NDT-Radio Graphy - Notes

5/13/2018 NDT-Radio Graphy - Notes - slidepdf.com

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Ylmdfaylwcde Mkbud}t

Ylmdfaylwcde mkbud}t #LNL fw}del`, wcf}faylwcde, fy hd`j mkbud}t$ du l jklu{ykfh }ck mkaykk fh hd`j mlynkbdba" ]kecbdel``t d} ucf{`m ik el``km )}ylbujd}}kmmkbud}t) qckb luufedl}km qd}c }ylbuwlykb}*iluk hd`j udbek d} du l jklu{yk fh }ck`dac} }ylbujd}}km }cyf{ac }ck hd`j" Ylmdfaylwcde mkbud}t du }ck `falyd}cj fh }qfjklu{ykjkb}u? }ck db}kbud}t fh `dac} dbedmkb} fb }ck hd`j #D7$ lbm }ck db}kbud}t fh

`dac} }ylbujd}}km }cyf{ac }ck hd`j #D}$" ]cdu yl}df du }ck dbxkyuk fh }ylbujd}}lbek"

Udjd`ly }f }ck mkedik`, {udba }ck `fa fh }ck yl}df l``fqu yl}dfu fh udabdhdelb}`tmdhhkykb} udzku }f ik mkueydikm {udba klut }f qfyn qd}c b{jikyu" ]ck hf``fqdba}li`k ucfqu }ck yk`l}dfbucdw ik}qkkb }ck ljf{b} fh }ylbujd}}km `dac} lbm }ckelè{`l}km hd`j mkbud}t"

]ylbujd}}lbek#D}&D7$

Wkyekb}]ylbujd}}lbek

Dbxkyuk fh ]ylbujd}}lbek

#D7&D}$

Hd`jMkbud}t

#@fa#D7&D}$$

<"7 <77+ < 7

7"< <7+ <7 <

7"7< <+ <77 9

7"77< 7"<+ <777 5

7"777< 7"7<+ <7777 =

7"7777< 7"77<+ <77777 ;

7"77777< 7"777<+ <777777 8

7"777777< 7"7777<+ <7777777 1

Hyfj }cdu }li`k, d} elb ik ukkb }cl} l mkbud}t yklmdba fh 9"7 du }ck yku{`} fh fb`tfbk wkyekb} fh }ck dbedmkb} `dac} jlndba d} }cyf{ac }ck hd`j" L} l mkbud}t fh ="7fb`t 7"7<+ fh }ylbujd}}km `dac} yklecku }ck hly udmk fh }ck hd`j" Dbm{u}ydl` efmkulbm u}lbmlymu }twdel``t yk|{dyk l ylmdfaylwc }f clxk l mkbud}t ik}qkkb 9"7 lbm="7 hfy leekw}li`k xdkqdba qd}c efjjfb hd`j xdkqkyu" Lifxk ="7, ks}ykjk`t

iydac} xdkqdba `dac}u du bkekuulyt hfy kxl`{l}dfb" Efb}ylu} qd}cdb l hd`j

dbeykluku qd}c dbeykludba mkbud}t, uf db akbkyl`, }ck cdacky }ck mkbud}t }ck ik}}ky" Qckb ylmdfaylwcu qd`` ik mdad}dzkm, mkbud}dku lifxk ="7 lyk fh}kb {ukmudbek mdad}dzl}dfb utu}kju elb elw}{yk lbm ykmduw`lt hfy klut xdkqdbadbhfyjl}dfb hyfj mkbud}dku {w }f 8" 7"

Hd`j mkbud}t du jklu{ykm qd}c l mkbud}fjk}ky" Lmkbud}fjk}ky udjw`t clu l wcf}fk`ke}yde ukbufy }cl} jklu{yku}ck ljf{b} fh `dac} }ylbujd}}km }cyf{ac l wdkek fh hd`j" ]ckhd`j du w`lekm ik}qkkb }ck `dac} uf{yek lbm }ck ukbufy lbm l

mkbud}t yklmdba du wyfm{ekm it }ck dbu}y{jkb}"

Kswfu{yk Elè{`l}dfbu

Wyfwky`t kswfudba l ylmdfaylwc du fh}kb l }ydl` lbm k yyfy wyfekuu, lu }ckyk lykjlbt xlydli`ku }cl} lhhke} }ck hdbl` ylmdfaylwc" Ufjk fh }ck xlydli`ku }cl}

lhhke} }ck mkbud}t fh }ck ylmdfaylwc dbe`{mk?

]ck uwke}y{j fh ylmdl}dfb wyfm{ekm it }ck s*ylt akbkyl}fy" ]ck xf`}lak wf}kb}dl` {ukm }f akbkyl}k }ck s*yltu #NkX$" ]ck ljwkylak {ukm }f akbkyl}k }ck s*yltu #jL$" ]ck kswfu{yk }djk" ]ck mdu}lbek ik}qkkb }ck ylmdl}dfb uf{yek lbm }ck hd`j" ]ck jl}kydl` fh }ck efjwfbkb} ikdba ylmdfaylwckm" ]ck }cdenbkuu fh }ck jl}kydl` }cl} }ck ylmdl}dfb j{u} }ylxk` }cyf{ac" ]ck ljf{b} fh uel}}kykm ylmdl}dfb yklecdba }ck hd`j"

]ck hd`j ikdba {ukm" ]ck efbekb}yl}dfb fh }ck hd`j wyfekuudba eckjdelù lbm }ck efb}le} }djk"

]ck e{yykb} dbm{u}ydl` wyle}dek du }f mkxk`fw l wyfekm{yk }cl} wyfm{eku lbleekw}li`k mkbud}t it }yld` hfy klec uwkedhde s*ylt akbkyl}fy" ]cdu wyfekuu jlt

ikadb {udba w{i`duckm kswfu{yk ecly}u }f mk}kyjdbk l u}ly}dba kswfu{yk, qcdec{u{l``t yk|{dyku ufjk yk hdbkjkb}"

Cfqkxky, d} du wfuudi`k }f elè{`l}k }ck mkbud}t fh l ylm dfaylwc }f l hldy mkaykklee{ylet qckb }ck uwke}y{j fh lb s*ylt akbkyl}fy clu ikkb eclyle}kydzkm" ]ckelè{`l}dfb elbbf} efjw`k}k`t leef{b} hfy uel}}kydba i{}, f}ckyqduk, }ckyk`l}dfbucdw ik}qkkb jlbt fh }ck xlydli`ku lbm }ckdy khhke} fb hd`j mkbud}t dunbfqb" ]ckykhfyk, }ck eclbak db hd`j mkbud}t elb ik ku}djl}km hfy lbt adxkbxlydli`k eclbak" Hfy ksljw`k, hyfj Bkq}fb!u Dbxkyuk U|{lyk @lq, d} du nbfqb

}cl} }ck db}kbud}t fh }ck ylmdl}dfb xlydku dbxkyuk`t qd}c mdu}lbek hyfj }ckuf{yek" D} du lùf nbfqb }cl} }ck db}kbud}t fh }ck ylmdl}dfb }ylbujd}}km }cyf{ac ljl}kydl` xlydku kswfbkb}dl``t qd}c }ck `dbkly l}}kb{l}dfb efkhhdedkb} #j$ lbm }ck}cdenbkuu fh }ck jl}kydl`"



L b{jiky fh ylmdfaylwcde jfmk`dba wyfaylj lyk lxld`li`k }cl} jlnk }cduelè{`l}dfb" ]ckuk wyfaylju elb wyfxdmk l hldy ykwykukb}l}dfb fh }ck ylmdfaylwc}cl} qd`` ik wyfm{ek qd}c l uwkedhde uk}{w lbm wlyljk}kyu" ]ck lww`k} ik`fq dul xkyt udjw`k ylmdfaylwcde mkbud}t elè{`l}fy" ]ck lww`k} l``fqu }ck mkbud}t fh l ylmdfaylwc }f ik ku}djl}km ilukm fb jl}kydl`, }cdenbkuu, akfjk}yt, kbkyat#xf`}lak$, e{yykb}, lbm }djk" ]ck khhke} fh }ck kbkyat lbm }ck wctudel` uk}{w lykucfqb it `ffndba l} }ck hd`j mkbud}t lh}ky kswfu{yk" Udbek }ck elè{`l}dfb {ukul akbkyde #lbm hdskm eclyle}kydu}de$ s*ylt uf{yek, hdskm hd`j }twk lbmmkxk`fwjkb}, }ck lww`k} yku{`}u qd`` mdhhky efbudmkyli`t hyfj dbm{u}ydl` s*ylt

efbhda{yl}dfbu" ]ck lww`k} du mkudab udjw`t }f mkjfbu}yl}k }ck lhhke}u fh }ckxlydli`k fb }ck yku{`}dba hd`j mkbud}t"

Cfq ]f [uk ]cdu Lww`k}

Hdyu} ecffuk l jl}kydl`" Klec jl}kydl` clu l jluu l}}kb{l}dfb efbu}lb}, j{" Bks}, }ck xf`}lak }f }ck s*ylt uf{yek bkkmu }f ik uk}" Efb}db{k }f hd`` dbb{jikyu hfy }ck yku} fh }ck xlydli`ku" ]ck e{yykb} du }ck b{jiky fh jd``dljwu}cl} h`fq }f }ck uf{yek" Lh}ky }ck Mdu}lbek, ]djk, lbm ]cdenbkuu clxk ikkb uk},

wykuu }ck )Elè{`l}k) i{}}fb"

Bf}k, }ck Df hdk`m clu l b{jiky db d}" ]cdu du }ck dbd}dl` db}kbud}t fh }ck s*ylt iklj" Hfy `lyak b{jikyu, d} jlt ik bkekuulyt }f {uk }ck jf{uk }f ukk }ck kb}dykb{jiky" E`den fb }ck b{jiky lbm jfxk }ck jf{uk lu dh uk`ke}dba d}" ]ck etlb

wfdb}ky dbmdel}ku }ck mkbud}t fb }ck yku{`}lb} ylmdfaylwc" ]ck }qf f}cky wfdb}kyuykwykukb} {bmky* lbm fxky*kswfu{yk it l hle}fy fh hf{y" ]ckuk jlt ik {ukm }f

o{mak }ck mkaykk fh efb}ylu} db }ck yku{`}lb} ylmdfaylwc"

]yt }ck hf``fqdba ksljw`ku? jl}kydl`? l`{jdb{j, nX? <97, jL? ;, mdu}lbek?7"; jk}ky, }djk? 47 ukefbmu, }cdenbkuu? 8"; ej" ]ck yku{`}lb} mkbud}t qd`` ik9"4;4" Lu elb ik bf}km fb }ck u}kwqkmak, ykm{edba }ck kswfu{yk it l hle}fy fh hf{y qd`` eclbak }ck mkbud}t }f l xl`{k fh <"7, lbm dbeykludba }ck kswfu{yk it lhle}fy fh hf{y qd`` yku{`} db l mkbud}t fh ;"7" Ykm{ek }ck }djk hyfj 47 ukefbmu }f99"; ukefbmu #hle}fy fh hf{y$ lbm bf}k }ck yku{`}u"

Eclbak }ck jl}kydl` }f dyfb lbm wykuu )Elè{`l}k)" Bf}k }cl} bf} kbf{acylmdl}dfb du ykekdxkm }f akbkyl}k lb djlak" Eclbak }ck hf``fqdba? nX? 597, jL?<7, }djk? 477 ukefbmu, }cdenbkuu? <"9; ej, lbm }ckb e`den )Elè{`l}k)" Bf}k }ck

yku{`}dba ekb}ky mkbud}t fh 7";8<" Qd}c l`{jdb{j, }ck }djk qlu l`}kykm it lhle}fy fh hf{y }f eclbak }ck mkbud}t" Qd}c }ck dyfb, e{yykb} #jL$ j{u} ikdbeyklukm it l hle}fy fh hf{y }f wyfm{ek lb dbeykluk db mkbud}t" Eclbak }cke{yykb} hyfj <7 }f =7 lbm elè{`l}k }ck yku{`}u"

El{}dfb? ]cdu lww`k} mfku bf} clxk n bfq`kmak fh } ck eclyle}kydu}deu fh lbt wly}de{`ly ykl`*`dhk s*ylt uf{yeklbm ucf{`m BF] ik {ukm f}cky }clb lu l }ckfyk}del` }ff` hfy jlndba wykmde}dfbu fh kswfu{yk lbm efb}ylu}"

Hd`j Wyfekuudba

Lu jkb}dfbkm wykxdf{u`t, ylmdfaylwcde hd`j efbudu}u fh l}ylbuwlykb}, i`{k*}db}km iluk efl}km fb if}c udmku qd}c lbkj{ùdfb" ]ck kj{ùdfb efbudu}u fh ak`l}db efb}ldbdbajdeyfuefwde, ylmdl}dfb ukbud}dxk ud`xky cl`dmk eytu}lù,u{ec lu ud`xky iyfjdmk lbm ud`xky ec`fydmk" Qckb s*yltu,aljjl yltu fy `dac} yltu u}ydnk }ck }ck eytu}lù fy ayldbu,ufjk fh }ck Iy * dfbu lyk `dikyl}km lbm elw}{ykm it }ckLa. dfbu" Db }cdu efbmd}dfb, }ck ylmdfaylwc du uldm }fefb}ldb l `l}kb} #cdmmkb$ djlak ikel{uk }ck eclbak db }ckayldbu du xdy}{l``t {bmk}ke}li`k, i{} }ck kswfukm ayldbu lykbfq jfyk ukbud}dxk }f ykle}dfb qd}c }ck mkxk`fwky"

Qckb }ck hd`j du wyfekuukm, d} du kswfukm }f ukxkyl`mdhhkykb} eckjdelù uf`{}dfbu hfy efb}yf``km wkydfmu fh }djk" Wyfekuudba hd`j iludel``t dbxf`xku }ck hf``fqdbahdxk u}kwu"

Mkxk`fwjkb} * ]ck mkxk`fwdba lakb} adxku {wk`ke}yfbu }f efbxky} }ck ud`xky cl`dmk ayldbu }fjk}l``de ud`xky" Ayldbu }cl} clxk ikkb kswfukm }f

}ck ylmdl}dfb mkxk`fw jfyk ylwdm`t, i{} adxkb kbf{ac }djk }ck mkxk`fwky qd`` efbxky} l`` }ck ud`xky dfbu db}f ud`xky jk}l`" Wyfwky }kjwkyl}{ykefb}yf` du bkkmkm }f efbxky} kswfukm ayldbu }f w{yk ud`xky qcd`k nkkwdba{bkswfukm ayldbu lu ud`xky cl`dmk eytu}lù"



U}fwwdba }ck mkxk`fwjkb} * ]ck u}fw il}c udjw`t u}fwu }ck mkxk`fwjkb} wyfekuu it md`{}dba lbm qlucdba }ck mkxk`fwky lqlt qd}c ql}ky"

Hdsdba * [bkswfukm ud`xky cl`dmk eytu}lù lyk ykjfxkm it }ck hdsdba il}c"]ck hdsky mduuf`xku fb`t ud`xky cl`dmk eytu}lù, ̀ klxdba }ck ud`xky jk}l`

ikcdbm" Qlucdba * ]ck hd`j du qluckm qd}c ql}ky }f ykjfxk l`` }ck wyfekuudba

eckjdelù"

Mytdba * ]ck hd`j du mydkm hfy xdkqdba"

Wyfekuudba hd`j du l u}yde} uedkbek afxkybkm it ydadm y{`ku fh eckjdelèfbekb}yl}dfb, }kjwkyl}{yk, }djk, lbm wctudel` jfxkjkb}" Qck}cky w yfekuudbadu mfbk it clbm fy l{}fjl}del``t it jlecdbk, ksek``kb} ylmdfaylwcu yk|{dyk lcdac mkaykk fh efbudu}kbet lbm |{l`d}t efb}yf`"

Jlb{l` Wyfekuudba ( Mlynyffju

Jlb{l` wyfekuudba ikadbu qd}c }ck mlynyffj" ]ck mlynyffj ucf{`m ik `fel}kmdb l ekb}yl` `fel}dfb, lmolekb} }f }ck yklmdba yffj lbm l yklufbli`k mdu}lbekhyfj }ck kswfu{yk lykl" Hfy wfy}lid`d}t, mlynyffju lyk fh}kb jf{b}km fb

wden{wu fy }yld`kyu"

Hd`j ucf{`m ik `fel}km db l `dac}, }dac} efjwly}jkb}, qcdec du jfu} fh}kb ljk}l` idb }cl} du {ukm }f u}fyk lbm wyf}ke} }ck hd`j" Lb lykl bks} }f }ck hd`j idb}cl} du myt lbm hykk fh m{u} lbm mdy} ucf{`m ik {ukm }f `flm lbm {b`flm }ck hd`j"

Lbf}cky lykl, }ck qk} udmk, ucf{`m ik {ukm }f wyfekuu }ck hd`j" ]cdu jk}cfm wyf}ke}u }ck hd`j hyfj lbt ql}ky fy eckjdelù }cl} jlt ik `fel}km fb }cku{yhlek fh }ck qk} udmk"

Klec fh u}kw db }ck hd`j wyfekuudba j{u} ik ksed}km wyfwky`t }f mkxk`fw }ckdjlak, qluc f{} ykudm{l` wyfekuudba eckjdelù, lbm }f wyfxdmk lmk|{l}k uck`h `dhk fh }ck ylmdfaylwc" ]ck fioke}dxk fh wyfekuudba du }qf hf`m? hdyu}, }f wyfm{ekl ylmdfaylwc lmk|{l}k hfy xdkqdba, lbm ukefbm, }f wykwlyk }ck ylmdfaylwc hfy lyecdxl` u}fylak" Ylmdfaylwcu lyk fh}kb u}fykm hfy 97 tklyu fy jfyk lu l ykefymfh }ck dbuwke}dfb"

L{}fjl}de Wyfekuufy Kxl`{l}dfb]ck l{}fjl}de wyfekuufy du }ck kuukb}dl` wdkek fh k|{dwjkb} db kxkyt s*yltmkwly}jkb}" ]ck l{}fjl}de wyfekuufy qd`` ykm{ek hd`j wyfekuudba }djk qckb

efjwlykm }f jlb{l` mkxk`fwjkb} it l hle}fy fh hf{y" ]f jfbd}fy }ck wkyhfyjlbek fh l wyfekuufy, lwly} hyfj fw}dj{j }kjwkyl}{yk lbm jkeclbdelèckenu, eckjdel` lbm ukbud}fjk}yde eckenu ucf{`m ik wkyhfyjkm hfy mkxk`fwky lbm hdsky" Eckjdel` eckenu dbxf`xk jklu{ydba }ck wC xl`{ku fh }ck mkxk`fwky lbm hdsky lu qk`` lu if}c ykw`kbduckyu" Lùf, }ck uwkedhde aylxd}t lbm hdsky ud`xky

`kxkù j{u} ik jklu{ykm" Dmkl``t, wC ucf{`m ik jklu{ykm mld`t lbm d} dudjwfy}lb} }f ykefym }ckuk jklu{ykjkb}u, lu yka{`ly ̀ faadba wyfxdmku xkyt{ukh{` dbhfyjl}dfb" ]ck mld`t jklu{ykjkb}u fh wC xl`{ku hfy }ck mkxk`fwky lbmhdsky elb }ckb ik w`f}}km }f fiukyxk }ck }ykbm fh xlydl}dfbu db }ckuk xl`{ku

efjwlykm }f }ck bfyjl` wC fwkyl}dba `kxkù }f dmkb}dht wyfi`kju"

Ukbud}fjk}yde eckenu jlt ik elyydkm f{} }f kxl`{l}k dh }ck wkyhfyjlbek fh hd`judb }ck l{}fjl}de wyfekuufyu du ikdba jlsdjdzkm" ]ckuk eckenu dbxf`xkjklu{ykjkb} fh ilude hfa `kxk`, uwkkm lbm lxkylak aylmdkb} jlmk l } <· E

db}kyxlù fh }kjwkyl}{yk" ]ck ylbak fh }kjwkyl}{yk jklu{ykjkb} mkwkbmu fb}ck }twk fh eckjdu}yt db {uk, qck}cky ef`m fy cf} mkxk`fwky" ]ckuk }cykkjklu{ykjkb}u? hfa `kxk`, uwkkm, lbm lxkylak aylmdkb}, ucf{`m }ckb ik w`f}}kmlaldbu} }kjwkyl}{yk lbm efjwlykm qd}c }ck jlb{hle}{yky!u u{ww`dkm hda{yku

Xdkqdba Ylmdfaylwcu

Ylmdfaylwcu #mkxk`fwkm hd`j kswfukm }f s*ylt fy aljjl ylmdl}dfb$ lykakbkyl``t xdkqkm fb l `dac}*ifs" Cfqkxky, d} du ikefjdba dbeykludba`t efjjfb}f mdad}dzk ylmdfaylwcu lbm xdkq }ckj fb l cdac ykuf`{}dfb jfbd}fy" Wyfwky xdkqdba efbmd}dfbu lyk xkyt djwfy}lb} qckb db}kywyk}dba l ylmdfaylwc" ]ck

xdkqdba efbmd}dfbu elb kbclbek fy mkaylmk }ck u{i}`k mk}ldù fh ylmdfaylwcu"

Xdkqdba Ylmdfaylwcu

Ikhfyk ikadbbdba }ck kxl`{l}dfb fh l ylmdfaylwc, }ckxdkqdba k|{dwjkb} lbm lykl ucf{`m ik efbudmkykm" ]cklykl ucf{`m ik e`klb lbm hykk fh mdu}yle}dba jl}kydlù"Jlabdhtdba ldmu, jlundba ldmu, lbm hd`j jlynkyuucf{`m ik e`fuk l} clbm" ]cdb ef}}fb a`fxku ucf{`m iklxld`li`k lbm qfyb }f wykxkb} hdbakywydb}u fb }ckylmdfaylwc" Ljidkb} ̀ dac} ̀ kxkù ucf{`m ik `fq"Ljidkb} `dac} `kxkù fh `kuu }clb 9 he lyk fh}kbykefjjkbmkm, i{} u{im{km `dac}dba #yl}cky }clb }f}l`mlynbkuu$ du wykhkyli`k db }ck xdkqdba yffj" ]ck

iydac}bkuu fh }ck u{yyf{bmdbau ucf{`m ik lif{} }ckuljk lu }ck lykl fh db}kyku} db }ck ylmdfaylwc" Yffjd``{jdbl}dfb j{u} ik lyylbakm uf }cl} }ckyk lyk bfykh`ke}dfbu hyfj }ck u{yhlek fh }ck hd`j {bmky ksljdbl}dfb"



Hd`j xdkqkyu ucf{`m ik e`klb lbm db affm qfyndba efbmd}dfb" ]ckyk lyk hf{y ayf{wu fh hd`j xdkqkyu" ]ckuk dbe`{mk u}ydw xdkqkyu, lykl xdkqkyu, uwf} xdkqkyu,lbm l efjidbl}dfb fh uwf} lbm lykl xdkqkyu" Hd`j xdkqkyu ucf{`m wyfxdmk luf{yek fh mkh{ukm, lmo{u}li`k, lbm yk`l}dxd}t eff` `dac} lu ckl} hyfj xdkqkyu elbel{uk mdu}fy}dfb fh }ck ylmdfaylwc" L hd`j clxdba l jklu{ykm mkbud}t fh 9"7 qd``l``fq fb`t <+ fh }ck dbedmkb} `dac} }f wluu" L hd`j efb}ldbdba l mkbud}t fh ="7qd`` l``fq fb`t 7"7<+ fh }ck dbedmkb} `dac} }f wluu" Qd}c u{ec `fq `kxkù fh `dac} wluudba }cyf{ac }ck ylmdfaylwc, }ck mk`dxkyt fh l affm `dac} uf{yek dudjwfy}lb}"

]ck ylmdfaylwcde wyfekuu ucf{`m ik wkyhfyjkm db leefymlbek qd}c l qyd}}kb wyfekm{yk fy efmk, fy lu yk|{dykm it efb}yle}{l` mfe{jkb}u" ]ck yk|{dykmmfe{jkb}u ucf{`m ik lxld`li`k db }ck xdkqdba lykl lbm ykhkykbekm lu bkekuulytqckb kxl`{l}dba efjwfbkb}u" Ylmdfaylwcde hd`j |{l`d}t lbm leekw}lid`d}t, luyk|{dykm it }ck wyfekm{yk, ucf{`m hdyu} ik mk}kyjdbkm" D} ucf{`m ik xkydhdkm }cl}}ck ylmdfaylwc qlu wyfm{ekm }f }ck efyyke} mkbud}t fb }ck yk|{dykm hd`j }twk,lbm }cl} d} efb}ldbu }ck efyyke} dmkb}dhdel}dfb dbhfyjl}dfb" D} ucf{`m lùf ikxkydhdkm }cl} }ck wyfwky djlak |{l`d}t dbmdel}fy qlu {ukm lbm }cl} }ck yk|{dykmukbud}dxd}t `kxk` qlu jk}" Bks}, }ck ylmdfaylwc ucf{`m ik eckenkm }f kbu{yk }cl}d} mfku bf} efb}ldb wyfekuudba lbm clbm`dba ly}dhle}u }cl} ef{`m jlun mduefb}db{d}dku fy f}cky mk}ldù fh db}kyku}" ]ck }kecbdedlb ucf{`m mkxk`fw lu}lbmlym wyfekuu hfy kxl`{l}dba }ck ylmdfaylwcu uf }cl} mk}ldù lyk bf}

fxky`ffnkm"

Fbek l ylmdfaylwc wluuku }ckuk dbd}dl` eckenu, d} du yklmt hfy db}kywyk}l}dfb"Ylmdfaylwcde hd`j db}kywyk}l}dfb du lb le|{dykm und`` efjidbdba xdu{l` le{d}tqd}c nbfq`kmak fh jl}kydlù, jlb{hle}{ydba wyfekuuku, lbm }ckdy luufedl}kmmduefb}db{d}dku" Dh }ck efjwfbkb} du dbuwke}km qcd`k db ukyxdek, lb{bmkyu}lbmdba fh lww`dkm `flmu lbm cdu}fyt fh }ck efjwfbkb} du ck`wh{`" L

wyfekuu hfy xdkqdba ylmdfaylwcu #k"a" `kh} }f ydac}, }fw }f if}}fj, k}e"$ du ck`wh{`lbm qd`` wykxkb} fxky`ffndba lb lykl fb }ck ylmdfaylwc" ]cdu wyfekuu du fh}kbmkxk`fwkm fxky }djk lbm dbmdxdm{l`dzkm" Fbk wly} fh }ck db}kywyk}l}dfb wyfekuu,ufjk}djku fxky`ffnkm, du yku}" ]ck jdbm lu qk`` lu }ck ktku bkkm }ffeeludfbl``t yku} qckb db}kywyk}dba ylmdfaylwcu"

Qckb xdkqdba l wly}de{`ly ykadfb fh db}kyku}, }kecbd|{ku u{ec lu {udba l ujl```dac} uf{yek lbm jfxdba }ck ylmdfaylwc fxky }ck u jl`` `dac} uf{yek, fy eclbadba

}ck db}kbud}t fh }ck `dac} uf{yek qd`` ck`w }ck ylmdfaylwcky dmkb}dht yk`kxlb}dbmdel}dfbu" Jlabdhtdba }ffù ucf{`m lùf ik {ukm qckb lwwyfwydl}k }f ck`wdmkb}dht lbm kxl`{l}k dbmdel}dfbu" Xdkqdba }ck le}{l` efjwfbkb} ikdbadbuwke}km du xkyt fh}kb ck`wh{` db mkxk`fwdba lb {bmkyu}lbmdba fh }ck mk}ldù

ukkb db l ylmdfaylwc"

Db}kywyk}l}dfb fh ylmdfaylwcu du lb le|{dykm und`` }cl} du wkyhke}km fxky }djk" It{udba }ck wyfwky k|{dwjkb} lbm mkxk`fwdba efbudu}kb} kxl`{l}dfb wyfekuuku, }ckdb}kywyk}ky qd`` dbeykluk cdu fy cky wyfilid`d}t fh mk}ke}dba mkhke}u"

Ylmdfaylwc Db}kywyk}l}dfb * Qk`mu

Db lmmd}dfb }f wyfm{edba cdac |{l`d}t ylmdfaylwcu, }ck ylmdfaylwcky j{u} lùf ik und``km db ylmdfaylwcde db}kywyk}l}dfb" Db}kywyk}l}dfb fh ylmdfaylwcu }lnku w`lek db }cykk ilude u}kwu? #<$ mk}ke}dfb, #9$ db}kywyk}l}dfb, lbm #5$ kxl`{l}dfb"L`` fh }ckuk u}kwu jlnk {uk fh }ck ylmdfaylwcky!u xdu{l` le{d}t" Xdu{l` le{d}t du}ck lid`d}t }f ykuf`xk l uwl}dl` wl}}kyb db lb djlak" ]ck lid`d}t fh lb dbmdxdm{l`}f mk}ke} mduefb}db{d}dku db ylmdfaylwct du lùf lhhke}km it }ck `dac}dba efbmd}dfbdb }ck w`lek fh xdkqdba, lbm }ck kswkydkbek `kxk` hfy ykefabdzdba xlydf{uhkl}{yku db }ck djlak" ]ck hf``fqdba jl}kydl` qlu mkxk`fwkm }f ck`w u}{mkb}umkxk`fw lb {bmkyu}lbmdba fh }ck }twku fh mkhke}u hf{bm db qk`mjkb}u lbm cfq}ckt lwwkly db l ylmdfaylwc"

Mduefb}db{d}dku

Mduefb}db{d}dku lyk db}kyy{w}dfbu db }ck }twdel` u}y{e}{yk fh l jl}kydl`" ]ckukdb}kyy{w}dfbu jlt fee{y db }ck iluk jk}l`, qk`m jl}kydl` fy )ckl} lhhke}km)zfbku" Mduefb}db{d}dku, qcdec mf bf} jkk} }ck yk|{dykjkb}u fh }ck efmku fy uwkedhdel}dfbu {ukm }f dbxfnk lbm efb}yf` lb dbuwke}dfb, lyk ykhkyykm }f lumkhke}u"

Akbkyl` Qk`mdba Mduefb}db{d}dku

]ck hf``fqdba mduefb}db{d}dku lyk }twdel` fh l`` }twku fh qk`mdba"

Ef`m `lw du l efbmd}dfb qckyk }ck qk`m hd``ky jk}l` mfku bf} wyfwky`t h{uk qd}c}ck iluk jk}l` fy }ck wykxdf{u qk`m wluu jl}kydl` #db}kywluu ef`m `lw$" ]ck lyemfku bf} jk`} }ck iluk jk}l` u{hhdedkb}`t lbm el{uku }ck u`dac}`t jf`}kb w{mm`k

}f h`fq db}f }ck iluk jl}kydl` qd}cf{} ifbmdba"



Wfyfud}t du }ck yku{`} fh alu kb}ylwjkb} db }ck uf`dmdhtdba jk}l`" Wfyfud}t elb}lnk jlbt uclwku fb l ylmdfaylwc i{} fh}kb lwwklyu lu mlyn yf{bm fy dyyka{`ly uwf}u fy uwkenu lwwklydba udba{`ly`t, db e`{u}kyu, fy db yfqu" Ufjk}djku,

wfyfud}t du k`fbal}km lbm jlt lwwkly }f clxk l }ld`" ]cdu du }ck yku{`} fh alul}}kjw}dba }f kuelwk qcd`k }ck jk}l` du u}d`` db l `d|{dm u}l}k lbm du el``kmqfyjcf`k wfyfud}t" L`` wfyfud}t du l xfdm db }ck jl}kydl` lbm d} qd`` clxk lcdacky ylmdfaylwcde mkbud}t }clb }ck u{yyf{bmdba lykl"

"

E`{u}ky wfyfud}t du el{ukm qckb h`{s efl}km k`ke}yfmku lyk efb}ljdbl}km qd}cjfdu}{yk" ]ck jfdu}{yk }{ybu db}f l alu qckb ckl}km lbm ikefjku }ylwwkm db}ck qk`m m{ydba }ck qk`mdba wyfekuu" E`{u}ky wfyfud}t lwwkly o{u} `dnk yka{`ly

wfyfud}t db }ck ylmdfaylwc i{} }ck dbmdel}dfbu qd`` ik ayf{wkm e`fuk }fak}cky"

U`la dbe`{udfbu lyk bfbjk}l``de uf`dm jl}kydl` kb}ylwwkm db qk`m jk}l` fy ik}qkkb qk`m lbm iluk jk}l`" Db l ylmdfaylwc, mlyn, olaakm lutjjk}ydelùclwku qd}cdb }ck qk`m fy l`fba }ck qk`m ofdb} lyklu lyk dbmdel}dxk fh u`ladbe`{udfbu"

Dbefjw`k}k wkbk}yl}dfb #DW$ fy ̀ len fh wkbk}yl}dfb #@FW$ fee{yu qckb }ckqk`m jk}l` hldù }f wkbk}yl}k }ck ofdb}" D} du fbk fh }ck jfu} fioke}dfbli`k qk`mmduefb}db{d}dku" @len fh wkbk}yl}dfb l``fqu l bl}{yl` u}ykuu yduky hyfj qcdec leylen jlt wyfwlal}k" ]ck lwwklylbek fb l ylmdfaylwc du l mlyn lykl qd}c qk``*mkhdbkm, u}yldac} kmaku }cl} hf``fqu }ck `lbm fy yff} hlek mfqb }ck ekb}ky fh }ckqk`mjkb}"



Dbefjw`k}k h{udfb du l efbmd}dfb qckyk }ck qk`m hd``ky jk}l` mfku bf} wyfwky`th{uk qd}c }ck iluk jk}l`" Lwwklylbek fb ylmdfaylwc? {u{l``t lwwklyu lu l mlyn `dbk fy `dbku fydkb}km db }ck mdyke}dfb fh }ck qk`m uklj l`fba }ck qk`m

wykwlyl}dfb fy ofdbdba lykl"

Db}kybl` efbelxd}t fy u{en ilen du l efbmd}dfb qckyk }ck qk`m jk}l` cluefb}yle}km lu d} effù lbm clu ikkb mylqb {w db}f }ck yff} fh }ck qk`m" Fb lylmdfaylwc d} `ffnu udjd`ly }f l `len fh wkbk}yl}dfb i{} }ck `dbk clu dyyka{`ly kmaku lbm d} du fh}kb |{d}k qdmk db }ck ekb}ky fh }ck qk`m djlak"

Db}kybl` fy yff} {bmkye{} du lb kyfudfb fh }ck iluk jk}l` bks} }f }ck yff} fh }ck qk`m" Db }ck ylmdfaylwcde djlak d} lwwklyu lu l mlyn dyyka{`ly `dbk fhhuk}hyfj }ck ekb}ky`dbk fh }ck qk`mjkb}" [bmkye{}}dba du bf} lu u}yldac} kmakm lu@FW ikel{uk d} mfku bf} hf``fq l ayf{bm kmak"

Ks}kybl` fy eyfqb {bmkye{} du lb kyfudfb fh }ck iluk jk}l` bks} }f }ck eyfqbfh }ck qk`m" Db }ck ylmdfaylwc, d} lwwklyu lu l mlyn dyyka{`ly `dbk l`fba }ckf{}udmk kmak fh }ck qk`m lykl"



Fhhuk} fy jdujl}ec lyk }kyju luufedl}km qd}c l efbmd}dfb qckyk }qf wdkeku ikdba qk`mkm }fak}cky lyk bf} wyfwky`t l`dabkm" ]ck ylmdfaylwcde djlak ucfqul bf}dekli`k mdhhkykbek db mkbud}t ik}qkkb }ck }qf wdkeku" ]ck mdhhkykbek dbmkbud}t du el{ukm it }ck mdhhkykbek db jl}kydl` }cdenbkuu" ]ck mlyn, u}yldac} `dbk

du el{ukm it }ck hld`{yk fh }ck qk`m jk}l` }f h{uk qd}c }ck `lbm lykl"

Dblmk|{l}k qk`m ykdbhfyekjkb} du lb lykl fh l qk`m qckyk }ck }cdenbkuu fh qk`m jk}l` mkwfud}km du `kuu }clb }ck }cdenbkuu fh }ck iluk jl}kydl`" D} du xkytklut }f mk}kyjdbk it ylmdfaylwc dh }ck qk`m clu dblmk|{l}k ykdbhfyekjkb},

ikel{uk }ck djlak mkbud}t db }ck l ykl fh u{uwke}km dblmk|{let qd`` ik cdacky #mlynky$ }clb }ck djlak mkbud}t fh }ck u{yyf{bmdba iluk jl}kydl`"

Ksekuu qk`m ykdbhfyekjkb} du lb lykl fh l qk`m }cl} clu qk`m jk}l` lmmkm dbksekuu fh }cl} uwkedhdkm it kbadbkkydba mylqdbau lbm efmku" ]ck lwwklylbek fbl ylmdfaylwc du l `fel`dzkm, `dac}ky lykl db }ck qk`m" L xdu{l` dbuwke}dfb qd``klud`t mk}kyjdbk dh }ck qk`m ykdbhfyekjkb} du db ksekuu fh }cl} uwkedhdkm it }ck

kbadbkkydba yk|{dykjkb}u"

Eylenu elb ik mk}ke}km db l ylmdfaylwc fb`t qckb }ckt lyk wyfwlal}dba db lmdyke}dfb }cl} wyfm{eku l eclbak db }cdenbkuu }cl} du wlyl``k` }f }ck s*ylt iklj"Eylenu qd`` lwwkly lu olaakm lbm fh}kb xkyt hldb} dyyka{`ly `dbku" Eylenu elbufjk}djku lwwkly lu )}ldù) fb dbe`{udfbu fy wfyfud}t"



Mduefb}db{d}dku db ]DA qk`mu

]ck hf``fqdba mduefb}db{d}dku lyk {bd|{k }f }ck ]DA qk`mdba wyfekuu" ]ckukmduefb}db{d}dku fee{y db jfu} jk}lù qk`mkm it }ck wyfekuu, dbe`{mdbal`{jdb{j lbm u}ldb`kuu u}kkù" ]ck ]DA jk}cfm fh qk`mdba wyfm{eku l e`klbcfjfakbkf{u qk`m qcdec qckb ylmdfaylwckm du klud`t db}kywyk}km"

]{bau}kb dbe`{udfbu" ]{bau}kb du l iyd}}`k lbm dbckykb}`t mkbuk jl}kydl` {ukm

db }ck k`ke}yfmk db }{bau}kb dbky} alu qk`mdba" Dh djwyfwky qk`mdba wyfekm{ykulyk {ukm, }{bau}kb jlt ik kb}ylwwkm db }ck qk`m" Ylmdfaylwcdel``t, }{bau}kb dujfyk mkbuk }clb l`{jdb{j fy u}kk`, }ckykhfyk d} ucfqu {w lu l `dac}ky lykl qd}cl mdu}dbe} f{}`dbk fb }ck ylmdfaylwc"

Fsdmk dbe`{udfbu lyk {u{l``t xdudi`k fb }ck u{yhlek fh jl}kydl` ikdba qk`mkm#kuwkedl``t l`{jdb{j$" Fsdmk dbe`{udfbu lyk ̀ kuu mkbuk }clb }ck u{yyf{bmdba

jl}kydl` lbm, }ckykhfyk, lwwkly lu mlyn dyyka{`ly`t uclwkm mduefb}db{d}dku db }ckylmdfaylwc"

Mduefb}db{d}dku db Alu Jk}l` Lye Qk`mu #AJLQ$

]ck hf``fqdba mduefb}db{d}dku lyk jfu} efjjfb`t hf{bm db AJLQ qk`mu"

Qcdunkyu lyk ucfy} `kba}cu fh qk`m k`ke}yfmk qdyk, xdudi`k fb }ck }fw fy if}}fju{yhlek fh }ck qk`m fy efb}ldbkm qd}cdb }ck qk`m" Fb l ylmdfaylwc }ckt lwwkly

lu ̀ dac}, )qdyk ̀ dnk) dbmdel}dfbu"

I{yb*]cyf{ac yku{`}u qckb }ff j{ec ckl} el{uku ksekuudxk qk`m jk}l` }f wkbk}yl}k }ck qk`m zfbk" Fh}kb `{jwu fh jk}l` ula }cyf{ac }ck qk`m, eykl}dba l}cden a`fi{`ly efbmd}dfb fb }ck ilen fh }ck qk`m" ]ckuk a`fiu fh jk}l` lykykhkyykm }f lu dede`ku" Fb l ylmdfaylwc, i{yb*}cyf{ac lwwklyu lu mlyn uwf}u,

qcdec lyk fh}kb u{yyf{bmkm it `dac} a`fi{`ly lyklu #dede`ku$"



Ylmdfaylwc Db}kywyk}l}dfb * Elu}dbau

]ck jlofy fioke}dxk fh ylmdfaylwcde }ku}dba fh elu}dbau du }ck mdue`fu{yk fh mkhke}u }cl} lmxkyuk`t lhhke} }ck u}ykba}c fh }ck wyfm{e}" Elu}dbau lyk l wyfm{e}hfyj }cl} fh}kb ykekdxk ylmdfaylwcde dbuwke}dfb udbek jlbt fh }ck mkhke}u

wyfm{ekm it }ck elu}dba wyfekuu lyk xf`{jk}yde db bl}{yk, lbm l yk }c{u yk`l}dxk`t

klut }f mk}ke} qd}c }cdu jk}cfm" ]ckuk mduefb}db{d}dku fh ef{yuk, lyk yk`l}km }felu}dba wyfekuu mkhdedkbedku, qcdec, dh wyfwky`t {bmkyu}ffm, elb `klm }f lee{yl}kleekw}*ykoke} mkedudfbu lu qk`` lu }f u{d}li`k efyyke}dxk jklu{yku" Udbekmdhhkykb} }twku lbm udzku fh mkhke}u clxk mdhhkykb} khhke}u fh }ck wkyhfyjlbek fh }ck elu}dba, d} du djwfy}lb} }cl} }ck ylmdfaylwcky du li`k }f dmkb}dht }ck }twk lbmudzk fh }ck mkhke}u" LU]J K<;;, U}lbmlym hfy Ylmdfaylwcu fh elu}dbau clu ikkb

wyfm{ekm }f ck`w }ck ylmdfaylwcky jlnk l ik }}ky luukuujkb} fh }ck mkhke}uhf{bm db efjwfbkb}u" ]ck elu}dbau {ukm }f wyfm{ek }ck u}lbmlym ylmdfaylwcuclxk ikkb mku}y{e}dxk`t lbl`tzkm }f efbhdyj }ck udzk lbm }twk fh mduefb}db{d}dku

wykukb}" ]ck hf``fqdba du l iydkh mkueydw}dfb fh }ck jfu} efjjfb mduefb}db{d}t}twku dbe`{mkm db ksdu}dba ykhkykbek ylmdfaylwc mfe{jkb}u #db aylmkm }twku fy lu udba`k d ``{u}yl}dfbu$"

YLMDFAYLWCDE DBMDEL]DFBU

HFY ELU]DBAU

Alu wfyfud}t fy i`fq cf`ku lyk el{ukm it lee{j{`l}km alu fy ldy qcdec du}ylwwkm it }ck jk}l`" ]ckukmduefb}db{d}dku lyk {u{l``t ujff}c*ql``kmyf{bmkm elxd}dku fh l uwckydel`, k`fbal}kmfy h`l}}kbkm uclwk" Dh }ck uwy{k du bf} cdackbf{ac }f wyfxdmk }ck bkekuulyt ckl}}ylbuhky bkkmkm }f hfyek }ck alu fy ldy f{}fh }ck jf`m, }ck alu fy ldy qd`` ik }ylwwkmlu }ck jf`}kb jk}l` ikadbu }f uf`dmdht"I`fqu elb lùf ik el{ukm it ulbm }cl} du }ff hdbk, }ff qk}, fy it ulbm }cl} clu l`fq wkyjklid`d}t uf }cl} alu elbbf} kuelwk" ]ff cdac l jfdu}{yk efb}kb} db }ck

ulbm jlnku d} mdhhde{`} }f elyyt }ck ksekuudxk xf`{jku fh ql}ky xlwfy lqlthyfj }ck elu}dba" Lbf}cky el{uk fh i`fqu elb ik l}}ydi{}km }f {udba aykkb`lm`ku, y{u}t fy mljw ecd`ù lbm eclw`k}u"

Ulbm dbe`{udfbu lbm myfuu lykbfbjk}l``de fsdmku, qcdec lwwkly fb }ckylmdfaylwc lu dyyka{`ly, mlyn i`f}ecku"]ckuk efjk hyfj mdudb}kayl}km wfy}dfbufh jf`m fy efyk ql`ù lbm&fy hyfj fsdmku#hfyjkm db }ck jk`}$ qcdec clxk bf} ikkbundjjkm fhh wydfy }f }ck db}yfm{e}dfb fh }ck jk}l` db}f }ck jf`m al}ku" Elykh{èfb}yf` fh }ck jk`}, wyfwky cf`mdba }djk

db }ck `lm`k lbm undjjdba fh }ck jk`}m{ydba wf{ydba qd`` jdbdjdzk fy fixdl}k }cdu uf{yek fh }yf{i`k"

Ucydbnlak du l hfyj fh mduefb}db{d}t }cl} lwwklyu lu mlyn uwf}u fb }ckylmdfaylwc" Ucydbnlak luu{jku xlydf{u hfyju, i{} db l`` eluku d} fee{yu ikel{ukjf`}kb jk}l` ucydbnu lu d} uf`dmdhdku, db l`` wfy}dfbu fh }ck hdbl` elu}dba"Ucydbnlak du lxfdmkm it jlndba u{yk }cl} }ck xf`{jk fh }ck elu}dba dulmk|{l}k`t hkm it ydukyu qcdec uleydhdedl``t yk}ldb }ck ucydbnlak" Ucydbnlak dbd}u xlydf{u hfyju elb ik ykefabdzkm it l b{jiky fh eclyle}kydu}deu fbylmdfaylwcu" ]ckyk lyk l} `klu} hf{y }twku fh ucydbnlak? #<$ elxd}t> #9$ mkbmyd}de>#5$ hd`ljkb}lyt> lbm #=$ uwfbak }twku" Ufjk mfe{jkb}u mkudabl}k }ckuk }twku

it b{jikyu, qd}cf{} le}{l` bljku, }flxfdm wfuudi`k jdu{bmkyu}lbmdba"

Elxd}t ucydbnlak lwwklyu lu lyklu qd}cmdu}dbe} olaakm if{bmlydku" D} jlt ik

wyfm{ekm qckb jk}l` uf`dmdhdku ik}qkkb}qf fydadbl` u}yklju fh jk`} efjdba hyfjfwwfud}k mdyke}dfbu }f ofdb l efjjfbhyfb}" Elxd}t ucydbnlak {u{l``t fee{yu l}l }djk qckb }ck jk`} clu l`jfu} ykleckmuf`dmdhdel}dfb }kjwkyl}{yk lbm }ckyk du bfuf{yek fh u{ww`kjkb}lyt `d|{dm }f hkkm

wfuudi`k elxd}dku"



Mkbmyd}de ucydbnlak du l mdu}ydi{}dfb fh xkyt hdbk `dbku fy ujl`` k`fbal}kmelxd}dku }cl} jlt xlyt db mkbud}t lbm lyk{u{l``t {befbbke}km"

Hd`ljkb}lyt ucydbnlak {u{l``t fee{yu lul efb}db{f{u u}y{e}{yk fh efbbke}km `dbkufy iylbecku fh xlydli`k `kba}c, qdm}c lbmmkbud}t, fy feeludfbl``t lu l bk}qfyn"

Uwfbak ucydbnlak ucfqu d}uk`h lu lyklufh `let }ks}{yk qd}c mdhh{uk f{}`dbku,akbkyl``t }fqlym }ck jdm*}cdenbkuu fh cklxdky elu}dba uke}dfbu" Uwfbakucydbnlak jlt ik mkbmyd}de fy hd`ljkb}lyt ucydbnlak" Hd`ljkb}lytuwfbak ucydbnlak lwwklyu jfyk i`{yykm

ikel{uk d} du wyfoke}km }cyf{ac }ckyk`l}dxk`t }cden efl}dba ik}qkkb }ck

mduefb}db{d}dku lbm }ck hd`j u{yhlek"

Eylenu lyk }cdb #u}yldac} fy olaakm$`dbkly`t mduwfukm mduefb}db{d}dku }cl}fee{y lh}ky }ck jk`} clu uf`dmdhdkm" ]cktakbkyl``t lwwkly udba`t lbm fydadbl}k l}elu}dba u{yhleku"

Ef`m uc{}u akbkyl``t lwwkly fb fy bkly lu{yhlek fh elu} jk}l` lu l yku{`} fh }qf

u}yklju fh `d|{dm jkk}dba lbm hld`dba }f{bd}k" ]ckt jlt lwwkly fb l ylmdfaylwclu eylenu fy uklju qd}c ujff}c fy yf{bmkm kmaku"

Dbe`{udfbu lyk bfbjk}l``de jl}kydlù dblb f}ckyqduk uf`dm jk}l``de jl}yds" ]cktjlt ik `kuu fy jfyk mkbuk }clb }ckjl}yds l``ft lbm qd`` lwwkly fb }ck

ylmdfaylwc, ykuwke}dxk`t, lu mlynky fy `dac}ky dbmdel}dfbu" ]ck `l}}ky }twk du

jfyk efjjfb db `dac} jk}l` elu}dbau"

Efyk ucdh} ucfqu d}uk`h lu l xlydl}dfb dbuke}dfb }cdenbkuu, {u{l``t fb ylmdfaylwcde

xdkqu ykwykukb}dba mdljk}ydel``t fwwfud}k wfy}dfbu fh et`dbmydel` elu}dba wfy}dfbu"

Cf} }klyu lyk `dbkly`t mduwfukm dbmdel}dfbu }cl} ykwykukb} hyle}{yku hfyjkm db ljk}l` m{ydba uf`dmdhdel}dfb ikel{uk fh cdbmkykm efb}yle}dfb" ]ck `l}}ky jltfee{y m{k }f fxky`t clym #efjw`k}k`t {btdk`mdba$ jf`m fy efyk ql`ù" ]ck khhke}fh cf} }klyu lu l u}ykuu efbekb}yl}dfb du udjd`ly }f }cl} fh lb fymdblyt eylen, lbmcf} }klyu lyk {u{l``t utu}kjl}de h`lqu" Dh h`lqu lyk dmkb}dhdkm lu cf} }klyu db



`lyaky y{bu fh l elu}dba }twk, ksw`ded} djwyfxkjkb}u db }ck elu}dba }kecbd|{kqd`` ik yk|{dykm"

Jduy{bu lwwkly fb }ck ylmdfaylwc lu wyfjdbkb} mkbuk lyklu fh xlydli`kmdjkbudfbu qd}c l mkhdbd}k ujff}c f{}`dbk" ]ckt lyk jfu}`t ylbmfj dbfee{yykbek lbm bf} yklmd`t k`djdbl}km it uwkedhde ykjkmdl` le}dfbu db }ck

wyfekuu"

Jf}}`dba du l ylmdfaylwcde dbmdel}dfb }cl} lwwklyu lu lb dbmdu}dbe} lykl fh jfyk

fy `kuu mkbuk djlaku" ]ck efbmd}dfb du l mdhhyle}dfb khhke} }cl} fee{yu fbyk`l}dxk`t xla{k, }cdb*uke}dfb ylmdfaylwcu, jfu} fh}kb qd}c l{u}kbd}de u}ldb`kuuu}kk`" Jf}}`dba du el{ukm it db}kyle}dfb fh }ck fioke}!u ayldb if{bmlyt jl}kydl`qd}c `fq*kbkyat S*yltu #577 nX fy `fqky$" Dbkswkydkbekm db}kywyk}kyu jltdbefyyke}`t efbudmky jf}}`dba lu dbmdel}dfbu fh {bleekw}li`k elu}dba h`lqu" Kxkbkswkydkbekm db}kywyk}kyu fh}kb clxk }f ecken }ck efbmd}dfb it yk*ylmdfaylwcthyfj u`dac}`t mdhhkykb} uf{yek*hd`j lba`ku" Ucdh}u db jf}}`dba lyk }ckb xkyt

wyfbf{bekm, qcd`k }y{k elu}dba mduefb}db{d}dku eclbak fb`t u`dac}`t dblwwklylbek"

Ylmdfaylwcde Dbmdel}dfbu hfy Elu}dba Ykwldy Qk`mu

Jfu} efjjfb l``ft elu}dbau yk|{dyk qk`mdba kd}cky db {waylmdba hyfj

mkhke}dxk efbmd}dfbu fy db ofdbdba }f f}cky utu}kj wly}u" D} du jldb`t hfy yklufbufh elu}dba ykwldy }cl} }ckuk mkueydw}dfbu fh }ck jfyk efjjfb qk`m mkhke}u lyk

wyfxdmkm ckyk" ]ck }kyju lwwkly lu dbmdel}dfb }twku db LU]J K547" Hfy lmmd}dfbl` dbhfyjl}dfb, ukk }ck Bfbmku}y{e}dxk ]ku}dba Clbmiffn, Xf`{jk 5,Uke}dfb 4 fb }ck )Ylmdfaylwcde Efb}yf` fh Qk`mu")

U`la du bfbjk}l``de uf`dm jl}kydl` kb}ylwwkm db qk`m jk}l` fy ik}qkkb qk`mjl}kydl` lbm iluk jk}l`" Ylmdfaylwcdel``t, u`la jlt lwwkly db xlydf{u uclwku,hyfj `fba blyyfq dbmdel}dfbu }f ucfy} qdmk dbmdel}dfbu, lbm db xlydf{u mkbud}dku,hyfj aylt }f xkyt mlyn"

Wfyfud}t du l ukydku fh yf{bmkm alu wfenk}u fy xfdmu db }ck qk`m jk}l`, lbm duakbkyl``t et`dbmydel` fy k``dw}del` db uclwk"

[bmkye{} du l ayffxk jk`}km db }ck iluk jk}l` l} }ck kmak fh l qk`m lbm `kh}{bhd``km it qk`m jk}l`" D} ykwykukb}u l u}ykuu efbekb}yl}dfb }cl} fh}kb j{u} ikefyyke}km, lbm lwwklyu lu l mlyn dbmdel}dfb l} }ck }fk fh l qk`m"

Dbefjw`k}k wkbk}yl}dfb, lu }ck bljk djw`dku, du l ` len fh qk`m wkbk}yl}dfb}cyf{ac }ck }cdenbkuu fh }ck ofdb} #fy wkbk}yl}dfb qcdec du `kuu }clb uwkedhdkm$" D}du `fel}km l} }ck ekb}ky fh l qk`m lbm du l qdmk, `dbkly dbmdel}dfb"

Dbefjw`k}k h{udfb du `len fh efjw`k}k h{udfb fh ufjk wfy}dfbu fh }ck jk}l` db lqk`m ofdb} qd}c lmolekb} jk}l` #kd}cky iluk fy wykxdf{u`t mkwfud}km qk`m jk}l`$"Fb l ylmdfaylwc, }cdu lwwklyu lu l `fba, uclyw `dbkly dbmdel}dfb, fee{yydba l} }ckekb}ky`dbk fh }ck qk`m ofdb} fy l} }ck h{udfb `dbk"

Jk`}*}cyf{ac du l efbxks fy efbelxk dy yka{`lyd}t #fb }ck u{yhlek fh ilendbaydba, u}ydw, h{ukm yff} fy lmolekb} iluk jk}l`$ yku{`}dba hyfj }ck efjw`k}kjk`}dba fh l `fel`dzkm ykadfb i{} qd}cf{} }ck mkxk`fwjkb} fh l xfdm fy fwkbcf`k" Fb l ylmdfaylwc, jk`}*}cyf{ac akbkyl``t lwwklyu lu l yf{bm fy k``dw}del`dbmdel}dfb"

I{yb*}cyf{ac du l xfdm fy fwkb cf`k db l ilendba ydba, u}ydw, h{ukm yff} fy lmolekb} iluk jk}l`"

Lye u}ydnk du lb dbmdel}dfb hyfj l `fel`dzkm ckl}*lhhke}km zfbk fy l eclbak dbu{yhlek efb}f{y fh l hdbduckm qk`m fy lmolekb} iluk jk}l`" Lye u}ydnku lykel{ukm it }ck ckl} akbkyl}km qckb k`ke}ydel` kbkyat wluuku ik}qkkb }cku{yhleku fh }ck hdbduckm qk`m fy iluk jk}l` lbm }ck e{yykb} uf{yek"

Qk`m uwl}}ky fee{yu db lye fy alu qk`mdba lu jk}l` wly}de`ku qcdec lykkswk``km m{ydba qk`mdba" ]ckuk wly}de`ku mf bf} hfyj wly} fh }ck le}{l` qk`m"Qk`m uwl}}ky lwwklyu lu jlbt ujl``, `dac} et`dbmydel` dbmdel}dfbu fb l

ylmdfaylwc"

]{bau}kb dbe`{udfb du {u{l``t jfyk mkbuk }clb iluk*jk}l` wly}de`ku" ]{bau}kbdbe`{udfbu lwwkly xkyt `dac} ylmdfaylwcde djlaku" Leekw}&ykoke} mkedudfbu hfy }cdu mkhke} lyk akbkyl``t ilukm fb }ck u`la eyd}kydl"

Fsdml}dfb du }ck efbmd}dfb fh l u{yhlek qcdec du ckl}km m{ydba qk`mdba,yku{`}dba db fsdmk hfyjl}dfb fb }ck u{yhlek, m{k }f wly}dl` fy efjw`k}k `len fh

w{yak fh }ck qk`m l}jfuwckyk" ]ck efbmd}dfb du lùf el``km u{alydba"

Yff} kmak efbmd}dfb ucfqu }ck wkbk}yl}dfb fh qk`m jk}l` db}f }ck ilendba ydba

fy db}f }ck e`klylbek ik}qkkb }ck ilendba ydba fy u}ydw lbm }ck iluk jk}l`" D}lwwklyu db ylmdfaylwcu lu l uclyw`t mkhdbkm hd`j mkbud}t }ylbud}dfb"

Yff} {bmkye{} lwwklyu lu lb db}kyjd}}kb} fy efb}db{f{u ayffxk db }ck db}kybl`

u{yhlek fh }ck iluk jk}l`, ilendba ydba fy u}ydw l `fba }ck kmak fh }ck qk`m yff}"



Ylmdfaylwcde Hd`j

S*ylt hd`ju hfy akbkyl` ylmdfaylwct efbudu} fh lbkj{ùdfb*ak`l}db efb}ldbdba ylmdl}dfb ukbud}dxk ud`xky cl`dmk eytu}lù, u{ec lu ud`xky iyfjdmk fy ud`xky ec`fydmk, lbm l h`ksdi`k, }ylbuwlykb}, i`{k*}db}km iluk"

]ck kj{ùdfb du mdhhkykb} hyfj }cfuk {ukm db f}cky }twku fh wcf}faylwct hd`ju }f leef{b} hfy }ck mdu}dbe}eclyle}kydu}deu fh aljjl yltu lbm s*yltu, i{} S*ylthd`ju lyk ukbud}dxk }f `dac}" [u{l``t, }ck kj{ùdfb duefl}km fb if}c udmku fh }ck iluk db `ltkyu lif{} 7"777;dbec }cden" W{}}dba kj{ùdfb fb if}c udmku fh }ck ilukmf{i`ku }ck ljf{b} fh ylmdl}dfb*ukbud}dxk ud`xky cl`dmk, lbm }c{u dbeykluku }ckhd`j uwkkm" ]ck kj{ùdfb `ltkyu lyk }cdb kbf{ac uf mkxk`fwdba, hdsdba, lbmmytdba elb ik leefjw`duckm db l yklufbli`k }djk" L hkq fh }ck hd`ju {ukm hfy ylmdfaylwct fb`t clxk kj{ùdfb fb fbk udmk qcdec wyfm{eku }ck aykl}ku} mk}ld`db }ck djlak"

Qckb s*yltu, aljjl yltu, fy ̀ dac} u}ydnk}ck ayldbu fh }ck ukbud}dxk ud`xky cl`dmk db

}ck kj{ùdfb, ufjk fh }ck Iy *

dfbu lyk`dikyl}km lbm elw}{ykm it }ckLa. dfbu" ]cdu eclbak du fh u{ec l ujl``bl}{yk }cl} d} elbbf} ik mk}ke}km itfymdblyt wctudel` jk}cfmu lbm du el``km l)`l}kb} #cdmmkb$ djlak") Cfqkxky, }ckkswfukm ayldbu lyk bfq jfyk ukbud}dxk }f}ck ykm{e}dfb wyfekuu qckb kswfukm }f leckjdel` uf`{}dfb #mkxk`fwky$, lbm }ckykle}dfb yku{`}u db }ck hfyjl}dfb fh i`len,jk}l``de ud`xky" D} du }cdu ud`xky, u{uwkbmkm db}ck ak`l}db fb if}c udmku fh }ck iluk, }cl}

eykl}ku lb djlak" Ukk }ck wlak fb hd`j wyfekuudba hfy lmmd}dfbl` dbhfyjl}dfb"

Hd`j Uk`ke}dfb]ck uk`ke}dfb fh l hd`j qckb ylmdfaylwcdba lbt wly}de{`ly efjwfbkb} mkwkbmufb l b{jiky fh mdhhkykb} hle}fyu" @du}km ik`fq lyk ufjk fh }ck hle}fyu }cl} j{u}

ik efbudmkykm qckb uk`ke}dba l hd`j lbm mkxk`fwdba l ylmdfaylwcde }kecbd|{k"

<" Efjwfud}dfb, uclwk, lbm udzk fh }ck wly} ikdba ksljdbkm lbm, db ufjkeluku, d}u qkdac} lbm `fel}dfb"

9" ]twk fh ylmdl}dfb {ukm, qck}cky s*yltu hyfjlb s*ylt akbkyl}fy fy aljjl yltu hyfj lylmdfle}dxk uf{yek"

5" Nd`fxf`}laku lxld`li`k qd}c }ck s*yltk|{dwjkb} fy }ck db}kbud}t fh }ck aljjlylmdl}dfb"

=" Yk`l}dxk djwfy}lbek fh cdac ylmdfaylwcde

mk}ld` fy |{den lbm kefbfjdel` yku{`}u"

Uk`ke}dba }ck wyfwky hd`j lbm mkxk`fwdba }ck fw}djl` ylmdfaylwcde }kecbd|{k{u{l``t dbxf`xku lyydxdba l} l il`lbek ik}qkkb l b{jiky fh fwwfudba hle}fyu"Hfy ksljw`k, dh cdac ykuf`{}dfb lbm efb}ylu} ukbud}dxd}t du fh fxkyl`` djwfy}lbek,l u`fqky lbm hdbky ayldbkm hd`j ucf{`m ik {ukm db w`lek fh l hlu}ky hd`j"

Hd`j WlenladbaYlmdfaylwcde hd`j elb ik w{yeclukm db l b{jiky fh mdhhkykb} wlenladbafw}dfbu" ]ck jfu} ilude hfyj du lu dbmdxdm{l` uckk}u db l ifs" Db wykwlyl}dfb hfy {uk, klec uckk} j{u} ik `flmkm db}f l eluuk}}k fy hd`j cf`mky db }ck mlynyffj }f

wyf}ke} d} hyfj kswfu{yk }f `dac}" ]ck uckk}u lyk lxld`li`k db l xlydk}t fh udzkulbm elb ik w{yeclukm qd}c fy qd}cf{} db}ky`klxdba wlwky" Db}ky`klxkm wlenlakuclxk l `ltky fh wlwky }cl} ukwlyl}ku klec wdkek fh hd`j" ]ck db}ky`klxdba wlwky du

ykjfxkm ikhfyk }ck hd`j du `flmkm db}f }ck hd`j cf`mky" Jlbt {ukyu hdbm }ckdb}ky`klxdba wlwky {ukh{` db ukwlyl}dba }ck uckk}u fh hd`j lbm fhhky ufjk

wyf}ke}dfb laldbu} ueyl}ecku lbm mdy} m{ydba clbm`dba"

Dbm{u}ydl` s*ylt hd`ju lyk lùf lxld`li`k db l hfyj db qcdec klec uckk} dukbe`fukm db l `dac}*}dac} kbxk`fwk" ]ck hd`j elb ik kswfukm hyfj kd}cky udmkqd}cf{} ykjfxdba d} hyfj }ck wyf}ke}dxk wlenladba" L ydw u}ydw jlnku d} klut }fykjfxk }ck hd`j db }ck mlynyffj hfy wyfekuudba" ]cdu hfyj fh wlenladba clu }cklmxlb}lak fh k`djdbl}dba }ck wyfekuu fh `flmdba }ck hd`j cf`mkyu db }ckmlynyffj" ]ck hd`j du efjw`k}k`t wyf}ke}km hyfj hdbaky jlynu lbm mdy} {b}d` }ck}djk }ck hd`j du ykjfxkm hyfj }ck kbxk`fwk hfy wyfekuudba"

Wlenlakm hd`j du lùf lxld`li`k db yf`ù, qcdec l``fqu }ck ylmdfaylwcky }f e{}}ck hd`j }f lbt `kba}c" ]ck kbmu fh }ck wlenladba lyk ukl`km qd}c k`ke}ydel` }lwk

db }ck mlynyffj" Db lww`del}dfbu u{ec lu }ck ylmdfaylwct fh edye{jhkykb}dl`qk`mu lbm }ck ksljdbl}dfb fh `fba ofdb}u fb lb ldyeylh} h{uk`lak, `fba `kba}cu fh hd`j fhhky aykl} kefbfjde lmxlb}lak" ]ck hd`j du qylwwkm lyf{bm }ck f{}udmk fh l u}y{e}{yk lbm }ck ylmdl}dfb uf{yek du wfud}dfbkm fb lsdu dbudmk, l``fqdba hfy

ksljdbl}dfb fh l `lyak lykl qd}c l udba`k kswfu{yk"



Kbxk`fwk wlenlakm hd`j elb ik w{yeclukm qd}c }ck hd`j ulbmqdeckm ik}qkkb}qf `klm fsdmk ueykkbu" ]ck ueykkbu h{be}dfb }f ykm{ek uel}}ky ylmdl}dfb l}kbkyat `kxkù ik`fq <;7nkX lbm lu db}kbudhdel}dfb ueykkbu lifxk <;7 nkX"

Hd`j Clbm`dba

S*ylt hd`j ucf{`m l`qltu ik clbm`km elykh{``t }f lxfdm wctudel` u}yldbu, u{ec lu wykuu{yk, eykludba, i{en`dba, hyde}dfb, k}e" Qckbkxky hd`ju lyk `flmkm db ukjd*h`ksdi`k cf`mkyu lbm ks}kybl` e`ljwdba mkxdeku lyk {ukm, elyk ucf{`m ik }lnkb }f

ik u{yk wykuu{yk du {bdhfyj" Dh l hd`j cf`mky iklyu laldbu} l hkq cdac uwf}u, u{ec

lu fb lb {b*ayf{bm qk`m, }ck wykuu{yk jlt ik aykl} kbf{ac }f wyfm{ekmkukbud}dzkm lyklu db }ck ylmdfaylwc" ]cdu wykel{}dfb du wly}de{`ly`t djwfy}lb}qckb {udba kbxk`fwk*wlenkm hd`ju"

Jlynu yku{`}dba hyfj efb}le} qd}c hdbakyu }cl} lyk jfdu} fy efb}ljdbl}km qd}c wyfekuudba eckjdelù, lu qk`` lu eydjw jlynu, lyk lxfdmkm dh `lyak hd`ju lykl`qltu ayluwkm it }ck kmaku lbm l``fqkm }f clba hykk" L u{ww`t fh e`klb }fqkùucf{`m ik nkw} e`fuk l} clbm lu lb dbekb}dxk }f myt }ck clbmu fh}kb lbm qk``"[uk fh kbxk`fwk*wlenkm hd`ju lxfdmu jlbt fh }ckuk wyfi`kju {b}d` }ck

kbxk`fwk du fwkbkm hfy wyfekuudba"

Lbf}cky djwfy}lb} wykel{}dfb du }f lxfdm mylqdba hd`j ylwdm`t hyfj ely}fbu,kswfu{yk cf`mkyu, fy eluuk}}ku" U{ec elyk qd`` ck`w }f k`djdbl}k edye{`ly fy }ykk`dnk i`len jlyndbau db }ck ylmdfaylwc }cl} ufjk}djku yku{`} m{k }f u}l}de

k`ke}yde mdueclyaku"

Kswfu{yk Xl{`}u ( Elidbk}u

Kswfu{yk xl{`}u lbm elidbk}u l``fq wkyufbbk` }f qfyn ulhk`t db }ck lykl qcd`k kswfu{yku lyk }lndba w`lek"Kswfu{yk xl{`}u }kbm }f ik `lyaky ql`n db yffju qd}cucdk`mdba wyfxdmkm it cdac*mkbud}t efbeyk}k i`fen lbm`klm"

Kswfu{yk elidbk}u lyk fh}kb uk`h*efb}ldbkm {bd}u qd}cdb}kayl}km s*ylt k|{dwjkb} lbm lyk }twdel``t ucdk`mkm

qd}c u}kk` lbm `klm }f liufyi s*ylt ylmdl}dfb"

Kswfu{yk xl{`}u lbm elidbk}u lyk k|{dwwkm qd}c wyf}ke}dxk db}ky`fenu }cl}mduli`k }ck utu}kj dh lbt}cdba db}kyy{w}u }ck db}kayd}t fh }ck kbe`fu{yk"

Lmmd}dfbl``t, ql`n db xl{`}u lyk k|{dwwkm qd}c kjkyakbet )nd`` i{}}fbu) }cl}l``fq ylmdfaylwckyu }f uc{} mfqb }ck utu}kj dh d} ucf{`m leedmkb}l``t ik u}ly}kmqcd`k }ckt qkyk db }ck xl{`}"

Ylmdf Duf}fwk #Aljjl$ Uf{yeku

Jlbjlmk ylmdfle}dxk uf{yeku lyk wyfm{ekm it db}yfm{edba lb ks}yl bk{}yfb }fl}fju fh }ck uf{yek jl}kydl`" Lu }ck jl}kydl` ydmu d}uk`h fh }ck bk{}yfb, kbkyat duyk`klukm db }ck hfyj fh aljjl yltu" ]qf fh }ck jfyk efjjfb dbm{u}ydlàljjl*ylt uf{yeku hfy dbm{u}ydl` ylmdfaylwct lyk dydmd{j*<49 lbm efil`}*87"]ckuk duf}fwku kjd} ylmdl}dfb db l hkq mdueykk} qlxk`kba}cu" Efil`}*87 qd``kjd} l <"55 lbm l <"<1 JkX aljjl ylt, lbm dydmd{j*<49 qd`` kjd} 7"5<, 7"=1,lbm 7"87 JkX aljjl yltu" Db efjwlydufb }f lb S*ylt akbkyl}fy, efil`}*87

wyfm{eku kbkyadku efjwlyli`k }f l <"9; JkX S*ylt utu}kj lbm dydmd{j*<49 }fl =87 nkX S*ylt utu}kj" ]ckuk cdac kbkyadku jlnk d} wfuudi`k }f wkbk}yl}k}cden jl}kydlù qd}c l yk`l}dxk`t ucfy} kswfu{yk }djk" ]cdu lbm }ck hle} }cl}uf{yeku lyk xkyt wfy}li`k lyk }ck jldb yklufbu }cl} aljjl uf{yeku lyk qdmk`t{ukm hfy hdk`m ylmdfaylwct" Fh ef{yuk, }ck mdulmxlb}lak fh l ylmdfle}dxk uf{yekdu }cl} d} elb bkxky ik }{ybkm fhh lbm ulhk`t jlbladba }ck uf{yek du l efbu}lb}ykuwfbudid`d}t"

Wctudel` udzk fh duf}fwk jl}kydlù xlydku ik}qkkb jlb{hle}{ykyu, i{} akbkyl``tlb duf}fwk jl}kydl` du l wk``k} }cl} jklu{yku <"; jj s <"; jj" Mkwkbmdba fb}ck `kxk` fh le}dxd}t mkudykm, l wk``k} fy wk ``k}u lyk `flmkm db}f l u}ldb`kuu u}kkèlwu{`k lbm ukl`km it qk`mdba" ]ck elwu{`k du l}}leckm }f ucfy} h`ksdi`k eli`k

el``km l wda}ld`"



]ck uf{yek elwu{`k lbm }ck wda}ld` du cf{ukm db l ucdk`mdba mkxdek ykhkyykm }f lul kswfu{yk mkxdek fy eljkyl" Mkw`k}km {ylbd{j du fh}kb {ukm lu l ucdk`mdbajl}kydl` hfy uf{yeku" ]ck kswfu{yk mkxdek hfy dydmd{j*<49 lbm efil`}*87uf{yeku qd`` efb}ldb =; wf{bmu lbm ;77 wf{bmu fh ucdk`mdba jl}kydlù,ykuwke}dxk`t" Efil`} eljkylu lyk fh}kb hdskm }f l }yld`ky lbm }ylbuwfy}km }f lbmhyfj dbuwke}dfb ud}ku" Qckb }ck uf{yek du bf} ikdba {ukm }f jlnk lb kswfu{yk,

d} du `fenkm dbudmk }ck kswfu{yk mkxdek"

]f jlnk l ylmdfaylwcde kswfu{yk, l eylbn*f{} jkeclbduj lbm l a{dmk }{ik l yk l}}leckm}f fwwfud}k kbmu fh }ck kswfu{yk mkxdek" ]cka{dmk }{ik fh}kb clu l ef``djl}fy l} }ck kbm

}f ucdk`m }ck ylmdl}dfb ksekw} db }ck m dyke}dfbbkekuulyt }f jlnk }ck kswfu{yk" ]ck kbm fh }ck a{dmk }{ik du uke{ykm db }ck `fel}dfbqckyk }ck ylmdl}dfb uf{yek bkkmu }f ik }f

wyfm{ek }ck ylmdfaylwc" ]ck eylbn*f{} eli`k

du u}yk}eckm lu hly lu wfuudi`k }f w{} lu j{ec mdu}lbek lu wfuudi`k ik}qkkb }ckkswfu{yk mkxdek lbm }ck ylmdfaylwcky" ]f jlnk }ck kswfu{yk, }ck ylmdfaylwcky |{den`t eylbnu }ck uf{yek f{} fh }ck kswfu{yk mkxdek lbm db}f wfud}dfb db }ckef``djl}fy l} }ck kbm fh }ck a{dmk }{ik" L} }ck kbm fh }ck kswfu{yk }djk, }ckuf{yek du eylbnkm ilen db}f }ck kswfu{yk mkxdek" ]ckyk du l ukydku fh ulhk}t

wyfekm{yku, qcdec dbe`{mk ukxkyl` ylmdl}dfb u{yxktu, }cl} j{u} ik leefjw`duckmqckb jlndba lb kswfu{yk qd}c l aljjl uf{yek" Ukk }ck ylmdl}dfb

ulhk}t jl}kydl` hfy jfyk dbhfyjl}dfb"



S*ylt Akbkyl}fyu

]ck jlofy efjwfbkb}u fh lb S*ylt akbkyl}fy lyk }ck}{ik, }ck cdac xf`}lak akbkyl}fy, }ck efb}yf` efbuf`k, lbm}ck eff`dba utu}kj" Lu mdue{uukm kly`dky db }cdu jl}kydl`,

S*yltu lyk akbkyl}km it mdyke}dba l u}yklj fh cdac uwkkmk`ke}yfbu l} l }lyak} jl}kydl` u{ec lu }{bau}kb, qcdec clul cdac l}fjde b{jiky" Qckb }ck k`ke}yfbu lyk u`fqkm fy u}fwwkm it }ck db}kyle}dfb qd}c }ck l}fjde wly}de`ku fh }ck }lyak}, S*ylmdl}dfb du w yfm{ekm" ]cdu du leefjw`duckmdb lb S*ylt }{ik u{ec lu }ck fbk ucfqb ckyk" ]ck S*ylt}{ik du fbk fh }ck efjwfbkb}u fh lb S*ylt akbkyl}fy lbm}{iku efjk l xlydk}t fh uclwku lbm udzku" ]ck djlak

ik`fq ucfqu l wfy}dfb fh }ck Yfkb}akb }{ik ef``ke}dfb fh Ayzkafyz Okzdkyund, l wyfhkuufy l} Fwf`k [bdxkyud}t fh ]kecbf`fat" Hfy jfyk dbhfyjl}dfb fb S*ylt }{iku xdud}

My" Okzdkyund!u qkiud}k l}qqq"sylt`ljw"qkim"w ̀

]ck }{ik el}cfmk #hd`ljkb}$ du ckl}km qd}c l `fq*xf`}lak

e{yykb} fh l hkq ljwu" ]ck hd`ljkb} ckl}u {w lbm }ckk`ke}yfbu db }ck qdyk ikefjk `ffuk`t ck`m" L `lyak

k`ke}ydel` wf}kb}dl` du eykl}km ik}qkkb}ck el}cfmk lbm }ck lbfmk it }ck cdac*xf`}lak akbkyl}fy" K`ke}yfbu }cl} iykln hykk fh }ck el}cfmk lyk u}yfba`tl}}yle}km }f }ck lbfmk }lyak}" ]cku}yklj fh k`ke}yfbu ik}qkkb }ckel}cfmk lbm }ck lbfmk du }ck }{ike{yykb}" ]ck }{ik e{yykb} du jklu{ykmdb jd``dljwu lbm du efb}yf``km ityka{`l}dba }ck ̀ fq*xf`}lak, ckl}dbae{yykb} lww`dkm }f }ck el}cfmk" ]ckcdacky }ck }kjwkyl}{yk fh }ck hd`ljkb}, }ck `lyaky }ck b{jiky fh k`ke}yfbu }cl}`klxk }ck el}cfmk lbm }ylxk` }f }ck lbfmk" ]ck jd``dljw fy e{yykb} uk}}dba fb}ck efb}yf` efbuf`k yka{`l}ku }ck hd`ljkb} }kjwkyl}{yk, qcdec yk`l}ku }f }ck

db}kbud}t fh }ck S*ylt f{}w{}"

]ck cdac*xf`}lak ik}qkkb }ck el}cfmk lbm }ck lbfmklhhke}u }ck uwkkm l} qcdec }ck k`ke}yfbu }ylxk` lbmu}ydnk }ck lbfmk" ]ck cdacky }ck nd`fxf`}lak, }ck jfykuwkkm lbm, }ckykhfyk, kbkyat }ck k`ke}yfbu clxk qckb}ckt u}ydnk }ck lbfmk" K`ke}yfbu u}ydndba qd}c jfykkbkyat yku{`}u db S*yltu qd}c jfyk wkbk}yl}dba

wfqky" ]ck cdac*xf`}lak wf}kb}dl` du jklu{ykm dbnd`fxf`}u, lbm }cdu du efb}yf``km qd}c }ck xf`}lak fy nd`fxf`}lak efb}yf` fb }ck efb}yf` efbuf`k" Lb

dbeykluk db }ck nd`fxf`}lak qd`` lùf yku{`} db lbdbeykluk db }ck db}kbud}t fh }ck ylmdl}dfb"

L hfe{udba e{w du {ukm }f efbekb}yl}k }ck u}yklj fh k`ke}yfbu }f l ujl`` lykl fh }ck }lyak} el``km }ck hfel` uwf}" ]ck hfel` uwf} udzk du lb djwfy}lb} hle}fy db }ckutu}kj!u lid`d}t }f wyfm{ek l uclyw djlak" Ukk }ck dbhfyjl}dfb fb djlakykuf`{}dfb lbm akfjk}yde {buclywbkuu hfy jfyk dbhfyjl}dfb fb }ck khhke} fh }ckhfel` uwf} udzk" J{ec fh }ck kbkyat lww`dkm }f }ck }{ik du }ylbuhfyjkm db}f ckl}l} }ck hfel` uwf} fh }ck lbfmk" Lu jkb}dfbkm lifxk, }ck lbfmk }lyak} duefjjfb`t jlmk hyfj }{bau}kb, qcdec clu l cdac jk`}dba wfdb} db lmmd}dfb }f lcdac l}fjde b{jiky" Cfqkxky, eff`dba fh }ck lbfmk it le}dxk fy wluudxk jklbudu bkekuulyt" Ql}ky fy fd` ykedye{`l}dba utu}kju lyk fh}kb {ukm }f eff` }{iku"Ufjk `fq wfqky }{iku lyk eff`km udjw`t qd}c }ck {uk fh }ckyjl``t efbm{e}dxk

jl}kydlù lbm ckl} ylmdl}dba hdbu"

D} ucf{`m lùf ik bf}km }cl} db fymky }f wykxkb} }ck el}cfmk hyfj i{ybdba {w lbm}f wykxkb} lyedba ik}qkkb }ck lbfmk lbm }ck el}cfmk, l`` fh }ck fstakb duykjfxkm hyfj }ck }{ik it w{``dba l xle{{j" Ufjk utu}kju clxk ks}kybl`xle{{j w{jwu }f ykjfxk lbt fstakb }cl} jlt clxk `klnkm db}f }ck }{ik"Cfqkxky, jfu} dbm{u}ydl` S*ylt }{iku udjw`t yk|{dyk l qlyj*{w wyfekm{yk }f

ik hf``fqkm" ]cdu qlyj*{w wyfekm{yk elykh{``t ylduku }ck }{ik e{yykb} lbmxf`}lak }f u`fq`t i{yb lbt fh }ck lxld`li`k fstakb ikhfyk }ck }{ik du fwkyl}kml} cdac wfqky"

]ck f}cky djwfy}lb} efjwfbkb} fh lb S*ylt akbkyl}dba utu}kj du }ck efb}yfèfbuf`k" Efbuf`ku }twdel``t clxk l nktkm `fen }f wykxkb} {bl{}cfydzkm {uk fh }ck utu}kj" ]ckt qd`` clxk l i{}}fb }f u}ly} }ck akbkyl}dfb fh S*yltu lbm l

i{}}fb }f jlb{l``t u}fw }ck akbkyl}dfb fh S*yltu" ]ck }cykk jldb lmo{u}li`k

efb}yfù yka{`l}k }ck }{ik xf`}lak db nd`fxf`}u, }ck }{ik ljwkylak db jd``dxf`}u,lbm }ck kswfu{yk }djk db jdb{}ku lbm ukefbmu" Ufjk utu}kju lùf clxk luqd}ec }f eclbak }ck hfel` uwf} udzk fh }ck }{ik"



S*ylt Akbkyl}fy Fw}dfbu Nd`fxf`}lak * S*ylt akbkyl}fyu efjk db l `lyak xlydk}t fh udzku lbmefbhda{yl}dfbu" ]ckyk lyk u}l}dfblyt {bd}u }cl} lyk db}kbmkmhfy {uk db `li fy wyfm{e}dfb kbxdyfbjkb}u lbm wfy}li`kutu}kju }cl} elb ik klud`t jfxkm }f }ck ofi ud}k" Utu}kjulyk lxld`li`k db l qdmk ylbak fh kbkyat `kxkù" Qckbdbuwke}dba ̀ lyak u}kk` fy cklxt jk}l` efjwfbkb}u, utu}kjuelwli`k fh wyfm{edba jd``dfbu fh k`ke}yfb xf`}u jlt ikbkekuulyt }f wkbk}yl}k }ck h{`` }cdenbkuu fh }ck jl}kydl`"

L`}kybl}k`t, ujl``, `dac}qkdac} efjwfbkb}u jlt fb`tyk|{dyk l utu}kj elwli`k fh wyfm{edba fb`t l hkq }kbu fh

nd`fxf`}u"

Hfel` Uwf} Udzk * Lbf}cky djwfy}lb} efbudmkyl}dfb du }ckhfel` uwf} udzk fh }ck }{ik udbek }cdu hle}fyu db}f }ck akfjk}yde {buclywbkuu fh }ck djlak wyfm{ekm" Akbkyl``t, }ck ujl``ky }ck uwf} udzk }ck ik}}ky" I{} lu }ckk`ke}yfb u}yklj du hfe{ukm }f l ujl``ky lykl, }ck wfqky fh }ck }{ik j{u} ikykm{ekm }f wykxkb} fxkyckl}dba l} }ck }{ik lbfmk" ]ckykhfyk, }ck hfel` uwf} udzk

ikefjku l }ylmkfhh fh ykuf`xdba elwlid`d}t lbm wfqky" Akbkyl}fyu elb ike`luudhdkm lu l efbxkb}dfbl`, jdbdhfe{u, lbm jdeyfhfe{u utu}kj" Efbxkb}dfbl`{bd}u clxk hfel`*uwf}u `lyaky }clb lif{} 7"; jj, jdbdhfe{u {bd}u clxk hfel`*uwf}u ylbadba hyfj ;7 jdeyfbu }f ;77 jdeyfbu #"7;7 jj }f "; jj$, lbmjdeyfhfe{u utu}kju clxk hfel`*uwf}u ujl``ky }clb ;7 jdeyfbu" Ujl``ky uwf}

udzku lyk kuwkedl``t lmxlb}lakf{u db dbu}lbeku qckyk }ck jlabdhdel}dfb fh lbfioke} fy ykadfb fh lb fioke} du bkekuulyt" ]ck efu} fh l utu}kj }twdel``tdbeykluku lu }ck uwf} udzk mkeykluku lbm ufjk jdeyfhfe{u }{iku ksekkm-<77,777" Ufjk jlb{hle}{ykyu efjidbk }qf hd`ljkb}u fh mdhhkykb} udzku }fjlnk l m{l`*hfe{u }{ik" ]cdu {u{l``t dbxf`xku l efbxkb}dfbl` lbm l jdbdhfe{uuwf}*udzk lbm lmmu h`ksdid`d}t }f }ck utu}kj"

LE lbm Efbu}lb} Wf}kb}dl` Utu}kju * LE S*ylt utu}kju u{ww`t }ck }{ik qd}cudb{ufdml` xlytdba l`}kybl}dba e{yykb}" ]ckt wyfm{ek S*yltu fb`t m{ydba fbkcl`h fh }ck <&87}c ukefbm ete`k" ]cdu wyfm{eku i{yu}u fh ylmdl}dfb yl}cky }clb lefbu}lb} u}yklj" Lmmd}dfbl``t, }ck xf`}lak eclbaku fxky }ck ete`k lbm }ck S*yltkbkyat xlydku lu }ck xf`}lak yljwu {w lbm }ckb ilen mfqb" Fb`t l wfy}dfb fh }ck ylmdl}dfb du {ukli`k lbm `fq kbkyat ylmdl}dfb j{u} {u{l``t ik hd`}kykm f{}"Efbu}lb} wf}kb}dl` akbkyl}fyu yke}dht }ck LE ql`` e{yykb} lbm u{ww`t }ck }{ik

qd}c ME e{yykb}" ]cdu yku{`}u db l efbu}lb} u}yklj fh yk`l}dxk`t efbudu}kb}ylmdl}dfb" Jfu} bkqky utu}kju bfq {uk efbu}lb} wf}kb}dl` akbkyl}fyu"

H`luc S*Ylt Akbkyl}fyu

H`luc S*ylt akbkyl}fyu wyfm{ek ucfy}, db}kbuk i{yu}u fh ylmdl}dfb" ]ckuk

utu}kju lyk {ukh{` qckb ksljdbdba fioke}u db ylwdm jf}dfb fy qckb u}{mtdba}ylbudkb} kxkb}u u{ec lu }ck }ydwwdba fh lb k`ke}ydel` iyklnky" Db }ckuk }twk fh ud}{l}dfbu, cdac*uwkkm xdmkf du {ukm }f ylwdm`t elw}{yk djlaku hyfj lb djlakdb}kbudhdky fy f}cky ykl`*}djk mk}ke}fy" Udbek }ck kswfu{yk }djk hfy klec djlak duxkyt ucfy}, l cdac `kxk` fh ylmdl}dfb db}kbud}t du bkkmkm db fymky }f ak} l {uli`kf{}w{} hyfj }ck mk}ke}fy" ]f wykxkb} }ck djladba utu}kj hyfj ikefjdbaul}{yl}km hyfj l efb}db{f{u kswfu{yk cdac db}kbud}t ylmdl}dfb, }ck akbkyl}fy u{ww`dku jdeyfukefbm i{yu}u fh ylmdl}dfb" ]ck }{iku fh }ckuk S*ylt akbkyl}fyumf bf} clxk l ckl}km hd`ljkb} i{} dbu}klm k`ke}yfbu lyk w{``km hyfj }ck el}cfmk

it }ck u}yfba k`ke}ydel` wf}kb}dl` ik}qkkb }ck el}cfmk lbm }ck lbfmk" ]cdu wyfekuu du nbfqb lu hdk`m kjduudfb fy ef`m kjduudfb lbm d} du elwli`k fh

wyfm{edba k`ke}yfb e{yykb}u db }ck }cf{ulbmu fh ljwkyku

Ylmdl}dfb Ulhk}t

Dfbdzdba ylmdl}dfb du lb ks}ykjk`t djwfy}lb} BM] }ff` i{} d} elb wfuk l clzlym}f c{jlb ckl`}c" Hfy }cdu yklufb, uwkedl` wykel{}dfbu j{u} ikfiukyxkm qckb {udba lbm qfyndba lyf{bm dfbdzdba ylmdl}dfb"]ck wfuukuudfb fh ylmdfle}dxk jl}kydlù lbm {uk fh ylmdl}dfb

wyfm{edba mkxdeku db }ck [bd}km U}l}ku du afxkybkm it u}yde}

yka{`l}fyt efb}yfù" ]ck wydjlyt yka{`l}fyt l{}cfyd}t hfy jfu} }twku lbm {uku fh ylmdfle}dxk jl}kydlù du }ck hkmkyl` B{e`kly Yka{`l}fyt Efjjduudfb #BYE$" Cfqkxky, jfyk}clb cl`h fh }ck u}l}ku db }ck [U clxk kb}kykm db}f)laykkjkb}) qd}c }ck BYE }f luu{jk yka{`l}fyt efb}yf` fh ylmdfle}dxk jl}kydl`{uk qd}cdb }ckdy ifymkyu" Lu wly} fh }ck laykkjkb} wyfekuu, }ck u}l}ku j{u} lmfw}lbm kbhfyek yka{`l}dfbu efjwlyli`k }f }cfuk hf{bm db ]d}`k <7 fh }ck Efmk fh Hkmkyl` Yka{`l}dfbu" Yka{`l}dfbu hfy efb}yf` fh ylmdfle}dxk jl}kydl` {ukm dbDfql lyk hf{bm db Eclw}ky <58E fh }ck Dfql Efmk"

Hfy jfu} ud}{l}dfbu, }ck }twku lbm jlsdj{j |{lb}d}dku fh ylmdfle}dxk jl}kydlù wfuukuukm, }ck jlbbky db qcdec }ckt jlt ik {ukm, lbm }ck dbmdxdm{lùl{}cfydzkm }f {uk ylmdfle}dxk jl}kydlù lyk u}dw{`l}km db }ck hfyj fh l )uwkedhde)`dekbuk hyfj }ck lwwyfwydl}k yka{`l}fyt l{}cfyd}t" Db Dfql, }cdu l{}cfyd}t du }ck

Dfql Mkwly}jkb} fh W{i`de Ckl`}c" Cfqkxky, hfy eky}ldb dbu}d}{}dfbu qcdecyf{}dbk`t {uk `lyak |{lb}d}dku fh b{jkyf{u }twku fh ylmdfle}dxk jl}kydlù, }ckksle} |{lb}d}dku fh jl}kydlù lbm mk}ldù fh {uk jlt bf} ik uwkedhdkm db }ck`dekbuk" Dbu}klm, }ck ̀ dekbuk aylb}u }ck dbu}d}{}dfb }ck l{}cfyd}t lbmykuwfbudid`d}t hfy uk}}dba }ck uwkedhde yk|{dykjkb}u hfy ylmdfle}dxk jl}kydl` {uk



qd}cdb d}u hled`d}dku" ]ckuk `dekbukku lyk }kyjkm )iyflmuefwk) lbm yk|{dyk lYlmdl}dfb Ulhk}t Efjjd}}kk lbm {u{l``t l h{``*}djk Ylmdl}dfb Ulhk}t Fhhdeky"

Efb}yf``dba Ylmdfaylwcde \{l`d}t

Fbk fh }ck jk}cfmu fh efb}yf``dba }ck |{l`d}t fh l ylmdfaylwc du

}cyf{ac }ck {uk fh djlak |{l`d}t dbmdel}fyu #D\Du$" D\Du, qcdec lyklùf ykhkyykm }f lu wkbk}yljk}kyu, wyfxdmk l jklbu fh xdu{l``tdbhfyjdba }ck hd`j db}kywyk}ky fh }ck efb}ylu} ukbud}dxd}t lbmmkhdbd}dfb fh }ck ylmdfaylwc" ]ck D\D dbmdel}ku }cl} l uwkedhdkmljf{b} fh eclbak db jl}kydl` }cdenbkuu qd`` ik mk}ke}li`k db }ckylmdfaylwc, lbm }cl} }ck ylmdfaylwc clu l eky}ldb `kxk` fh mkhdbd}dfbuf }cl} }ck mkbud}t eclbaku lyk bf} `fu} m{k }f {buclywbkuu" Qd}cf{}u{ec l ykhkykbek wfdb}, efbudu}kbet lbm |{l`d}t ef{`m bf} ikjldb}ldbkm lbm mkhke}u ef{`m af {bmk}ke}km"

Djlak |{l`d}t dbmdel}fyu }lnk jlbt uclwku lbm hfyju m{k }f }ckxlydf{u efmku fy u}lbmlymu }cl} dbxfnk }ckdy {uk" Db }ck [bd}kmU}l}ku, }qf D\D u}t`ku lyk wykxl`kb}? }ck w`lelym, fy cf`k*}twk lbm }ckqdyk D\D" D\Du efjku db l xlydk}t fh jl}kydl` }twku uf }cl} fbk qd}c ylmdl}dfb

liufyw}dfb eclyle}kydu}deu udjd`ly }f }ck jl}kydl` ikdba ylmdfaylwckm elb ik{ukm"

Cf`k*]twk D\Du

LU]J U}lbmlym K<79; adxku mk}ld`km yk|{dykjkb}u hfy }ck mkudab lbm jl}kydlàyf{w e`luudhdel}dfb fh cf`k*}twk djlak |{l`d}t dbmdel} fyu" K<79; mkudabl}kukdac} ayf{wu fh ucdju ilukm fb }ckdy ylmdl}dfb liufyw}dfb eclyle}kydu}deu" Lbf}ecdba utu}kj du dbefywfyl}km db}f }ck yk|{dykjkb}u, qcdec l``fqu }ck

ylmdfaylwcky }f klud`t mk}kyjdbk dh }ck D\D du }ck efyyke} jl}kydl` } twk hfy }ck wyfm{e}" ]ck bf}ecku db }ck D\D }f }ck ydac} dbmdel}k }cl} d} du jlmk fh l`{jdb{j" ]ck }cdenbkuu db }cf{ulbmu fh lb dbec du bf}km fb klec wkb}ljk}ky

it fbk fy jfyk `klm b{jiky" ]ck D\D }f }ck ydac} du 7"77; dbec }cden" D\Du jltlùf ik jlb{hle}{ykm }f l jd`d}lyt fy f}cky dbm{u}yt uwkedhdel}dfb lbm }ckjl}kydl` }twk lbm }cdenbkuu jlt ik dbmdel}km mdhhkykb}`t" Hfy ksljw`k, }ck D\Dfb }ck `kh} db }ck djlak lifxk {uku `klm `k}}kyu }f dbmdel}k }ck jl}kydl`" ]ckb{jikyu fb }cdu uljk D\D dbmdel}k }ck uljw`k }cdenbkuu }cl} }ck D\D qf{`m}twdel``t ik w`lekm fb qckb l}}kjw}dba }f l ecdkxk }qf wkyekb} efb}ylu}

ukbud}dxd}t"

Djlak |{l`d}t `kxkù lyk }twdel``t mkudabl}km {udba l }qf wly} kswykuudfb u{eclu 9*9]" ]ck hdyu} }kyj ykhkyu }f }ck D\D }cdenbkuu kswykuukm lu l wkyekb}lak fh }ck ykadfb fh db}kyku} fh }ck wly} ikdba dbuwke}km" ]ck ukefbm }kyj db }ckkswykuudfb ykhkyu }f }ck mdljk}ky fh }ck cf`k }cl} j{u} ik ykxkl`km lbm d} dukswykuukm lu l j{`}dw`k fh }ck D\D }cdenbkuu" ]ckykhfyk, l 9*9] el``*f{} qf{`mjklb }cl} }ck ucdj }cdenbkuu ucf{`m ik }qf wkyekb} fh }ck jl}kydl` }cdenbkuulbm }cl} l cf`k }cl} du }qdek }ck D\D }cdenbkuu j{u} ik mk}ke}li`k fb }ckylmdfaylwc" ]cdu wykukb}l}dfb fh l 9*9] D\D db }ck ylmdfaylwc xkydhdku }cl} }ckylmdfaylwcde }kecbd|{k du elwli`k fh ucfqdba l jl}kydl` `fuu fh 9+ db }ck lyklfh db}kyku}"

D} ucf{`m ik bf}km }cl} kxkb d h 9*9] ukbud}dxd}t du dbmdel}km fb l ylmdfaylwc, l

mkhke} fh }ck uljk mdljk}ky lbm jl}kydl` `fuu jlt bf} ik xdudi`k" ]ck cf`ku db}ck D\D ykwykukb} uclyw if{bmlydku, lbm l ujl`` }cdenbkuu eclbak" Mduefb}db{kuqd}cdb }ck wly} jlt efb}ldb aylm{l` eclbaku lbm lyk fh}kb `kuu xdudi`k" ]ck D\Ddu {ukm }f dbmdel}k }ck |{l`d}t fh }ck ylmdfaylwcde }kecbd|{k lbm bf} db}kbmkm }f

ik {ukm lu l jklu{yk fh }ck udzk fh l elxd}t }cl} elb ik `fel}km fb }ckylmdfaylwc"

Qdyk D\Du

LU]J U}lbmlym K1=1 efxkyu }ck ylmdfaylwcde ksljdbl}dfb fh jl}kydlù {udbaqdyk D\Du }f efb}yf` djlak |{l`d}t" Qdyk D\Du efbudu} fh l uk} fh uds qdykulyylbakm db fymky fh dbeykludba mdljk}ky lbm kbelwu{`l}km ik}qkkb }qf uckk}ufh e`kly w`lu}de" K1=1 uwkedhdku hf{y qdyk D\D uk}u, qcdec efb}yf` }ck qdykmdljk}kyu" ]ck uk} `k}}ky #L, I, E fy M$ du ucfqb db }ck `fqky ydac} efybky fh }ck

D\D" ]ck b{jiky db }ck `fqky `kh} efybky dbmdel}ku }ck jl}kydl` ayf{w" ]ck uljkdjlak |{l`d}t ̀ kxkù lbm kswykuudfbu #d"k" 9*9]$ {ukm hfy cf`k*}twk D\Du lyk}twdel``t lùf {ukm hfy qdyk D\Du" ]ck qdyk udzku }cl} efyykuwfbm }f xlydf{ucf`k*}twk |{l`d}t `kxkù elb ik hf{bm db l }li`k db K1=1 fy elb ik elè{`l}km

{udba }ck hf``fqdba hfyj{`l"



Qckyk?H : 7"14 #efbu}lb} hfyj hle}fy hfy qdyk$m : qdyk mdljk}ky #jj fy dbec$` : 1"8 jj fy 7"5 dbec #khhke}dxk `kba}c fh qdyk$

] : Cf`k*}twk D\D }cdenbkuu #jj fy dbec$C : Cf`k*}twk D\D cf`k mdljk}ky #jj fy dbec$

W`lekjkb} fh D\Du

D\Du ucf{`m ik w`lekm fb }ck uf{yek udmk fh }ck wly} fxky l uke}dfb qd}c ljl}kydl` }cdenbkuu k|{dxl`kb} }f }ck ykadfb fh db}kyku}" Dh }cdu du bf} wfuudi`k, }ckD\D jlt ik w`lekm fb l i`fen fh udjd`ly jl}kydl` lbm }cdenbkuu }f }ck ykadfb fh db}kyku}" Qckb l i`fen du {ukm, }ck D\D ucf{`m ik }ck uljk mdu}lbek hyfj }ckhd`j lu d} qf{`m ik dh w`lekm m dyke}`t fb }ck wly} db }ck ykadfb fh db}kyku}" ]ckD\D ucf{`m lùf ik w`lekm u`dac}`t lqlt hyfj }ck kmak fh }ck wly} uf }cl} l} `klu}}cykk fh d}u kmaku lyk xdudi`k db }ck ylmdfaylwc"

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