LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY

What is a lithostratigraphy ?

• Lithostratigraphy is a stratigraphy units based on characterization of lithologic

• Lithostratigraphy unit are consist of one or more lithologi

• Formation or rock unit is a main unit of lithostratigraphy

• Name of geography or lithologi dominant are used to giving the name of formation or the name of rock unit

• Their have occurred vertical lithofacies change for examples from A Formation to B and continued to C. This changes are given depositional evironment change of each formation or rock unit

Origin data of stratigraphy to biostratigraphy analysis

• Surface data : origin from the field investigation some surface

section stratigraphy (outcrop on side hill or outcrop on

stream). A measuring stratigraphy section will be result

a stratigraphic column. Usually, surface data is biocoenosis

assemblage.

• Subsurface data : origin from boring some wells cuttings or

core sample. Usually, subsurface data is biocoenosis assem-

blage, sometimes thanatocoenosis or mixed assemblage

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY

What is a biostratigrapy ?

• Biostratigraphy is a stratigraphy units based on characterization of fossils.

• Fossils can be derived from an organism life to the past, it is consist of macrooraganism or microorganism.

• Sedimentary rocks and including fossils have the same age,as indicator of biostratigraphy

• Macroorganism and microoragsnism have first appearance (FA) and last appearance (LA)

• FA and LA are used to made zone of biostratigraphy

• Zone is a main unit of biostratigraphy

Show on figure

• Kebumen section :

One lithostratigraphy (Penosogan Formation) is consist of more one litology. Penosogan formation is divided two rock units. The lower part is consist of interbedded marl and sandstone, and the upper part is consist of interbedded marl and sandstone, sometimes volcanic tuf. Kebumen section has 6 biozonation

Kalijaya section :

Penosogan Formation only one rock unit, is consist of interbedded tufaceous marl and tufaceous sandstone. Kalijaya section has 5 biozonation

Pereng section :

Sentolo Formation only one rock unit, is consist of marl with sandstone intercalation. It is section not tufaceous. Pereng section has 8 biozonation

• Based on stratigraphic correlation, it has occurred vertical and lateral

lithofacies change. Vertical lithofacies change can be seen at Kebumen

section and lateral lithofacies change can be seen at Kebumen section to

Pereng section.

• Datum of correlation is based on biostratigraphy zone (P or N Blow

zonation,1969), like as N9

• Limit of lithostratigrapic units not will same limit of biostratigraphic units

Organism

• Macroorganism : vertebrate fossils molusca, coelenterata

Distribution of vertebrate fossils in sedimentary rocks are very rare to rare, because it is influenced by preservation process

or post mortem process (the process after death of orsgsnism),

for eaxample : abration of wave, compacting of sediment, diagenetic etc

• Microorganism : planktonic foraminifera

benthonic foraminiferasmall foraminifera

large foraminifera

nannoplankton

radiolaria

spores and pollens

Distribution of microfossils in sedimentary rocks are very abundance to abundance, because size them very little good preservation

Habitat of organism

• Planktonic : to floating or a bit under water

example : planktonic framinifera,calcareous

nannoplankton. It is indicator of biostratigraphy

or relation to age sedimentary rock

Control of ecologic factors : termal of water,latitude,current

• Benthonic : to tie up on sediment

example : bentonic foraminifera, larger bentonic

foraminifera, plants. It is indicator of depositio-

nal environment.

Control of ecologic factors : all ecologic factors,like as

salinity,pH/acidity,turbidity,O2 content, sediment materials,

nutrients, etc

Components of sedimenetary rocks

(silisiclastic rocks)

• Primary minerals : piroksin,hornblende,biotit,muskovit,K

feldspar,Na feldspar,Ca feldspar,opak minerals/ores minerals

• Secondary minerals : calcite,hematit,pirit,glauconite,calcite

and clay mineral

• Lithic fragments : igneous rocks,metamorphic

rocks,sedimenetary rocks,colcanic rocks

• Fossils : microfossils or macrofossils

Fossil is a part (component) of sedimentary rocks

Distribution of fossils in sedimentary rocks

Silisiclastic rocks :

• Claystone

• Siltstone

• Sandstone

• Conglomerate

Content microfossils increasing from conglomerate to claystone

Calcareous to limestone

• Calcareous claystone and marl

• Calcareous siltstone

• Calcareous sandstone

• Limestone

Content microfossils increasing from calcareous sandstone to calcareous claystone or marl

Distribution of microfossils in sedimetary rock is influenced by texture (grain size,sorting,form of grain, and fabric). Texture will be influence for microfossil preservation process.

Relation between microfossils and deposional

environments

• Terestrial and transition environment : fluvial,lake/lacustrine,

delta there are dominated by spore/pollens and a little

of small bentonic foraminifera

• Marine environment : shelf, slope, and abysal there are do-

minated by planktonic foraminifera, bentonic foraminifera,

and calcareous nannoplankton. Special shelf environment

(inner to middle shelf) is dominated by larger foraminifera

Assemblage of fossils

• Biocoenosis (Insitu assemblage fossils) : An assemblage fossils, which their do not transported to other place from the life place, the death place and to be formed a fossil.

• Thanatocoenosis (transported assemblage fossils) : An assemblage fossils were transported from some place to other place.

1.exotic : a mixed fossils have different of bathymetric ecology. A shallow

orgasnism were mixed deep oragnanism by sedimentation process

as like slumping sedimentation or sliding sedimentation.

2.remanie : a mixed fossils have different age. The oldest fossils were

mixed young fossils by transported process in new depositional

environment

3.leaked : a mixed fossils have different age, but the youngest fossils were

mixed old fossils by translocated procees from the upper part to

the lower part of stratigraphy, because lithological condition, as

like from marl (fine texsture) to sandstone (coarse texture)

Steps of a paleontological working

• Paleontological discriptive : to preparing and to determining of rock

samples taxonomi of paleontology the name of species. This work is

doing by laborant (servicer laboratories)

My asumption : You are an andvanche paleontological descriptive

• Paleontological applied (analyzed) : to using data of paleontological for

interpretation of age and depositional environment stratigraphic column, to

correlation between some stratigraphic columns history of sedimentation

To make biostratigrafi zone

• Taxon range zones : based on range between the FA and LA of

any species or range between the FA and

LA of any new species

• Concurent range zone : based on the FA any species and the

LA of other species (two taxon) or some

taxon

• Opel zones : based on range the FA and LA of some species

• Lineage zones : based on the FA of any newspecies as

boundary of biostratigraphy zone

The development of concurent zone

• One trend, based on the FA from two taxon or based on the

LA from two taxon

• Opposite trend, based on the FA any taxon and the LA of other

taxon or return.

TIME GEOLOGY

PRE CAMBRIAN (PROTEROZOIK & ARCHEAN)

CAMBRIAN

ORDOVICIAN

SILURIAN

DEVONIAN

CARBONIFEROUS

PERMIAN

570

245

505

438

408

360

286

M E S O Z O I C

ERA PALEOZOIC

WR/2009/GEOLOGI SEJARAH

PALEOZOIK

T R I A S

J U R A

KAPUR (CRETACEOUS)

245

65K E N O Z O I K

213

144

KURUN MESOZOIC

WR/2009/GEOLOGI SEJARAH

PALEOCENE

EOCENE

OLIGOCENE

MIOCENE

PLIOCENE

PLEISTOCENE

65

HOLOCENE

54.9

38

24.6

5.1

2

0.01

0

PEMBAGIAN ERA CENOZOIC

WR/2009/GEOLOGI SEJARAH

The kind of biostratigraphy

• Larger bentonic foraminifera (Adams,1970; Clarke and

Blow,1967)

• Small planktonic foraminifera (Blow,1969)

• Nannoplankton (Martini,1971)

• Spores and Pollens (Morley,1978; Mudjito et.al,1995)

Biostratigraphy of Larger Foraminifera

• Based on vertical distribution of larger foraminifera, usually is

named Letter Tertiary Clasiffication. It is made by Bemmelen

(1949), Marks (1957), Clarke and Blow,1967) and Adams

(1970)

• Notation of Tertiary by Adams (1970) are like Ta1

(Paleocene),Ta2,Ta3,Tb (Eocene),Tc,Td,lower Te

(Oligocene),upper Te,lower Tf,upper Tf, and lower Tg

(Miocene), Th (Pliocene) and Pleistocene

• Each the maker have a difference notation of Letter Tertiary

Classification

Important species as indicator biostratigraphy larger

foraminifera

• The FA of Miscellanea miscella, Operculina canakifera, and Operculina salsa at upper Paleocene (Ta1)

• The FA of Operculina granulosa, Nummulites atacicus at lower Eocene (Ta2)

• The FA of Discocyclina javanus, Discocyclina dispansa, Discocyclina sowerbyi at middle Eocene (Ta3)

• The FA of Discocyclina omphalus, Discocyclina sella, D archiaci, Bipalinispira spp at upper Eocene (Tb)

• The FA of Nummulites vascus, N trochcew, Heterostegina bantamensis at lower Oligocene (Tc)

• The FA of Austrotrilina asmariensis, Cycloclypeus openorthi,Lepidocyclina isolepidinoides at middle Oligocene (Td)

• The FA of Miogypsinoides complanatus, Heterostegina

borneensis, Cycloclypeus eidae at upper Oligocene (lower Te)

• The FA Miogypsina spp, Miogypsinoides

dehaarti,Flosculinella reicheli at lower Miocene (upper Te)

• The FA of Lepidocyclina martinii, Cycloclipeus

indopasificus,Flosculinella bontangensis at middle Miocene

(lowerTf)

• The FA of Cycloclypeus carpenteri, Alveolinella quoyei at

upper Miocene (upper Tf )

• The FA of Borellis schlumbergerii at upper Miocene (Tg)

• The FA of Calcarina spangleri, Borellis pulchra at

Pleistocene (Th)

Biostratigraphy of planktonic foraminifera

• Based on vertical distribution of planktonic foraminifera and

biostratigraphic zone was ha made by Blow (1969)

• To using notation P (P1-P20) for Paleogen and N (N1-N23)for

Neogen. Between Paleogen and Neogen are found overlaping,

like as P20/N1, P21/N2, P22/N3

• Blow zonation has 26 biostratigraphic zone, usually their was

made by concurent range zone

Important species as indicator biotrstigraphy planktonic

foraminifera

• The LA of Hantkenina primitiva at upper Eocene or limit between Eocene

and Oligocene (P16/P17)

• The LA of Preorbulina barbadoensis, and the FA of Globorotalia

tapuriensis, Globorotalia selii at lower Oligocene (P18 to P19)

• The FA of Globogerina angulisuturalis,Globorotalia

siakensis,Globigerinoides primordius at upper Oligocene

(P20/N1),(P21/N2),(P22/N3)

• The LA of Globorotalia kugleri, Globigerinita dissimilis, and the FA of

Globigerinatella insueta, Globigerinoides sicanus at lower Miocene (N4 to

N8).

• The FA of Orbulina universa, Globorotalia peripheroacuta,Globorotalia

prefohsi, Sphaeroidinella subdehiscens, and the LA of Globigerinoides

subquadratus, Globorotalia siakensis at middle Miocene (N9 to N15)

• The FA of Globorotalia acostaensis, Globorotalia plesiotumida,

Globorotalia tumida at upper Miocene (N16 to N17)

• The FA of Sphaeroidinella dehiscens, Globorotalia tosaensis, at Pliocene

(N19 to N21)

• The FA of Globorotalia truncatulinoides, Sphaeroidinella excavata at

Pleistocene (N22 to N23)

Biostratigraphy of (calcarepus) nannoplankton

• Based on vertical distribution calcareous nannoplankton and

biostratigraphic zone has made by Martini (1971)

• To using notation NP (Nannoplankton Paleogen, NP1to NP25)

and NN (Nannoplankton Neogen, NN1 to NN 21).

• Martini zonation has 46 biostratigraphic zone, usually their

was made by concurent range zone.

Important species as indicator biostratigraphy

(calcareous) nannoplankton

• The LA of Arkhangelskiella cymbiformis, and the FA of Crucupaculithus tenuis, Chiasmolithus danicus,Ellipsolithus macellus, Fasciculithus tympaniformis, Heliolithus kleinpelli at lower Paleocene (NP1 to NP6)

• The FA of Discoaster gemmeus, Heliolithus riedelii and the LA of Heliolithus riedelii, Fasciculithus tympaniformis, Marthasterites contortusat upper Paleocene (NP7 to Np10).

• The FA of Discoaster lodoensis, Disoaster sublodoensis and the LA Marthasterites tribrachiatus at lower Eocene (NP11 to NP 11)

• The LA of Discoaster lodoensis, Rhabdosphaera gladius, Chiasmolithus solithus at middle Eocene (NP12 to NP16).

• The FA of Chiasmolithus camaruensis, Isthmolithus recurvus, Sphenolithus pseudoradians at upper Eocene (NP17 to Np19)

• The LA of Discoaster saipanensis,Ericsonia subdisticha, Reticulofenestra umbilica and the FA Sphenolithus ciperoensis at lower Oligocne (NP20 to NP 23)

• The LA of Sphenolithus distentus, Helicopontosphaera recta at upper

Oligocene (Np24 to NP25)

• The FA of Discoaster drugii, and the LA of Triquietrarhabdulus carinatus,

Sphenolithus belemnos, Helicopontosphaera ampliapertura at lower

Miocene (NN1 to NN 4)

• The LA of Sphenolithus heteromorphus, Discoaster hamatus and the FA of

Discoaster kugleri, Catinaster coalitus, Discoaster hamatus at middle

Miocene (NN5 to NN9)

• The FA of Discoaster quinqueramus, Ceratolithus rugosus, Discoaster

asymetricus at upper Miocene (NN10 to NN14)

• The LA of Ceratolithus tricorniculatus, Reticulotenestra pseudoumbilica at

lower Pliocene (NN15 to NN16)

• The LA of Discoaster surculus, Discoaster pentaradiatus, Discoaster

brouweri at upper Pliocene (NN17 to NN19)

• The LA of Pseudoemiliania lacunosa and the FA of Emiliania huxleyi at

Pleistocene (NN20 to NN21).

Biostratigraphy of spores and pollens

• Based on vertical distribution of spores and pollens, and

biostratigraphic zone has made by Morley (1978) and Mudjito

et.al (1995)

• Morley zonation has 7 biostratigraphic zone and Mudjito et al

zonation has 8 biostratigraphic zone

Important species as indicator of biostratigraphy of

spores and pollens

• The FA and LA of Mayeripollis naharkotensis is represented

biostratigraphy zone at Oligocene (by Mudjito et.al,1995), but by Morley

(1978) it is represented Florschuetzia trilobata zone

• The FA Florschuetzia levipoli and Florschuetzia meridionalis are named

Florschuetzia levipoli zone at lower Miocene

• Florschuetzia meridionalis zone is divided 2 biozones, their are F trilobata

and F meridionalis zone. The upper limit of F trilobata zone is

characterized by LA of F trilobata, and the upper limit F meridionalis zone

is characterized by FA Stenochlaenidites laurifolia or Stenochlaenidites

areolaris at lower Pliocene

• Podocarpus imbricatus zone is represented biostratigraphy zone at

Pleistocene

Important species as indicator of depositional

environments

• Teristrial and transition : spores and pollens

• Marine : larger foraminifera, bentonic foraminifera

VEGETATIONZONE

ENVIRONMENTALUNIT

SEDIMENTARYFACIES

TIDALINFLUENCE

SALINITY

HEDGLEPETH’S CLASSIFICATIONOF MARINE ENVIRONMENT

alluvial plain

channel dep., flood plain dep.lakes, ponds

supratidal

fresh water

supralittoral

backmangroveforest

mangroveforest

coastal plain

upp. estuarine lower estuarine

intertidal

brackish

littoral

channel deposits, interdistributarybay fill, lagoons etc.

tidal flat

no vascular vegetation

shallow marine

offshore bars,etc.

subtidal

brackish-marine

sublittoral

beach forest

lowlandforest

alluvialswampforest

peatswampforest

riparianforest

Fig. 1. Clasification of Marginal Marine and Nearshore Continental Environment ( Modified Morley, 1991 and Hedgepeth’s, 1957 )

upper delta plain lower delta plain delta front

By Haseldonckx (1974)

• Marine : It is dominated by small foraminifera, marine plankton, and calcareous nannoplakton (Dinoflagelata). In here is found mangrove pollens, from Rhizopora, which to be transported in marine shelf environment.

• Coastal plain : It is consist of three sub environment with difference association pollens in lower delta plain/estuarine, lagoon and coastal swamp.

• Mangrove and backmangrove :

Mangrove environment is characteristic pollens from Avicenia,Soneratia and Rhizoporaceae. Sometimes it is found microforaminifera association

Backmangrove environment is characteristic pollens from Nypa fruticans,

(Spinizonocolpites echinatus),Oncosperma palm,Brownlowia argentata (Discoides borneensis), Bruguera (Rhizoporaceae), and Pediastrum algae

• Delta and estuarine : It is chracteristic mixed pollens from fresh water pollens with brackish water pollens in fluvio-marine environment, like as lower delta plain or estuarine. Upper delta plain environments is charateristic fresh water swamp pollens.

Fresh water swamp pollens are consist of Gonystilus,Dactylocladus,Shorea,

Stemonurus,Parastemon,Tristania,Combretocarpus,Melaleuca

leucadendron,Pandanus sp,Shorea rugosa,Fragrea crenutata,and

Tetramerista globa

• Lagoon : It is dominated mangrove and backmangrove pollens and a little

fresh water swamp pollens, like as Hytrichosphere, microforaminifera and

Pediastrum algae

• Sandy beach and barrier island : It is characteristic sandy beach

vegetation,like as Casuarina equisetifolia,Pandanus fascicularis,Eugenia

sp,Shorea materialis, and Hope amutans

• Floodplain or alluvial plain : It is found fresh water swamp forest, like as

Dipterocarpaceae,Annonaceae,Euphorbiaceae,Flacoutiaceae,Sapotaceae,

Callophylum sp,and Callamus sp

• Hinterland : It is dominated montane forest pollens from Gymnosperm, like

as Podocarpus imbricatus,Pinus sp (Pinuspollenites),Picea sp,Ephedra sp

(Ephedripites sp),Fagaceae and Lauraceae

Marine environment (Typsword et.all., 1966)

Foraminiferal Indices in Paleoecology

By Bandy,O.L,1967

The used of biostratigraphy

• To determined relative age (time geology) and

paleoenvironments stratigraphy products (sedimentary rocks)

• To determined development history (distribution and

evolotion) of organism (fossils)

• To determined time datum plane (the plane has same time) to

correlation stratigraphy between some wells or some sections

• To determined relation between stratigraphic units and vertikal

or lateral lithofacies change (historical of sedimentation)

Procedure to making biostratigraphy zone

• We have a data of lithostratigraphy from surface datas (by

measuring stratigraphy section) or sub surface datas (by

cutting or cores of drilling)

• To making lithologic column and ploting boundary formation

or rock units/lithofacies units, ploting position or bathymetri of

rocks samples.

• To determining species of fossil from each sample, so to

making distribution chart

• From distribution chart, so to determining the FA and the LA

of each species based on objectif datas of fossils

distributionwe are founding biostratigraphic zones

• To determining of relatif age (in geologic time) with to

comparing a biostratigraphic zones by objectif datas with

standard biostratigraphic zones.

• Standard biostratigraphic zones consist of biostratigraphic of

planktonic foraminera (Blow,1969), bentonic fotraminifera

(large foraminifera) (Adam,1970), nannoplankton

(Martini,1971), spores/polllens (Morley,1977,1998)

• To determining of paleoenvironment based on index species or

association of species from characteristic environment.

Case study of biostratigraphy

• We have 3 stratigraphic column : 1.section Kebumen

(Taryono,1988),2.section Kalijaya (Titisari,1989) and section

Pereng (Kadar,1976). Section Taryono and Titisari are a part

of Penosogan Formation, so section Kadar is a part of Sentolo

Formation.

• Penosogan Formation (by Taryono) are consist of marls with

sandstone intercalation, while Penosogan Formation (by

Titisari) are consist of interbeded marl and sandstone in the

lower part and tuff intercalation in the upper part. Sentolo

Formation (by Darwin) are consist of marl with limestone

intercalation.

• The FA of Orbulina suturalis (lower limit of N9, Blow,1969)

as datum plane to correlation 3 startigraphic column.

• We can see development of sedimentation (rate of

sedimentation, lithofacies, and a difference of depositional

environments) at time geologic episode, like at N9 to N12.

• Relation of stratigraphic unit between Penosogan Foramtion

and Sentolo Formation are interfingering relationship

Limit of lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy

• Limit of lithostratigraphy is based on difference lithologics characteristic

• Limit of biostratigraphy is based on difference fossils characteristic

• Limit of lithostratigraphy is not same (is not very close together) with limit of biostratigraphy

• We can see on fig to be continue

References

Adams, C.G,1970.A reconsideration of the east Indian Letter of the Tertiary : Bull.the British Museum,London

Clarke,W.J and Blow,W.H,1967.The interrelationship of some late Eocene,Oligocene,and Miocene larger Foraminifera and planktonic biostratigraphic indices : Proc.fierst internat.Conf.Microfoss.Geneva

Bolli,H.M,Saunders,J.B and Nielsen,K.P, 1985.Plankton stratigraphy. Cambrige Univ.Press

Martini,E, 1971.Standard Tertiary and Quarternary calcareous nannoplankton zonation. In : A.Farinacci (ed), Proc.II Planktonic Conf.,Roma,1970

Blow,W.H,1969.Late Eocene to Recent planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy. Proc.Fisrt Intern.Conf.on Plankt.Microfoss.,Geneva,1967

Morley,R.J,1978.Palynology of Tertiary and Quarternary in SE Asia.Proc.IPA

Morley,R.J,1991,Tertiary Stratigraphic Palynology in SE Asia : Current status and New directions. Geol.Soc.Malaysia Bull,28 Nov 1991

Bandy,O.L,1967.Foraminiferal Indices in Paleoecology,Esso Prod.Research Co

PROBLEM AND SOLVING

(Please, to gathering before examination in

administration staf, Miss.Rini)