NATURE IS OUR FUTURE

FUTURE IS CHOICE – NOT FATE

HEALTH OF THE HILLS

WEALTH OF THE PLAINS

TROPICAL FORESTS ARE THE ELEPHANTS IN THE LIVING ROOM OF CLIMATE CHANGE

- Andrew Michell Head of Global Canopy Programme

MANGROVE

OUR POSTERITY SHOULD BE ENSURED IN A WORLD THAT HAVE ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENT, ECOLOGY AND ENERGY IN BALANCE.

Nature is an infinite sphere

of which the centre is everywhere and the

circumferences nowhere

- Blaise Pascal,

(French mathematician and Philosopher)

Our Planetary Ecosystem:

Its Economic Value

All environment goods and services--timber, fishes, watershed functions, soils, climate, biodiversity, etc. are reckoned to be worth

$ 53 trillion per year

or more than the world`s economy of $ 49 trillion.

So global natural product is greater than global national product.

The problems we are facing today in Rural Economy can not be solved with the same level of Skill And Will with knowledge, we had at the time of creation of such problems.

We need OUT OF BOX THINKING.

INVESTIGATION, INVENTION AND INNOVATION are the needs of the day.

Government of developing countries are largely preoccupied with

rectifying urban and social problems and often do so, at the expense of

environmental degradation.

The extinction of a single species can drive several others to

endangered or extinction status .

Cascading effect

• Ecosystems have to be served back, now, by the humanity – by striking a balance between Ecology,

• Environment,

• Economics,

• Energy and

• Electrons.

We should be a part of the solution and

not a part of the problem.

• Total land Area in

Tamil Nadu : 325 lakh acres• Agricultural lands

Net area sown : 125 lakh acres• Food crop : 91 lakh acres• Non-food crops : 33 lakh acres

TAMIL NADU

• 7% of Population of India

• 4% of Land

• 3% of Water Resources

• LAND USE IS WATER USE

WATER

- Of all waters on the earth’s surface,

- 97.5% is Saline (Oceans)

- 2.08% forms Polar ice

- 0.29% is ground water

- 0.009% fresh water (lakes and Reservoir)

FRESH WATER

Lakes : 52% - (Action needed)

Soil moisture : 38% - (Action needed)

Atmospheric water vapour : 8%

Water within living organisms : 1%

Rivers : 1%

Total Rainwater falling

on Tamil Nadu : 123 lakh ha meter

Average rain : 714mm/annum

Green Water : 58 lakh ha meter

Blue Water : 42 lakh ha meter

Total rainfed land : 58%

Hence action has to be taken to enhance

GREEN WATER

• Every drop of water

• Every grain of soil

• Every ray of Sun

have to be utilized to the optimum to enhance

Biodiversity and Bio-productivity.

FOREST TYPES IN TAMILNADU

• Montane Grassland – Shola• Wet Evergreen Forests• Evergreen forests• Semi-evergreen forests• Moist deciduous• Thorn forests• Deserts• Littoral and Swamps• Mangrooves

TAMIL NADU

• Angiosperms : 5640 (Highest in India)

(Flowering plants)

• Endemics : 533

• Faunal Diversity : 187spp of Mammals

454spp of Birds

POLLINATORS AND SEED DISPERSERS

– BIRDS

– BATS

– BUTTERFLIES

– BEETLES

– BEES

Their ' happy life ' has to be ensured which will result in abundant cross-pollination, leading to speciation and thereby enhanced Biodiversity.

BIG FIVE

BIRDS

Ceylon frogmouth Great Indian Hornbill

Painted stork

Excellent seed disperser Promotes propagation of important plant species of the wet evergreen forest Far away dispersal lessens the interspecies competition

Alimentary canal pre-treats seeds for quick germination Faecal seeds resist insect predation

Regenerates and restores forests in disturbed habitats in high elevations.

ROLE OF FRUITBATS IN ECOSYSTEM

Bats Are Just One of Several Groups of Animals That Naturally Prey on Mosquitoes

BUTTER FLIES

Endemic Plants Dispersed by Fruit Bats in Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest

Sl.No Name of the plant Habit

Endemic status

Red list status

1 Elaeocarpus venustus (Bedd) Tree E EN2 Elaeocarpus munroii (Wt.) Mast Tree E R3 Syzygium mundagam (Bourd.)

ChitraTree E VU

4 Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman  Shrub E - 

5 Pallaquim ellipticum ( Daiz.)Baill

Tree E  -

6 Aglaia elaeognioides (Juss ) Benth .var. bourdillonii (gamble) KKN Nair

Tree E EN

7 Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Roxb Tree E EN8 Musea ferrea Tree E - 

Sample tagged tree with seed dispersers Below 1000 feet Elevation

Moraceae

FFicus bengalensis

Preponderance of young green leaves will lead to enhanced carbon sequestration.

To make this happen

We have to do what we have undone We have to undo what we have done.

gšYæ® X«gš £l«(Ãw¥bgh¡F« všyh c殡F«)

Project for Resurrecting Pollinators and Seed Dispersers

Nucleus Seed Plots .. 100

(Eastern & Western Ghats Forests)

Fruit yielding plants .. 250

Extent of each plot .. 50 ha.

Year of execution .. 2011-2012

2012-2013

School ChildrenEducation

Exclusive period 1 per week on

*Nature

*Future

*Culture

Nature Stay Programme

•100 spots in Reserve Forests

•Both Eastern and Western Ghats

•3 days Nature stay camps

•Eco-education

(7th, 8th & 9th Standard)

The Central economic task at this juncture, is to

• Build up an efficient and satisfactory way of life in rural areas.

• To achieve an agro-industrial structure that conquers rural unemployment.

• Stops rural decay

• Arrest the seemingly irresistable drift of destitute people from the countryside into the big cities already overcrowded and rapidly becoming unmanageable.

• Forest Farming – could make a considerable contribution to the fulfilment of this aim.

- E.F. Schumaker - 1966

• Population DensityIndia : 324/km Tamil Nadu : 478/Km²

• Urban Population India : 27.78% Tamil Nadu : 43.86%

• 434 Towns over 1 lakh Population Towns : 1991 : 34.15%

2001 : 43.68%

• Exodus – from Village to Towns – Have to be reversed.

AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

• Share in National GDP : 51% in 1951

18% in 2008

• Employment in Agriculture: 72% in 1951

52% in 2008

REASONS FOR EXODUS• Dependency on erratic monsoon rains.• Decreasing water flow in Rivers• Depleting productive potential of soils• Dessication leading to decrease in microbial population.• Input cost escalation• Output income erosion• Middle men’s exploitation• Perishable commodities• Income = Expenditure

If ‘inclusive development’ in the Rural and agri-sector is to have any meaning , small and marginal farmers should move away from ‘subsistance economy’ to surplus economy.

so as to enable them to pay for- Balanced nutrition

- Dignified shelter - Decent clothing - Quality education for children

To make this happen, Primary sector, the land and land based assets, need to be redefined, its activities diversified and development integrated.

Rural Poverty and evironmental

stress leads to ‘downward spiral’

with population growth and

economical marginalisation leading

to further environmental

degradation.

A global analysis of agroecosystems

affirms that long term productivity is

threatened by increasing water scarcity

and soil degradation reducing global

productivity by about 13 to 16%

Perennial intercrops, diversified

income add value per unit of land,

improve cash flow and cause only a

limited loss of main crop in

Agriecosystems.

Growth Rates of GSDP @ Constant Prices(1999-2000)

-20.55

-2.42

18.01

-7.10

-2.08

1.18

9.84

6.93

2.23

1.01

2.78

4.38

7.408.17

7.62 7.60

1.75

5.99

4.41 4.55

5.53

-2.33

11.67

12.8911.73

9.40

-10.61

14.48

3.89

9.95

10.58

11.96

-1.56

11.45

11.89

11.29

-22

-20

-18

-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

01

-02

20

02

-03

20

03

-04

20

04

-05

20

05

-06

20

06

-07

20

07

-08

20

08

-09

20

09

-10

Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Industry Services Gross State Domestic Product

Primarysector

Secondary sector

Tertiary sector Tertiary sector

Secondary sector

Primary sector

TAMILNADU ECONOMY

(Cone ice) (Cup ice)

Present 2010

Future2020

•CARBON FOOT PRINT

•WATER FOOT PRINT.

•CARBON FOOT PRINT

•WATER FOOT PRINT.

PROPOSALS FOR TAMILNADU

1. BAMBOO FARMING

2. COGENERATION OF FOOD AND WOOD

3. BIOMASS GASSIFIER

• The significant problems that we faced

today, cannot be solved with the same

level of thinking we were at, when we

created them.

Programmes have to be ……..

•Economically Viable

• Ecologically emphathetic

•Environmentally ameliorating

•Aesthetically appealing

•Location specific

• Cost effective

• Adoptable

• Acceptable

• Pragmatic

• Time bound

Total mismatch between demand and supply

• Forest resources cannot meet the growing demand.

• Hence Agro-Forestry plantations and imports play major role in bridging the demand availability gap.

Thorn less Bamboo

• Municipalities - Sewage• Power production - Biochar production• Tensile strength of paper - Carry bag• Cloth• Vermicasting• Mushroom cultivation• Strategy – self-help group

Bamboos Farming/Carbon Farming

Total cultivated Land

in Tamil Nadu : 125 lakh acres

* Block Planting of Bamboo:5 lakh acres proposed

Planted in 1m3 pit with 2 kgs. Vermicasting, 100 gms. VAM, 20 gms. of phosphobacteria Azosprillum

Bambusa tulda – 2 Years old, 25 culms / clump. Andiyur Research Centre – Rainfed condition

Bambusa nutans – 5 Years old 1 ha. at 6 m. x 6 m. espacement. Research Centre, Neyveli – Rainfed condition – Ave. 42 culms / clump

Carbon content is 40 to 50% in total Bamboo Biomass

Protective irrigated farm land – Tamil Nadu Maximum income

generated per acre : Rs.10,000/acre/year Minimum income

generated per acre : Rs.3,000/acre/year. Average income

generated per acre : Rs.7,000/acre/year

BAMBOO Income from 4th year onwards Thornless Bamboos can yield 10 to 20

Tonne/acre/year. @Rs.3000/Tonne, annual income of

Rs.30,000 could be assured. TNPL – Buy back: From 1 lakh acres of

Bamboo plantation, 10 to 20 lakh tonne Bamboo could be harvested every year.

Earth worms (Euderilus eugienea)

VERMICASTING PRODUCTION 10 TO 20 TONNES/ACRE/YEAR UNDER BAMBOO

CANOPY

Cost of production : Rs.2000/tonne Selling price: Rs.4000/tonne Profit : Rs.2000/tonne For 10 tonnes profit : Rs.20,000/year One acre of Bamboo : Rs.20000/year

plantation profit

Mushroom

Mushroom cultivation under Bamboo plantation (anticipated)

1 tonne per acre@ Rs.30 per kg Rs.30,000/acre income can be obtained.

Carbon Credit

@10 US $ per tonne of CO2 sequestered, 20 tonnes/acre 200 US $ could be sourced as Carbon Credit (approximately Rs.10,000/-)

Bamboo Fabric

Most comfortable to wear than cotton or polyester

Antibacterial, antifungal Absorbs twice the amount of moisture

than cotton Will not hold odour Fast dryingTwice the price of cotton. International Market for innerwear

Proposal

Under NADP scheme, if clusters with a

minimum of 10 acres with 1 Bore well is

allowed (at present a minimum of 50 acre

per cluster with 3 Borewells) 5 lakh acres

could be brought under Bamboo cultivation

very early.

Bamboo Propagules Flowers once in 30 to 40 years Hence only vegetative propalgation

possible T.N.F.D. has established experimental and

demonstration plots of selected varieties. Plots could be harvested immediately. Soil working fertilizer application Rooting of cuttings from the felled and new

culms that merge

Plots could be harvested immediately. Soil working fertilizer application Rooting of cuttings from the felled and new

culms that merge. Cost of production of rooted cuttings :

Rs.10/-

(Rs.20 to 30 in open market)

Restricted source: For 20 lakhs : Rs.2 crore 2010 : Rs.30 lakhs 2011 : Rs.170 lakhs

• 1 SHG = 1 Acre Bamboo plantation

• 1 SHG = 1 Cow

• 1 Cow = 10-11 Kg dung/day

1(cow dung) : 8(soil+litter) ratio – 4 tonnes of cow dung (365 days ) + 20 tonnes of Soillitter can yield 20 tonnes Vermicasting/acre/year.

Immediate Requirement

Identification of lands – 10,000 acres Selection of SHGs – 10,000 Nos.

(1 acre per SHG) Thornless bamboo propagule production

by TNFD – 15 lakhs. By TNPL – 10 lakhs. Cuttings can be airlifted from Assam,

Tripura and propagules could be produced by TNPL under their high-tech mist chamber conditions.

Total revenue for SHG per year

• Bamboo sale : Rs.30,000

• Vermicasting : Rs.20,000

• Mushroom : Rs.20,000

• Total : Rs.70,000/approx.

Fertile soils flourish civilizations

Depleted soils diminish civilizations

• Application of charcoal to agricultural crops reduced the use of chemical fertilisers by 1/20th, increases disease resistence of the plants.

Bamboo Biochar

• Water content of charcoal layer in the soil

was remarkably higher by 40% even in mid

summer compared with 5% in the outside

charcoal zone soil mass.

(Japan Biochar Association-JBA)

• Growing Trees and burying charcoal is the apt method of carbon sequestration.

• CARBON FARMING

to mitigate

GLOBAL WARMING

• In Japan, at least 100 thousand tonnes of

Biochar is applied to agricultural lands

annually. They contain 80% carbon and so 250

thousand tonnes of CO2 are shut in the soil and

locked without leakage.

-CARBON FARMING.

BIOCHAR

“There is one way we could save ourselves from global warming and that is through the massive burial of charcoal”.

BAMBOO BIO-REMEDIATION – MUNICIPALITIES EFFLUENT WATER

140 Municipalities in Tamilnadu over 1 lakh population.

80 litters of water used by an individual.

Effluent water discharged by 1 lakh people 80 lakh litters / day

200 bamboo / acre. 100 litters / Bamboo clump

400 acres of Bamboo plantations can be established. For 2 lakh population 800 acres. Yield – 15 tonnes / acre / year. Total 12000 tones / Year.

Per 1 MW power production 8000 tonnes are required.

10% to 15% activated charcoal or Biochar can be obtained.

SCHEME II

•tu¥nghu« ku« eLnth«tu¥nghF« Ja® j鮥ngh«

• Cogeneration of Wood and Food

• Trees to be planted on the Bunds of cultivated lands and inside in rows

Participants

• T.N.F.D.

• T.W.D.C.

• S.S.F.R.D.

• School Education Department

• Research Institute

• Tree growers Association

MODEL IOnly bund planting (4 acre plot)

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + +++++++++++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

++++++++

++++++++

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Model IIBund + ‘+’ model

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + ++++++++++

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +++

++++++++

++++++++

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +++

Only ‘+’ model (1 acre)

• Model-I : Only Bund/acre : 320 Nos.

• Model-II : Bund +, ‘+’ design : 400 Nos.

• Model-III: Only ‘+’ design : 80 Nos.

• Out of 125 lakh acres of cultivable lands, for growing 50 crore trees in 5 years, we need only 15 lakh acres.

• Income generated per year by the wood crop in the rural areas of TN will be a minimum of Rs.10,000 crores. This will be in addition to the income generated by the food crops.

kaya senegalensis

TNFD

Tamil Nadu Forest Department –Forest Extension Centre, Neyveli.

3 years old – 50 cm girth – 400 per acre

Melia dubia

Bund planting-Teak

Casuarina junghuniana Kapan kupan Indonesian provenance

Mist tent

Enhancing the Productive potential of the soils• Rhizosphere microflora• Rhizosphere microfauna• Identification, isolation, multiplication and

reinoculation into the eco-system.

 

Evolving appropriate package of practice for ameliorating the Hillocks and problem soils of the Forest Areas

-inoculation with Bio nutrients and Biofertilizers 

VAM production

VAM using Sand Medium

Production of Azolla for quality Vermicasting

Seedling grown in 10cm x 20cm size Poly bag

T1-

Control

T2

Ver - 5gms

VAM – 3 gms

Azos/Rhizo– 1gm

Phospho – 1 gm

T6-

DAP – 3gms

T3

Ver - 10gms

VAM – 5 gms

Azos/Rhizo– 2gm

Phospho – 2 gm

T4

Ver - 15gms

VAM – 7 gms

Azos/Rhizo– 3gm

Phospho – 3 gm

T5

Ver - 10gms

Production of Vermicasting

During, 1998-1999 six modern nurseries have been established by the Research wing. The nurseries produce Vermicasting, VAM (Vesicular Arbuscular mycorrhiza) and bacterial bio fertilizers

During the last few years more than 3000 tones of Vermicasting, 800 tones of VAM, 500 tones of Bio fertilizers produced and 5 crores tree seedlings raised by the Department inoculated with bio fertilizers and bio nutrients.

Role of Modern Nurseries in Rural Development

Modern Nursery, Thoppur

Vermicasting production for Tree farming – Employment generation

Neem 18 months old

without bio-fertilizer with bio-fertilizer

without bio-fertilizaer with bio-fertilizer

Harvestable Age

• 1. EUCALYPTUS CLONES 5 YEARS

• 2. CASUARINA CLONES 5 YEARS

• 3. TEAK 15 YEARS

• 4. MALAI VEMBU 6 YEARS

• 5. BAMBOO 4 YEARS

(every year harvesting)

• 6. KUMIL 10 YEARS

• 7. KADAMBA MARAM 10 YEARS

• 8. NEEM 10 YEARS

• 9. PUNGAN 5 YEARS

• (every year seed harvesting)

• 10. RED SANDERS 20 YEARS

SPECIES NO. OF SEEDLINGS TO BE RAISED PER

YEAR (in Lakhs)

HARVEST AGE TOTAL INCOME AT HARVEST AGE/TREE

(RS.)

AVERAGE INCOME PER YEAR PER TREE

EUCALYPTUS CLONES

345 6 YEARS 1200 200

CASUARINA CLONES

300 6 YEARS 1000 160

TEAK 10 15 YEARS 10000 660

MALAI VEMBU 02 6 YEARS 4000 640

BAMBOO 02 4 YEARS 1200 300

KUMIL 100 10 YEARS 8000 800

KADAMBA MARAM

100 10 YEARS 6000 600

NEEM 20 10 YEARS 2500 200

PUNGAN 10 5 YEARS 1000 200

ECONOMICS

Advantages

• COCONUT: Yields after 6th Year Net profit Rs. 100/Tree in 6th Year

Only expenditure till 6th year –100 litres water/Tree/Day

• TREES: One time harvest from 5 to 10 yearsRs.200 to Rs.300/Tree/Year generated.Rs.1200 to Rs.1800/Tree/6th Year harvest1/10th of water required than that of coconut.

Magalir Thittam(kfë® Â£l«)

• ‘Tamil Nadu Corporation for Development of Women’ has proposed formation of an

‘International Fund for Agriculture Development and Economic activities for

women’.

Proposed activities under IFAD

• On farm investment in soil reclamation and land levelling.

• Development of Agro and Social Forestry.

• 350 blocks – 10 crore seedling / year

• 1 Block – 3 lakh seedling

• Seedling raising TNFD

• Clones to be procured from TNPL.

• 1 SHGM – 1 FARMER - 1 SCHOOL CHILD.

• 5000 well performing SHGS to be selected

• 50,000 SHGM to be trained by TNFD – Research

and Extension Centres.

• Training in Bund Planting models and planting

techniques.

• 1 lakh Farmers

• 1 lakh SHGMs

• 1 lakh School Children

• 10 crore seedlings

• Simultaneous monsoon planting

• 50 days activities only for planting

BENEFITS

• Farmer: Quality seedling at subsidized price

• Planting cost reimbursed

• Market tie up.

• Ensuring enhanced income and therefore

profit.

• Maximum of 1000 seedlings per farmer as per scheme concessional cost to be supplied.

• Over and above, he can purchase more seedlings, if desired, at full cost (Rs.6.00) and undertake planting at his own cost.

Self-Help Group Member

Incentive for involvement

• Re.1 to be paid per established seedling.

• Re.1 per tree per year for ‘carbon credit’ (1 tree – 20 kg biomass per year)

School Children

• Involvement

• Appreciation

• Certificates of Merit

• Additional Marks

Technology support

• G.P.S. (Geographical Position System)

• G.I.S. (Geographical Information System)

• Digital Camera

• Head : FOREST

• Sub-Head : Increasing Tree cover

outside Forest areas.

• Allotted to : Tamil Nadu Water shed

Development Agency

• Programme : Waste Land Development

Programme

• Fund allotted : Rs.340 crores for 11th Plan

(Rs. 300 crore available)

FUND

50 crore trees, if thus planted in 5 years,

• Will support Rs.10,000 crore turnover per year as wood products.

• Contribution of Primary sector to economy ensured and enhanced.

• Could generate downstream employment to 50 lakh people.

• Direct income enhancement to 100 lakh people

• Totally 1.5 to 2 crore people in the rural area will be benefited.

• These 50 crore trees could earn Rs.500

crore/year as carbon credit apart from

their biomass sale profit.

FAST WOODS

BETTER THAN

FAST FOODS

Environmentally and Metabolically

Match splints

Requirement : 1 lakh tonne/month

(Melia dubia)

1 year old - @20 Tonnes/year – 60,000 Acres

1 tonne - Rs.3000/-

Total income : Rs.360 crore

This will increase Primary Sector GDP +2%

To make this happen, thrust needed in ensuring High yielding plant propagule production

availability at afforable price at appropriate time.

Institutions like TAFCORN (Tamilnadu Forest Development

Corporation and TNPL (Tamilnadu News Prints and Paper

Limited) have the technical skill, will and adequate further

infrastructural improvement will ensure the mandate.

Extension centres of Agri and Forest Departments could

impart training, demonstration of low cost technology.

Government should plan for promoting

establishment of wood based industries

like Veneer, MDF particle Board, Match

splint, Biomass powerplant etc., atleast

one per block to ensure a win-win.

Global Warming

STRATEGIES

Adoption Adjustment Action

(Proactive) (Reactive) (Active)

Why Green Energy?

N.L.C. Carbon emission Per day 70,000 tonnes of CO2 emitted during the production of 2460MW of electricity through lignite burning. 250 lakh tonnes per year. Total coal based power generation in Tamil Nadu 5430 MW. Around 500 lakh tonnes CO2 emitted into atmosphere per year in Tamil Nadu alone.

Clean Energy

MELIA DUBIA BASED BIOMASS GASSIFIER(electricity production)

Why energy?India

• Electricity demand and supply gap is more than 20%

• 10 out of 28 States on deficit.

• For commercial and industrial power use alone, so far, Rs.1 lakh crore have been spent on buying ‘Invertors’ in INDIA.

• This amount could be utilized to generate 20,000 to 30,000 MW power.

Melia dubia Biomass Gassifier

Electricity Production

1 MW production : 24 tonnes/dayFor 365 days : 8760 tonnes/years@ 50 tonnes per acre/year : 175 acres to be planted

Renewable ResourcesSource Cost

(Rs.)

Cost of prod. unit

Time Remarks

Solar 12 crores Rs.12 Day time,

non cloudy days

High cost. Technically not proven.

Wind 6 crores Seasonal Location specific

Atomic 11 crores 24 X 7 Huge water required. Waste disposal.

That too seasonal. Per year will be low. Dangerous. Cannot be regulated

Coal 5 to 6 crores

24 X 7 Polluting. Non-renewable. Depleting the capital. Going to be costly

Biomass 4.5 to 5 crores

Rs.2.5 to 3.00 24 X 7 Local availability of Raw material. Safe. Carbon neutral. Money pumpted into Rural Economy. Could be economical. Non stop.

Maharashtra to set up 3 Solar Power Plants(Business Line 21.05.11)

155 MW = Rs. 1,987 crores

Cost per MW = Rs.13 crores(Compare with Biomass which is only Rs.4.5 to 5 crores)

Cost of production per unit .. Rs.12 (Biomass fast wood cost of Production Rs.3.00 only)

Selling cost .. Rs. 17.90(As authorised by Maharashtra Electricity Reg. Commn.)

Technology .. Photovoltaic Technology

10 MW Biomass Electricity Generation

Cost: Rs.45 to 50 crores

Area: 4 to 5 Acres for Factory

2000 to 2500 Ac For Tree cultivation

Species: Melia dubia (Malaivembu)

Superior fast growing + tree clones.

Farmers: 500 – 5 Acre per farmerP.P.P.

Govt. : 25 crore(TNPL – EB)

Farmer: @ 3 lakhs/farmer : 15 croresGovt. of India subsidy: 5 crores.

Wood: * 300 tonnes/day * @ 50 tonnes/Acre(6 acres to be harvested every day)Period: 11/2 yearsClonal plants required: @ 2000/Acre =

40 lakhs clones (TNPL)

Income to Farmer:Rs.2500/ton for 30 ton= Rs.75,000/Acre

Income to Factory: Selling Price Rs.4.50/unitCost of production Rs.2.50/unitProfit Rs.2/unit

Total production per day : 2.4 lakhs unitProfit per day :Rs.4 lakhs(approx.)Each Farmer may get minimum Rs.1000/day from Factory as the share of the profit.

Projects – 2011-2012 (PPP model) Fastwood Power Generation 30 districts X10 MW= 300 MW

Fund Required:For 10 MW : Rs.45 crores500 Farmers: (Rs.3 lakhs each) 500 X 3 = Rs.15 croresT.N.P.L. Rs.10 croresT.N.E.B. Rs. 10 crores(IREDA) Bank loan Rs. 10 crores(Government of India subsidy after commissioning) Rs.25 lakh/MW

HIGH YIELDING CLONES

Only recently, very high yielding varieties of Melia dubia, capable of yielding 50 tonnes/acre/year have been evolved.

- TNFD – Research and Extension wing.

• By manipulating the environment and maintaining quality planting stock of clones of these species, it is possible to scale up the yield to 100 tonnes/acre/year, which can be world record.

- TNPL can enhance the clonal production through their high tech mini cutting macro propagation centres. 90% rooting without harmone have been achieved recently by TNPL in Melia dubia.

Date of Planting: Febraury 2008 20 Months old

50 kg per tree/50 tonnes/acre/year

TAMIL NADU – PROTEIN DEFICIENCY

• Per capita consumption

per day: 72 gms – 1956-57

42 gms – 1972-73

33 gms – 2006-07

13 gms – 2008-09

WHO’s recommendation : 80 gms/day

PROTEIN DEFICIENCY

Indigestion, fatigueness, physiological changes in skin

and hair texture, decline in immunity.

Growth of children and women specifically impaired.

All enzymes and hormones are protein based.

Absolute deficiency leads to excessive carbohydrate

uptake causing obesity, heart illness, diabetes etc.

PULSES PRODUCTIVITY IN TAMIL NADU (KG/HA)

Bengal gram Red gram Greengram Blackgram

Highest 1st Perambalur Theni Kanchi Trichy

991 1419 959 964

Lowest 30th Dharmapuri Karur Vellore ---

137 276 243 204

Promoting appropriate variety for the higher yielding areas and

reallocating varieties needed

PROTEIN (IN 100 GMS)

Protein Calorie

Rice 5 gms

Kambu 11.6gms

Beans 9 gms

Egg (Hen) 6 gms75 calorie

Egg (Duck) 15 gms 170 calorie

Cotton seed milk 20gms

Soyabean 22.3gms

Soyabean vegetable 18gms

Grams 20gms

PROTEIN (PER 100 GRAMS)

• Beans : 9 grams

• Peas : 7 grams

• Cabbage : 1 gram

• Carrot: 0.5 gram

• Cauliflower : 3 grams

• Mushroom : 2 grams

• Potato : 1.6 grams

• Sweet corn : 2.5 grams

• Tomato : 2 grams

- Public should be made aware

- Cultivations have to be focused

REDGRAM (Thuvari)

• 22% Protein and 10% fat

• 5 times more Vitamin A

• 3 times more Vitamin C

• Present Redgram production in TN 2009-10 is 27,760

tonnes.

• Overall pulses production is 2,72,540 tonnes

PROJECTED DEMAND, PRODUCTION AND DEFICIT OF FOODGRAINS FOR 2010, 2015 - TAMIL NADU

Food grains

2010 (Lakh tonnes)

2015(Lakh tonnes)

Demand Production Deficit Demand Expected Production

Deficit

Cereals 97.65 81.56 -16.09 101.02 79.11 -21.91

Pulses 21.97 2.72 -19.25 22.73 2.66 -20.07

TOTAL 119.62 84.28 -35.34 123.75 81.76 -41.98

Good rains – Food grains

MILKINDIA - 1st in cattle population in the world.

Highest producer of Milk Productivity of animal low. Only 987 kg/lactation against 2038 kg/lactation of world

average

- Milk Production can be increased by 20 to 30% by improved feeding alone.

- Expanding wasted lands-fallow lands to be converted to 100 Acre farms, fortified with Native Fodder species, native cattle.

PERFECTIONis a

MOVING TARGET

Every space in the world has a thing.

Every thing in the world has a place

The almighty had placed everything in this world in its

place. We, humans, have displaced them, for our ‘civilised living’, without realising that the displaced material are the causes

of pollution.

Affluent Society becomes

Effluent Society

We should be a part of solutionNot a part for the problem of pollution.

POSSIBILITIES OF MITIGATING

POLLUTION CAUSED BY THE

TEXTILE DYE AND LEATHER

INDUSTRIES IN TAMIL NADU.

TIRUPUR – TEXTILE TOWN

Knitting and stitching units : 4500Dyeing and/or bleaching units : 750Printing Units : 300Embroidery Units : 100Other (Compacting, Raising Calendering) : 200

Because of the dyeing units, all the other activity based industries are affected.

View of Noyyal River at Kasipalayam

TIRUPUR DYEING INDUSTRY IS A DYING INDUSTRY

STAGNATION OF INDUSTRIES

STAGNATION OF AGRICULTURE

MAIN FACTOR – SODIUM CHLORIDE ( Nacl)

1 lakh Tonnes / year.

85% H2O Recovered by R.O.

15% EFFLUENT 20,000 TDS

2,000 TDS allowed

Tiruppur – Nacl usage

Change over fromNacl to Potassium sulphate

•K– imparts drought tolerance

- increases dry matter production

- increases retention of water and hence salt tolerance.

- Reduces toxicity of Na salts by replacing its place in plants.•Sulphur – has recently been included as one of the macronutrient

•Increase disease resistance.

BACKGROUND• Due to severe environmental problems,

textile industry in Tiruppur, Erode and Karur districts are closed on HC directive

• On the initiative by the Planning Commision (Dr. Kumaravelu, IFS (Retd.) Permanent Member, Planning Commission) IIT Madras has undertaken research studies to standardize natural evaporation systems.

• Such systems will be highly economical, easy to operate, use renewable sources, and more sustainable compared to presently employed mechanical evaporators

Graduation Tower, Germany

Demonstration Plant, Erode

PROJECT OBJECTIVE

OBJECTIVETo optimize the design of a natural evaporator in order to make it a viable alternative to conventional evaporators for further concentrating RO rejects from the dyeing and textile industry.

• SCOPE• Experimental studies on model evaporators to

optimize the design (Thickness, Type of packing media , Packing density; Flow rate of effluent ;Distribution system)

• Modeling of process in a natural evaporator to help scaling to field scale natural evaporators

• Design a solar heat exchanger for preheating the RO reject to increase the effectiveness of natural evaporator

• (To be completed by November, 2011)

Proposed Expt. Setup

Experimental set-up-IIT M

NATURAL DYES

Herbal dyes

All colours, Blue, Red, Yellow,Orange.

Less costly only sustained supply of superior quality to be ensured.

Out of 52 dye yielding plants 3 have been chosen

Indigofera tinctoria

Morinda tinctoria

Rubia cordifolia

BIOREMEDIATION

Phytoremediation – is the use of green plants to extract,sequester and detoxify the pollutants.

Cheap and ecofriendly alternative.

Root hairs in the fibrous root system results in simultaneous removal of toxins of heavy metals and phenols and remediate the soil effectively.

                                                    

          

Indigofera tinctoria  

Seeds

Rubia cordifolia

Morinda tinctoria

Phytoremediation

Phytoremidation was carried out at Kasipalayam to study

the ability of species to mitigate the pollution caused by

chemical dyes.

32 Species were planted in the polluted soil 11 species are

found performing very well.

Polluted soil reclamation

Model - I 25 TO 50 Acres

Land preparation

Saucer formation

Ploughing and sowing (Indigo seeds)

Salt tolerance Casuarina parameter bund planting

'

Mist tent

Economics1. Indigo – 50 Kg/Acre/Year @ Rs.1000/Kg. .. Rs.50,000

2. Fast woods – 10 ton/Acre/Year @ Rs.2500/Kg. .. Rs.25,000

-------------

Total Rs.75,000

Less cost of investment and mainteance etc. Rs. 25,000

-------------

Rs.50,000

-------------

* At present the farmers of the effluent affected soils get only less than Rs.3000/year

NATURAL DYES

To ensure cleaner environment and enhanced income to farmers and

garment manufactures, Govt. should promote the use of Natural

dyes. Newer technologies in the use of these dyes have resulted in the

promotion of “No Pollution Natural dyeing systems”.

At present, they are facing difficulties in obtaining permission. A

working group may be formed to study this and find out ways to be

proactive and facilitating.

Model – II 25 Acrs

Saucer - planting with Thornless Bamboo

Bambusa vulgaris

B.nutants

B.balcooa

B.tulda

Under and inter planting of Indigofera ,Rubia

Bambusa nutansBambusa nutans

4 years old – Average 46 culms per clump 4 years old – Average 46 culms per clump Neyveli Forest Research CentreNeyveli Forest Research Centre

1000 litres of water is impounded per Saucer for 2” rainfall

EUCALYPTUS TERITICORNIS IN SAUCER TECNIQUE

YIELD 50% MORE THAN CONVENTIONAL PLANTING

PLANTING ALONG THE PERIPHERY

3m

Saucer Pits - I

Model IIISaucer

Morinda tinctoria - Ring around saucer (Roots )

Indigo

Income of Rs. 30,000 to 40,000/ Acre/ year could be ensured.

Presently income less than Rs.3000/Acre/ year

ERODE - KALINGARAYAN CANAL – 740 YEARS OLD

Tannery and dye effluents Command area : 15,000 acresActual : about 20,000 acresPollution affected : about 5000 acresPollution due to Salts.Colour due to Dyes.Maximum damage due to Salt

Kalingarayan CanalCasuarina equisitifolia

• Mongeral population .. 10 yrs./31/2 years old

• Yield : 35 tonnes/acre• 10 tonnes/acre/year• Income : Rs.20,000/acre/year• @ Rs.2000 per tonne TNPL had purchased.

TISSUE CULTURE LAB

AT

STATE FORESTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Drought tolerant Trangenic Plants

RECLAMATION OF TANNERY EFFLUENT SOIL

Convergent technology Application of

Bio-nutrient and Bio-Fertilizer

Biochar

Pressmud, Spentwash

Saucer

Cocktail of Chrome resistant Cr VI to Cr III converting

Bacteria like., Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas etc.,

Vermiculture

NATURAL REGENERATION SEEN

Leucaena leucocephala (Subabul)

Morinda tinctoria (Dye plant)

Ficus religiosa

Inga dulce (Kodukkapuli)

Eastern ghats

Rain water harvesting

Saucer : 284 Sq.km 100mts within RF boundary (70000 acres) 10 lakh litter /acre/year /rainwater 7000 crore litter rainwater harvesting

Trench : 5000 crore litter water

Total : 12000 crore rainwater can be harvested

about 3 to 4 lakh acres of Agricultural lands adjoining RF can be irrigated suggested crop.

Suggested crop: Redgram, Kambu, Beans.

Fertile soils flourish civilizations

Depleted soils diminish civilizations

•CARBON FOOT PRINT

•WATER FOOT PRINT.

Sand dune afforestation

DRINKING WATER – NEEDS RELOOK AT

Presently

Chlorination

Suggestion

U.V. treatment

Rapid evaluation test at kitchen tap point for

E. coli contamination.

Water Contamination- Bacteriological Source• Contamination of Water Originates from the

Feces of Human, Animals and Birds• Discharge of Domestic Sewage,• Rotten Food Materials and Vegetation • Septic Tanks and Open Defecation in Sandy

Soils• Discharge of Industrial Effluents.

Health Effects• Cholera - Vibrio Cholerae Bacteria - Gastro-

Intestinal often Waterborne• Botulism - Clostridium Botulinum Bacteria –

Gastrointestinal Food/Water Borne; can Grow in

Food• Typhoid - Salmonella Typhi Bacteria - Gastro-

Intestinal Water/Food Borne• Dysentery - Shigella/Salmonella Bacteria –

Gastrointestinal Food/Water

Feces of human Domestic WW Discharge

Easy to Test Field Kits for Bacteriological Quality

1. H2S strip Bottles: Developed by DRDO and modified by IIT Kanpur

2. Only a qualitative test3. Suitable for Screening Level Studies4. Working on the principles of sulfate

reduction by sulfur reducing bacteria (SRB)5. SRBs are generally find along with Fecal

Coliforms6. Test gives an accuracy within 2-4% error.7. Chances of getting false positives a re higher

than false negatives. Hence, safe8. Easy to use, simple and inexpensive9. Experiences showed that by creating

awareness among the end users, water quality van be improved significantly

10. This has direct impact on public health

a b

c

a-unused bottleb- bacterialogically safec- bacterialogically unsafe

UNICEF training program for village volunteers

Rapid Evaluation of the presence of Coliform Bacteria, and E.Coli from the House taps supplying

drinking water.Time: 2 days

Cost: Rs.2/HouseSamples from House Tap/Tanks

Use of UV for Municipal Water DisinfectionBusselton, Western Australia

1. Installation cost only 2.2 times more than Chlorination system.2. Operational cost 25% less than that of Chlorination.

UV instead of chlorine

Berson UV disinfection system installed – Caribbean Island

UV disinfection system at Aruba- Netherlands, a forefront model of UV technology for Municipal applications globally.

To Drink Without Risk: The Use of Ultraviolet Light to Disinfect Drinking Water in Developing CountriesAshok J. Gadgil (510) 486-4651e-mail: ajgadgil@lbl.govLeslie J. Shown (510) 486-4393e-mail: ljshown@lbl.govCenter for Building ScienceLawrence Berkeley LaboratoryMailstop 90-30581 Cyclotron RoadBerkeley, CA, 94720February 1, 1995

Introduction

Waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, gastroenteritis, dysentery, and infectious hepatitis kill more than 400 developing-world children every hour, and result in the loss of billions of hours of worker productivity each year. Home-delivered, municipal, tap water is uncommon in developing countries, and two out of three people in the world must fetch water from outside their homes. In India, water purity issues are particularly important during the monsoon season when heavy rainfall washes raw sewage and other contaminated material from the fields into the wells and surface water.

To address this significant public health problem, there is an effort underway at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) to introduce a water disinfection system using ultraviolet light to rural villages in India. The goal of this project is to design and field-test a water disinfection device for developing countries that is durable, easy to use, inexpensive, and can be constructed and maintained locally.

The Cost of Ultraviolet DisinfectionThe project team believes that the introduction of ultraviolet water disinfection systems to Indian villages can, at a very low cost, greatly reduce health problems associated with contaminated drinking water. The technology is potentially available to a large portion of the Indian population because so much of rural India has access to electricity. Approximately 70% of the Indian population is rural and about 80% of villages are connected to the electrical grid. Although the majority of houses in electrified villages are not directly connected, there is a central point in all electrified villages from which a community-owned water disinfection system could be powered.2

The estimated one-time capital cost of an ultraviolet system is $500, including valve, fittings, and labor. The life of the stainless-steel chamber is expected to be approximately 40 years; the UV lamp requires replacement annually. At 12% discount rate, the annualized capital cost of the UV system is approximately $60 per year. Assuming that the system is operational for 12 hours per day, and that the price of electricity is 8 cents/kWh, the annual operating cost of a UV system is approximately $44 (including the replacement UV lamp and the cost of electricity). Thus, the total annual cost is approximately $104. It is assumed that the villagers provide their own storage tanks and sand filter; the raw materials for these components are readily available and inexpensive. These are not included in the present cost calculations.

Operating for 12 hours per day, the system will disinfect 7884 tonnes (7.9 million liters) of water annually. The cost of disinfecting water is thus about I per ton. Based on a per capita drinking water requirement of 10 liters per day, a single system can provide enough water for approximately 2200 villagers. Accordingly, a UV system could ensure potable water year-round for a community of 2200 people at a cost of about 5 cents per villager per year.

Other Implementable Projects proposed

Indigenous Fodder speciesBanks

* Unknown * Underexploited * Underevaluated

* Unidentifiednative fodder species that are found in Natural Forests have to be collected,

selected and domesticated (Penning of Goat)

Aromatic Sandal Nucleus Seed Plots..

• 79 + trees (maximum scented heartwood trees)

• Grafts in 100 Centres of 50ha each (Eastern ghats)

• Fruit trees, Perch Trees

• Cascading Effect

• Will result in enhancement of population of heartwood scented trees and reduction of scentless non-aromatic sapwood trees.

Irrigated Sandal Plantations

• On the banks of all the River Padugais of Tamil Nadu rivers.

• 100 ha. Each

• Total 10,000 ha.

• 10,000 Crores after 15 years

Recapitulating

1. Natural Resources of Tamil Nadu.2. Water – quantity and quality.3. Nutritional deficiency – population.4. Pressure on Primary sector.5. Global warming – carbon farming.6. Cogeneration of Food and Wood.7. Fast wood power.8. Wastelands and wasted lands resurrection.9. Solutions to Pollutions.

Thank you