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New Media: Status andImplicationsWendy CukierCommunication and CultureInformation Technology ManagementRyerson [email protected]
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Overview
n Basic Concepts
n Diffusion
n Impact on New Media and Policy Issues
n Transformation of Journalism
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BASIC CONCEPTS
n New media is multidisciplinaryn Arts: design and production of new media
products
n Technology: development of hardware andsoftware for design, production, and delivery ofnew media products
n Social Science: research on the production andconsumption of new media products
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Definition of New Media
n New forms of communication that emerge fromnew technologies
n New communication formats, genres and stylesresulting from social, economic and technologicalchange
n CONVERGENCE: linking of television(content), telecommunications and computers
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DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
CONTENTCOMPUTING
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
wireless
ATM
internet
cable
satellite
broadcasting
hardware
software
film/video
publishing
sound recording
animation
digital media
POLICY AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
APPLICATION AND USE
STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT
industry (eg. retail, hospitality, health)
function (eg. marketing, accounting, HR)
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Technology Drivers
n digitization: conversion of analogue (text, music,image, video) content to digital (0101001001)
n growth in bandwidth (capacity/transmission speed)
n new forms of transmission (eg. wireless)
n network intelligence
n standards (TCP/IP Protocol)
n price/performance
n new devices (eg. RIM)
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This technological development has come tobe linked to horizontal and verticalindustries in the communication andcultural industries – often also calledconvergence, especially when the mergersare driven by expected synergies oreconomies based on technologicalconvergence.
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Key Characteristics
n Alteration of time and space
- on demand services
- delivered anywhere
n Interactivity
n Broad access
n User driven structure
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Internet
n A new medium?
n An overlay for all media?
n New media add new layers, not displace oldmedia
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DIFFUSION OF NEW MEDIA
Diffusion is the process by which aninnovation is communicated throughcertain channels over time among themembers of a social system
-- Everett Rogers (1995), p. 5
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The S-Curve Model of DiffusionProcess
Takeoff
SaturationDecline
Introduction Growth Maturity DecayTime
Adoption
Innovators Earlier Adopters
Later Majority
LaggardsEarlier Majority
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Diffusion Curves of Selected U.S.Media
0102030405060708090
100
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
TVVCRRadioCell PhonesComputersCable TVTelephones
Lievrouw (2000)
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Facilitators and Barriers ofDiffusion Process
Adoption ofan innovation
Personal traits
Perceived traits
Social influences
Technological traits
Communication
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Mediamorphosis
Mediamorphosis is “[T]he transformationof communication media, usually broughtabout by the complex interplay ofperceived needs, competitive and politicalpressures, and social and technologicalinnovations.”
-- Roger Fidler (1996), pp. 22-23
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Principles of Mediamorphosis
n Coevolution and coexistence (e.g., films)
n Metamorphosis (from videotex to www)
n Propagation (from mac to windows)
n Survival (magazines & radio)
n Opportunity and need (VHS vs. Betacom)
n Delayed adoption (cable & fax)
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Film: New Business Model
IndependentProducer
Marketing/
Ancillary
Theaters
Video sales/rental
Box OfficeSales
ConcessionSales
Cable/TVExports
Cash flow in U.S. movie industry
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Videotape: VHS Beats Betacom
n Beta is a higher quality videotape formatthan VHS, and has been used by pros
n Sony treated Beta as a proprietarytechnology, whereas JVC made VHS public
n Because every manufactory can make VHS,the price of VHS tapes kept dropping,which immediately promoted VHS VCRs.
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Fax
n Invented at the same time as telegraph
n Graphic potentials hindered by technology
n Exploded with development of standards(Group IV Fax)
n Value increased dramatically with theincreased number of users (person to personcommunications different than broadcast orother media)
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IMPACT OF NEW MEDIA
n DISPLACEMENT: for first time sinceadvent of TV, viewing has declined amongchildren (US data - 2001)
n BUT:
- hours using TV = 24.8
- hours on internet + 9.8
n For information = 91%
n For entertainment = 30%
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Access Issues
n internet: Canada – households with internetaccess (2001) = 47%
n about 25% have high speed internet access (about8% have broadband access)
n growing rapidly
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What do Canadians use broadbandfor?
n Sending digital photos (65%)
n Watching video clips (50%)
n Downloading music (44%)
n On-line gaming (43%)
n Streaming music (42%)n Date source: Industry Canada.
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Policy Issues
n Do these applications justify a $8 billioninvestment (hype versus the reality) OR
n “If we build it they will come”
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Other Policy Issues
n digital divide (information rich / poor)
n community vs. individual values
n corporate control / regulation
n surveillance / privacy
n mobilization / social movements
n concepts of citizenship
n electronic democracy
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Within Canada, internet use strongly correlatedwith household income
Income quartile % using internetBottom 32%2nd 523rd 70%top 87%
Urban households have greater access
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Effects of the New Media
n Knowledge Gap & Digital Divide
n Media Dependency & Internet Addiction
n Cultivation & Virtual Identity
n Third-person Effects & Internet Police
n Agenda-setting & Social Divergence
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TRANSFORMATION OFJOURNALISM
n 58% think most information on internet isreliable
n New newsgathering and distributiontechniques
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INTERACTIVEPASSIVE
UNLIMITEDLIMITED
INVOLVINGDISTANCED
CONTEXTUALIZEDEPISODIC
DYNAMICSTATIC
MULTIPLEMODALITIES
SINGLE MODALITY
INTERACTIVELINEAR
NEW MEDIA NEWSTRADITIONAL NEWS
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New Opportunities for Journalism
n LAYERING- For example, headline – brief summary – more
detailed report – source documentsn SATELLITE IMAGERYn CONSTRUCTED REPORTSn ON-LINE SERVICES
- Important in less developed countriesn IMMERSIVE MEDIAn EXPERIENTIAL (SENSATION) vs. AUTHENTICITY /
ACCURACYn LOSS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTANCE
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Critical Issues: the Pubic Interest
n ATTRIBUTION / PROVENANCE
- News stories increasingly use manysources, often unattributed
n VERIFICATION
n DISINFORMATION / MANIPULATION
n MANY UNRELIABLE SERVICES
n WHAT CAN WE DO IF WE CANNOTTRUST OUR SENSES?
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Business Issuesn RELATIONSHIP OF CONTENT AND PLATFORMn SOURCES OF REVENUEn ADVERTISINGn SPONSORSHIP (INCLUDING GOVERNMENT)n SUBSCRIPTIONSn DIRECT SALESn DAYMAPPING (when, where, and by what means of
delivery do potential audiences want specific kinds ofcontent: time / location / device / content
n LIMITATIONS OF STREAMING: - Capital intensive - Lack economies of scale