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NATURALISM

Philosophical position adopted by naturalists,approach philosophy from purely scientificpoint of view.

Nature alone represents the entire reality.

Nothing beyond/behind and other thannature.

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Definition

It is a doctrine that seperates nature fromGod, subordinates spirit to matter and sets upunchangeable laws as supreme James Ward

This philosophy is exclusion of whatever isspiritual.

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Meaning

It is a doctrine that separates nature fromGod, subordinates spirit to matter and setupunchangeable laws as supreme.

Acc to it, human life is a part of nature,.

Emphasising on matter and physical world

Doesnot believe in spirituality andsupernaturalism.

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Forms of Naturalism

Three distinct forms: Physical Naturalism: Nature is reality, human

life is wholly controlled and influenced by the

eternal laws of nature, and it governs thehuman life, since it is moulded by naturallaws.

Reality doesnot exist with in the individual,

rather outside him, in natural universe. Human life is moulded and controlled by

external nature.

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Mechanical Naturalism

There is no spirit or soul, only matter iseverything.

Man is a matter made up of atoms, empty

space and motion. Regards man is merely a machine, goverened

by mechanical laws.

This form aims at training man as a gudmachine and keeping it in good workingcondition.

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Biological Naturalism

Mans natural emotional and temperament

are the real springs of his behavior.

If behavior is according to our instincts, wefeel happy, if not we feel unhappy anddisappointed.

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Contd

Naturalism gives maximum freedom and

central position to child. Words in Naturalism are: Back to nature,

maximum happiness, utmost freedom tochildren.

Instincts are basis of education and sensesare the gate ways of knowledge.

Naturalism believes that education should

according to nature of child, it advocatescreation of conditions in which the naturaldevelopment of the child can take place innatural way.

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Contd

Textbooks, timetable, syllabus and eventeachers are not so important as the child,who is to be taught.

According to Rousseau, there are threesources of education i.e.

Nature

Man and

Things

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Naturalism and Educational

Process

Education must confirm to the naturalprocess of growth and mental development.

Pupil will be given freedom to determine theform of the learning process.

Education should be a pleasurable activity forchildren.

Acquisition of knowledge is an importantaspect of education related to body andmind.

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Contd

Punishment should be based onconsequenses of wrong deeds, but withsympathy its frequency will be reduced.

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Naturalism and Aims of

Education

Self realization

Self expression

Self preservation

Habits formation related to action andthought

Cultivation of self restraint and sense of value Pleasure and pain are instincts of man are

real guiding forces.

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Contd

To make the child to adjust to environment

Equip the individual to struggle for existence

Evolution of better humanity through thetransmission of not only physical traits, butalso for the cultural ones.

Education of the man as the back of Gods

creation.

Education is universal spirit, according tonature of child.

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Contd

Development of individuality

Struggle for existence and survival of the

fittest Education should be acc to the nature of child

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Naturalism and Curriculum

No fixed curriculum Every child is given the right to develop his

own curriculum

Child is expected to learn directly from naturethrough personal experiences

Naturalists give promonince to subjects like

gardening, agriculture, botany etc The subjects should be correlated with the

play activity of the child