;JuTfs;> ke;ijfs; tpisepyq;fs; Mfpa rfy

nrhj;J Rfq;fisAk; mopj;J ~~gho;epyf;|| nfhs;ifiaf; ifahz;ldu;.

nfhûkhd topKiwfisf; ifahz;L fytuj;ij mlf;fpa gpupj;jhdpau;

Nghuhl;lj; jiytu;fisf; ifJ nra;jdu;. nfg;gl;bg;nghy> kLfy;y

vd;Nghiuf; ifJ nra;jJld; fytuk; xa;e;J Ngha;tpl;lJ.

,tw;NwhL 1818Mk; Mz;L fytuk; Njhy;tp miltjw;Ff; fPo;tUk;

fhuzq;fSk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jd.

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhy;tp mile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhy;tp mile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhy;tp mile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhy;tp mile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhy;tp mile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

v Nghuhl;lk; Kiwahd jpl;lj;Jld; Kd;ndLf;fg;glhikAk;. xt;

nthU gpuNjrj; jiytu;fSf;fpilNa Kiwahd njhlu;ghly;

,d;ikAk;.

v Nghuhl;lj; jiytu;fspilNa jdpg;gl;l Nfhgjhgq;fs; ,Ue;jikAk;

Ngjq;fs; Vw;gl;likAk;.

v nkhy;ypnfhl vd;w gpujk gpujhdp gpupj;jhdpau; gf;fk; rhu;e;

jpUe;jik mtu;fSf;Fg; ngUk; gykhf mike;;jik. nkhy;yp

nfhltpd; fPopUe;j gpuNjrq;f@lhf kiy ehl;Lf;Fr; nry;Yk;

ghijfs; mike;jpUe;jikahy; mtu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd

,uhZtj;ijAk;> MAjq;fisAk; czitAk; jlq;fypd;wpg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbe;jik.

v gpupj;jhdpau;fshy; ifahsg;gl;l ~gho; epyf;| nfhs;ifahy;

ghjpg;Gw;w kf;fs; Nghuhl;lj;ijf; iftpl;lik.


v ghJfhg;Gf; fUjp xopj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;j Gdpj je;jk; gpupj;jhdpau;

trkhdik.

v rpk ;khrdj;jpw ;F cupik Nfhupa Jiurhkp vDk; egu ;

mjw;Fupatdy;y vd;Wk; tpy;ghNt vDk; CupypUe;J jkf;Fupa

Milfis Jwe;J tpl;L te;j gpf;F vd;Wk; jfty;mwpe;jik.

v 1818 nrg;lk;gu; 21 Me; jpfjpf;F Kd;du; RatpUg;Gld; ruzil

NthUf;F capu;g;gpr;ir mspf;fg;gLk; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lik.

v K];yPk; kf;fs; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F Mjutspj;jy;.

v RNjrpfshy; etPd MAjq;fis vjpu;nfhs;s Kbahik.

ifJ nra;ag;gl;l kLfy;y> nfg;gl;bg;nghy MfpNahu; ,uhZt

ePjpkd;wj;jPu;g;gpd;gb jiy Jz;bf;fg;gl;ldu;. Rje;jpug; NghUf;Fj; jiyik

jhq;fpNahupd; nrhj;Jf;fs; muRlikahf;fg;gl;ld. rpy gpujhdpfs; ehL

flj;jg;gl;ldu;. v`ynghiyAk; mjpy; xUtu; Mthu;.

,t;thW gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf kiyehl;by; Kjd;Kiwahf

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Gul;rp ngUe;njhif capuopTfSlDk; Ngusthd

nrhj;Jf;fspd; ,og;GlDk; KbTw;wJ. ,jdhy; ,yq;ifapy; gpupj;jhdpaupd;

Ml;rp kpfTk; cWjpahf epWtg;gLtjw;F topgpwe;jJ.

,J jtpu 1815 Mz;L fz;b cld;gbf;iff;Fg; gjpyhf 1818Mk;

Mz;L fz;bg; gpufldk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,jd; topahff; fz;b RNjr

mjpfhupfspd; mjpfhuq;fs;> rYiffs; vd;gd ngUkstpy;

Fiwf;fg;gl;lJld;> 1815Mk; Mz;L cld;gbf;ifapy; cWjp mspj;jjw;F

mika Gj;j rkaj;ijAk;> gpf;FkhiuAk; ghJfhg;gnjd cWjp

mspf;fg;gltpy;iy.


1818 Mk; Mz;L Rje;jpug; NghUld; njhlu;Gila jiytu;fspy; ePu;

tpUk;Gk; xUtiuj; njupT nra;J ebj;Jf; fhl;Lf. tFg;gpy; khztu;

rpyu; ghj;jpuq;fs; Vw;W ehlfnkhd;wpid Kd;itf;fyhk;.

Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; 1833Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; 1833Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; 1833Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; 1833Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; 1833

1818 Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisthf epu;thf uPjpahd MNyhridfis

toq;fntd Nfhy;GW}f; vd;gtUk; ePjpj;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd MNyhridfis

toq;fntd fkwd; vd;gtUk; gpupj;jhdpa murpdhy; ,yq;iff;F mDg;gp

itf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs; ,yq;ifapy; gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpia

cWjpg;gLj;JKfkhf gy Kf;fpa MNyhridfis Kd;itj;jdu;. ,t;

MNyhridfs; 1833 ,y; Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;jpUj;jq;fshf eilKiwf;F

te;jd.


Ø fiuNahuj;Jf;nfd;Wk; kiyehl;Lf;nfd;Wk; ntt;Ntwhf ,Ue;j

Ml;rp Kiwia mfw;wp> xNu Ml;rpapd;fPo; ,yq;ifia

If;fpag;gLj;jy;. ,jd;%yk; KO ehl;bYk; mtu;fSila Ml;rpia

epWTjy;.

Ø Ml;rp tplaq;fspy; MSeUf;fpUe;j mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWj;J>

rl;l rigiaAk; rl;l epUthf rigiaAk; Muk;gpj;jy;.

Ø Vfhjpgj;jpathjpfspd; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffisg; gyg;gLj;Jk;

tz;zk; mJtiu ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;J te;j jilfis mfw;wy;.

,jw;fikthf ntspehl;ltu; ,q;F FbNaWtjw;Fk; epyj;ij

thq;Ftjw;Fk; ,Ue;j jilfs; mfw;wg;gl;ld.

Ø tu;j;jf tptrhaj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; epyj;jpw;F tup tpyf;fspj;jy;.

Ø ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapd; tsu;r;rpf;fhf ngUe;njUf;fis mgptpUj;jp

nra;tjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

Ø tq;fp eltbf;iffis Muk;gpj;J itj;jy;.

Ø KOehl;ilAk; jkJ Mjpf;fj;Jf;Fs; itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tz;zk;

ePjpkd;wj; njhFjp xd;iw Muk;gpj;jy;. mjd;%yk; fpuhk rig

rl;l jpl;lq;fshf mJtiu ,Ue;Jte;j rk;gpujha Kiwfis

xopj;J> ePjpkd;wq;fspd; %yk; mtu;fspd; mjpfhuj;ij ,e;ehl;by;

epWTjy;.

Ø murpay;> r%f> fyhrhu tplaq;fs; midj;jpYk; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij

cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tz;zk; Mq;fpyf; fy;tp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; 1848Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; 1848Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; 1848Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; 1848Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; 1848

v gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpf;F tpNuhjkhf kiyehl;by; Vw;gl;l

,uz;lhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lNk 1848 fpsu;r;rpahFk;. 1818,y;

Vw;gl;l KjyhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; gpujhdpfspd; jiyikapy;

Vw;gl;lhYk; 1848 ,d; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf

vOr;rpAw;wtu;fs; rhjhuz Fbkf;fNsahthu;. jkJ tho;thjhuj;

njhopiy Kiwahfr; nra;a KbahJ Nghd tptrhapfspd;

Nghuhl;lkhf ,jidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

v 1833 ,y; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; gydhfNt

,uz;lhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Muk;gkhdJ.

1848 Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; gpd;dzpf; fhuzpfs;1848 Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; gpd;dzpf; fhuzpfs;1848 Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; gpd;dzpf; fhuzpfs;1848 Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; gpd;dzpf; fhuzpfs;1848 Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; gpd;dzpf; fhuzpfs;

v Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; fPo; epu;thf Nritahsu;fspd; njhif

Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. Mifahy; mr;Nrit eyptile;jJ. ,jdhy;

nghJkf;fSf;Fk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Ue;j

,ilntsp mjpfupj;jik.


v Njrpa tptrha eltbf;iffSf;F murhq;fj;jpd; cjtp fpl;lhky;

Nghdik. Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; tptrhapfs;

ftdpf;fhJ tplg;gl;lNjhL ngUe;Njhl;lr; nra;ifapNy murpd;

ftdk; <u;f;fg;gl;lJ.

v fpuhk rigfsplk; ,Ue;j mjpfhuq;fs; ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Ff;

fl;Lg;;gl;lgbahy; rpwpa gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Ff;

$l ntFnjhiytpy; cs;s ePjpkd;wq;fSf;Fr; nry;y Neupl;lik.

tof;Ffspd; NghJ Kj;jpiuf; fl;lzk;> tof;fwpQu;fspd;

nfhLg;gdT> ,ilr;nryTfs; vd;W ngUe;njhifiar; nrytpl

Neu;e;jik.

v ];&tu;l; nkf;fd;]p MSeuhy; 1840 ,y; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l jupR

epyr; rl;lj;jpdhy; tptrhapfspd; gapu;r; nra;iff;fhd epyq;fs;

murhq;f cilikahf;fpf; nfhs;sg;gl;likahy; kf;fshy;

ngUe;Jd;gq;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Neupl;lik.

v ,r;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; tptrhapfs; gad;gLj;jpa murhq;f epyq;fs;

ntspehl;ltu;fSf;F tpw;fg;gl;lgbahy; mtu;fspd; ke;ij

Nka;r;rYf;fhd Gw;wiufs; ,y;yhkw; Nghdik.

v ngUe;Njhl;lr; nra;ifapd; tpUj;jpapdhy; Fbkf;fspd; tho;f;if

Kiwik rpf;fYf;Fs;shfpaik. INuhg;gpau;fs;> njd;dpe;jpau;fs;>

K];ypk;fs;> fPioehl;Lr; rpq;fstu;fs; ngUe;Njhl;lr; nra;ifapd;

NjitfSf;fhf kiyehl;bw;F te;jikahy; kiyaf kf;fspd;>

rkhjhdkhd mikjpahd tho;f;if neUf;fbf;Fs;shf;fg;gl;lik.

v kiyehl;by; kJghdf; filfs; jpwf;fg;gl;likahy; xOf;ftPdk;

ngUfp r%fk; rPu;Fiyaj; njhlq;fpaik.

v ngsj;j rkaj;ijf; ftdpf;fhJ tpl;lik.

v MSeu; nlhupq;ldpdhy; Gjpa tupfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;lik.

v ,t;Ntisapy; ePyg;Gj;jfk; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Gs;sp tptug;

Gj;jfj;jpw;F murhq;fk; jfty;fisj; jpul;bf; nfhz;bUe;jikahy;

Gjpa tupfs; tpjpf;fg;gLtjw;F eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;

gLtjhfg; gpurhuk; nra;ag;gl;lik.

1847 Mk; Mz;lstpy; INuhg;gpar; re;ijapy; Nfhg;gpapd; tpiy

tPo;r;rpAw;wikahy; murhq;fj;jpd; tUkhdk; Fiwe;jJ. ,g;gzg;

gw;whf;Fiwf;Fg; gupfhukhf> MSeu; nlhupq;ld; Gjpa tupfs; gytw;iw

tpjpj;jhu;. gpd;tUtd mtw;wpy; rpy tupfshFk;.


• filfSf;fhd tup • Kj;jpiu tup

• glF tup • eha; tup

• Jg;ghf;fp tup • glFj; Jiwf;fhd tup

• (fuj;ij) tz;b tup • Ms;tup

vd;git mtw;wpy; rpythFk;.

,t;tuptpjpg;G 1848 Mk; Mz;Lg; Nghuhl;lj;j;pw;F cldbf; fhuzpahf

,Ue;jJ. Vw;fdNt r%f> nghUshjhu uPjpapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j

nghJkf;fshy; ,tw;iwj; jhq;f KbahjpUe;jJ. ,g;GJ tupfSf;F

vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpg;gjw;fhf kf;fs; xd;W jpusj; njhlq;fpdu;. nfhOk;G>

fhyp> fz;b> gJis Mfpa gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; tuptpyf;F Ntz;b

murhq;fj;ij epu;g;ge;jpf;Fk; $l;lq;fs; elj;jg;gl;ld. filrpapy; ,e;j

mnrsfupakhd epiy murhq;f vjpu;g;G Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lkhf tbtk;

ngw;wJ.

tPu Gud; mg;G> nfhq;fhNynfhl gz;lh> fl`g;nghy (Flhnghy

Njuu;) gpf;F MfpNahu; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpNahUs;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fshtu;.

tPu Gud; mg;G tPu Gud; mg;G tPu Gud; mg;G tPu Gud; mg;G tPu Gud; mg;G

• nkhwl;Litapy; cad gpuNjrj;jpy; gpwe;j tPu n`d;d jpNf

gpuhd;rp];F> 14 Mk; tajpy; jhd; gpwe;j ,lj;ij tpl;L fz;bia

Nehf;fpg; gazkhdhu;.

• jdJ ehL> ,dk;> kjk; vd;gtw;Wf;Fj; jd;id mu;g;gzpf;ff;

fUjpa mtu; Nkw;fj;jpa ghzpapyhd jdJ ngaiu ~Gud;

mg;G| vd khw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;.

• gpupj;jhdpa Vfhjpgj;jpathjpfSf;F vjpuhf kf;fis xd;WgLj;jj;

njhlq;fpa mtu;> 1848,y; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fj; jiyik

jhq;fpdhu;.

• fl`g;nghy Njuupd; topfhl;lypd; fPo; nraw;gl;l Gud; mg;G

1848 ,y; khj;jis nkf;Nlhty; Nfhl;iliaj; jhf;fp mjidf;

ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;.

• gpupj;jhdpau;fSf;F vjpuhf tPug; Nghuhl;lk; elj;jpdhYk;

filrpapy; mtu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;.

• 1848 Mf];l; 8 Me; jpfjp gpupj;jhdpaupd; Jg;ghf;fp uitfSf;F

mQ;rhky; Kfq;nfhLj;J kuzj;ijj; jOtpf; nfhz;lhu;.


fl`nghy Njuu;fl`nghy Njuu;fl`nghy Njuu;fl`nghy Njuu;fl`nghy Njuu;

• 1848 ,y; Rje;jpug; N g h u hl ;

lj;jpw;Fj; jiyik tfpj;j Gud;

mg;G nfhq;fhNynfhl gz;lh

Mfpa ,U jiytu; fSf;Fk;

Njitahd topfhl;Ljiy

toq;fp ghJfhg;ig Nkw;

nfhz;L> gpupj;jhdpaUf;F

vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj ;jpw ;Fj;

jiyik jhq;fp Kd;dpd;w

ngsj;j gpf;Ffspd; gpjhthf

,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; fl`

nghy Njuu; ,lk; ngWfpwhu;

• gy;NtW Jd;gq;fis mDgtpj;jthW fhl;by; cs;s fw;Fif

xd;wpy; gJq;fp ,Uf;ifapy; gpupj ;jhdpau;fshy; ifJ

nra;ag;gl;lhu;.

• nfhq;fhNynfhl gz;lh xope;jpUf;Fk; ,lk;gw;wpa jftiyj;

je;jhy; capu;g;gpr;ir mspg;gjhfg; gpupj;jhdpau;fs; Fwpg;gpl;

lNghJ> ~rpq;fstu;fspd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfg; NghuhLk; nfhq;fh

Nynfhl gz;lhtpd; capu; vdJ capiutplg; ngWkjpahdJ.

Mifahy; nfhiy nra;jhy; guthapy;iy. nfhq;fhNynfhl

gz;lhtpd; capiug; ghJfhg;gJ rpq;fstd; vd;w Kiwapy;

ehd; nra;Ak; ngUQ; nrayhFk; vd;W mtu; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

,uhZt ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; ,t;tPu ciuAld; mtu; 1848

Mf];l; 6Me; jpfjp Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.

fl`nghy Njuu;


nfhq;fhNynfhl gz;lhnfhq;fhNynfhl gz;lhnfhq;fhNynfhl gz;lhnfhq;fhNynfhl gz;lhnfhq;fhNynfhl gz;lh

• nfhq;fhNy nfhl gz;lh fsdpapy;

tdth]y gpuNjrj;jpy; gpwe;j tu;zGu

NjtNf Nltpl; vd;gtuhthu;.

• tdth]y Nltpl; my;yJ

Ngypanfhl Nltpl;vd;w ngauhYk;

miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

• tup vjpu;g;G ,af;fj;jpw;F MjuT

njuptpj;J kiyehl;bw;F te;j mtu;>

mq;F jpUkzge;jj;jpy; ,ize;J

nfhz;lhu;.

• gpwF mtu; nfhq;fhynfhl gz;lh

vdg; gpurpj;jkile;jhu;.

• nfhq;fhNynfhl gz;lh rpq;fstu;fspd; kd;ddhf ~= tpf;uk

ru;trpj;jp uh[rpq;`| vDk; ngaupy; jk;Gs;isapy; Kb#l;bf;

nfhz;lhu;.

• 1848 ,y; Rje;jpug; Nghupd;NghJ Gud;mg;GTld; jiyikj;Jtj;ij

Vw;Wr; nraw;gl;lhu;.

• capUld; ifjhd mtu; Fw;wthsp vd xg;Gf; nfhz;lgbahy;>

kyhf;fhTf;F ehL flj;jg;gl;lhu;.

• rpq;fstupd; tPu GU\uhd nfhq;fhynfhl gz;lh Nehapdhy;

1849 brk;gu; 1 Me; jpfjp kuzkhdhu;.

1848 ,y; Nghuhl;lk; guTjy;1848 ,y; Nghuhl;lk; guTjy;1848 ,y; Nghuhl;lk; guTjy;1848 ,y; Nghuhl;lk; guTjy;1848 ,y; Nghuhl;lk; guTjy;

khj;jis> jk;Gs;is> FUzhfiy Kjyhd gpuNjrq;fspy; jPtpukhfg;

Nghuhl;lk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ. Nghuhspfs; mur fl;llq;fs;>

fhupahyaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw cilj;J nehWf;fpajd; %yk; jkJ

gpupj;jhdpa vjpu;g;ig ntspg;gLj;jpdu;. Jg;ghf;fp tupf;F vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpj;J

te;j Jg;ghf;fp cupikahsu;fs; mtw;WlNd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;ldu;.

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; jkJ mjpfhuj;ijg; Nghuhspfs;

nfhq;fhNynfhl gz;lh


epiyepWj;jf; $bajha; ,Ue;jJ.

Nghuhl;lj;ij mlf;FjyNghuhl;lj;ij mlf;FjyNghuhl;lj;ij mlf;FjyNghuhl;lj;ij mlf;FjyNghuhl;lj;ij mlf;Fjy;

MSeu; nlhupq;ld; ,uhZtr; rl;lj;ijg; gpuNahfpj;J fLikahfg;

Nghuhl;lj;ij mlf;fpdhu;. nfhq;fhynfhl gz;lh> Gud; mg;G> bq;fpupuhy

Mfpa jiytu;fs; rpiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; fytuk; mlq;fpaJ. ,uhZt

ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; epWj;jg;gl;l fl`nghy Njuu;> Gud; mg;G> bq;fpupuhy

MfpNahUf;F kuz jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lNjhL> nfhq;fhNynfhl

gz;lhTf;F E}W firabfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;L ehL flj;jg;gl;lhu;.

1848,y; fytuk; Njhy;tpAw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;1848,y; fytuk; Njhy;tpAw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;1848,y; fytuk; Njhy;tpAw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;1848,y; fytuk; Njhy;tpAw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;1848,y; fytuk; Njhy;tpAw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

♦ Nghuhl;lk; Kiwahf xOq;FgLj;jg;glhik.

♦ ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; kiyafk; vq;Fk; Nghjpa ghijfs;

mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jikahy; ,yFthfg; Nghuhl;lj;ij mlf;f

Kbe;jik.

♦ gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fj; NjitNaw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Nkyjpf

gilapdiuj; jUtpj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbe;jik.

♦ rpq;fstuplk; etPd MAjq;fSld; gapw;wg;gl;l gilazp xd;W

,y;yhik.

♦ kiyehl;Lg; gpujhdpfspd; MjuT fpl;lhik.

1848 Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs; 1848 Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs; 1848 Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs; 1848 Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs; 1848 Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs;

• MSeu; nlhupq;ld; mtuJ nrayhsu; nldd;w; MfpNahu;

,yq;ifapypUe;J ,q;fpyhe;jpw;Fj; jpUg;gp miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

• Fw;wthspfshff; fhzg;gl;NlhUf;Fj; jz;lid toq;fg;

gl;lNjhL> mtu;fspd; nrhj;Jf;fSk; gwpKjyhapd.

• nghJkf;fspd; vjpu;g;Gf;Fs;shd tupfs; rpy(filfSf;fhd tup>

eha; tup) mfw;wg;gl;ld.

• rpy tupfs; (Kj;jpiu> Jg;ghf;fp> fuj;ij tz;b> glF Ms;tupfs;)

kPs;guprPyidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

• tptrhapfs; njhlu;gpy; jhk; nrYj;jpa ftdk; Nghjpajhapy;iy

vd czu;e;j gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpahsu;> RNjr kf;fSf;F

Mjuthd nfhs;if xd;iw tFf;fj; jPu;khdpj;jpUe;jdu;.

mjw;fika 1850 ,y; ,Ue;J tptrhaj;ijAk; ePu;g;ghrdj;ijAk;

tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F murpdhy; eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.


• tup ePf;fk; nra;jy;> kPs;guprPyid nra;jy;> tptrhaj;ijAk;>

ifj;njhopiyAk; Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;sy;. vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; ,e;jg; Nghuhl;lk; epahakhdJ

vd;gjidg; gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpahsUk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldu; vd;gJ

njspthfpwJ.

jha;ehl;bd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf kiy ehl;ltu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

,uz;lhtJ Nghuhl;lk; ,t;thwhfj; Njhy;tpAld; Kw;Wg; ngw;wJ.

ntspehl;L; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhfTk; Njrpaj;jpd; vOr;rpf;fhfTk;

,yq;ifau;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l filrpg; Nghuhl;lkhf ,jidf;

fUj KbAk;. 1948 ,y; ,yq;iff;F Rje;jpuk; fpilf;Fk;tiu

,JNghd;wnjhU Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; kPz;Lk; xUKiw votpy;iy.

1848,y; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;ijj; Njhw;fbj;j gpd;du;> gpupj;jhdpau;

mtu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Kiwapy; nraw;gl;L murpay;> r%fk;>

nghUshjhuk;> fyhrhuk; Mfpa rfy JiwfspYk; Njrj;jpd; gyk;>

cupik> Fzeyd;fs; vd;gtw;iwg; Gwf;fzpj;Jj; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij

cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;.


1' 1818>1848Mk; Mz;Lfspy; ,lk;ngw;w Nghuhl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghdgpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;f.

2' 1848Mk; Mz;L ,lk;ngw;w Nghuhl;lj;Jld; njhlu;Gilajiytu;fs; njhlu;ghd tpguq;fisr; Nrfupj;J rpW ifNaLxd;W jahu; nra;f.

3. 1848Mk; Mz;L ,lk;ngw;w Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F kpfTk;jhf;fk; nrYj;jpa fhuzp Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;jpUj;jkh? MSeu;nlhupq;ldpd; tup tpjpg;gh? vd;w jiyg;Gf;fspy; tpthjk;elhj;Jf.

Nghuhl;lk;

1'1818Mk; Mz;Lg;

Nghuhl;lk;

2'1848Mk; Mz;Lg;

Nghuhl;lk;

nry;thf;F

nrYj;jpa

fhuzq;fs;

Njhy;tpaila

fhuzk;tpisTfs;.

jiytu;fs;


RUf;fkRUf;fkRUf;fkRUf;fkRUf;fk;

• gpupj;jhdpaupd; mjpfhuj;ij ,yq;ifapy; cWjpahf

epiyepWj;jpf; nfhz;l re;ju;g;gq;fSk; mjw;fhff;

ifahz;l tpjpKiwfSk;.

• fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;Sjy;.

• 1797 ,y; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd fpsu;r;rpia

mlf;Fjy;.

• fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;ij Kbf;Fupa gpuNjrkhf;Fjy;.

• fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;sy;

• 1818> 1848Mk; Mz;Lfspy; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lq;fis Njhw;fbj;J

Aj;jr; nraw;ghLfspd; %yk; g+uzkhd gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rp

mjpfhuj;ij ,yq;ifapy; epiyehl;bf; nfhs;sy;.

• 1833 ,y; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; %yk; rl;lthf;f>

epu;thff; fofq;fis Muk;gpj;J ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiwia

,e;ehl;by; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

• ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwia Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhf ntspehl;L

%yjdj;ijg; ngWtjw;F eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhz;lik.

• Mq;fpyf; fy;tpiag; gutyhf;fpajhy; INuhg;gpa r%f-fyhrhuj;ij

,e;ehl;by; cUthf;Ftjw;;F ebtbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lik.

Mfpa eltbf;iffs; %yk; 1848Mk; Mz;L MFk; NghJ> rfy

JiwfspYk; gpupj;jhdpa Mjpf;fk; ,e;ehl;by; epiyngWtjw;F

mbg;gil eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

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gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;Wtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj ... G-9 T/Chapter 01.pdf · ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 2,yq;ifkPJ gpupj;jhdpau; ftdk; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;fhuzq;fs;fhuzq;fs;