PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR

DISSERTATION

MR. SHIVARAJA

1ST YEAR M.Sc NURSING

PSYCHIATRIC NURSING

YEAR 2012-2014

PADMASHREE COLLEGE OF NURSING

GURUKRUPA LAYOUT, NAGARBHAVI

BANGALORE-560072

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

1

BANGALORE, KARNATAKA

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR

DISSERTATION

1 NAME OF THE CANDIDATE AND ADDRESS

MR.SHIVARAJA

First Year M.Sc Nursing

Padmashree College Of Nursing,

Gurukrupa Layout, Nagarabhavi

Bangalore-560072

2 NAME OF THE INSTITUTION

Padmashree College Of Nursing,

Bangalore.

3 COURSE OF THE STUDY AND SUBJECT

First Year M.Sc Nursing

Psychiatric Nursing.

4 DATE OF ADMISSION 28/07/2012

5 TITLE OF THE STUDY A Study To Assess The

Psychosocial Problems Among

The Adults In Selected Tribal

Community, Karnataka.

6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK

2

6.1 INTRODUCTION

“A tribe is a group of people connected to one another, connected to a leader, and

connected to an idea. For millions of years, human beings have been part of one tribe or

another. A group needs only two things to be a tribe: a shared interest and a way to

communicate.”

― Seth Godin, Tribes: We Need You to Lead Us

The word ‘tribe’ is generally used for a socially cohesive unit, associated with a

territory, the members of which regard them as politically autonomous.1

Generally speaking by the term “tribe” we mean a group of people living at a particular

place from time immemorial. Anthropologically the tribe is a system of social organisation

which includes several local groups- villages, districts on lineage and normally includes a

common territory, a common language and a common culture, a common name, political

system, simple economy, religion and belief, primitive law and own education system.2

According to 2001 census in Karnataka, Raichur and Bellary contain large number of

tribal communities. Toda, Beda, Soliga, Hakki-Pikki, Konda Kapu, Koraga, Bhils, Chenchu,

Goads, Maleru, Badaga, hasala, Meda, Iruliga, Jenu kuruba, Erava and Siddis are some

important tribes of Karnataka. Fifty tribal communities are currently identified in Karnataka3.

Tribal communities live in about 15% of the country’s areas, in various ecological and

geo-climatic conditions ranging from plains and forests to hills and inaccessible areas. Tribal

groups are at different stages of social, economic and educational development. While some

tribal communities have adopted a mainstream way of life at one end of the spectrum, there

are 75 Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs), at the other, who are characterized by

(a) a pre-agriculture level of technology,

(b) a stagnant or declining population

(c) extremely low literacy and

(d) a subsistence level of economy4.

Constitutionally a tribe is he who has been mentioned in the scheduled list of Indian

constitution under Article 342(i) and 342(ii).

The Gonds are among the largest tribal groups in South Asia and perhaps the world. The

term Gond refers to tribal peoples who live all over India's Deccan Peninsula5.

3

The tribal people have very few assets which primarily include land, cattle and trees.

Land in these areas is treated as a source of livelihood and not a commodity.

The tribal have their own social problems. They are traditional and custom-bound. They

have become the victims of superstitious beliefs, outmoded and meaningless practices and

harmful habits. Child marriage, infanticide, homicide, animal sacrifice, exchange of wives,

black magic and other harmful practices are still found among them6.

The World Health organization (WHO) has emphasized that indigenous people have

higher rates of infant mortality, lower life expectancy and more cases of chronic illness than

the non-indigenous populations in their home countries. It is argued that the indigenous

people are among the poorest of the poor. They suffer from extreme discrimination and lead a

life of misery and destitution7.

There is no people in India poorer in material possessions than the Jungle Chenchus(one

of the tribal in Andhra Pradesh); bows and arrows, a knife, an axe, a digging stick, some pots

and baskets, and a few tattered rags constitute many a Chenchu's entire belongings8.

The tribal of India are in a way geographically separated from the rest of population.

Some of them are living in the unapproachable physical areas such as deep valleys, dense

forests, hills, mountains, etc. It is difficult for them to establish relations with others, and

hence, socially they are far away from the civilized world. This kind of physical as well as

social isolation or seclusion has contributed to various other problems.

They mainly depend on hunting and food gathering and shifting cultivation. The health

of an average Indian tribal is found to be much poorer compared to the non-tribal counterpart.

The health status of tribal populations is very poor and worst of primitive tribes because of

the isolation, remoteness and being largely unaffected by the developmental process going on

in India9. Tribal communities are mostly forest dwellers.

Depression, substance abuse, and suicide represent the areas of greatest need with regard

to the mental health of indigenous peoples. These problems cannot be separated from the

social, cultural, and historic contexts in which they occur. A strictly biomedical approach to

depression is insufficient when the individuals seeking treatment are constantly facing life

conditions that engender stress10.

4

Members of scheduled tribes and castes and other backward classes were more likely to

consume alcohol than members of other caste groups. There was no difference in alcohol

consumption between men from States that were not under prohibition.

Alcohol is viewed as a problem among the Paniyas (tribal community) who reported

that consumption is increasing, notably among younger men. Alcohol is easily available in

licensed shops and is produced illicitly in some colonies. There is evidence that local

employers are using alcohol to attract Paniyas for work. Male alcohol consumption is

associated with a range of social and economic consequences that are rooted in historical

oppression and social discrimination11.

A study providing national estimates of regular tobacco and alcohol use in India and their

associations in a representative survey of 471,143 people over the age of 10 years in 1995-96

found that the national prevalence of regular use of alcohol was 4.5%. Men were 9.7 times

more likely to regularly use alcohol. Respondents belonging to scheduled castes and tribes

recognized as disadvantaged groups were significantly more likely to report regular use of

alcohol12.

6.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY

There are approximately two hundred million tribal people in the entire globe, which

means, about 4% of the global population. They are found in many regions of the world and

majority of them are the poorest amongst poor (Tribal Development in India -A Study in

Human Development by Kulamani Padhi) 13.

It is estimated there are 5000 to 6000 distinct groups of indigenous peoples living in

more than 70 countries. Their numbers total about 250 million persons, or four to five percent

of the world's population. This population is far from homogeneous. While it may be true

that indigenous peoples share a close attachment to their land, commonly lack statehood, are

subject to economic and political marginalization, and are the objects of cultural and ethnic

discrimination, they exhibit wide diversity in lifestyles, cultures, social organization,

histories, and political realities. (Mental Health of Indigenous People; an International

Overview) 10.

5

The tribal population as per the 2001 census was 84.3 million, or 8.2 percent of the total

population at the time. More than 600 tribal communities are recognized by the Indian

Constitution14.

Karnataka has a sizable population of tribal people. There are 34.64 lakhs tribal

distributed in various regions Karnataka as per 2001 census.

The quality of life of tribal people during pre-independence period was more deplorable

and their main occupation was hunting, gathering of wood and forest products and primitive

shifting cultivation. Due to destruction of forest and non availability of proper facilities, tribal

were forced to lead a miserable life.

They believe in ghosts and spirits. They have keen desire to maintain all these practices

in general, and their individual tribal character. Hence it is said that “the tribal are the

tribesmen first, the tribesmen last and the tribesmen all the time”.

Not surprisingly, indigenous peoples are among the poorest of the poor. A World Bank

report concluded that poverty among Latin America's indigenous peoples is pervasive and

severe: their living conditions are abysmal, they receive less education, they work more and

cam less, and their overall health is poorer than non-indigenous populations. The Scheduled

Tribes of India lag economically far behind the rest of the country. Unemployment rates

among the Maori of New Zealand are three times as high as those of non-Maoris. The Lese

and Efe of the Democratic Republic of Congo are impoverished as a result of exploitation by

government authorities. Finally, a survey of patients 90 percent of whom were Inuit – seen in

a psychiatric service clinic on Baffin Island found that less than one-third had been employed

in a previous year.

The tribal people are economically the poorest people of India. Majority of them live

below the poverty line. The tribal economy is based on agriculture of the crudest type.

A large number of tribal young men and women are either unemployed or

underemployed. They are unhappy for they are not able to get jobs that can keep them

occupied throughout the year. They need to be helped in finding secondary source of income

by developing animal husbandry, poultry farming, handicrafts, handloom weaving, etc.

6

Illiteracy is a major problem of the tribal. More than 80% of them are illiterate. Literacy

among them has increased from 0.7% in 1931 to 11.30% in 1970 and to 16.35% in 1981.

These shows more than 3/4 of the tribal are illiterate. They have no faith in formal

educational organization. Many of them do not know anything about education, schools,

colleges, universities, degrees, etc.

Tribal literacy rate in Karnataka is 36.01 percent. About 85 percent of the tribes are living

under the poverty line and another 52 percent of Adivasis do not have permanent

employment in this state (census-2001) they are isolated from the external civilized

community.

They feel no urge to educate their children. Since most of the tribal are poor, education

appears to be a luxury for them. In the case of those people who are engaged in agriculture,

their minor children are also engaged in it. The illiterate parents do not consider it as their

primary responsibility to give education to their children.

There were about 635 tribal groups and subgroups including 75 primitive communities

who have been designated as ‘primitive’ based on pre-agricultural level of technology, low

level of literacy, stagnant or diminishing population size, relative seclusion (isolation) from

the main stream of population, economical and educational backwardness, extreme poverty,

dwelling in remote inaccessible hilly terrains, maintenance of constant touch with the natural

environment, and unaffected by the developmental process undergoing in India. (Bhasin

and Walter 2001).

Over ages known as ‘Traditional Health Care System’ depends both on the herbal and

the psychosomatic lines of treatment. While plants, flowers, seeds, animals and other

naturally available substances formed the major basis of treatment, this practice always had

a touch of mysticism, supernatural and magic, often resulting in specific magico-religious

rites (Balgir, 1997).

Faith healing has always been a part of the traditional treatment in the Tribal Health Care

System, which can be equated with rapport or confidence building in the modern treatment

procedure. The primitive tribes in India have distinct health problems, mainly governed by

multidimensional factors such as habitat, difficult terrains, varied ecological niches, illiteracy,

poverty, isolation, superstitions and deforestation.

7

The tribal are a part of the Indian society and general problems of consciously changing

or modernising Indian society are applicable to them. Before independence, tribal enjoyed an

almost untrammelled control over forestland and its produce for their survival. Forest

offered fodder for their cattle, firewood to warm their hearths, and above all a vital source of

day-to-day sustenance. The wonderful equation between man and nature demolished after.

Independence with the encroachment of rapacious contractors on tribal land and the

indiscriminate destruction of forest in the name of development.

According to one estimate, irrigation projects, mines, thermal power plants, wildlife

Sanctuaries, industries, etc., between 1950 and 1990 in India, displaced 213 lakh persons. 85

Percent of them are tribal (Fernandes & Paranjpe, 1997).

Depressive disorders are a serious public health concern in the low- and middle-income

countries, predicted to become the most common cause of disability by the year 2020.

(Murray&Lopez, 1996)15.

The studies conducted show that the prevalence of psychosocial problems of tribal adult

is increasing. This provoked the investigator to assess the psychosocial problems of tribal

adults and how the tribal adults how they are going to cope with them with respect to their

demographic profile.

6.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A study to assess the psychosocial problems among the adults in selected tribal

community, Karnataka.

8

6.4 OBJECTIVES

1) To assess the psychological problems among adults in selected tribal community

2) To assess the social problems among adults in selected tribal community

3) To co-relate between psychological and social problems among adults in selected

tribal community.

4) To associate psychosocial problems of tribal adults with their selected demographic

variables.

6.5 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

1. PSYCHOSOCIAL PROBLEMS:

Refers to selected psychological and social problems of Adults in tribal community,

such as stress, depression, fear and anxiety, social isolation, decreased self esteem and

efficacy, poverty, unemployment, alcoholism and substance abuse, illiteracy.

2. ADULT:

Refers to both male and female between the age group of 20-40 years living in

selected tribal community.

6.6 ASSUMPTIONS

1. Tribal adults may experience the psychological problems

2. Tribal adults may experience social problems.

6.7 HYPOTHESES

H1: There will be significant correlation between psychological problems and social

problems of the tribal adults

9

H2: There will be a significant association between psychosocial problems of tribal

adults with their demographic variables.

6.8 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A literature review helps to lay the foundation for a study and also inspires new ideas.

The literature review leads the reader through development of knowledge about the chosen

topic up to the present time to indicate why this current research project was necessary.

According to Polit and Beck, Review of literature is a written summary of the existing

knowledge on a research problem.

Regarding the psychosocial problems experienced by tribal adults, few studies have been

conducted in tribal setting. The available abstracts are stated as the review of literature related

to psychosocial problems experienced by the tribal adults.

A comparative study was conducted to identify Life stress and depression the in a tribal

area of Pakistan. A Pushto translation of the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) was

administered to 471 adults living in a village in one of the federally administered tribal areas.

Respondents were also assessed with a life events checklist for social problems, a social

support questionnaire and the Brief Disability .Questionnaire. Sixty per cent (95/158) of

women and 45% (140/313) of men scored 9 or more on the SRQ. High SRQ score was

associated with few years of education, higher social problem score, less social support and

greater disability. High social problem score was the strongest correlate. Finally concluded as

this population reports more depressive symptoms than other communities in Pakistan and

this probably reflects the very high degree of social stress experienced in the NWFP, which

has been affected by years of turmoilin neighboring Afghanistan15.

A study was conducted On Substance use, treatment admissions, and recovery trends in

diverse Washington state tribal communities from Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute,

University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. Qualitative and quantitative data and

participatory research approaches might be most valid and effective for assessing 

substance use/abuse and related trends in American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN)

communities. Twenty-nine federally recognized AIAN tribes in Washington (WA) State were

invited to participate in Health Directors (HD) interviews and State treatment admissions data

analyses. Ten Tribal HD (or designees) from across WA participated in 30-60-minute

10

qualitative interviews. State treatment admissions data from 2002 to 2008 were analyzed for

those who identified with one of 11 participating AIAN communities to explore admission

rates by primary drug compared to non-AIANs. Those who entered treatment and belonged to

one of the 11 participating tribes (n = 4851) represented 16% of admissions for those who

reported a tribal affiliation. Interviewees reported that prescription drugs, alcohol, and

marijuana are primary community concerns, each presenting similar and distinct challenges.

Additionally, community health is tied to access to resources, services, and culturally

appropriate and effective interventions. Treatment data results were consistent with

interviewee-reported substance use/abuse trends, with alcohol as the primary drug for 56% of

AIAN adults compared to 46% of non-AIAN, and other opiates as second most common for

AIAN adults in 2008 with 15% of admissions. Findings are limited to those tribal

communities/community members who agreed to participate. Analyses suggest that some

diverse AIAN communities in WA State share similar substance use/abuse, treatment, and

recovery trends and continuing needs16.

A survey was conducted on Trends in Drug Use of Indian Adolescents Living on

Reservations: Anonymous surveys on drug use were administered to 7th-12th grade students

in Indian reservation schools. A large number of tribes were surveyed from 1975 through

1983. There is reason to believe the results are reasonably representative of Indian youth

living on reservations. Lifetime prevalence for most drugs is higher than that for non-Indian

youth throughout this period, and rates for alcohol, marijuana, and inhalants, the most

frequently tried drugs, were particularly high. Since 1981 there has been a slight drop in

lifetime prevalence for most drugs. Current use figures show the same trends, with

increasing current use through 1981 and a drop since that time. Analysis of patterns of drug

use, classifying youth according to number, type, and depth of involvement with drugs,

shows a similar trend, with radical increases until 1981 and then a drop in all but one of the

more serious drug use types. Despite this drop, 53% of Indian youth would still be classified

as “at risk” in their drug involvement, compared with 35% of non-Indian youth. Reasons

probably relate to severely detrimental conditions on reservations; unemployment, prejudice,

poverty, and lack of optimism about the future17.

A study was conducted on alcohol use and its consequences in South India: views from a

marginalized tribal population. Alcohol consumption in India is disproportionately higher

among poorer and socially marginalized groups, notably Scheduled Tribes (STs). We lack an

11

understanding of STs own views with regard to alcohol, which is important for implementing

appropriate interventions. This study was undertaken with the Paniyas (a previously enslaved

ST) in a rural community in Kerala, South India. The study, nested in a participatory poverty

and health assessment (PPHA). PPHA aims to enable marginalized groups to define,

describe, analyze, and express their own perceptions through a combination of qualitative

methods and participatory approaches (e.g. participatory mapping and ranking exercises).

Alcohol is viewed as a problem among the Paniyas who reported that consumption is

increasing, notably among younger men. Alcohol is easily available in licensed shops and is

produced illicitly in some colonies. There is evidence that local employers are using alcohol

to attract Paniyas for work. Male alcohol consumption is associated with a range of social

and economic consequences that are rooted in historical oppression and social

discrimination11.

A study was conducted on Drug use among Racial/Ethnic Minorities.Alcohol and other

drug use has been reported as a serious concern among American Indian populations

(Beauvais et al. 1989). Research indicates there is more substance use among American

Indians than most, if not all, ethnic minority groups in the United States (Office for Substance

Abuse Prevention 1990). The high prevalence of American Indian substance abuse cuts

across a wide range, affects both genders, and nourishes the cycle of poverty and disease

(Robbins 1994). American Indian youth begin using cigarettes and alcohol at an earlier age

than their white counterparts (Young 1988), and they are more likely to try marijuana at an

earlier age than do white youth (Office for Substance Abuse Prevention 1990). Past-month

prevalence data show that American Indian/Alaskan Native youth use marijuana, cocaine,

cigarettes, and alcohol at two or more times the ratio of white, black, or Hispanic youth. By

age 12, lifetime rates of use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and other drugs among

American Indians exceed the rates for other groups (Federman et al. 1997)18.

A study was conducted in USA on study of the alcohol and drug health of Wisconsin

American Indian adults living on or near reservations. The study was announced to

Wisconsin’s eleven Tribal nations and each was sent an application requesting their

participation. The interview schedule used in this study was adapted from a discriminant

analysis of data from the1997 Wisconsin household survey (Dold, 1999; Yun, 1999).

Discriminant analysis refers to a common statistical analysis technique whereby multiple

variables or question items are reduced in such a way that the resulting variables or items

12

maximally separate two populations. The 1997 Substance Dependence Needs Assessment

Questionnaire (version 6.2) was shortened by including only those questions that were highly

discriminating of respondents being classified as substance abusers. This procedure has been

used by social researchers in much the same way as electronic scientists seek smaller and

faster components. In a classic Wisconsin study of 910 juveniles in secure detention by

James Halikas, M.D. (1982), as few as three questionnaire items correctly identified youth

with a substance use disorder. The three items in the Halikas study had a “false-positive” rate

of 10 percent and a “false-negative” rate of 6 percent. This resulted in a “net” error rate of

only 4 percent (slightly over-identifying substance use disorders) and a correct identification

rate of 96 percent19.

A study was conducted by Mr.Manjunath.B. Research Scholar, .DOS in Anthropology,

and Co-researchers University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore. Karnataka- India. The

present paper is mainly focussed on their socio-economic situation and at the same time

analysed the disaggregated data for different tribal groups with a view to understand the

interaction between demographic and other socio-economic factors The materials of this

study was collected through review literature and field survey. The study considered both

quantitative and qualitative method of data collection. To improve the quality and reliability

of the information collected from the sample survey, a number of persons from different

tribal community were chosen for in-depth interview20.

A study was conducted on Psychiatric disorders among American Indian and white youth

in Appalachia: the Great Smoky Mountains Study. This study examined prevalence of

psychiatric disorders, social and family risk factors for disorders, and met and unmet needs

for mental health care among Appalachian youth. Methods used: All 9-, 11-, and 13-year-old

American Indian children in an 11-county area of the southern Appalachians were recruited,

together with a representative sample of the surrounding population of White children.

Results: Three-month prevalences of psychiatric disorders were similar (American Indian,

16.7%; White, 19.2%). Substance use was more common in American Indian children (9.0%

vs 3.8% in White children), as was comorbidity of substance use and psychiatric disorder

(2.5% vs 0.9%). American Indian poverty, family adversity (e.g., parental unemployment,

welfare dependency), and family deviance (parental violence, substance abuse, and crime)

rates were higher, but the rate of family mental illness, excluding substance abuse, was lower.

Child psychiatric disorder and mental health service use were associated with family mental

13

illness in both ethnic groups but were associated with poverty and family deviance only in

White children. Despite lower financial barriers, American Indian children used fewer mental

health services. Concluded that poverty and crime play different roles in different

communities in the aetiology of child psychiatric disorder21.

A study was conducted on poverty. Despite financial encouragement to desert Aboriginal

communities, only a small proportion of persons have been persuaded to adopt a Western

work style. Some of the Aboriginal attitudes to work and the differing implications of work

for black and white people are described. These differences are particularly marked in the

areas of motivation, social implications of work, such as status, acquisition of money, and

uses to which money can be put. Higher levels of skill are also affected by differing ideas of

group conformity, individual excellence, and, to some extent, traditional philosophical

concepts. Some of the defects in higher levels of performance may be developmental rather

that attitudinal, arising from a radically different childhood environment. It is maintained that

understanding work problems from the Aboriginal's point of view may help to circumvent

some of them, but radical change, if it comes at all, must come from within their community

by their own modification of traditional attitudes22.

A study was conducted on female literacy of Scheduled Tribes (STs) in Odisha, which is

one of the tribal dominated states of India. Based on secondary data the determinants of

literacy are explored for ST females. The study analyses the results using Sophers’ disparity

index and multivariate regression model. The findings clearly indicate that literacy rate is

positively related to male literacy of STs, per cent of ST teachers, per cent of female teachers

and per cent of schools within habitations, and negatively related to per cent of schools

without teachers, per cent of ST population, wage rate, dependency rate, female work

participation Rate and poverty. Interestingly, a negative association emerges between

women’s work participation and female literacy. The findings in the paper suggest that the

government needs to initiate special efforts to increase the participation of ST females in

education like provision of incentive schemes for girls, appointment of teachers in schools

having without teachers, opening of schools in each habitation in the remote rural and tribal

areas of Odisha23.

A study was conducted among the Kol tribal people who have been working as bonded

labourers in the stone quarries and silica sand mines near Allahabad, India. It analyses the

conditions and factors that have been responsible for keeping them bonded for many

14

generations. The study discusses a social intervention made by us to ensure sustainable

freedom for these bonded tribal. The intervention focused on conscientisation of the public

and government departments and also of the larger community. It sought to reduce fear of

freedom of the bonded, and attempted to change their agency beliefs. It also focused on

developing the binding and bridging components of social capital to improve their inter-

personal functioning in order to strengthen the SHGs (self-help groups) which they had

formed and also the Federation of the SHGs24.

A study was conducted among of scheduled caste (SC) and scheduled tribe (ST) This

study analyzes the determinants of rural poverty in India, contrasting the situation of

scheduled caste (SC) and scheduled tribe (ST) households with the non-scheduled population.

The incidence of poverty in SC and ST households is much higher than among non-scheduled

households. By combining regression estimates for the ratio of per capita expenditure to the

poverty line and an Oaxaca-type decomposition analysis, we study how these differences in

the incidence of poverty arise. We find that for SC households, differences in characteristics

explain the gaps in poverty incidence more than differences in transformed regression

coefficients. In contrast, for ST households, differences in the transformed regression

coefficients play the more important role25.

15

7. MATERIALS AND METHODS

7.1 SOURCES OF DATA

Adults of the tribal community between the age group of 20-40 years in selected tribal

community, Karnataka.

7.2 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTIONS

I.RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design is explicit blue print for research activities to be carried out.

Research design helps the researcher to determine what data to collect and how to analyses it.

It also suggests possible conclusions to be drawn from the data.

The research design is going to use in this study is non- experimental descriptive study.

II. RESEARCH VARIABLES

Variables are characteristics that vary among the subjects being studied. It is the focus of

the study and reflects the empirical aspects of the concepts being studied, the investigator

measure the variable.

Study variable: psychosocial problems of tribal adults

Demographic variable: Demographic variables such as Age, Sex, Religion.

Educational status, Occupation, Income, Marital status,

Number of Children, Type of family, Habits, Hobbies

III. SETTING

Setting is the physical condition in which data collection takes place.

Study will be conducted in selected tribal community, Karnataka

IV. POPULATION

Population is defined as entire aggregation of cases that meet a designated set of criteria.

Adults of the tribal community both male and female between the age group of 20-40years

16

V. SAMPLE AND SAMPLE SIZE

Samples are the adults of the tribal community both male and female who fulfil the

inclusion criteria. The sample size is 80.

VI.CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION

Inclusion criteria: Male and female adults

Age group is between 20-40 years

Exclusion criteria: Individuals who are not willing to participate in the study.

Who cannot understand Kannada

VII.SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Non-probability convenience sampling technique will be used to select the sample for

this study. The sample selection will be based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

VIII.TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION

The structured questionnaire will be used for data collection. Tools will be constructed

by the researcher.

Section A: Demographic variables

Section B: Three point Likert scale to assess psychological problems

Section C: Three point Likert scale to assess social problems

Section A: Demographic variables

This section consist of demographic variables which contains eleven items such as Age,

Sex, Religion, Educational status, Occupation, Income, Marital status, Number of Children,

Type of family, Habits, Hobbies.

17

Section B: Three point Likert scale to assess psychological problems

This section will be containing items to measure the psychological problems experienced

by the tribal adults. Psychological problems are organized under the following sub headings,

1. stress

2. depression

3. fear and anxiety

4. decreased self esteem and efficacy

5. social isolation.

Section C: Three point Likert scale to assess social problems

Section C containing items to measure the social problems experienced by the tribal

adults Social problems are organized under the following sub headings.

1. poverty

2. Unemployment .

3. alcoholism

4. substance abuse

5. illiteracy

IX.METHOD OF DATA COLLECTON

Data will be collected from the study sample by using structured interview questionnaire

method.

X.PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS

Both descriptive and inferential statistics will be used to analyze the data in order to

achieve the result as per the objectives of the study.

Descriptive statistics

1. To analyze the demographic data by percentage and frequency distribution.

2. To compute mean and standard deviation to assess Psychosocial Problems

experienced by the adults of the selected tribal community, Karnataka.

18

Inferential statistics

1. Determine the correlation between psychological and social problems by working out

the correlation coefficient.

2. Chi-square to work out the association with demographic variables and psychosocial

Problems

XI. PROJECTED OUT COME

In this study investigator is going to analysis and interpretation of the data collected from

80 adults of tribal community to assess the Psychosocial Problems Experienced by the adults

in selected

tribal community, Karnataka. Health education will be given to the tribal adults to prevent the

psychosocial problems.

7.3 Does the study require any investigation or intervention to the patient or other

human beings or animals?

This study does not require any investigation or intervention on the participants.

7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution?

Ethical clearance is obtained from the research authority committee of the Padmashree

College of nursing

19

8. LISTS OF REFERECES

1. P.S. Pratheep Globalisation, Identity and Culture: Tribal Issues In India

CatholicateCollege (Mahatma Gandhi University), Lscac, 2010Proceedings.151.

http://www.lscac.msu.ac.th/ book/149.pdf.

2. Wikipedia. India Tribal Belt, 2009, Sep http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

India_tribal_belt.

3. Karnataka 2001 census.

4. Hari Priya. Tribal Land Laws In Andhra Pradesh, page no1.

Http://ncst.nic.in/writereaddata/ mainlinkfile/File415.pdf

5. Gonds. Countries and their cultures. http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Germany-to-

Jamaica/Gonds.html.

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9. Signature of the Candidate

10. Remarks of the Guide : The study is feasible and has practical

applications.

11. Name and Designation of

11.1 The Guide : Prof.Mrs.Sharmila.J

Head of the Department

11.2 Signature :

11.3 Co-Guide : Nil

11.4 Signature :

11.5 Head Of The Department : Prof.Mrs.Sharmila.J

11.6 Signature :

12. Remarks the Principal : This study is feasible and relevant to the

speciality chosen.

12.1 Signature :

23

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