ENERGY POVERTY IN sub-Saharan Africa

A case study of Nigeria’s Challenges in Adopting and Implementing Renewable

Energy

By: Nnaemeka OfodireU.C Berkeley: Political EconomyPrinceton University: Summer Research ProgramFaculty Mentor: Professor Amaney Jamal

OUTLINE

1: Background of Problem2: Research Question3: Barriers for Renewable Energy Implementation4: Hypothesis5: Overview of Nigeria6: Data7: Findings8: Observation and Implication

STAGGERING ENERGY POVERTY FACTS- 1.3 billion do not have access to electricity

- 2.6 Billion are without clean cooking facilities.

- 95% of these people are either in sub-Saharan African or developing Asia

- 84% live in rural areas. (According to the IEA)

Why is Conventional Energy Destructive for Rural

Communities? - Environmentally Destructive - Health Hazard- Inconsistent Supply - Unsustainable Supply

My Big ENERGY QUESTION

• If renewable energy is considered a cleaner, cheaper and more efficient alternative for rural sub-Saharan Africa, what are the factors impeding its implementation?

BARRIERS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

1: Cultural Constraints and Educational Awareness: Wite VanderGaast(Promoting sustainable energy technology transfers to developing countries through the CDM)

2: Financial Barriers: S Karekezi, J. Kimani(Status of power sector reform in Africa: impact on the poor)

3: Infrastructural and Technical Challenges: Kennas Small (“Understanding the political economy and key drivers of energy access in addressing national energy access priorities and policies: African Perspective”

4: Unsustainable and Inadequate Renewable Energy Policy:Oluseyi O. Ajayi “Nigeria’s energy policy: Inferences, analysis and legal ethics towards RE development”

Hypothesis Although experts have highlighted many challenges to the adoption and implementation of renewable energy in sub-Saharan Africa (Legal, financial, technical and infrastructural); The biggest impediment to RE implementation is a lack of a COMPREHENSIVE LEGAL FRAMEWORK to regulate the energy industry. I argue that all the other challenges can be addressed by having a strong legal framework.

Nigeria: An overview

Energy Usage Per Population

Map of Nigeria’s Energy Potential

Data

1: R.E Policy Design Cycle: Legal Framework AssessmentPolicy Analysis for 15 Developing and Emerging Countries (7 from Africa)

5 Criteria a) Definition of R.E targets b) Strategy for reaching target c) Concrete measures for implementing the strategy d) Monitoring e) Evaluation

2: Nigeria Renewable Energy Policies • Nigerian Energy Commission of Nigeria 2003

• National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (NREEEP)

• Renewable Energy Master Plan (2005, 2012, 2013)

Findings: Nigeria’s Legal Framework is Fairly Comprehensive

World Wide Governance Indicator

Combines views from 32 individual data sources

EXAMINES:1: Voice and Accountability2: Political Stability and Absence of Violence3: Government Effectiveness4: Regulatory Quality5: Rule of Law6: Control of Corruption

Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism

Boko-Haram Insurgency in

Northern Nigeria

Boko Haram Map of Attacks Boko Haram Militants

Niger-Delta Crisis in Southern Nigeria

Map of Niger Delta Crisis Region

Niger Delta Militants

Observations and Implication

• Similar legal frameworks are still performing better than Nigeria in R.E implementation.

• Although a comprehensive Legal Framework enhances the advancement of R.E implementation, the biggest impediment to RE implementation is NOT a lack of a COMPREHENSIVE LEGAL FRAMEWORK.

• In Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa as a whole, Policy Implementation posits a far greater challenge than Policy Creation.

• Factors such as Political instability, Terrorism and Corruption play a role in Nigeria’s poor RE implementation/

Special Thanks to- Jesus Christ

- Professor Amaney Jamal- Princeton University

- PSURE Program Managers- PSURE Cohorts

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