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neutron(no charge)
Hydrogen
1 Proton1 Electron
Oxygen
8 Protons8 Neutrons8 Electrons
a.
b.
proton(positive charge)
electron(negative charge)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1
Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14
6 Protons 6 Neutrons 6 Electrons
6 Protons 7 Neutrons 6 Electrons
6 Protons 8 Neutrons 6 Electrons
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2
x
y z
One spherical orbital (1s)
a.
One spherical orbital (2s)
b.
c.
x
z
y
Neon
Electron Shell Diagram Corresponding Electron Orbital
EnergyLevel K
Corresponding Electron OrbitalsElectron Shell Diagram
Electron Shell Diagram Electron Orbitals
Three dumbbell-shaped orbitals (2p)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Energylevel L
3
N
M
L
K
K
LM
N
absorbedEnergy
Nucleus
Energyreleased
Nucleus
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
4
1
H
3
Li4
Be
19
K
12
Mg
93
Np94
Pu95
Am96
Cm97
Bk98
Cf99
Es100
Fm101
Md102
No103
Lr
37
Rb38
Sr39
Y42
Mo45
Rh46
Pd47
Ag48
Cd49
In50
Sn51
Sb52
Te53
I54
Xe
21
Sc40
Zr
22
Ti23
V24
Cr
25
Mn27
Co28
Ni29
Cu30
Zn36
Kr
5
B6 C
8
O 2
He
55
Cs56
Ba72
Hf73
Ta74
W75
Re76
Os77
Ir78
Pt79
Au80
Hg81
Tl82
Pb83
Bi84
Po85
At86
Rn87
Fr88
Ra
57
La89
Ac104 105 106 107 108 109
58
Ce59
Pr60
Nd61
Pm62
Sm63
Eu64
Gd65
Tb66
Dy67
Ho68
Er69
Tm70
Yb71
Lu
90
Th91
Pa92
U
(Lanthanide series)
(Actinide series)
11
Na
20
Ca
41
Nb43
Tu44
Ru
26
Fe
13
Al
31
Ga32
Ge
14
Si
7
N15
P
33
As
16
S
35
Br34
Se
9
F
18
Ar
10
Ne17
Cl
110
Rf Ob Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds
111 112 113 114 115 116 117
Uuu Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh
118
Key
1
H
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Calcium (Ca)
Sulfur (S)
Sodium (Na)
Chlorine (Cl)
Mg
Fe
S
K
P
Ca
Cl
Na
N
H
C
a. b.
O Oxygen (O)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Iron (Fe)
Magnesium (Mg)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
atomic number
chemical symbol
5
Helium
KK
L
2+ 7+
Nonreactive Reactive
2 protons2 neutrons2 electrons
7 protons7 neutrons7 electrons
Nitrogen
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6
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sodium atom
Cl
Chlorine atom
a.
Sodium ion (+)
Cl–
Chloride ion (–)
b. NaCl crystal
Cl– Cl–
Cl– Cl–
Cl–
Na+Na+NaNa
Na+Na+
Na+Na+ Na+Na+
Na+Na+
8
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
NN
N2N N
H H
O2O O
H2
O O
Single covalent bondHydrogen gas
covalent bond
Double covalent bondoxygen gas
Triple covalent bondNitrogen gas
H H
9
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
+
–
+
+
104.5
a. b.
c.
Bohr Model
Space-Filling Model
8p
Ball-and-Stick Model
8n
–
+
+
+
–
–
+
+
–
12
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+
a.
b.
Water moleculeHydrogen atom
–Hydrogen bond
Oxygen atom
Hydrogen atom
Hydrogen bond +
–
An organic molecule
Oxygen atom 13
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Hydration shells
Water molecules
Salt crystal
Cl–
Na+
Cl–
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
Na+
17
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
10–1
Acidic
Basic
10–2
10–3
10–4
10–5
10–6 Urine
10–7
10–8
10–9 Baking soda
10–10
10–11 Household ammonia
10–12
10–13
10–14
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Hydrogen IonConcentration [H+] pH Value Examples of Solutions
100
Hydrochloric acid
Stomach acid, lemon juice
Vinegar, cola, beer
Tomatoes
Black coffee
Pure water
Seawater
Great Salt Lake
Household bleach
Sodium hydroxide
18
1X0 3X 4X 5X2X
pH
9
876543210
Amount of base added
Buffering range
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19