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2371-9
Advanced Workshop on Energy Transport in Low-Dimensional Systems: Achievements and Mysteries
Ali SHAKOURI
15 - 24 October 2012
Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University West Lafayette
U.S.A.
Nanostructured Materials for Thermoelectric Energy Conversion
N t t d t i l fNanostructured materials for thermoelectric energythermoelectric energy
conversion
DOE/EFRC (CEEM Center), DARPA, ONR, AFOSR, NSF, SRC-IFC, CEA, Intel, Wyle Lab
CO2 Emission Goals (2000-2100)
IPCC
World Energy Use in 2005 (15TW)
E S
Nuclear 6%
Renewables, 6%
Energy Sources
Biomass, 11%
Nuclear, 6%
Gas, 20%
Coal, 27%
Oil, 32%
Energy
P l ti (billi )Population (billions)
Individual Emissions (2030)
Direct Conversion of Heat into ElectricityDirect Conversion of Heat into Electricity
ElectricalHot Cold
TVS
Seebeck coefficient(1821)
V~ S T
Electrical ConductorT(1821)
2
V~ S T
2
2
kSZ Rload = RTE internal
)()()( 2
tyconductivithermaltyconductivielectricalSeebeckZ
PeltierPeltier Effect (1834)Effect (1834)
bb b
Qa
ba
ab a b I
S TdSdT T
Commercial TE Module
Thermoelectric EffectsThermoelectric Effects
SVT
ab
aT
ab a b
QI
S TdSa
baI dS
dT T
Q b
I T
Power Generation Efficiencies
K. Yazawa and A. Shakouri, J. Appl. Phys. 111, 024509 (2012)
C. Vining, “Th“Thermo-electric Process”, MRS Spring p g1997 (Vol. 478, p.3)
Efficiency at maximum output power
+= 1 – 2Ta/(Ts+Ta)
ncy -= Carnot /2
aT1
Eff
icie
n
s
a
T1limit
E
T /TTa/TsK. Yazawa and A. Shakouri, J. Appl. Phys. 111, 024509 (2012)
Carnot Cycle (reversible)
Heat In
Heat OutHeat Out
Curzon-Ahlborn Limit
Am. J. Phys4343
aT1s
a
T1limit
Cronin Vining, ZT Services
Hot Shoe (Mo-Si)
B-doped Si0.78Ge0.22
P-doped Si0.78Ge0.22
B-doped Si0.63Ge0.36
P-doped Si0.63Ge0.36
Cold Shoe
n-type legp-type leg
Cronin Vining, ZT Services
Typical Distributed Feedback Laser:/ T= 0.1 nm/oC
Heat generation kW/cm2Heat generation kW/cm2
Cronin Vining, ZT Services
Thermoelectric FigureThermoelectric Figure--ofof--Merit (Z)Merit (Z)
SS2
E
Microscopic Origin of Thermoelectric Cooling
E E
Material (b)
E
Material (a)
Cooling at the Junction within electron energy
Fermi
gyrelaxation length
STFermi Energy
Thermal Nanosystems andNanosystems and
Nanomaterials
’(E)(E)Differential Conductivity
Intuitive Picture
EnergyEnergy
Ef
f(E) v(E) (E)n(E) (E)( ) ( )n(E) ( )
(E)dE
1 (E)(E E )dE
(E) 2 (E) 2(E) (E)(feq )
S1eT
(E)(E EF)dE
(E)dEE Ef
vx
n
feq
(E) e2 (E)v x2(E)n (E)(
feq
E)
Low Dimensional Low Dimensional ThermoelectricsThermoelectrics
2D
Energy
1D
0D
Density-of-States
Calculated ZT of Bi quantum well and quantum wire
Dresselhaus, MS; Dresselhaus, G; Sun, X; Zhang, Z; Cronin, SB; Koga, T;Dresselhaus, MS; Dresselhaus, G; Sun, X; Zhang, Z; Cronin, SB; Koga, T; Ying, JY; Chen, G; Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, 1999,V3:89-100.
Science 303
T. C. Harman (2002) and R. Venkatasubramanian (2001)T. C. Harman (2002) and R. Venkatasubramanian (2001)
Vineis et al Advanced
PbTe/PbTeSe Quantum DotSuperlattices
Vineis et al Advanced Materials
p
Quaternary: ZT=2T=43.7 K
T=32.2 K, ZT ~2-2.4T.C. Harman, Science, 2002
,R. Venkatasubramanian, Nature, 2001
Nanostructure BulkPbTe/PbSeTe Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3 Superlattice Bulk
Power Factor ( W/cmK2) 25.5 28 40 50.9Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) 0.5 2.0 0.5 1.26
(From M. S. Dresselhaus, Rohsenow Symposium, 2003)
N tNature
Seebeck –Conductivity Trade off
EEbarrier
Deg Semiconductor/Metal + Energy Filter (Thermionic emission)Deg. Semiconductor/Metal + Energy Filter (Thermionic emission)
A. Shakouri, “TE, thermionic and thermophotovolt. energy conversion”, ICT 2005
Thermionic Energy Conversion CenterAssume: lattice=1W/mK, mobility ~10 cm2/Vs
Engineering current and heat flow in
Non-conserved
Assume: lattice 1W/mK, mobility 10 cm /Vs
Metal/Semiconductor Nanostructure
metal/semiconductor nanostructures
T
(Eb
arrier -
Non-conservedNanostructure
Goal: efficiency > 20-30% (ZT>2.5)
ZT -E
f ) / kB T
UCSCBerkeley
T
ConservedPlanar BarrierD. Vashaee, A. Shakouri, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2004
BSST Inc.Delaware
Fermi Energy (eV)
Harvard MIT
ONR (2003-2010), DARPA (2008-2012)
Harvard MITPurdue UCSB
Metal/ Semiconductor Multilayers for TEs
Purdue
HAADF STEM
In,GaAsEr
11nm
L d Sh t W l th Ph S tt i
Beating the Alloy Limit in Thermal Conductivity
Long and Short Wavelength Phonon ScatteringThermal Conductivity Reduction
6
3
0
W. Kim, J. Zide et al. Physical
Review Letters 2006
0 200 400 600 8000 2006
kkk
cycycyF
req
uen
Fre
qu
enF
req
uen
a
kWavevector a
kWavevector a
kWavevectorNanoparticle aaa
W. Kim, et al. Physical Review Letters 2006
Zide et al. J. of Applied Physics (2010); Burke, Bahk, et al. to be published (2012)
CrossCross--plane and inplane and in--plane plane SeebeckSeebeck in thick in thick barrier barrier superlatticessuperlattices InGaAs:ErAsInGaAs:ErAs//InGaAlAsInGaAlAs
Cross plane
Al
Cross-plane (with filtering)
In-plane
Zide et al, PRB 74, 205335, 2006
Solar Cells
AADOE/EFRC CEEM Center
AE
Substrates
ElectrodesThermoelectric
Leg thickness
ThermoelectricModule
NP
current
Cold sideHeat exchanger
Coolant
g
Components of TE system (cost per unit area)
DOE/EFRC CEEM CenterDOE/EFRC CEEM Centerer
ou
tpu
t p
er p
ow
e[$
/W]
eria
l co
st [
Uh
Mat
e
Yazawa & Shakouri; Journal of Material Research 2012
Uc Uc/UhZT
ncy
k
ncy
k
ncy
k
Fre
qu
eF
req
ue
Fre
qu
e
a
kWavevector a
kWavevector a
kWavevector
Natalio Mingo ,
Frequency-Dependent Thermal Conductivity
Th l i d h12kl fThermal penetration depth 2 ml f
C
measurementsmeasurements
SAMPLE THICKNESS (UDEL)
SAMPLE THICKNESS (UCSB)( )
FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
InGaAsm
K)
0.3%ErAsity (W
/m
0.3%ErAs
ondu
ctiv
i
1.8%ErAs
herm
al C
oTh
Frequency (MHz)Gilles Pernot, H. Lu, P. Burke et al., MRS 2012
C. Jeong and M. LundstromLundstrom (Purdue)
Annual Review of Materials Research,
AcknowledgementResearch Professors: Zhixi Bian Kaz YazawaResearch Professors: Zhixi Bian, Kaz Yazawa
Postdocs/Graduate Students: Kerry Maize, Hiro Onishi, Tela Favaloro, Phil Jackson, Oxana Pantchenko, Amirkoushyar Ziabari, Bjorn V h J H B hk Y R i K hVermeersch, Je-Hyeong Bahk, Yee Rui Koh
Collaborators: John Bowers, Art Gossard (UCSB), Tim Sands, Yue Wu (Purdue), Rajeev Ram (MIT), Venky Narayanamurti (Harvard), Arun ( ), j ( ), y y ( ),Majumdar (Berkeley/ARPA-E), Josh Zide (Delaware), Lon Bell (BSST), Yogi Joshi, Andrei Federov (Georgia Tech), Kevin Pipe (Michigan), Stefan Dilhaire (Bordeaux), Natalio Mingo (CEA), Mike Isaacson, Sriram Shastry, Joel Kubby, Ronnie Lipschutz, Melanie Dupuis, Ben Crow, Steve Kang (UCSC), Bryan Jenkins, Susan Kauzlarich (Davis)
Alumni: Younes Ezzahri (Prof. Univ. Poitier), Daryoosh Vashaee (Prof. ( ), y (Oklahoma State), Zhixi Bian (Adj. Prof. UCSC), Mona Zebarjadi (Prof. Rutgers), Yan Zhang (Tessera), Rajeev Singh (PV Evolutions), James Christofferson (Microsanj), Kazuhiko Fukutani (Canon), Je-Hyoung Park (Samsung) , Javad Shabani (postdoc, Harvard), Xi Wang (InterSil), Helene Michel (CEA), Gilles Pernot (Bordeaux), Ramin Sadeghian (H2scan), Shila Alavi (UCSC ASL), Tammy Humphrey, David Hauser