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tIc-f-]-T\wþ B[p-\n-I-tI-cfw
BA MALAYALAM
IV Semester
COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
(CUCBCSS)
2014 Admission onwards
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
Calicut University PO, Malappuram, Kerala, India 673 635
1008
School of Distance Education
tIc-f-]-T\w þ B[p-\n-I-tI-cfw Page 2
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
STUDY MATERIAL
BA MALAYALAM
IV Semester
COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
tIc-f-]-T\w þ B[p-\n-I-tI-cfwPrepared by:
äntPm tXmakvAkn. s{]m^kÀ, (F-^v.Un.-]n.)tZh-amXm tImtfPv Ipd-hn-e-§mSv.
Lay out:Computer Section, SDE
©Reserved
School of Distance Education
tIc-f-]-T\w þ B[p-\n-I-tI-cfw Page 3
Df-f-S¡w t]Pv \¼À
samUyqÄ þ 1 5------------- þ 20
samUyqÄ þ 2 21----- þ 26
samUyqÄ þ 3 27- þ 43
samUyqÄ þ 4 44 þ 73
School of Distance Education
tIc-f-]-T\w þ B[p-\n-I-tI-cfw Page 4
School of Distance Education
tIc-f-]-T\w þ B[p-\n-I-tI-cfw Page 5
samUyqÄ þ 1tIc-fob \thm-°m\w þ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI-c-W-{]-Øm-\-§Ä
Ccp-]Xmw iX-I-¯nsâ {]mcw-̀ -Z-i-I-§-fn tIc-f-̄ n kpi-à-amb kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-c-W-{]-Øm-\-§Ä Bcw-̀ n-̈ p. Ah-bpsS kzm[o-\-iàn khÀW-ln-µp-¡-sfbpw_m[n-¡m-Xn-cp-¶n-Ã. {_mÒ-Wcpw £{Xn-bcpw DÄs¸-sS-bpÅ DbÀ¶ lnµp-¡Ä t]mepw Cu{]Øm-\-§-fpsS AWn-bn s]Sp-Ibpw auen-I-amb kmaq-ln-I-]-cn-jvIm-c-§Ä¡p-thn hmZn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. cma-Ir-jvW-an-j³, {_Ò-hn-Zym-kw-Lw, Bcy-k-amPw apX-emb kwL-S-\-I-fpsSt\Xr-Xz-̄ n iàn-bmÀÖn-̈ p-h¶ AJn-e-̀ m-cX lnµp-a-X-]-cn-jvI-c-W-{]-Øm-\-§Ä PmXn-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯nsâ tZmj-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v tIc-fo-b-ln-µp-¡-sfbpw t_m[-hm-·m-cm-¡n. CXnsâ Ae-sbm-en-IÄ tIc-f-̄ nepw {]I-S-am-bn. N«-¼n-kzm-an-I-fp-sSbpw {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-sâbpw t\Xr-Xz-¯n tIc-f-̄ nÂXs¶ cq]w-sIm ]cn-jvI-c-W-{]-Øm-\§Ä¡v s]mXp-Po-hn-X-¯n-t·Âhenb kzm[o-\-iàn sNep-̄ m³ km[n-̈ p. \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-̄ nse A\m-Nm-c-§Äs¡-Xn-cmbn tbmK-t£-a-k-̀ bpw \mbÀk-ap-Zm-b-̄ nsâ D¶-a-\-¯n-\mbn F³.-F-kv.Fkpw cq]-h-Xv¡-cn-¡-s¸-«Xpw C¯-c-samcp \thm-°m-\-L-«-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. A¿³Im-fn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯n Abn-
-̄¯n-s\-Xn-cmbn km[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e\ kwLhpw PmXn-\-io-I-cWw F¶ e£yw ap³\nÀ¯nktlm-Z-c³ A¿-̧ sâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n ktlm-Z-c-kw-Lhpw cq]-h-Xv¡-cn-¡-s¸-«p.
tIc-f-̄ n kmaq-ln-I-]-cn-jvI-cW-{]-Øm\w lnµp-k-ap-Zm-b-¯n am{Xw HXp-§n-\n-¶n-Ã.apÉo-§Ä¡n-S-bnse kmaq-ln-I-]-cn-jvIÀ¯m-¡-fm-bn-cp¶ h¡w A_vZpÄJm-ZÀ aue-hn, aàn-X-§Ä XpS-§n-b-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯n apÉow kap-Zmb ]ptcm-K-Xn-¡mbpw \nc-h[n {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S-¶p.
aX-̄ nse AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-sfbpw kap-Zm-b-¯nse A\m-Nm-c-§-sfbpw aX-]-c-amb AÔ-X-I-sfbpw D¨m-S\w sN¿m³ t\XrXzw \evInb kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvIÀ¯m-¡-fm-bn-cp¶p hmKv`-Sm-\-µ-³, hn.-Sn.`«-Xn-cn-̧ mSv, Ipam-c-Kpcp XpS-§n-b-hÀ. Ch-cp-sS-sbms¡ {]hÀ¯-\- -̂e-am-bn, tIcfw]pXn-sbmcp Pohn-X-{I-a-¯n-te¡p ]dn-̈ p-\-S-s¸-«p. tIc-f-̄ n-ep-mb Cu kmaq-lnI \thm-°m-\-¯n\v t\XrXzw \evInb al-Xv hy-àn-I-sfbpw kwL-S-\-I-sfbpw Cu bqWn-än hni-Z-ambn{]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p.
tbmK-t£a k` (1908)
\¼q-Xncn kap-Zmbt£aw e£y-am¡n cq]wsIm kwL-S-\-bmWv tbmK-t£a k`.PmXn sImpw `q{]-̀ pXzw sImpw Gähpw DbÀ¶ hn`mK-am-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw \nc-h[n A\m-Nm-c-§fpw A]-cn-jvIr-XXzhpw \¼q--Xncn k-ap-Zmb¯n \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. IpSpw_ L-S-\-bm-bn-cp-¶pCu kap-Zm-b-̄ nsâ Zpc-h-Øbv¡v {][m\ Imc-Ww. IpSpw-_-¯n aq -̄bmÄ¡v am{Xw kzPm-Xn-bn thfn; tij-ap-Å-hÀ¡v aäp khÀ® kap-Zm-b-¯nse kv{XoI-fp-ambn kw_Ôw CXm-bn-cp¶p kap-Zm-bm-Nm-cw. thfn-¡-[n-Im-c-apÅ \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cpsS F®w Ipd-bp-Ibpw I\y-I-am-cpsSF®w Gdp-Ibpw sNbvX-t¸mÄ aq¯ \¼q-Xncn ]ns¶bpw ]ns¶bpw th«p. Fgp-]XpIgnªhr²sâ A©m-a-s¯tbm Bdm-a-s¯tbm thfn-bpsS {]mbw ]Xn-\mtem ]Xn-\t©m Bbn-cn-¡pw. hnhmlw Ignªv `À¯m-hnsâ Cïp sN¶m \mep-sI-«n-\p-Ån k]Xv\o Ie-lhpwkm[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cfw {]mb-̄ n-epÅ thfn-amÀ¡v `À¯mhv sImSp¯v t]mbXv ]e-t¸mgpwssh[hyw am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. C -̄c-̄ n hnhm-ln-I-X-cm-Im¯ I\yI-amcpw hnhmlw Ignª
School of Distance Education
tIc-f-]-T\w þ B[p-\n-I-tI-cfw Page 6
kpaw-K-en-Ifpw hnhm-l-tijw ssh[hyw am{Xw e`n-̈ -hcpw Cu kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ Zpc´Nn{X-§Äam{X-am-bn-cp-¶p.
\¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯nse ]pcp-j-·m-cpsS Ah-Øbpw Zp-c-́ -abam-bn-cp-¶p.
aq¯ tPyjvT-\m-bn-cp¶p IpSpw-_-¯nsâ A[n-Im-cn, IpSpw-_-kz¯pw AbmÄ¡v am-{X-am-Wv.
A\p-P-·mÀ¡v (A-]v^-·mÀ¡v) Cïv bmsXmcp Øm\-hp-an-Ã. kw_\v[w aqew A\yPmXn
kv{XoI-fn-ep-m-Ip¶ Ip«nIsf a¡-fmbn ImWm-\pÅ Ah-Im-i-tam, a¡Ä¡v AÑs\ A§s\
hnfn-¡m-\pÅ Ah-Im-itam CÃm-bn-cp¶p. A]v^³ \-¼q-Xn-cnsb kw_Ôn¨nS-t¯mfw AbmÄ
XoÀ¯pw A\m-Y-\mbn amdp¶ Ah-Ø-bmWv kzk-ap-Zm-b-̄ n \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. ""\¼q-Xncn
kap-Zm-b-¯nse ]mXn-bn-e-[nIw kv{XoIÄ ]pd-t¯bv¡v hmXn-ep-I-fn-ÃmsX AI- -̄f-§-fnÂ
sIm«n-b-S-bv¡-s¸-«-t¸mÄ GXm--{Xbpw hcp¶ A]v^³amÀ AI-t¯bv¡v {]th-i-\-an-ÃmsX
]pd¯v Aeªp'' F¶v sI.-kn. \mcm-b-W³ hn.-Sn.-bpsS k¼qÀ®-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS Ah-Xm-cn-I-bnÂ
hne-bn-cp-̄ p-¶Xv \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-bs¯ kw_-Ôn-̈ n-S-t¯mfw ]qÀ®-ambpw icn-bm-Wv.
tIc-f-̄ nse aäp kap-Zm-b-§-tf-¡mÄ sshIn-bmWv \-¼q-Xn-cn-am-cn kmaqly]cnjv¡cW {]h-WX {]I-S-am-b-Xv. 1908 amÀ¨v amk-̄ nse inh-cm{Xn \mfn Bephm sNdp-ap¡p sshZn-Isâ Cïph¨v tZi-aw-K-e¯p i¦-c³ \¼q-Xn-cn-̧ m-Snsâ A²y-£-X-bn tNÀ¶tbm-K-amWv "tbmK-t£ak`'bv¡v cq]w \ÂIn-b-Xv. ssh-Zn-I-Xz-¯n\pw P·n-̄ -̄ n\pw £X-ta¡msX \¼q-Xn-cnsb ]pXp-a-bn-tebv¡v sImp-h-cnI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p k`m-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯nsâ e£yw. IpdqÀ D®n-\-¼q-Xn-cn-̧ m-Sm-bn-cp¶p BZy-Im-e¯v t\XrXzw \ÂIn-bXv. BÀ`m-S-ambn \S-¯n-bn-cp¶ hmÀjnI tbmK-§-fn CXc kap-Zm-b-¡m-scbpw ]s¦-Sp-̧ n-̈ n-cp-¶p.]mÀÆXn s\t·\n awK-ew, Bcym-]Åw F¶n-hÀ ]s¦-Sp¯ A´ÀÖ\ kt½-f-\-§fpw hmÀjn-I-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. Cw¥ojv ]Tn-¡p-I, ]p-cp-j-·msc hnZym-̀ ymkw sN¿n-¡pIXpS-§n-b-hbv¡v A¸p-d-t -̄bv¡pÅ am\p-jnI {]iv\-§-fn-te¡v BZyIme {]hÀ¯-I-cpsS {i²-]-Xn-ªn-Ã.
hn.-Sn.-`-«-Xn-cn-¸mSv (1896 þ 1982)tbmK-t£a k`-bpsS {]hÀ¯\w icn-bmb Zni-bn-e-söp a\-kn-em-¡p-Ibpw ]cn-
an-Xn-Ifpw t]mcm-bva-I-fp-a-dnªv ]cn-lmcw ImWm³ sh¼ÂsIm-Åp-Ibpw sNbvX GXm\pwsNdp-̧ -¡mÀ 1920 ItfmsS cwK¯p h¶p. \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-̄ nse FÃm \oXn-tI-Sn-tâbpw`mcw kv{XobpsS Npa-en-emWv sN¶p hoW-sX¶pw B Ah-Ø-bv¡pÅ ]cn-lm-c-amWv kmaqly]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS BZy ]S-sh¶pw Xncn-̈ -dnª ChÀ ap³ssI-sb--Sp¯v "bph-P-\-kwLw' (1919)F¶ {]Øm-\-¯n\v cq]w \ÂIn. AXnsâ apJ-]-{X-ambn "D®n \¼qXncn'bpw Bcw-̀ n-̈ p. CubphP\ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS Aa-c-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp¶p hn.-Sn.-̀ -«-Xn-cn-̧ m-Sv.
]gb sXt¡ ae-_m-dnse s]m¶m\n Xmeq-¡nÂ, Xr¯me {Kma-¯n sh-Ån-̄ n-cp¯n Xmg-̄ p-a-\-bn hn.-Sn.-Fw. Xp¸³ `«-Xn-cn-̧ m-Sn-sâbpw InS-§qÀ ssI¸Ån Cïv {iotZhnA´ÀÖ-\-¯n-tâbpw cm-as¯ aI-\mbn 1896 þ amÀ¨v 26 \v hn.Sn.-cm-a³ `«-Xn-cn-̧ mSv P\n-¨p.CÃ-§-fn \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ A\p-̀ -hn-¡p¶ ZpcnXw Im-Wv hn.-Sn.-h-fÀ¶-Xv. ]c-¼-cm-K-X-amb thZ-]-T-\hpw aäp-am-bn-¡-gnª hn.Sn. hfsc sshIn-bm-Wv- A-£-c-a-̀ y-kn-̈ Xv. imkvXmw-tIm-hn-enseim´n-¡m-c-\mb Xs¶ Bß-t_m-[-̄ n-sâbpw A£-c-̄ n-sâbpw temI-t¯bv¡v B\-bn-̈ Xv
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tIc-f-]-T\w þ B[p-\n-I-tI-cfw Page 7
Hcp Xn¿mSn s]¬Ip-«n-bm-sW¶v "I®o-cpw- In-\mhpw' F¶ Bß-I-Y-bn At±lw kvacn-¡p-¶p-v. "tbmK-t£aw', "tIc-f-]-{XnI' XpS-§nb ]{X-§-fn-eqsS hmb-\-bpsS temIw XoÀ¯ hn.-Sn.]n¶oSv Cw¥ojpw ]Tn-s¨-Sp-̄ p. H¶-c-̧ -Xn-ämpsImv s]mXp-{]-hÀ¯\ cwK-s -̄¯nbAt±lw ]{Xm-[n-]À, A[ym-]-I³ F¶n-§s\ _lp-hn[ IÀ½]cn-]m-Sn-Ifn hym]-c-n-̈ p.
shÅnt\gn Hf-̧ -a® a\-bv¡Â \S¶ tbmK-t£ak-̀ -bpsS F«mw kt½-f--\-¯n ]s¦-Sp¯ hn.-Sn. Hc-]v -̂\mbn am{Xw Pohn¨v acn-¡p-¶-Xn AÀ°-an-söv Xncn-̈ -dn-ªp.Dev]-Xn-jvWp-¡-fmb Ipsd \¼q-Xncn bphm-¡-fp-ambn kulrZw Øm]n-¡m³ Cu Ime¯v At±-l-̄ n\p Ign-ªp. \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-̄ nse bmYm-Øn-Xn-IÀ "kpZ-Ài\w' F¶ t]cn ]pXn-sbmcp ]{Xw XpS§nb-t¸mÄ hn.-Sn.-A-S-¡-ap-Å-hÀ "D®n \¼qXnc-n'bv¡p ]pdta "]mip-]Xw' F¶]{Xhpw Bcw-̀ n-̈ p. ]mip-]-X-̄ n 'cP-\o-cwKw' F¶ ]wàn hn.-Sn. bmWv ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-¶-Xv. hn.-Sn.-bpsS BZy IY-bmb "hnjp-ssI-t\«w' Cu ]wàn-bn-eqsS shfn¨w Ip.
tbmK-t£ak`-bn Dev]XnjvWp hn`m-K-¯nsâ t\Xm-hm-bn-cp¶ hn.. -Sn hnPm-Xob _Ô_ln-jv¡-c-Ww, IpSpa apdn-bv¡Â, A-́ ÀÖ\§-fpsS thj ]cn-jv¡-c-Ww,an{i-t`m-P\w XpS-§nb kap-Zmb ]cn-jv¡-cW ]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ¡v t\XrXzw \ÂIn.
Kpcphm-bqÀ t£{X {]th-i\ {]Nm-cW PmY-bn ]s¦-Sp-¯p. "Abn-t¯m-¨m-S-\-¯n\v C\n \ap¡v A¼-e-§Ä¡v Xo sImfp-̄ pI' F¶ eLp-teJ "D®n\¼q-Xncn'-bn {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ -Xn\v sIm¨ocmPmhv AdÌvhmdâv ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-̈ p. tIcf an{ihnhml kwL-̄ nsâ t\Xr-Xz-̄ n Imª-§m«p \n¶v sN¼-g´n hsc \S-̄ nb kmaqly]cn-jv¡-cW PmY \bn-̈ Xpwhn.-Sn. Bbn-cp-¶p. tbmK-t£ak`-bpsS 26þmw hmÀjnI tbmK-¯n hn.-Sn. hn[hmhnhml{]tabw ]mkm-¡n, hn[-h-bmb `mcym-k-tlm-Zcn Dasb Fw.-BÀ._n ¡v hnhmlw sNbvXp sImSp-¯p. A§s\ \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-̄ nsâ Ncn-{X-̄ n BZy-ambn Hcp hn[h kpaw-K-en-bm-bn.B thZn-bn h¨v "\¼q-Xncn Ct¸mÄ aäp a\p-jyÀ¡v Xpey--\mbn' F¶pw tbmK-t£ak`- ]ncn¨phnS-W-sa¶pw At±lw {]Jym-]n-̈ p. kz´w ktlm-Zcn ]mÀÆ-Xn-bpw ]n.-sI.cmL-h-̧ -Wn-¡cpwX½n BZys¯ \¼q-Xncn an{i-hn-hm-lhpw hn.-Sn.-ap³ssI-sb-Sp¯p \S-̄ n. A¶s¯ bmYm-Øn-XnI \¼qXncn hn`mKw CsXÃmw [n¡m-c-ambpw kZm-Nm-c-hn-cp-²-am-bp-amWv I-Xv.
AI-t¯-bvs¡m-Xp-§nb A´ÀÖ-\§fpw ]pd-t¯bv¡v XÅ-s¸« A]v^·mcpwþ CXm-bn-cp¶p \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-̄ nsâ Zpch-Øbv¡p {][m\ Imc-Ww. AI-t¯bv¡pw ]pd-t¯-bv¡p-ambn hIªp amä-s¸« kv{Xo þ ]pcp-j-·m-cpsS ssItImÀ¡-embncp¶p Ccp-]Xmw\qäm-nsâ BZy ]Ip-Xn-bn hn. -Sn.-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-̄ n \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯n-ep-mb ]cn-hÀ¯-\w. Xd-hm-«nse aq¯ ]pcp-j-·m-sc-t¸mse aäp ]pcp-j-·mÀ¡pw IpSpw-_-¯n\pwkz¯n\pw Ah-Im-i-ap-s¶pw IpSpw_w Øm]n-¡p¶XneqsS kv{XoIÄ _lp-̀ m-cym-Xz-¯n-sâbpw \nXy-ssh-[-hy-¯n-sâbpw ZpÀhn-[n-I-fn \n¶v apàcm-Ip-sa¶pw AhÀ Xncn-̈ -dn-ªp.kv{XoI-fpsS Bh-iy-§Ä ]pcp-j-·m-cpsS Bh-iy-§-fp-ambn GIo-̀ -hn-̈ p. tLmjbpw ad-¡p-SbpwIfªv ASp-¡-f-bn \n¶v ]pcpj³ kv{Xosb Ac-§n-te¡v Iq«n-s¡mp h¶p.
\¼q-Xncn kv{XoI-tfmSv t\cn«v kwkm-cn-¡m³ ]änb Hcp am[yaw \mS-I-am-sW¶pXncn-̈ -dnª hn.-Sn. cNn¨ kmaqly \mS-I-amWv "ASp-¡-f-bn \n¶v- A-c-§-t¯bv¡v'. 1929 Unkw-_À 24\v CS-¡p-¶n-bn \S¶ bph-P-\-kwLw 11þmw hmÀjn-I¯n AhX-cn-̧ n-¡-s¸-«p. \mSIwkaq-ls¯ Cf¡n adn-̈ p. A´x-]p-c-§-fn kPo-h-NÀ¨-bm-bn. ad-¡p-S-bnepw aqSp-]-S¯nepw Hfn-¸n¨p \nÀ¯nb kv{Xo; kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ s]mXp-cw-K¯p {]Xy-£-s¸«p XpS-§n. hnizmk {]am-W-§-fnÂ, ho£-W-K-Xn-bnÂ, thj-hn-[m-\-§-fn FÃmw amä-§Ä {]I-S-am-bn. CXn\p tijw "Icn-©´' Fs¶mcp \mS-Ihpw hn.-Sn. FgpXn-sb-¦nepw AXnsâ {]Xn Is-¯m-\m-bn-«n-Ã. \¼q-Xncn
School of Distance Education
tIc-f-]-T\w þ B[p-\n-I-tI-cfw Page 8
kap-Zmb ]cn-jv¡-cWw e£y-am¡n aäp cp \mS-I-§Ä¡qSn A¡m-e-̄ p-m-bn. Fw.-BÀ._n.bpsS "ad-¡p-S-bv¡p-Ånse alm-\-c-Ihpw' Fw.-]n. `«-Xn-cn-̧ m-Snsâ "EXp-a-Xnbpw' BWv Ah.
kmap-Zm-bnI ]-cnjv¡cW {ia-§-tfm-sSm¸w Xs¶ Abn-t¯m-̈ m-S\w, tZiob{]Øm\w XpS-§nb KmÔn-b³ ka-c-ap-d-I-fnepw hn.-Sn. kPo-h-ambn ]s¦-Sp¯p. A\m-Nm-c-§sfFXnÀ¯n-cp¶ At±lw A½-bpsS ac-Wm-\-´c-apÅ "kwh-Õ-c-Zo£' ths-¶p h¨p. {_Òm-e-b-¯nepw tZhme-b-̄ nepw AhÀ®À¡v {]th-i\w \ÂIp-hm\pw At±lw {ian-̈ p. hn.-Sn.-bpsS{]hÀ¯\w kap-Zm-b-¯n-\p-Ån am{Xw HXp§n \n¶n-Ã. kap-Zm-b-̄ n \n¶v ]pd-̄ m-¡-s¸-«-hÀ¡mbn sImSp-ap--bn At±lw Hcm{iaw \nÀ½n-¡p-I-bp-m-bn. tbmK-t£ak`-bpsS{]hÀ¯\w \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯n henb amä-§-fmWv krjvSn-¨-Xv. CXn hn.-Sn.-bpsS ]¦v\nkvXp-e-am-Wv. Xsâ {]hÀ¯-\-s¯bpw {]hÀ¯\ Ime-s¯bpw HmÀ½-bpsS \qenÂsImcp¯v ]p\-cm-Jym\w sNbvX-Xm-Wv "I®ocpw In\mhpw', "Z£n-Wm-b\w' F¶n-§s\ cp`mK-§-fm-bpÅ Bß-I-Y.
iXm-̀ n-jn-à-\mbn GXm\pw amkw Ignªv hn.Sn. tcmKm-Xp-c-\m-bn. hmX-tcm-Khpw lrZ-bm-Lm-Xhpw At±-l-¯nsâ BtcmKyw XIÀ¯p. NnIn-Õ-bvs¡m-Sp-hn 1982þ s^{_p-hcn 12 \v B hn¹-hImcn Ime-b-h-\n-I-bn ad-ªp.
hn.-Sn.-bpsS IrXn-IÄ : þ ASp-¡-f-bn \n¶v Ac-§-t¯-bv¡v, Icn-©-́ , I®ocpw In\m-hpw, c-P-\o-cw-Kw, t]mwh-gn, kXy-sa-¶Xv ChnsS a\p-jy-\m-Ip-¶p, shSn-h-«w, Ime-̄ nsâ km£n, hni-¡m¯ ssZhhpw hni-¡p¶ a\p-jy-\pw, Fsâ a®v, IÀ½ hn]m-Iw, hn.-Sn.-bpsS D]-\ym-k-§Ä,hn.-Sn.-bpsS IY-IÄ, hn.-Sn.-bpsS PohnX kvac-W-IÄ, hn.-Sn.-bpsS k¼qÀ®-Ir-Xn-IÄ.
\mbÀ kÀÆokv skmsskän (1914)
F³.-F-kv.-Fkv
tIc-f-̄ n kmaq-lnI ]cn-hÀ -̄\-§Ä hcp-¯n-̄ oÀ¡p-¶-Xn apJy ]¦v hln-¨n-«p-ÅXv kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-I-fm-Wv. ]s¯m-¼Xmw \qäm-nsâ Ah-km-\-am-b-t¸m-tgbv¡pwCw¥ojv hnZym-̀ ymkw t\Snb {]_p-²-cmb \mbÀ bphm-¡Ä kap-Zm-b-¯n \ne-hn-en-cp¶ ]eA\m-Nm-c-§-tfbpw tNmZyw sNbvXp XpS-§n. kap-Zmb ]ptcm-K-Xn-¡mbn Hcp kwL-S\ F¶Bibw cq]-s¸-Sp-¶Xv 1907 emWv. ae-bmfn k`-bp-tSbpw "ae-bmfn' ]{X-¯n-tâbpw BZy-Ime{]hÀ -̄I-\mb kn. IrjvW-]nÅ 1907þ Øm]n¨ "tIc-fob \mbÀ kamPw' \mbÀ kap-Zm-b-¯n ià-amb kzm[o\w sNep¯n. \mbÀ IpSpw-_-̄ nsâ km¼-̄ nI iàn-tbbpw sshhm-lnI `{Z-X-tbbpw XI-cm-dn-em-¡p¶ \mbÀ þ \¼q-Xncn _mÔhw XS-bp-I, Xmen-sI-«p-I-eymWw,Xnc-p-Ip-fn-b-Sn-b-́ ncw XpS-§n-bh \nÀ¯-em-¡p-I, Ahm-́ c hn`m-K-§sf GIo-I-cn-¡pI XpS-§nb e£y-§Ä¡p thn-bmWv AXv cq]w sImXv. F¶m A[n-I-Imew Ign-bp-¶-Xn\pap¼v CXnsâ {]hÀ¯\w aµo-̀ -hn-̈ p.
1912 þ  a¶¯v ]ß-\m-̀ -]nÅ sk{I-«-dn-bmbn s]cp-¶-bn "\mbÀ kamPw'cq]w sImp. 1913þ AXv N§-\m-tÈcn Xmeq¡v \mbÀ kam-P-am-bn. tIcf hym]-I-amb Hcpkap-Zmb kwL-S-\-bm-bn-cp¶p At±lw hn`m-h\w sNbvX-Xv. 1914 HIvtSm-_À 31þmw XnbXn s]cp-¶-bn a¶¯p ]ß-\m-̀ sâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n ]Xn-\mev \mbÀ bphm-¡Ä H¯p tNÀ¶v"\mbÀkap-Zmb `rXy-P-\-kwLw' cq]o-I-cn-̈ p. ]q\-bnÂ, tKm]me IrjvW tKmJse Øm]n¨'kÀhâvkv Hm^v C´ym skmsskän' F¶ kwL-S-\-bpsS amXr-I-bnem-bn-cp¶p CXnsâ cq]o-I-
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tIc-f-]-T\w þ B[p-\n-I-tI-cfw Page 9
c-Ww. kw-L-̄ nsâ Øm]I {]kn-Uâv sI.-tI-f-¸\pw sk{I-«dn a¶¯p ]ß-\m-̀ -\p-am-bn-cp-¶p.\mbÀ kap-Zm-b-̄ nsâ tkh-\-am-bn-cp¶p Cu kwL-S-\-bpsS apJy-e-£yw. "kap-Zm-b-¯n hnZym-`ym-kw, cmP-̀ -àn, k·mÀ¤-X-ev]-c-X, Cuiz-c-hn-izm-kw, hyh-km-bw, [\-Øn-Xn, sFI-aXywChbv¡v hÀ²\ Dm-¡m³ X¡-h®w Hmtcm tZi-¯nepw Ic-bn-ep-apÅ \mb-·m-cp-sS-bn-S-bnÂkam-P-§Ä Øm]n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p BZy e£yw'. tIcfw apgp-h-\pÅ \mb-·m-cp-sS-bn-S-bnÂsFI-cq-]ywhcp-̄ p-Ibpw CX-c-k-ap-Zm-b-§-fp-ambn sFIyw hÀ²n-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw kwL-S-\-bpsSDt±-iy-am-bn-cp-¶p. tI{µo-Ir-X-amb Hcp kwL-S\ F¶ \ne-bn kwØm\ hym]-I-ambn "Ic-tbm-K-§Ä' Øm-]n-¡m-\pÅ {iahpw XpS-¡¯nse Bcw-̀ n-¨p. AtXhÀjw Xs¶ kwL-̄ nsât]cv "\mbÀ kÀhokv skmsskän' F¶m¡n amän.
a¶-̄ v ]ß-\m-̀ ³, N§-\m-tÈcn ]c-ta-iz-c³ ]nÅ, A¼-e-̧ m«v Zmtam-Z-c-\m-im³,If-̄ n them-bp-[³ \mbÀ XpS-§n-b-hÀ kwL-S-\-bpsS BZy-Ime {]hÀ¯-I-cm-bn-cp-¶p.\mbÀ kap-Zm-bs¯ D²-cn-¡pI am{X-am-bn-cp-¶nà \mbÀ kÀÆokv skmssk-än-bpsS e£yw.""C¶p Rm³ \mbÀ¡p thn {]hÀ¯n-¡pw, ]ns¶ lnµp-¡Ä¡p thn-bp-am-bn-cn-¡pw. ]ns¶cmjv{S-̄ n\p thnbpw kÀh-k-ap-Zm-b-§Ä¡pthn-bpap-Å-Xm-bn-cn¡pw Fsâ {]hr-¯n-]Yw-''.a¶-̄ nsâ Cu \ne-]m-Sm-Wv F³.-F-kv.-Fkpw ]n³Xp-SÀ¶-Xv. kap-Zmb ]ptcm-KXn hnZym-̀ ym-k-¯n-eq-sStb km[y-amIq F¶p a\-kn-em¡n AXn\p thn-bpÅ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v XpS¡wapXte Cu kwL-S\ {]m[m\yw sImSp-¯p. acp-a-¡-̄ mb \nbaw ]cn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw kap-ZmbnIm\m-Nm-c-§Ä \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw F³.-F-kv.-Fkv ap³ssI-sb-Sp-̄ p. Abn¯ \nhm-cW{]Øm-\-̄ n\v F³.-F-kv.-Fkv \ÂInb t\XrXzw kvXpXyÀl-am-Wv. sslµh kap-Zm-b-¯nsâGIo-I-c-Whpw ]cn-jv¡-c-Whpw IqSn km[n-̈ mte P\-iàn _e-h-¯mIq F¶p t_m[y-ap-Å-Xp-sIm-mWv Abn-t¯m-¨m-S\ {]Øm-\-¯n F³.-F-kv.-Fkpw kPo-h-am-b-Xv. AhÀWlnµp-¡Ä¡v t£{X{]th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-¡-W-sa¶v Bh-iy-s¸-«p-sImv ssh¡¯p \n¶v Xncp-h-\-́ -c-]p-c-t¯¡v Hcp khÀW ImÂ\S {]Nm-cW PmY kwL-Sn-̧ n-̈ Xpw Ccp-]-Xn-\m-bncw khÀWlnµp-¡Ä H¸n« Hcp \nth-Z\w alm-dm-Wn¡p \ÂInbXpw F³.-F-kv.-F-knsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p.
a¶¯v ]ß-\m-̀ sâ \nkzmÀ°-amb kap-Zmb tkh-\hpw Øntcm-Xvkm-lhpwAÀ¸nX at\m-̀ m-hhpw {Im -́ZÀin-Xz-hp-amWv \mbÀ kÀÆokv skmssk-änsb C¶s¯ \ne-bn-se-̄ n-̈ Xv. At±-l-¯nsâ BZ-Àiw hm¡p-I-fn am{Xw HXp-§p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. hntam-N\ ka-c-t¯m-Sp-IqSn "`mcX tIkcn' F¶ _ncp-Z-¯n-\p-S-abmb a¶w \mbÀ kÀÆokv skmssk-än-bpsSNcn-{X-̄ nepw tIc-f-̄ nsâ cmjv{Sob Ncn-{X-¯nepw \nÀ®m-bI kzm[o\w sNep-̄ nbNcn{X]pcp-j-\m-Wv.
{io\mcm-bW [À½ ]cn-]m-e\ tbmKw (1903)
Fkv.-F³.-Un.]n
{io\m-cm-bW Kpcp P\n-̈ Xv Cugh kap-Zm-b-¯n-em-Wv. Cug-hÀ tIc-f-̄ nseAhÀ®-cn {]ap-J-cm-Wv. AXp-sImv Cugh kap-Zm-b-¯n {io\mcm-bW Kpcp sNep-̄ nbkzm[o-\-iàn tIc-f-¯n kmaq-lnI ]-cn-jvIcW¯n\v hf-sc-b-[nIw \nÀ®m-b-I-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p. PmXn-c-ln-X-amb Hcp sslµh kap-Zm-b-am-bn-cp¶p Kpcp-hnsâ apJy e£yw. 1888þÂKpcp \S-̄ nb {]kn-²-amb Acp-hn-̧ pdw {]Xn-jvT-sb-¯pSÀ¶v cq]o-I-cn-¡-s¸« Acp-hn-̧ pdwt£{X-tbmKw (hm-hq«p tbmKw) kmaqly Pohn-X-̄ n hcp-t¯ ]cn-jv¡-c-W§sf-¡p-dn¨v
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NÀ¨ sNbvXp h¶p. Cu t£{X tbmK-am-bn-cp¶p ]n¶oSv SNDP tbmKw cq]o-I-cn-¡p-hm³ t{]c-W-bm-b-Xv.
kap-Zmb ]cn-jvI-cWw ap³\nÀ¯n tUm.-]¸phpw Ipam-c-\m-im-\p-am-bpÅ NÀ¨-Isf¯pSÀ¶v Ah-Imi kwc-£-W-̄ n-\p-thn t]mcm-Sm\pw A\m-Nm-c-§sf Zpco-I-cn-¡m\pwP\-§-fpsS ho£-W-KXn \ho-I-cn-¡m\p-ambn Hcp kwL-S\ cq]o-I-cn-¡p-hm³ Xocp-am-\n-̈ -Xnsâ^eam-bn-cp¶p SNDP tbmKw. 1903 tIc-f-̄ n FÃm-bn-S-¯p-apÅ kap-Zm-bmw-K-§sf tNÀ¯vAcp-hn¸pdw t£{X-tbmKw Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n.-tbmKw þ "{io\m-cm-bW [À½ ]cn-]m-e\ tbmKw'F¶ t]cn Hcp alm{]Øm-\-ambn cq]m-´-c-s¸-Sp-̄ n. XncpIpfn, Xmen-sI«pIeymWw,]pfn-Ip-Sn XpS-§nb A\m-Nm-c-§Ä Ah-km-\n-̧ n-¡m³ tbmKw Blzm\w sNbvXp. kmaqly ]cn-jv¡-c-W-t¯m-sSm¸w C¯cw A\m-Nm-c-§fpw BVw-_-c-§fpw hcp¯nsh¡p¶ ]mgvsNe-hp-IÄsImv kap-Zm-b-¯n-\p-m-Ip¶ km¼-̄ nI XIÀ¨ ]cn-l-cn-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶pAXnsâ e£yw. tbmK-Im-cy-§Ä {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡m-\mbn "hnth-tImZbw' F¶ amkn-Ibpw Bcw-̀ n-̈ p.
1903 sabv 15 þ \v Øm]n-Xab SNDP tbmK¯nsâ BPo-h-\m´ A[y-£-\mbn {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp-hn-s\bpw sk{I-«-dn-bmbn Ipam-c-\m-im-s\bpw sXc-sª-Sp-¯p. Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n.tbmK-¯n\v {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp \ÂInb t\XrXzhpw Cug-h-cpsS kmaq-ln-Ihpw km¼-̄ n-Ihpw hnZym-̀ ym-k-]-c-hp-amb D¶-a-\-¯n-\p-thn kwL-Sn-̧ n¨ {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw Cug-hsc am{X-a-Ã, aävv AhÀ® kap-Zm-b-¡msc apgp-h³ Dt -̄Pn-¸n-̈ p. sslµ-h-k-apZmb¯nsâ Ahn-̀ mPyLS-I-sa¶ \nebv¡v kz´ iànbpw A´Êpw Is-¯p-¶-Xn\v Ahsc At±lw klm-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cugh-cpsS Ipe-s¯m-gn-embn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸«pt]m¶ "sN¯'v \ndp- -̄W-sa¶pwAXn\p ]Icw hymh-km-bn-I-kw-cw-̀ -§-fntem _p²n-]-c-amb {]hÀ¯-\-§-fntem GÀs¸-S-W-sa¶pw Kpcp Ahsc DZvt_m-[n-̧ n-̈ p. Cug-h-cpsS km¼-̄ n-Ihpw hnZym-̀ ym-k-]-c-hp-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te-bv¡pÅ hfÀ¨bv¡v \nÀ®m-bI ]¦p hln-¡p-hm³ SNDP F¶ k-ap-Zmb kwL-S-\bv¡v km[n-̈ p. tUm.-]¸p, Ipam-c-\m-im³, Sn.-sI.-am-[-h³, kn. IrjvW³, kn.-hn. Ipªn-cm-a³, aqÀt¡m¯v Ipam-c³, \S-cm-P-Kpcp XpS-§n-b-hÀ {io\m-cm-bW ktµi {]Nm-c-I-cpsS ap³]-´n-bn {]hÀ¯n¨ BZy-Ime t\Xm-¡-fm-bn-cp-¶p.
{io\mcm-bW Kpcp (1854 þ 1928)
Hcp B²ym-ßnI BNm-cy-sâbpw km-ap-Zm-bnI ]cn-jv-IÀ¯m-hn-sâbpw ka-\z-b-am-bn-cp¶p {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp. 1854 HmKÌv 20 \v Xncp--h-\-´-]p-c-¯n-\-Sp¯v sN¼-g-´n-bnÂNXbw \mfn P\-\w. ]nXmhv sIm¨p-hn-f-bn amS-\m-im³, A½ h-bÂhm-c¯v Ip-«n. \mcm-b-W³ F¶mbncp¶p t]sc-¦nepw \mWp F¶m-bn-cp¶p hnfn-t¸-cv. kao-]-̄ pÅ IpSn-̧ -Ån-¡q-S-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p hnZym-̀ ym-kw. Ip-«n-¡mew apXte Cuiz-cm-̀ n-apJyw Dmbncp¶ \mWp t£{X ZÀi-\w, P]w, [ym\w, F¶nh apS¡w IqSmsX \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. kwkvIr-X-¯n D]-cn-]-T\w \S-̄ n.aq¶p hÀjw sImv Imhy-\m-S-I-§Ä, XÀ¡w, hymI-c-Ww, thZm-´w apX-em-b-h-bn Ah-Kmlwt\Sn. Akp-Js¯ XpSÀ¶v ]T\w \nÀ¯n. hoSn-\-Sp-¯pÅ IpSn-̧ -Ån-¡q-S-̄ n Bim-\m-bn._Ôp-¡-fpsS \nÀ_Ôw aqew IeymWw Ign-̈ p. "Imfn'-bm-bn-cp¶p h[p. Cu _Ôw A[n-I-\mÄXpSÀ¶n-Ã. ]n¶oSv k©m-cn-bmbn amdnb At±lw `mc-X-̄ n-ep-S-\ofw k©-cn-̈ p. Ipd-̈ p-Imewacp-Xzm-a-e-bnse ]nÅ-¯Sw Kpl-bn GIm´ [ym\-¯n Ign-ªp.
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euInI {]tem-̀ -\-§Äs¡Xnsc Xo{h-amb Bß-kw-LÀjw At±lw t\cs¯Xs¶ {]I-S-am-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. euInI Pohn-X--t¯mSv hnS-]-d-bm-\pÅ Xocp-am-\-hp-ambn hoSp-hn-«n-d-§nAe-bp-¶-Xn-\n-S-bn thZm´ ]WvUn-X\pw tbmKn-bp-amb ssX¡mSv A¿m-hn-s\-¡p-dn¨v tI«-dnªv At±-l-¯n \n¶pw tbmK-hnZy hi-am-¡n-b-tXmsS \mWp-kzm-an-bm-bn. acp-Xzm-a-e-bnÂZoÀL-Imew GIm-´-X-bn [ym\-\n-c-X-\m-bn Ign-ª-t¸mÄ Pohn-X-¯nsâ AJWvUXbpw a-\p-jy-k©b-¯nsâ GI-Xz-s -̄¡p-dn-̈ pÅ Ah-t_m-[hpw At±-l-¯n ZrVo-Ir-X-am-bn.Cusbmcp t_mt[m-Z-b-t¯m-sS-bmWv At±lw Acp-hn-̧ p-d-t¯bv¡v t]mb-Xv. Bcm-[\mkzmX{´yw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸« kaq-l-¯nse A[x-ØnX P\-§Ä¡v {]mÀ°n-¡p-hm\mbn HcpBcm-[-\m-ebw Dm-t¡-Xv Bh-iy-am-sW¶ Xocp-am-\-hp-ambn s\¿m-dnsâ Xoc¯v Acp-hn-̧ p-ds¯ Kpl-bn [ym\-\n-c-X-\mbn Ign-ªp. 1888 s^{_p-h-cn-bnse inh-cm{Xn Znhkw kzmanXs¶ Bän ap§n-sb-Sp¯ sNdnb ]md-¡Ãv inh-enw-K-am¡n {]Xn-jvTn-̈ p. tIc-f-̄ nsâkmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-{X-¯n ]pXnb Hcp bpK-̄ nsâ ]ndhn Ipdn¨ kw`-h-am-bn-cp¶p AXv.{_mÒW ta[m-hn-Xz-¯n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp kap-Zm-b-{Iaw \ne-\n¶ Ime-¯mWv \mcm-bWKpcp-hnsâ Acp-hn-̧ pdw inh-{]-Xn-jvT. Cug-h\v inh-{]-XnjvT \S-¯m-\pÅ Ah-Im-is¯tNmZywsNbvX {_mÒW ]utcm-ln-Xy-t¯mSv "\mw Cugh inh-s\-bmWtÃm {]Xn-jvTn-̈ Xv' F¶Kpcp-hnsâ D -̄c-¯n-e-´À`-hn¨ XXzw ]n¶oSv tIc-f-̄ n-ep-mb kmaq-lnI hn¹-h-¯n\v If-sam-cp-¡n. Acp-hn-̧ pdw t£{X-̄ n kzman Xs¶ FgpXn h¨
""PmXn-t`Zw aX-tZzjwGXp-an-ÃmsX kÀÆcpwtkmZ-c-tXz\ hmgp¶amXrIm Øm\-am-WnXv''
F¶ tÇmIw ]nevIm-e¯v tIc-fob \thm-°m-\-̄ nsâ alm-k-tµ-i-ambn. XpSÀ¶v tIc-f-̄ nsâ]e `mK-§-fnepw At±lw t£{X-§Ä Øm]n-̈ p. NmXpÀhÀWy-¯n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb PmXob D¨-\o-N-Xz-§Ä kaq-l-̄ n sImSn-Ip¯n hmWn-cp¶ Ime-L-«-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. lnµp-¡-fn Xs¶khÀW þ AhÀW hnth-N-\-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. AhÀWsc kaqlw ]XnXzw Iev]n¨v AIän\nÀ¯n. s]mXp-\n-c-¯p-I-fntem kvIqfntem Ah-À¡v {]th-i-\-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. AhÀWÀkhÀWsc kv]Àin-¡p-I-tbm, kao-]n-¡p-Itbm sN¿m³ ]mSn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. kÀ¡mÀ tPmenAhÀ¡v \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. t£{X-§-fn {]th-i-\-an-söp am{X-aà t£{X kmao-]y-apÅs]mXp-h-gn-I-fn¡qSn \S-¡m³ t]mepw hne-¡p-m-bn-cp-¶p. sNcn-̧ v, IpS, hnti-j-h-kv{X-§Ä,hne-]n-Sn-̧ pÅ B`-c-W-§Ä Ch-sbm¶pw [cn-¡m³ Ah-Im-i-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. C¯cw Abn-̄ m-Nm-c-§Äs¡-XnscbpÅ kmaq-lnI \thm-°m-\-¯nsâ XpS-¡am-bn-cp¶p Kpcp-hnsâ Acp-hn-̧ pdwinh{]Xn-jvT. ]n¶oSt§m«v A\m-Nm-c-§Äs¡-Xnsc kuay-ambpw iàambpw {]Xn-I-cn-¡p¶\mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns\ \ap¡p ImWm-\m-hpw.
kmaq-lnI]cn-jv¡-cWw e£y-am¡n, tIc-f-̄ n-se-Ãm-bn-S-¯p-apÅ kap-Zm-bmw-K-
§sf tNÀ¯v 1903  {io\m-cm-bW [À½ ]cn-]m-e\tbmKw (SNDP) cq]o-I-cn-̈ p. A\m-Nm-c-§sf D·q-e\w sN¿p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-c-W-¯n-\pÅ D]m-[n-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp¶p Cu
kwLS\. t£{X-§sfbpw SNDP tbmK-s¯bpw kmaq-ly]-cn-jv¡-c-W-sa¶ BXy-́ nI e£y-¯n-\pÅ D]m-[n-I-fm-bn-«mWv At±lw I-Xv. hÀ¡e inh-Kn-cn-bnse imc-Zm-{]-Xn-jvTbpw Xe-tÈcn, tImgn-t¡mSv XpS-§nb Øe-§-fnse hn{Kl{]Xn-jvT-Ifpw B \ne-bv¡p-Åt\«§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. ]n¶o-sSmcp L«-̄ n Kpcp D]-tZ-in¨p.
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""t£{Xw PmXn hyXym-ks¯ A[n-I-am-¡p-¶p...... t£{X \nÀ½m-Ws¯ t{]mÂkm-ln-̧ n-¡-cp-Xv.......... C\n P\-§Ä¡v hnZym-̀ ymkw sImSp-¸m³ {i²n-¡-Ww. AhÀ¡-dn-hp-mI-s«. AXpXs¶-bmWv Ahsc \¶m-¡p-hm-\pÅ acp¶v''
(\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-kzm-an.: M.Kkm\p)CX-\p-k-cn¨mWv ]n¶oSv F-kv.-F³.-{Skväv cq]o-I-cn-̈ Xpw AXn\p IognÂ\n-c-h[n hnZym-̀ ymkØm]-\-§Ä Øm]n-̈ -Xpw. tIcfw ssIh-cn¨ hnZym-̀ ymk ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn Ah KWy-amb]¦phln-̈ n-«p-v.
\mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hnseBßo-b-hm-Znsb Gsd kzm[o-\n-̈ Xv AssZzX ZÀi-\-am-Wv.At±-l-¯nsâ AssZzX ZÀi\w Bßm-hnsâ GI-Xz-s -̄¡p-dn¨v am{X-aà a\p-jy-k-aq-l-¯nsâGI-Xz-s -̄¡p-dn¨pw Nn´n-̈ p. 1914  Bep-h-bn Øm]n¨ AssZz-Xm-{i-a-¯n ""a\p-jyÀ¡vHcp PmXnbpw Hcp aXhpw Hcp ssZhhpw AÃmsX Hmtcm-cp-̄ À¡pw shtÆsd PmXnbpwaXhpw ssZhhpw CÃ'' F¶v kzman Ipdn-̈ n-«p. ]e t£{X-§-fnepw hn{Kl {]XnjvT \S-̄ n-bn-«pÅ kzman tNÀ¯-e-bn-epÅ If-hw-tImSw t£{X-¯n I®mSn {]XnjvT \S-̄ n-b-Xn-eqsS"Cuiz-cm-cm-[-\-bpsS ]c-a-amb e£yw Bß ZÀi-\-am-bn-cn-¡Ww' F¶ AÀ°-h-¯mbktµiamWv \ÂIn-bXv. Cu e£yw ap³\nÀ¯n-bmWv 1928 P\p-h-cn-bn hÀ¡e inh-Kn-cn-bnÂ"{io\mcm-bW [À½kwLw' cq]o-I-cn-̈ -Xpw.
1925  tIc-f-¯n BZy-ambn \S¶ kÀÆ-aX kt½-f\w Bep-h-bn hnfn¨pIq«n-b-Xpw {io\m-cm-bW Kpcphmbn-cp-¶p. kap-Zmb ]ptcm-KXn e£y-am-¡n-bpÅ \nc-h[nkmtcm-]-tZ-i-§Ä At±lw Acpfns¨bvXp, "hnZy-sImv kzX-{´-cm-Ip-I, kwL-Sn¨p ià-cm-Ip-I', "aX-ta-Xm-bmepw a\p-jy³ \¶m-bm aXn', "aZyw hnj-amWv, AXp-m-¡-cp-Xv, hn¡-cp-Xv,IpSn-¡-cp-Xv', "Hcp PmXn, Hcp aXw, Hcp ssZhw a\p-jy\v' F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ Kpcp-h-N-\-§Ä \nc-h[n kmaq-lnI ]cn-hÀ¯-\§Ä¡v t{]cW \ÂIn. A¼-Xn-e-[nIw KZy-]ZyIr-Xn-Ifpw {io\mcm-bW Kpcp cNn-̈ n-«p-v. Kpcp-tZ-h-Ir-XnIÄ kwkvIrXw þ ae-bmfw þ Xangv F¶o aq¶p `mj-I-fn-embn hym]n¨p InS-¡p¶ cXv\m-I-c-am-Wv. kvtXm{X-§Ä, shfn-]m-Sp-IÄ, B[ym-ßnI XXzm-hn-jv¡m-c-§Ä F¶n-§s\ Ahsb Xncn-¡mw. ]©-I-§fpw AjvSI-§fpw Zi-I-§fpw iX-I-§fpwDv.
Kplm-jvS-Iw, j¬apJ kvtXm{Xw, _mlp-te-bm-jvS-Iw, j¬ap-J-Z-iIw, kp{_-ÒWyIoÀ¯-\w, \h-a-RvPcn apX-emb kp{_-ÒWy kvXpXn-IÄ. NnZw-_-cm-jvS-Iw, inh-{]-kmZ]©-Iw, inh-i-X-Iw, kZm-in-h-ZÀi-\w, ]c-a-in-h-Nn´m Zi-Iw, {]]-©-kr-jvSn, NnÖ-U-Nn-´-\w,AÀ²-\m-co-iz-c-kvX-hw, apX-emb tZho kvXpXn-IÄ. `{Z-Im-fy-jvS-Iw, Imfo-\m-S-Iw, P\-\o-\-h-c-Xv\- a-RvPcn apX-em-b tZho-kvXp-Xn-IÄ AssZz-Xw, AssZzX Zo]n-I, ssZh-Z-i-Iw, ZÀi\-am-e(kw-kvIr-Xw) Btßm-]-tZi iXIw (a-e-bm-fw), \nÀhrXn ]©Iw apX-emb IrXn-IÄ B[ymßnIXXzm-hn-jv¡m-c-§-fm-Wv. "Adnhv' apXemb ae-bmf IrXn-Ifpw Kl-\-X-bnepw Kmw`o-cy-̄ nepwAXp-ey-am-Wv. Xncp-¡p-dÄ, Cuim-hm-tkym-]-\n-j¯v apX-em-bh ]cn-̀ m-j-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-«p-v. PmXn-e-£-Ww, IpWvU-en-\n-̧ m«v XpS-§nb IrXn-Ifpw {]kn-²-am-Wv.
am\-hn-I-X-bpsS ktµiw DbÀ¯n-̧ n-Sn¨ ]pXp-bp-K-¯nsâ {]hm-N-I-\mb Cuk\ym-kn-h-cy³ 1928 sk]väw-_À 20 \v hÀ¡-e-bn h¨v kam-[n-bm-bn. FÃm AÀ°-̄ nepw tIc-fob \thm-°m-\-̄ nsâ ]nXmhv F¶v hnti-jn-̧ n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvIÀ¯m-hm-bn-cp¶palm\mb Cu {]hm-N-I³.
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tIc-f-]-T\w þ B[p-\n-I-tI-cfw Page 13
km[p-P\ ]cn-]m-e\ kwLw (1907) þ A¿-¦mfn (1803 þ 1941)
tIcf Ncn-{X-̄ nse D¶X ioÀj-\m-bn-cp¶ ZfnXv t\Xmhv A¿-¦mfn (1863 þ 1941) ]peb kap-Zm-bmw-K-am-bn-cp-¶p. A¿\pw ame-bp-am-bn-cp¶p amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä.Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c-̄ n-\-Sp¯v sh§m-\q-cmWv P·-Ø-ew. A[x-ØnX kap-Zm-b-sa¶ \ne-bn \qäm-p-I-fmbn A\p-̀ -hn-̈ p-sIm-n-cp¶ bmX-\-Ifpw kmap-Zm-bnI A\oXnIfpw Ipw-tI«pw A\p-̀ -hn¨pw hfÀ¶ At±lw CXns\mcp amäw hcp-̄ -W-sa¶v Xocp-am-\n-̈ p. {io\m-cm-bW {]Øm-\-¯nsâ BZÀi-§Ä At±-ls¯ BIÀjn-̈ p. Zfn-XÀ¡v hgn-\-S-¡m\pw IÃp-ame apX-emb{]mIrX B`-c-W§Ä Dt]-£n¨v ]cn-jvIrX hkv{X-§Ä D]tbm-Kn-¡m\pw hnZym-̀ ymkw t\Sm\pwaäpw At±lw \S-¯nb t]mcm-«-§Ä Z£nW tIc-f-̄ nsâNcn-{X-¯n Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-§-fm-Wv.kap-Zm-tbm¡Àjw ap³\nÀ¯nbpÅ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä GIo-I-cn¨v \S-̧ m-¡pI F¶ e£y-t¯msS, kwL-Sn¨v ià-cm-Im\pw hnZy A`y-kn¨v kzX-{´-cm-Im-\p-apÅ {io\m-cm-bW ktµiwDÄs¡mv 1907þ SNDP tbmKw amXr-Ibn km[p-P\ ]cn-]m-e\ kwLw Xncp-h-\´-]pcwtI{µ-ambn A¿-¦mfn Øm]n-̈ p.
A[-Øn-XÀ s]mXp-h-gn-bneqsS k©-cn-¡m³ ]mSnà F¶ A\o-Xn-s¡-Xn-scbm-bn-cp¶p A¿-¦m-fn-bnse kmaqly ]cn-jv¡À¯mhv BZyw {]Xn-I-cn-̈ -Xv. kao] Øe-§-fn \n¶vGXm\pw ]peb bphm-¡sf kwL-Sn-̧ n¨v s]mXp\nc-̄ p-I-fn¡qSn \S-¶p-sIm-m-bn-cp¶p Bka-cw. asämcp {][m\ ka-c-]-cn-]mSn hnZym-eb {]th-i\ kzmX-{´y-am-bn-cp-¶p. Hu]-Nm-cnIhnZym-̀ ym-k-̄ n-\pÅ Ah-kcw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸« A¿-¦m-fn-bpsS apJy ap{Zm-hmIyw "A[xØn-XÀ¡vhnZym-̀ ymkw A`n-K-ay-am-¡pI' F¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\p-thn BhÀ¯n-̈ pÅ \nth-Z-\-§-fpsS^e-ambn A[x-Øn-Xsc hnZym-e-b-̄ n {]th-in-̧ n-¡m-\pÅ D -̄chv alm-cm-Pm-hn \n¶v t\Sn-sb-Sp-̄ p. F¶m hnZym-eb \S-̄ n-̧ p-Im-cmb khÀW hn`mKw, A[x-Øn-Xsc hnZym-e-b-¯nÂ{]th-in-̧ n-¡m³ X¿m-dm-bn-Ã. khÀWÀ¡p thn ]mS¯p ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡p¶ X§-tfm-SpÅ A\o-Xn-bn {]Xn-tj-[n¨v "ImÀjnI tPmen _ln-jv¡-cWw' F¶ {]Xy£ ka-c-amÀ¤w A¿-¦mfnkzoI-cn-̈ p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse BZys¯ IÀjI ka-c-am-bn-cp¶p CXv. CXn-s\-̄ p-SÀ¶vkhÀW hn`m-Kw hn«p-ho-gvNbv¡p X¿m-dm-Ip-Ibpw A[x-Øn-XÀ¡v hnZym-eb {]thi\w -A\p-h-Zn¨p In«p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
hnZym-̀ ymk {]N-m-c-W-¯n\p ]pdta BNmc]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä¡pw km[pP\ ]cn-]m-e\kwLw {]m[m\yw \ÂIn. A¡m-e¯v ]pe-bÀ¡n-S-bn \S¶ Hcp henb {]t£m-̀ W-am-bn-cp¶p]c-¼-cm-K-X-amb "IÃpw amebpw' Dt]-£n¨v hkv{Xw sImtm Ip¸mbw sImtm amdp-a-d¨vhr¯n-bmbn \S-¡m-\pÅ {iaw. (I-Ãbpw ame-bpw þ hne Ipdª ]e \nd-̄ n-epÅ ap¯vtImÀ¯n-W¡n amdp-ap-gp-h³ adb -̄¡-hn[w \ndsb [cn-¡p¶ IÃp ame-IÄ. ssII-fnepw sNhn-bnepw aäpw C¯cw Ip¸n-¡-Ãp-Ifpw aäpw sImv B`-c-W-§Ä [cn-̈ n-cn-¡pw) ]pe-bÀ¡n-S-bnÂBßm-̀ n-am\w hfÀ¯m\pw Ah-Im-i§Ät\Sm\pw ]peb kv{XoIÄ PmXym-Nm-c-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ[cn-¡p¶ A]-cn-jvIrXamb IÃbpw amebpw Dt]-£n-¡m\pw A¿-¦mfn Blzm\w sNbvXp.
A[x-ØnX P\-§-fpsS A\n-tj[y t\-Xm-sh¶ \ne-bn A¿-¦mfn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn {]kn-²-\m-bn. 1914þ {ioaqew {]Pm-k-̀ -bn AwK-amb At±lw 25 hÀj-¡mew BØm\¯p XpSÀ¶p. C¡m-e-b-f-hn A¿-¦mfnbpsS {]hÀ¯\ aWvUew hn]p-e-am-bn. ]pe-bÀ,]d-bÀ, tNc-aÀ XpS-§nb A[-xØnX hn`m-K-§-fpsS DbnÀs¯-gp-t¶Â¸v A¿-¦m-fn-bpsS{]hÀ¯\ ^e-ambn km[y-am-bn. t£{X {]th-i\ hnfw-_-c-¯n-\-\p-Iq-e-amb A´-co£w cq]-
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tIc-f-]-T\w þ B[p-\n-I-tI-cfw Page 14
s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn-epw, DtZy-KØ \nb-a-\¯n\pw \nb-a-k`m {]mXn-\n-[y-¯n\pw B\p-]m-XnIhyhØA\p-h-Zn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xnepw A¿-¦m-fnbpw km[p-P\]cn-]m-e\kwLhpw \ÂInb kw`m-h\ \nkvXp-e-am-Wv.
]peb alm-k` XpSÀ¶pw {]hÀ¯n¨p hcp-¶p-s-¦nepw Zfn-X-cpsS Ah-Imika-c-§Ä¡v hÀK-]-chpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb am\-§-fmWv ]n¡m-e¯v ap¶n«p \n¶-Xv.
Ipam-c-Kp-cp-þ-{]-Xy-£-c£m ssZh-k`
A[:IrX P\-X-bpsS D¶-a-\-̄ n-\p-thn s]mbvI-bn Ipam-c-Kpcp Øm]n¨aX-{]-Øm-\-amWv {]Xy-£-c-£m-ssZ-h-k` (]n.-BÀ.-Un.-F-kv). 1879 Cc-hn-t]-cq-cn P\n¨ Ipam-c³ F¶ _me³ {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn¨v tbml-¶m³ Bbn. amÀt¯m-½m-k-̀ mw-K-am-bn-cp¶At±lw \sÃmcp {]mkw-K-I\pw kwLm-S-I-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-IÄ¡v A[:IrX-cmb {InkvXym-\n-I-tfm-SpÅ at\m-̀ m-h-¯n a\w-s\m´ tbml-¶m³ AXns\hnaÀin¨v {]kw-Kn-¡p-Ibpw k`-hn-«p-t]m-Im³ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\ptijw{_ZÀan-j-\nepw thÀ]m-Sp-k-̀ -bnepw tNÀs¶-¦nepw {InkvXp-a-Xhpw kz´w ZÀi-\hpw X½nÂs]mcp-̄ -s¸-Sm³ Ign-bmsX t]mb-Xn-\m Hcp hen-b-Iq«w A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-ambn k`-hn-«p-t]m-bn.
A[:IrX P\X {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-̈ -t¸mÄ AhÀ {]Xo-£n-¡p-Ibpw hniz-kn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX Imcy-§-fnÂ\n¶pw hn]-co-X-am-bn-cp¶p AhÀ¡p-In-«nb A\p-̀ -hw. PmXn-kw-_-Ô-amb Xcw-Xm-gv -̄ep-IÄ¡v ]tcm-£-ambn AhÀ hopw hnt[-b-cm-bn. {InkvXp-aXw ASn-a-hÀ¤s¯ c£n-¡p-I-bn-söp Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-Ibpw hniz-kn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX tbml-¶m³, Ipam-c³F¶ Xsâ ]g-b-t]cv hopw kzoI-cn-̈ p. am{X-aà {]Xy-£-c-£m-ssZhk` F¶ aXw Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cc-hn-t]-cqÀ BØm-\-am¡n A[-Ir-X-cpsS thZ-\-IÄ¡v ]cn-lmcw t\Sm³At±lw {]hÀ¯n-̈ p. ASn-a-hÀ¤-¯nsâ c£bv¡v kz´-ambn Hcp aXw (]n.-BÀ.-Un.-F-kv.) {]N-cn-̧ n-¡m³ Xsâ Iogn Kpcp-¡-·m-scbpw D]-tZ-jvSm-¡-sfbpw \nb-an-̈ p. 1921þ {ioaqew Akw-»n-bnepw 1931  {]Pm-k-`-bnepw At±lw AwK-a-mbn-cp-¶p.
tIc-f-̄ n-ep-S-se-Sp¯ \thm-°m-\-{]-hÀ¯-\-§sf, AtX-]Sn ]mT-h-XvI-cn-¡msX kmaq-ln-I-hy-Xn-bm-\-§sf Iogm-f-]-£-̄ p-\n¶p ImWm\pw hne-bn-cp-̄ m\pw hniz-am-\-hn-I-XbpsS ktµ-i-§sf DbÀ¯m\pw Ign-ªXv {]Xy£c£m-ssZ-h-k-̀ -bpsS al-̄ mb t\«-§-fn-sem-¶m-Wv. sImtfm-Wn-bÂ-þ-hym-h-km-bn-I-þ-hm-Wn-Pym-[n-]Xy hyh-Ø-bn Gähpw IqSp-XÂZpcn-X-a-\p-`-hn-t¡-n-h-cp-¶Xv Chn-Sps¯ Iogm-f-cmWv. C´y³ PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bnse amän-\nÀ¯-s¸-«n-cp¶ kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-{I-a-̄ n-e-\p-̀ -hn-t¡-n-h¶ \ncm-k-§fpw sImtfm-Wn-b B[n-]-Xy-̄ n-e-\p-̀ -hn-t¡-n-h¶ Zmcn-{Zyhpw Iogm-f-P-\-X-bpsS ka-{K-h-fÀ¨-bpsS hne-§p-X-Sn-I-fm-bncp-¶p. Cu L«-̄ nÂ, tIc-f-̄ n s]mXp-\n-c-¯p-I-fn-eqsS k©m-c-kzm-X{´yw t]mepw Iogm-fÀ¡p\ntj-[n-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶ ka-b¯v temI-k-am-[m-\-bm{X (1914) \S-¯m³ {]Xy-£-c-£m-ssZ-h-k-̀ -bv¡p-I-gn-ªXv hniz-am-\-hn-IX F¶ al-̄ mb Bi-b-¯n \n-¶p-X-s¶-bm-Wv. ASnak´-Xn-IÄ ASn-a¯w hen-s¨-dnªv temI¯p \S-¡p¶ kw`-h-§-fn CS-s]-«-Xnsâ sXfn-hp-Iq-Sn-bm-W-Xv. Cu kam-[m\ bm{X \S-¯n-bXv H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp-²-Im-e-¯mWv F¶p-IqSn Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-t¼m-gmWv AXnsâ alXzw IqSp-X kv]jvS-am-Ip-¶-Xv. Xs¶-bp-aà c£m-I-c-Zu-Xy-̄ n aäm-cp-sSbpw Nn´-Isf ]IÀ¯msX Iogm-f-cpsS Hcp apt¶äw Ipdn-¡pI IqSn-bmWv s]mbvI-bnÂ{ioIp-am-c-Kp-cp-tZ-h³ sNbvX-Xv.
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tIc-f-]-T\w þ B[p-\n-I-tI-cfw Page 15
Ahm-Ny-amb A\p-̀ -h-X-e-§-fn kpJ-k-ar-²-ambn Pohn-¡m-hp¶ Hcn-S-ap-s¶{]kvXm-h-§-fn-eq-sS-bà Kpcp-tZ-hsâ {]t_m-[-\-§fpw \nco-£-W-§fpw apt¶m«pt]m-bXv. Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn ASn-a-I-fm-¡-s¸« Iogm-f-P-\-X-bpsS Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-I-sfbpw Imc-W-§-sf-bp-amWv AXvA`n-kw-t_m-[-sN-bvX-Xv. AXnÂ\n-¶pÅ tamN-\-¯n\pw hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb ]T-\-¯n\pw hni-I-e-\-̄ n\pw ]cn-lm-c-\nÀt±-i-§Ä¡pw km[y-am-Ip¶ Nn´m-]-c-amb Hcp amä-¯n\v XpS¡w Ipdn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F¡m-e¯pw Hcp P\-Xsb Iogm-f-am-¡n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶ aX-\n-e-]m-Sp-I-sfbpwsshtZ-in-I-cq-]o-Ir-X-amb aX-{I-a-§-tfm-SpÅ hntbm-Pn¸pIsfbpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bmWv Ipam-c-Kp-cp-tZ-hsâ {]hÀ -̄\-§Ä apt¶m-«p-t]m-b-Xv. CXm-Is« Hcp P\-X-bpsS Bßm-`n-am-\-h-fÀ¨-bp-sSbpw aXm-[n-jvTn-X-þ-Io-gm-fo-I-c-W- \n-e-]mSp-I-fpsSbpw t\À¡pÅ sNdp-¯p-\n¸n-sâ-Xp-am-bn-cp-¶p. {]Xy£c£m-ssZ-h-k-̀ -bp-sS F¡m-e-s¯bpw {]k-àn¡pw temI-hym-]-I-amb AwKo-Im-c-¯n\pw CXv Imc-W-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.
N«¼n kzman-IÄ (1853 þ 1924)
\mbÀ kap-Zm-b-¯nse ]-cnjv¡À¯mhmbn-cp¶ hnZym-Zn-cmPm {ioN«¼nkzman-IÄ tI-c-fob kmaqlnI \-thm-°m\ \mb-I-·m-cn {it²-b-\m-Wv. 1853 BKÌv 25\v Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v I®-aqebnepÅ sImÃqÀ{Km-a-̄ n hmkp-tZh iÀ½-bp-tSbpw Xncp-\-¦bp-tSbpw aI-\mbn P\n-̈ p. A¿-̧ ³ F¶m-bn-cp¶p \ma-t[-b-sa-¦nepw Ipª³ F¶ Hma-\-t¸-cmWv ]Xn-ª-Xv. sImÃqÀ aT¯nse \¼q-Xn-cn-¡p-«n-IÄ kwkvIrXw ]Tn¡p¶Xv ad-ªp-\n¶p tI«p ]Tn-¨p. t]«-bn cma³]nÅ Bimsâ ]mT-im-e-bn tNÀ¶p ]Tn-¡p-t¼mÄ ]Tn-¸nepw kz`mhip²n-bn-ep-apÅ anI-hpsImv N«¼n (tam-Wn-äÀ) Bbn. t]«-bn cma³]nÅBim³ "Úm\-{]-Pm-Kcw' F¶ thZm-́ -k` Bcw-̀ n-̈ -t¸mÄ AXn ]Xn-hmbn ]s¦-Sp-¡m-dpÅssX¡mSv A¿m-hn \n¶v ]mTtbm-Khpw kzman-\m-Y-tZ-in-I-cn \n¶v Xangpw XXz-im-kv{Xhpwhi-am-¡n. \h-cm{Xn kZ-Ên ]s¦-Sp-¡m-s\-¯nb kpº-P-Sm-]m-Tn-IÄ F¶ ]c-tZi thZm-́ -]-WvUn-X³ "Úm\-{]-Pm-Kc' k`-bn thZm´{]`m-jWw \S-¯p-¶XvtIÄ¡m-\n-S-bmb Ipª³N«¼n At±-l-¯nsâ injyXzw kzoI-cn¨p. At±l¯n \n¶vkwkvIr-X-̄ nsâ D]-cn-]m-T-§fpw thtZm-]-\n-j-¯p-IÄ, imkv{X-§Ä, tbmK-hnZy XpS-§n-b-hbpwA`y-kn-̈ p. \m«n aS-§n-sb-̄ nb At±lw A½-bpsS acWtijw euInI _Ô-§-fp-t]-£n¨vtZim-S-\-̄ n-\n-d-§n. Z£n-tW-́ y-bn apgp-h³ k©-cn-¡p-Ibpw Ipd-¨p-Imew acp-Xzm-a-e-bnseKpl-bn X]-k-\p-jvTn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. _lp-ap-J-amb ]mWvUnXyw t\Sn-bn«pw Adn-tb--X-dn-ªn-sö Hcp tXm¶Â At±-ls¯ Akz-Ø-\m-¡n. A§-s\-bn-cns¡ tZim-S-\-̄ n-\n-S-bnÂ\mKÀtIm-hn-en-\-Sp-¯p-h¨v bmZr-Ýn-I-ambn Hcp tbmKnsb Ip-ap-«p-Ibpw At±-l-̄ n \n¶vBß-hn-tZym-]-tZiw kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A§s\ Ipª³N«¼n N«¼nkzman-I-fm-bn.j¬ap-J-Zm-k³ F¶ _ncpZ\ma-hpw Ct±-l-¯n-\p-v. P\-§Ä At±-ls¯ kvt\l-]qÀÆwhnZym-Zn-cm-P³ F¶p hnfn-¨p.
kaq-l-¯nsâ A´-k-¯bpw AXn A´Àeo-\-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ iànbpw I-dnªv P\-§sf DZv_p²cm¡pI F¶ al-̄ mb IÀ¯-hy-amWv N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ kzb-ta-sä-Sp-
-̄Xv. PmXn-t{i-Wn-bpsS Xe-̧ ¯p hncm-Pn-¡p¶ {_mÒ-W-cpsS kmaqly taÂt¡m-bva-s¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ BZys¯ [oc-amb i_vZw N«¼nkzman-I-fp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. thZw ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\v A{_m-Ò-WÀ¡v A[n-Im-c-an-söp iTn¨ bmYm-Øn-XnI {_mÒW ]utcm-lnXy \ne-]m-Sns\ At±lwtNmZyw sNbvXp. \mb-·mÀ, Cug-hÀ XpS-§nb sslµhkap-Zm-b-§Ä¡v kaq-l-¯n Ah-cÀln-¡p¶ \ymbamb Øm\w e`n-¡-W-sa-¶m-bn-cp¶p At±-l-̄ nsâ hmZw.
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lnµpaX-̄ nse A\m-Nm-c-§sf tNmZyw sNbvX N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ B aX-̄ nsâBNmc {KÙ-§-fmb thtZm-]-\n-j-¯p-IÄ, PmXn-Nn-´-bv¡-Xo-X-amb am\-hn-I-Xsb am\n-¡p¶XmsW¶v t_m²y-s¸-Sp-̄ n. PmXn-hy-hØ CÃm-bva sN¿p-hm-\pÅ ^e-{]-Z-amb amÀ¤-ambnAt±lw IXv Cug-hcpw aäv Abn¯PmXn-¡m-cp-ambn \nc-́ c k¼À¡-̄ n GÀs¸-SpIF¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Abn-̄ w, Xmen-sI«v Ieym-Ww, Xnc-p-Ipfn XpS-§nb A\m-Nm-c-§sf kaq-l-¯n \n¶pw XpS-̈ p-am-äp-¶-Xn-\pÅ kPoh {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn At±lw GÀs¸-«p. Abn¯wsImSn-Ip¯n hmWn-cp¶ Ime¯v, AXns\ AwKo-I-cn-¡msX \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-kzm-an-I-sfbpwsImv khÀW `h-\-§-fn IS¶p sN¶n-cp¶ N«¼nkzman-IÄ PmXn¡pw Abn-̄ -¯n\pwAXo-X-ambn Pohn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\ F¶p ImWn¨p sImSp-̄ p.
N«¼nkzman-I-fpsS thZm´NÀ¨-Ifpw aXw, ZÀi\w, Ncn{Xw F¶o hnj-b-§sfA[n-I-cn¨v cNn¨ IrXn-Ifpw kmaq-ln-I-k-a-Xzw, a\pjy kmtlm-Zcyw F¶o XXz-§Ä¡v {]mapJyw\ÂIn. FÃm aX-§-fp-tSbpw ASn-Øm\ XXz-§Ä FSp-̄ p-Im«n Ah-bpsS auen-I-amb GI-kz-`m-hs¯ kaÀ°n-¡p-I-bmWv N«¼nkzman-IÄ sNbvX-Xv. tIc-f-¯nse kmaq-lnI ]cn-jv¡-cW{]Øm-\-̄ n\v _p²n-]-c-amb ASn-¯d]WnX N«¼nkzman-IÄ Akm-[m-cW kn²n-IÄ XnIªHcp Iem-Im-c\pw A{]-tab {]`m-h-\mb Bß-tbm-Kn-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p.
N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ 1924 sabv 5 \p ]·-\-bn h¨v kam-[n-bm-bn. At±-l-̄ nsâinjycpw Bcm-[-Icpw AhnsS Øm]n¨ t£{X-hpw B{i-ahpw XoÀ°m-S\ tI{µ-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ{]kn-²-am-Wv.
N«-¼n-kzm-an-I-fpsS IrXn-IÄ : þ BZn-̀ m-j, {]mNo-\-a-e-bm-fw, `mjm-K-Zyw, ]p\ÀP· \ncq-]-Ww,thZm-Zn-Imc \ncq-]-Ww, {InkvXp-a-X-tÑ-Z-\w, Poh-Im-cpWy \ncq-]-Ww, \nPm-\µhnem-kw, thZm-́ -km-K-cw, {_l-Xz-\nÀ`m-kw, AssZzX ]RvP-cw XpS-§n-bh {][m\IrXn-I-fm-Wv.
hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³I®qÀ Iq¯p-]-d-¼n-\-Sp-¯pÅ ]mSyw-{Km-a-¯n tImc³ Kpcp-¡-fp-sSbpw hb-
tecn Nocp-h-½-bp-sSbpw aq¯-]p-{X-\mbn Ipªn-¡-®³ P\n-̈ p (1887). kwkvIr-X-]-WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp¶ AѳXs¶ BZy-Kp-cp. ]mc-¼-cy-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯n Imhy-\m-S-Im-e-¦m-c-§-fnepw ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-§-fnepw Adnhv t\Sn. hmb-\-bn Xmev]-cy-ap-m-b-tXmsS B[ym-ßn-I-hn-j-b-§-fn Adn-hp-t\-Sn. Xm³ BÀÖn¨ Adnhv aäp-Å-hÀ¡p-IqSn ]IÀ¶p-sIm-Sp-¡m³ {]kw-K-th-Zn-IÄ D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n. ]mWvUn-Xyhpw hmKzn-em-khpw H¯p-tNÀ¶-tXmsS Ipªn-¡-®³ hn.-sI. Kpcp-¡Ä F¶-dn-b-s¸-«p.
tImgn-t¡m-s«-̄ nb Kpcp-¡Ä AhnsS XXz-{]-Im-inI Fs¶mcp kwkvIr-X-hn-Zym-ebw Bcw-̀ n-̈ p. ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-§fpw thtZm-]-\n-j-̄ p-Ifpw `K-h-XvKo-X-bp-sams¡ D²-cn-¨p-sImv B[ym-ßn-I-km-aq-lnI {]iv\-§sf A[n-I-cn-̈ pÅ hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-§fpw {]`m-j-W-§fpw Kpcp-¡sf IqSp-X {]i-kvX-\m-¡n. cmPmdmw taml³ tdmbn-bpsS {_Ò-k-am-P-̄ nsâkn²m-́ -§fpw {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw Kpcp-¡-fn KWy-amb kzm[o\w sNep-̄ n. inhm-\-µ-tbm-Kn-bpsS Bi-bm-ZÀi-§-fnepw {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnepw BIr-jvS-\mb hn.-sI. Kpcp-¡Ä At±-l-̄ nsâinjyXzw kzoI-cn-̈ p. hn.-sI. Kpcp-¡-fpsS ss[j-Wn-I-amb hmKvhnemkw I-dnªv {_Òm-\-µ-in-h-tbm-Kn-bmWv At±-ls¯ hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³ F¶ _lp-aXn \maw \evIn BZ-cn-̈ -Xv.
[À½-{]-N-c-W-̄ n\pw A\m-Nm-c-§-fpsSbpw AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-fp-sSbpw [zwk-\-¯n-\p-apÅ t_m[-h-Xv¡-c-W-¯n-\p-am-bmWv hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³ tImgn-t¡m«v Bß-hn-Zym-kwLwØm]n-̈ -Xv. ià-amb Cu kmaq-ln-I-{]-Øm\w PmXn-hy-h-Øbv¡pw hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bv¡p-sa-Xn-
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cmbn i_vZ-ap-bÀ¯n. ]n¶o-Sn-Xnsâ imJ-IÄ D -̄c-tI-c-f-¯nepw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw Øm]n-X-am-bn. Bß-hn-Zym-kw-L-̄ nsâ am\n-s^tÌm F¶ \ne-bn-emWv BZy-Ir-Xn-bmb Bß-hnZy {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ -Xv.
Cug-h-k-ap-Zm-b-̄ n ]nd¶ hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³ B kap-Zmbw A\p-hÀ¯n-̈ p-t]m¶ Xnc-p-I-eym-Ww, Xmen-sI-«p-I-eymWw XpS-§nb A\m-Nm-c-§Äs¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ t]mcm-«-¯n-eqsS kmapZmbnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-¡mbn {]hÀ¯n-¨p. hn{K-l-§sf ]qPn-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS a\p-jy\vD¡Àjw km[y-a-söv Dds¡ {]Jym-]n-̈ p-sImv {_mÒ-W-in-h-s\bpw Cug-h-inh-s\bpw Xnc-kvI-cn-̈ p. PmXn-bpsS tIm«-a-Xn-ep-X-IÀ¡m\pw Abn-¯s¯ Zpco-I-cn-¡p-hm\pw Gähpw ^e-{]-Z-sa-¶vIv an{i-hn-hm-lhpw an{i-t`m-P-\hpw t{]mÕm-ln-̧ n-¡p-I-hgn ka-Xz-sa¶ Bibw{]mhÀ¯n-I-am-¡n. Bß-hn-Zym-kwLw aptJ\ PmXn-hy-Xym-kw, aZy-]m\w F¶n-h-bvs¡-Xnsc iàn-]qÀÆw {]hÀ¯n¨ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvIÀ¯m-hm-bn-cp¶p hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³.
Bß-hn-Zym-kw-Lw, A`n-\-h-tI-cfw amkn-I, Bß-hn-Zym-Im-lfw hmcn-I, XXz-{]-Im-inI B{i-aw, cmP-tbm-Km-\-µ-Iu-ap-Zo-tbm-K-ime F¶nh Bcw-̀ n¨ hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³, 1925ÂBcw-̀ n¨ Ducm-fp-¦Â tImþ-Hm-̧ -td-äohv te_À skmssk-än-bpsS Øm]-\-̄ n\v t\XrXzw \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Bß-hn-Zy, Bß-hn-Zym-te-J-am-e, B[ym-Xva-bp-²w, {]mÀ°\m-RvPen F¶nhhmKv`Sm-\-µsâ {][m\ IrXn-I-fm-Wv. 1937 amÀ¨v 30\v hmKv`-Sm-\-µ³ A´-cn-̈ p.
aàn-X-§Ä (1847þ1912)ae-̧ p-dw PnÃ-bnÂ, s]m¶m\n Xmeq-¡nse shfn-bw-tImSv tZi¯v 1847þ aàn-
X-§Ä P\n-̈ p. k¿n-Zvk-\m-bpÅ aàn X§Ä F¶m-bn-cp¶p ]qÀ®-\m-aw. Ad-_n, ae-bm-fw,Xan-gv, Ddp-Zp, t]Àjy³, Cw¥ojv F¶o `mj-I-fn ]mWvUnXyw t\Snb aàn-X-§Ä {_n«ojvKh¬saânsâ Iogn FIvsskkv C³kv-s]-IvS-dmbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvSn-̈ p. 1900-þ tPmen-cm-Pn-h-¨p-sImv apgp-h³ka-b-km-aq-lnI {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn-te¡v Xncn-ªp.
ae-_m-dnse at©cn, s]m¶m\n {]tZ-i-§Ä tI{µo-I-cn-̈ m-bn-cp¶p kmaq-ln-I-\-thm-°m-\-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fn At±lw {i²-tI-{µo-I-cn-̈ -Xv. A¶-s -̄ apÉow hnZym-̀ ym-k-coXnJpÀB³ sâ HmXepw AXnsâ AÀ°w ]d-bpI F¶-Xp-am-bn-cp-¶p. a{Z-k-IÄ, Fgp-̄ p-]Ån/Hm¯p-]Ån F¶nh tI{µo-I-cn-̈ m-bn-cp¶p hnZym-̀ ymkw \S-̄ n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. A¶s¯ apÉowaX-t\-Xm-¡Ä {_n«o-jp-Im-scbpw Cw¥ojv hnZym-̀ ym-k-s¯bpw FXnÀ¯n-cp-¶p. {_n«o-jp-Imsc
FXnÀ¯-Xn\v {][m-\-Im-cWw AhÀ Npa-¯nb \nIpXn hym]m-c-am-bn-cp¶p. ae-_mÀ {]tZ-i-§-fnse IÀjIÀ¡pw `qhp-S-a-IÄ¡p-an-S-bn \nIp-Xn-Np-a-¯n-s¡mv km¼-̄ n-I-ambn NqjWw sN¿p-Ibpw \nIpXn-s-sIm-Sp-¡m- -̄h-cpsS `qan-I-p-sI-«p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ coXn-bn {]tIm-]n-X-cmb AhÀ {_n«o-jp-Imsc FXnÀ¯p. sshtZ-in-I-amb F´n-s\bpw \ncm-I-cn-¨p. am{X-aà sshtZ-io-b-tcmSv i{Xp-Xm-a-t\m-̀ m-hhpw DS-se-Sp-̄ p. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ apÉowP\X Cw¥ojv `mj ]Tn-¨n-Ã. ae-bm-fhpw ]Tn-¡m³ {ian-¨n-Ã. BsI-̧ msS ]Tn¨ `mj Ad-_n-a-e-bmfw am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. ae-bm-ftam Cw¥otjm Adn-bm¯ apÉow aX-ØÀ¡v sXmgn-e-h-k-c-§Äe`n-̈ n-cp-¶n-Ã. CX-hsc kmaq-ln-Ihpw km¼-¯n-I-hp-ambn ]nt¶m-«p-\-bn-¨p.
kmaq-ln-I-ambpw hnZym-̀ ym-k-]-c-ambpw km¼-̄ n-I-ambpw ]nt¶m-¡m-h-Øbn-se-¯nb apÉowk-ap-Zm-bs¯ ]p\-cp-²-cn-¡m³ apt¶m-«p-h¶ \thm-°m-\-\m-b-I-\mWv aàn-X-§Ä.At±lw ae-bm-f-̀ mj ]Tn-¡m³ P\-§sf \nc-́ cw Blzm\w sNbvXp. Nmen-e-I¯v Ipª-l-½-
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Zvlm-Pn, apl-½-Zmen X§Ä F¶n-h-tcm-sSm¸w tNÀ¶v aàn-X-§Ä \S-¯nb kmaq-ln-I-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä \nc-h-[n-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
Cw¥o-jv`mj ]nim-Nnsâ `mj-bmWv, \c-I-¯n-te-¡pÅ ]mX-bmWv AXnsâ]T\w. F¶p-hn-iz-kn-̈ n-cp¶ A¡m-es¯ apÉow ]WvUn-X-·mcpsS ImgvN-̧ mSv amäm³ aàn-X-§Ä {ian-̈ p. a{Z-k-I-fnse ]T-\-co-Xn-Isf ]cn-jvI-cn¨ aàn-X-§Ä ]pXnb A[ym-]-\-co-Xn-IÄXs¶ \S-̧ n-em¡n. Jpdm³ HmXepw AÀ°w ]Tn-̈ p-]-d-bep-a-ÃmsX \nc-h[n ]pXnb Imcy-§Ä]T-\-tI-{µ-§-fn \S-̧ n-em-¡m³ At±-l-¯n-\mbn. CÉm-an-\n-S-bn Dm-bn-cp¶ ISp¯ AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-sfbpw A\n-Ém-an-I-amb ImgvN-̧ m-Sp-I-sfbpw A\m-Nm-c-§-sfbpw FXnÀ¯ aàn-X-§Ä Ah-bvs¡-Xnsc P\-§sf DZvt_m-[n-̧ n-¨p.
apÉow Bâv FUyp-t¡-j³ C³ ae-bmfw (I-s¿-gp-¯p-am-kn-I), klvk-ZpÂAlvbmÀ h lnZm-b¯Â AkvdÀ (]-cn-jvI-cn¨ Ad-_n-a-e-bmfw kv{In]vän-s\-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ ]T-\w), ]tcm-]-Imcn (am-kn-I), \_n-\-b\w, ]mÀ¡-enX t]mÀ¡fw F¶nh At±-l-¯nsâ {][m\Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv. XpÀ¡n-k-am-Nmcw Fs¶mcp ]{Xhpw aàn-X-§-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯n {]kn²wsNbvXn-cp-¶p. JpÀB³ ae-bm-f-̄ n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp-Xp-S-§n-sb-¦nepw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡m-\m-bn-Ã.
_lp-̀ m-jm-]-WvUn-X³, apÉow \thm-°m-\ -\m-b-I³, Ad-_n-þ-a-e-bmfw en]n]cn-jvIÀ¯mhv XpS-§nb \ne-I-fn {it²-b-\mb aàn-X-§Ä 1912 sk]väw-_À 18 \v ac-W-a-S-ªp.
h¡w A_vZpÄJm-ZÀau-ehn (1873þ1932)tIc-f-̄ nse kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-c-W-{]-Øm-\-¯nsâ Ae-sbm-en-IÄ apÉow
kap-Zm-b-¯nepw Ae-b-Sn-¨n-cp-¶p. apÉo-§Ä¡n-S-bnse Gähpw anI¨ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvIÀ¯m-¡-fnsemcm-fm-bn-cp¶p h¡w A_vZpÄJm-ZÀau-e-hn. Ad-_n, t]Àjy³, Ddp-Zp, ae-bmfw F¶o `mj-I-fn ]WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp¶ At±lw kz´w kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ kmaq-ln-tIm-¶-a-\-̄ n\pwkm·mÀKn-tIm-Öo-h-\-¯n\pw thn ITn-\-ambn {]b-Xv\n-̈ p. CÉm-an-\p- \n-c-¡m¯ BNm-c-§ÄDt]-£n-¡p-hm\pw kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-ambn Cw¥ojv hnZym-̀ ymkw t\Sp-hm\pw B[p-\n-I-]p-tcm-K-a\{]Øm-\-§-fn kPo-h-ambn ]s¦-Sp-¡p-hm\pw At±lw apÉowIfn t{]c-W-sN-ep-̄ n.
{io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hp-ambn ASp¯ k¼À¡w -]p-eÀ¯n-bn-cp¶ h¡w auehnØm]n¨ cp kwL-S-\-I-fmWv CÉmw [À½-]-cn-]m-e\ kwLw , Pam-A-¯pÂ-CÀjmZv
F¶nh. 1903- kn.-]n. tKmhn-µ-̧ n-Å-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-Xy-̄ n Bcw-̀ n¨ kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n bpsS{]km-[-I\pw aue-hn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. kmap-Zm-bn-Ihpw tZio-b-hp-amb Ah-Im-i-§Ä¡p-th-n-bpÅ{]hÀ -̄\-§Ä GtIm-]n-̧ n-̈ p-sIm-p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xn auehn Z¯{i-²-\m-bn-cp-¶p. aue-hn-bpsShnZym-̀ ym-k-{]-hÀ¯-\-§sf tIcf apÉow Ub-d-IvS-dn-bn C§s\ hne-bn-cp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p¶p-þkap-Zm-b-¯nsâ hnZym-`ym-k-]p-tcm-K-Xnsb em¡m¡n auehn kutl_v \nÀh-ln¨ tkh\w ]qhn-«p-hn-cn-ªXv ASp- -̄Im-e-̄ m-Wv. `c-W-a-WvU-e-§-fnepw HutZym-Kn-I-amb aäp-cw-K-§-fnepw apÉo-§Ä¡v {]mXn-\n[yw e`n-¡m³ At±lw A£oWw {ian-̈ p. AXnsâ ^e-ambn 1914 apX Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Kh¬saâv kÀho-kn apÉow FUyp-t¡-j³ C³kvs]-IvS-dpw JpÀ-B³ A[ym-]-I-·m-cpw Ad-_n-ap³jn-am-cp-ap-m-bn. Kh¬saânsâ Ad-_n-]-co-£-bp-sSbpw Ad_n sSIvÌv _p¡vI½n-än-bp-sSbpw D -̄c-hm-Zn- -̄apÅ Øm\-§sf Ae-¦-cn-̈ p-sImv apÉow hnZym-̀ ym-k-̄ n\v]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶{X tkh\w sNbvXp. auehn kmtl_v Bcw-̀ n¨ apÉow
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amkn-Ibpw AÂþCÉmw F¶ Ad-_n-þ-a-e-bm-f-am-kn-Ibpw kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ Pnlz-I-fmbn¯s¶ \ne-sIm-p.
tIc-f-̄ nse ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-¯n h¡w aue-hn¡v _lp-am-\y-amb Øm\-ap-v. apÉow , Zo]nI F¶n-§s\ cv B\p-Im-enI ]{X-§Ä kz´w ]{Xm-[n-
]-Xy-̄ n At±lw {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯n. sI. cma-Ir-jvW-]nÅ ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp¶ kztZ-im-`n-am-\n-
bpw h¡w aue-hn-bpsS hI-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AÂ-CÉmw F¶ Ad_n ae-bmfamkn-I-bpsS {]kn-²o-I-c-Ww-sImv At±lw Ad-_n-a-e-bmfw {]N-cn-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cug-hcpw \mb-·mcpwBcw-̀ n¨ P\-k-ap-Zm-b-kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS Nph-Sp-]n-Sn¨v auehn Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ apÉow alm-k-
` bpw Nnd-bn³Iogv Xmeq¡v apÉow kam-P hpw sFIy-apÉow kwL hpw Øm]n-̈ p. apÉo-§Ä¡v kmaq-ln-I--amb DbÀ¨ ssIh-cp-¯p-I, AhÀ¡n-S-bn kzX-{´-Nn-́ m-KXn hfÀ¯pIF¶n-h-bm-bn-cp¶p Cu kwL-S-\-I-fpsS Dt±-iyw. tIc-f-¯n hnZym-̀ ym-k-cw-K¯pw kmaq-ln-I-cw-K¯pw apÉow kap-Zm-b-¯n-\p-mb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn Gdn-b-Iqdpw auehn kmln-_nsâ {]mcw-̀ -{]-hÀ¯-\-§-tfmSv IS-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.
ktlm-Z-c³ A¿-¸³ (1889þ1968)kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvIÀ¯mhpw Nn´I\pw ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I-\p-amb sI.-A-¿-̧ ³
ssh¸n³Zzo-]nse sNdm-bn-bn P\n-̈ p. sNdm-bn, ]d-hqÀ, tImgn-t¡mSv F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse hnZym-̀ ym-k-̄ n-\p-tijw D]-cn-]-T-\-̄ n\v a{Zm-kn t]msb-¦nepw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡msX aS-§n. tImgn-t¡mSvBß-hn-Zym-kw-L-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«p {]hÀ¯n-̈ p. Xma-kn-bmsX Cug-h-k-ap-Zm-b-̄ n thcq-¶nb AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-sfbpw A\m-Nm-c-§-sfbpw CÃm-bva-sN-¿p-hm-\pÅ {ia-hp-ambn cwK-̄ n-d-§n. Kpcp-k-tµ-i-§Ä {]N-cn-̧ n-¡p-hm-\mWv Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n. tbmKhpw ktlm-Z-c-kw-LhpwBhnÀ`-hn-̈ -Xv. Fkv.-F-³.-Un.-]n. tbmK-¯n\v IqSp-X cmjv{So-b-e-£y-§Ä A¡m-e-¯p-m-bn-cp-¶-Xp-sImv PmXn-kw-_-Ô-amb D¨-\o-N-Xz-§fpw aäv A\m-Nm-c-§fpw Cugh kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ\n¶v amäWsa¶pÅ e£y-t¯m-Sp-IqSn Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n. tbmK-¯nsâ Hcp t]mj-I-kw-L-S\ F¶ \ne-bn PmXn-\-io-Ic-W-sa¶ e£yw ap³\nÀ¯n 1917þ A¿-̧ ³ ktlm-Z-c-kwLwBcw-̀ n-̈ p.
PmXn-th-, aXw-th-, ssZhw-th a\p-jy\v F¶ Bibw {]N-cn-̧ n¨v Hcp]pXnb kaqlw krjvSn-¡m³ At±lw {ian-¨p. PmXn-X-IÀ¡pI F¶ e£y-hp-ambn 1917þÂAt±lw sNdm-bn-bn \S-̄ nb an{i-t`m-P\w kz´w PmXn-¡m-cnÂ\n¶pw ]pe-b-\-¿-̧ ³ F¶]cn-lm-k-t¸cv At±-l-¯n\v t\Sn-s¡m-Sp-̄ p. ]pe-b-scbpw Cug-h-scbpw ]s¦-Sp-̧ n-̈ p-sImvan{i-t`m-P\w \S-̄ p-Ibpw an{i-hn-hmlw t{]mÕm-ln-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXXv kap-Zm-b-¯nÂhenb tImfn-f¡w krjvSn-̈ p. PmXn-\-io-I-c-W-¯nsâ t]cn bmYm-Øn-Xn-I-cpsS ià-ambFXnÀ¸v At±-l-¯n\v t\cn-tS-n-h-¶p.
ktlm-Z-c-kw-L-̄ n-eqsS kmaq-ly-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ Ae-I-fn-f-¡p-hm³ A¿-¸\v Ign-ªp. A§-s\-bmWv sI.-A-¿-̧ ³ ktlm-Z-c³ A¿-̧ -\m-b-Xv. 1919þ a«m-t©-cn-bnÂ\n¶v ktlm-Z-c³ F¶ ]{Xw At±lw {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ p. 1928þ Bcw-̀ n¨ bpàn-hmZn amkn-I-bpsS BZy-]-{Xm-[n-]cpw A¿-̧ -\m-bn-cp-¶p. sIm¨n cmPy¯v D¯-c-hm-Z-̀ -c-Whpw {]mb-]qÀ¯nthm«-h-Im-ihpw Øm]n-¨p-In-«m³ At±lw A£oWw {]b-Xv\n-̈ p. sIm¨n {]Pm-a-WvU-e-¯nÂGsd-¡mew AwK-am-bn-cp-¶p. D -̄c-hm-Z-̀ -cWw Øm]n-̈ -Xn-\p-ti-j-apÅ P\-Io-b-a-{´n-k-̀ bnepwcp-{]m-hiyw AwK-am-bn. 1949þ Xncp-þ-sIm¨n cq]o-Ir-X-am-b-Xn-s\-¯p-SÀ¶v ]«w a{´n-k-̀ -bnepw
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AwK-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ccp-]-Xmw-\q-äm-n tIcfw t\Snb kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bn ktlm-Z-c³A¿-̧ sâ kw`m-h\ {it²-b-am-Wv.
ktlm-Z-c-{]-Øm\w tIc-f-̄ nsâ \m\m-̀ m-K-§-fn krjvSn¨ Ae-sbmen sNdp-Xm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. \qX-\-amsbmcp Nn´m-k-cWn sh«n-̄ p-d-¡p-hm\pw Cu {]Øm\w klm-bn-̈ p.A¿-̧ ³ A¶v Bcw-̀ n¨ ktlm-Z-c³ ]{XamWv tIc-f-¯n BZy-ambn djy³ hn¹-h-s -̄¡p-dn¨pw se\n-s\-¡p-dn¨pw tkmjy-en-Ìm-ZÀi-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw P\-§Ä¡nS-bn {]Nm-cWw \S-¯n-b-Xv.bpàn-]qÀÆambn F´n-s\-¡p-dn¨pw hni-I-e\w \S-¯p-hm-\pÅ Hcp kzX-{´-Nn-́ m-io-ehpwktlm-Z-c³ hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-̄ p. aXw hyàn-Im-cy-am-bn-cn-¡-W-sa¶pw PmXnsb D·q-e-\miw
hcp-̄ -W-sa¶pw ktlm-Z-c³ DZvt_m-[n-̧ n-̈ p. PmXn-cm-£-ksâ ssht¡mÂ{]-Xn-a-bp-m¡nZln-̧ n-¡p¶ ]cn-]mSn ]e-bn-S-¯p-h¨pw BtLm-j-]qÀÆw \nÀh-ln-̈ p. sImSp-§-Ãq-cn irwK-]p-c-¯p-h¨v PmXn-cm£k-Z-l\w \S¯nb-Xv, AhÀWÀ¡v \ntcm-[n-¡-s¸« irwK-]pcw tdmUnÂIqSntLmj-bm{X \bn-̈ n-«m-bn-cp-¶p. A¶p-ap-X B tdmUn¡qSn \S-¡m³ AhÀWÀ¡v Ah-Imiw hop-In-«n. A§s\ PmXn-sbbpw PmXn-Ir-X-§-fmb Akzm-X-{´y-§-tfbpw [oc-ambnFXnÀ¯p-sIm-v, P\-§-fn Bß-hocyw ]IÀ¶p-sIm-Sp-¯v, ktlm-Z-c-{]-Øm\w \m«n Hcp]pXp-ssN-X\yw {]k-cn-̧ n-¨p.
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tIc-f-]-T\w þ B[p-\n-I-tI-cfw Page 21
samUyqÄ þ 2ka-c-§fpw apt¶-ä-§fpw
cmP-hm-gvN-bn-em-bn-cp¶ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw sIm¨n-bnepw {_n«ojv Ime-L-«-¯nsâ Bcw-̀ w-sXmt« cmjv{Sob ka-c-§fpw {]t£m-̀ W-§fpw Dmbn-«p-v. kXv`c-Ww- Øm-]n-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p BZy-Ime {]t£m-̀ -W§-fpsS e£yw. `c-W-̄ nsâ ]e Xe-§-fp-ambn P\-§Ä¡v _Ô-ap-m-bn-cn-¡-W-sa¶pw aäp-apÅ cmjv{So-bm-h-Im-i-§Ä t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m³ kwL-Sn-¸n¡-s¸-«-h-bm-bn-cp¶p ]n¡m-e-̄ pmb {]t£m-̀ -W-§Ä. 1947  Xncphn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw sIm¨n-bnepw D -̄c-hm-Z-̀ -cWw Øm]n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\p-]n-¶mse Chn-sS-bp-mb {]t£m-̀ -W-§-fmWv CubqWn-än ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶-Xv.
Cugh sat½m-dn-bÂae-bm-fn- sa-t½m-dn-b {]t£m-̀ Ww P\-§-fpsS cm{ãobt_m[s¯ X«n-bp-
WÀ¯n. AXv Cugh sat½m-dn-b-en\v amÀK-ZÀi-I-am-bn. ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-b F¶ `oa-lÀPn-sImv Cugh kap-Zm-b-¯n\v {]tXy-In¨v t\«-sam¶pw Dm-bn-Ã. am{X-aà AXn\v Znhm³ cma-cm-b-cnÂ\n¶v e`n¨ adp-]Sn Al-́ -\n-d-ª-Xp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cug-h-k-ap-Zm-bs¯ ]cn-l-kn-̈ p-sImv, Cug-hÀ Ah-cpsS Ipe-hr-̄ n-bmb sX§p-sN-¯v, Ib-dp-]n-cn¸v apX-em-b-h-sImvXr]vXn-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶pw AhÀ¡v kÀ¡m-cp-tZym-K-¯nt\m DÂIr-jvS-hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-¯nt\mXmev]-cy-an-söpw, Ahsc lÀPn-¡mÀ X§-fpsS kwJy s]cp-̧ n¨p ImWn-¡m³ BIÀjn¨ptNÀ¯-Xm-sW¶pw ]d-ªn-cp-¶p. CXv icnbà F¶v sXfn-bn-t¡ Npa-Xe Cug-h-k-ap-Zm-b-̄ n-\p-m-bn-cp-¶p.
Cughkap-Zm-b-̄ nsâ D²m-c-I-\m-bn-cp¶p tUm. ]ev]p-hnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ1896 sk]väw-_À 3þmw XobXn 13176 Cug-hÀ H¸n« Hcp `oa-lÀPn alm-cm-Pm-hn\v kaÀ¸n-̈ p.kÀ¡mÀ kÀho-knse DtZym-K-§-fn \m«pIm-cmb X§Ä¡pw AÀl-amb coXn-bn \nb-a\we`n-¡W-sa-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p {][m\ Bh-iyw. A©p-cq-]-bn IqSp-X i¼-f-apÅ DtZym-K-§-sfm¶pw Cug-hÀ¡v e`n-̈ n-cp-¶n-Ã. {InkvXp-a-X-¯n-te¡v ]cn-hÀ¯\w sNbvX kzPm-Xo-bÀ¡pÅ]cn-K-W-\-sb-¦nepw X§Ä¡p-e-̀ n-¡-W-sa-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p \nth-Z-\-¯nse {][m\ Bh-iyw. Cug-h-sa-t½m-dn-b-en\v Kh¬saânÂ\n¶pw e`n¨ adp-]Sn \ncm-im-P-\-I-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¦nepw kap-Zm-bmw-K-§sf X§-fpsS Ah-Im-i-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v t_m[-hm-·m-cm-¡m³ Ah klm-b-I-ambn.
ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-bÂ]s¯m-¼Xmw \qäm-nsâ A´y-Z-i-I-§-fn \mbÀ, Cug-hÀ, kpdn-bm\n
{InkvXym-\n-IÄ, ]pe-bÀ XpS-§nb kap-Zm-b-§-fn hnZym-k-¼-¶-cmb Bfp-I-fpsS kwJys]cpIn. Ch-cn \mb-·m-scm-gnsI aäp-Å-hÀ¡v kÀ¡mÀ DtZymKw e`n-̈ n-cp-¶n-Ã. 500 cq]-bv¡p-ta i¼-f-apÅ DtZym-K-§-fm-Is« Xangv{_mÒ-WÀ¡v am{Xw kwh-cWw sNbvX ØnXn-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. CXn-s\-Xnsc hnZym-k-¼-¶-cpsS {]Xn-tj[w hym]-I-am-bn. 1891 P\p-hcn H¶mw XobXn{_mÒ-WÀ HgnsI \m\m-PmXn aX-Ø-cmb ]Xn-\m-bn-c-¯n-e-[nIw t]À H¸n« Hcp `oa-lÀPn{ioaqewXncp-\mÄ alm-cm-Pm-hn\v kaÀ¸n-̈ p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ kÀ¡mÀ kÀho-knse DbÀ¶DtZym-K-§Ä hnZym-̀ ym-k-tbm-Ky-X-bpÅ \m«p-ImÀ¡p- \-evI-W-sa¶Xmbn-cp-¶p -{]-[m\ Bh-iyw.CXm-bn-cp¶p ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-bÂ. PmXn-hy-Xymkw amän-h¨v Ah-Im-i-§Ä¡p-thn tIc-f-
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¯n \S¶ BZys¯ Iq«mb {ia-am-bn-cp¶p ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-bÂ. B[p-\nI hnZym-̀ ymkwkaq-l-¯n hcp-̄ nb ]cn-hÀ -̄\-¯nsâ ^e-am-bn-cp¶p AXv.
Cug-hsc kÀ¡mÀ kvIqfn ]Tn-̧ n-¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡m-¯Xpw AhÀ¡vDtZymKw \evIn t{]mÕm-ln-̧ n-¡m-̄ Xpw A\ym-b-am-sW¶pw ae-bmfnsa-t½m-dn-b-en hmZn-¨n-cp-¶p. sI.-]n. i¦-c-ta-t\m³, kn.-hn. cma³]n-Å, kn. IrjvW-]n-Å, Pn.-]n. ]nÅ F¶n-h-cmWv CXn-\mbn {]hÀ¯n-̈ -Xv. ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-b A¡m-es¯ Hcp {][m\ cmjv{Sob kw`-h-am-bn-cp¶p. DS-\Sn A\p-Iqe D -̄c-shm¶pw Dm-bn-sÃ-¦nepw kÀ¡m-cnsâ at\m-̀ m-h-¯nÂhyXymkw h¶p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ kÀ¡m-cn-s\-Xnsc DbÀ¶p-h¶ BZys¯ P\-ap-t¶äw F¶\ne-bn ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-b-en\v kp{]-[m-\-amb Øm\-ap-v.
t{£{X-{]-th-i-\-hn-fw-_cwXncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ alm-cm-Pmhv {ioNn-̄ n-c-Xn-cp-\mÄ _me-cm-a-hÀ½ 1936 \hw-_À
12þmw XobXn kp{]-kn-²-amb t£{X-{]-th-i-\-hn-fw-_cw {]Jym-]n-̈ p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-ÀkÀ¡mcnsâ \nb-{´-Wm-[o-\-X-bn-epÅ FÃm t£{X-§-fnepw P\-\-̄ mtem aX-hn-izm-k-̄ mtemlnµp-hmb GsXm-cmÄ¡pw {]th-i-\-a-\p-h-Zn-¡p¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Cu hnfw-_-cw. B[p-\nI `mc-X-
¯nse alm-ÛpXw F¶mWv alm-ßm-KmÔn {]kvXpX hnfw-_-cs¯ hnti-jn-̧ n-̈ -Xv.{io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hnsâ Bßo-b-km-aq-ly-t\-Xr-Xz-¯n³Io-gn Chn-Sps¯ A[-
Øn-X-hÀ¤w kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-¡p-thn ZoÀL-Im-e-ambn \S-̄ n-h¶ ka-c-§fpsS kzm`m-hn-I-amb]cn-k-am-]vXn-bm-bn-cp-¶p t£{X-{]-th-i\hnfw-_-cw. AhÀW PmXn-¡mÀ¡v t£{X-{]-th-i-\-a-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ hnhn[hi-§sf¸än lnµp-a-X-̄ nsâ BNm-c-]-²XnI-fpÄs¡m-Åp¶ B[n-Im-cnI{KÙ-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n¨v \nÀt±-i-§Ä kaÀ¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Nn¯n-c-Xn-cp-\mÄ 1932þ hnZ-Kv²-k-an-Xnsb \nb-an-¨p. kan-Xn-bpsS A\p-Iq-e-amb \nÀt±-i-§fpw khÀW-ln-µp-¡-fpsS A\p-Iq-e-amb \ne-]mSpw t_m[y-s¸-«tXmsS Nn¯n-c-Xn-cp-\mÄ hnfw-_cw ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-̈ p.
hnfw-_-c-̄ nsâ ]qÀ®-cq]w CXmWv: \½psS aX-̄ nsâ ]c-amÀ°-Xbpwkp{]-am-W-Xbpw KmV-ambn t_m[y-s¸-«pw, BbXp ssZhn-I-amb A\p-im-k-\-̄ nepw kÀh-hym-]-I-hp-amb k-ln-jvWp-X-bn-ep-amWv ASn-bp-d-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-sX¶v hniz-kn¨pw AXnsâ {]hÀ¯-\-¯n AXp iX-hÀj-§-fmbn Ime-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-̄ n\v A\p-tbm-Pn-̈ p-t]m-¶p-sh¶p [cn¨pw\½psS lnµp-{]-P-I-fn BÀ¡pw Xs¶ Ah-cpsS P\-\tam PmXntbm kap-Zm-b-tam- Im-cWwlnµp-a-X-hn-izm-k-̄ nsâ im´nbpw km´z-\hpw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-Sm³ ]mSn-sÃ-¶pÅ DXvI-Wv-T-bmepw \mw Xocp-am-\n-¡p-Ibpw CXn-\m {]Jym-]\w sN¿p-Ibpw \ntbm-Kn-¡bpw BÚm-]n-¡bpw sN¿p-¶-sX-s´-¶mÂ, kap-Nn-X-amb ]cn-X-Øn-Xn-IÄ ]cn-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw {Inbm-]-²-Xn-Ifpw BNm-c-§fpw sh¨p \S-̄ p-¶-Xn\pw \mw \nÝ-bn-¡bpw Npa-¯p-Ibpw sN¿m-hp¶ \nb-a-§Ä¡pw \n_-Ô-\-IÄ¡pw hnt[-b-ambn, P\-\¯mtem aX-hn-izm-k-¯mtem lnµp-hmb bmsXm-cmÄ¡pw \½p-sSbpw \½psS Kh¬saân-sâbpw \nb-{´-W-̄ n-epÅ t£{X-§-fn {]th-in-¡p-¶-Xnt\m Bcm-[\ \S-¯p-¶-Xnt\m C\n-ta bmsXmcp \ntcm-[-\hpw Dm-bn-cn-¡m³ ]mSn-sÃ-¶m-Ip-¶p.
Cu hnfw-_cw sslµ-h-k-ap-Zm-b-̄ n \ni-_vZhpw cà-c-ln-X-hp-amb Hcphn¹-h-ap-m-¡n. sIm¨n-bnepw ae-_m-dnepw Cuhn[-samcp ]cn-jvIm-c-ap-m-Im³ ]ns¶bpw Hcp]Xn-äm-p-th-n-h-¶p. 1947 G{]n-en sIm¨o-cm-Pmhv {]Jym-]n¨ t£{X-{]-th-i-\m-h-Im-i-Zm-\-hn-fw-_cw sIm¨n-bnse t£{X-§-fn PmXn-hy-Xym-k-an-ÃmsX FÃm lnµp-¡Ä¡pw {]th-i\w A\p-h-
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Zn-̈ p. 1947se aZn-cm-in-t£-{X-{]-th-i\\nbaw Cu ]cn-jvIm-cs¯ ae-_mÀ {]tZ-i-t¯¡pw hym]n-¸n-̈ p.
]{X-{]-hÀ¯\wCw¥ojv hnZym-̀ ym-khpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb DÄ¡m-gvN-bp-amWv tIc-
f-̄ nse BZy-Im-e-]-{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ t{]c-I-i-àn. tIc-f-̄ n BZy-ambn Hcp ]{Xw XpS-§n-bXv sN¦p-f¯v Ipªn-cm-a-ta-t\m-\m-bn-cp-¶p. I¡-«-bnÂ\n¶v {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ n-cp¶ Aar-Xv-_-
kmÀ ]{Xn-I-bpsS {]tNm-Z-\-apÄs¡mv 1884þÂ ae-_m-dnse BZys¯ hr¯m-´-]-{X-amb
tIc-f-]-{XnI tImgn-t¡m-«p-\n-¶m-cw-̀ n¨p. 1886þÂ Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c-¯p-\n¶v {]kn-²o-I-c-W-am-cw-
`n¨ ae-bmfn Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Ncn-{X-¯n {]kn-²-amb ae-bm-fn-sa-t½m-dn-b-en\v t{]c-I-ambcmjv{So-b-þ-km-aq-ln-Im-h-t_m[w krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn \nÀWm-b-I-amb ]¦p-h-ln-̈ p.
kn.-Fw.Fkp-Im-cpsS B`n-ap-Jy-̄ n ]mÝm-Xy-hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-̄ n\p XpS-¡-an«tIm«bw, ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-̄ nsâ iàn-tI-{µambncp-¶p. 1887þ \n[o-cn-¡Â amWn-¡- -̄\mÀtIm«-b-̄ p-\n¶v hmcn-I-bmbn XpS-§nb \{km-Wn-Zo-]nI 1939 þ Zo]nI F¶ t]cn Zn\-̧ -{X-ambn. tIc-f-̄ n C-¶pÅ ]{X-Øm-]-\-§-fn Gähpw ]g-¡-ap-Å-Xm-Wn-Xv. ae-bmf ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-cw-K¯v F¡m-e-s¯bpw amXr-I-bmb I-¯n hÀKokv am¸nf 1888þ tIc-f-̄ nseBZys¯ tPmbnâv tÌm¡v I¼\n¡p-cq]w \evIn. AXnsâ B`n-ap-Jy-̄ n hÀKo-kvam-̧ n-f-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-Xy-¯n at\m-ca (1890) {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ p-Xp-S-§n. 1928þ at\m-c-a-Zn-\-̧ -{X-ambn]pd-̄ n-d-§n.
sI. cma-Ir-jvW-]n-Å-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-Xy-̄ n 1906þ Xncp-h-\-́ -]p-c-̄ p-\n¶v{]kn-²o-I-c-W-am-cw-̀ n¨ kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n, ]{X-kzm-X-{´y-̄ nsâ kap-Öz-e-am-Xr-I-bm-Wv. `c-W-cw-Ks¯ Agn-a-Xn-I-tfmSpw A[n-Im-c-{]-a¯XtbmSpw kÔn-bn-Ãm¯ kacw {]Jym-]n¨ Cu ]{XwA[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS P\-t{Zm-l- \-S-]-Sn-Isf \nÀ`-b-ambn hnaÀin-̈ p.
KmÔn-Pn-bpsS bMvC-´y sb amXr-I-bm¡n 1923þÂ sI.-]n. tIi-h-ta-t\m³
tImgn-t¡m-«p-\n¶v amXr-`qan {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ p-Xp-S-§n. BZyw BgvN-bn aq¶p-Zn-hkw am{X-am-bn-cp¶p {]kn-²o-I-c-Ww. ]n¶o-SXv Zn\-̧ -{X-am-bn. km[m-cW Ah-Im-i-§sf kw_-Ôn-̈ n-S-t¯mfwFÃm a\p-jycpw ka-·m-cm-sW¶ hnizm-k-t¯msS kzmX-{´y-hÀ[-\-bv¡mbn \nÀ`bw s]mcp-
Xm³ amXr-̀ qan P\-§sf Blzm\w sNbvXp. ae-bm-fn-Isf tZio-b-X-bn-te¡v \bn-̈ -tXm-sSm¸wkzmX-{´y-k-a-c-̄ nsâ ]mX-bn-eqsS \S-̄ p-hm\pw amXr-̀ qan {ian-̈ p. kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-¡p-th-n-bpÅ ka-c-§-fnepw amXr-̀ qan ap¶nÂ\n¶p.
khn-ti-j-amb {]hÀ¯-\-ssi-en-bpsS t]cn {it²-b-cmb BZy-Ime ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I-cm-bn-cp¶p th§-bn Ipªn-cm-a³\m-b\mcpw tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-]n-Å-bpw.
tIc-f-̄ n-en-¶v ]{X-§-fpsS F®w Fgp-]-tXm-f-ap-s-¶mWv HutZym-KnI IW-¡p-IÄ ]d-bp-¶-Xv. amXr-`qan, ae-bm-f-a-t\m-c-a, Zo]n-I, tIc-f-Iu-ap-Zn, tZim-̀ n-am-\n, P\-bp-Kw, awK-fw, am[y-aw, P·-̀ q-an, N{µn-I, ho£-Ww, FIvkv{]-kv XpS-§n-b-h-sbÃmw {]Nm-c-apÅ Zn\-̧ -{X-§fm-Wv. ae-bm-fn-I-fn DbÀ¶-tXm-Xn-epÅ cmjv{So-b-km-aq-ln-Im-h-t_m[w krjvSn-¡p-¶-XnÂapJym-[m-cm-]-{X-§Ä \nÀWm-b-I-amb kzm[o\w sNep-̄ n-bn-«p-v. tZio-b-i-cm-i-cn-tb-¡mÄ hfscDbÀ¶-XmWv ae-bm-fn-bpsS ]{X-]m-cm-b-W-io-ew. ae-bm-fn-sb C¯-c-samcp {]_p-²-X-bn-te¡v\bn¨Xv ]{X-§-fmsW¶v \nkw-ibw ]d-bmw.
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kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]nÅh¡w A_vZpÄJm-ZÀ aue-hn-bpsS DS-a-Ø-X-bn Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c-¯p-\n¶pw
1906þ {]kn-²o-I-cWw Bcw-̀ n¨ kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n , ]{X-kzm-X-{´y-̄ nsâ kap-Özeam-Xr-I-bm-Wv. {ioaqewXncp-\m-fnsâ `c-W-Imew cmjv{So-bm-kzmØy§Ä \nd-ª-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Znhm³ kn.cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bpsS \b-§Ä P\-§-fn AXr]vXn krjvSn-̈ p. kztZ-im-̀ n-am-\n-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-cmb sI. cma-Ir-jvW-]nÅ Xsâ \nin-X-amb XqenI ]S-hm-fm¡n Znhms\ \nin-X-ambn \ncq-]Ww sNbvXp-sImv Hcp teJ-\-]-c-¼c {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-̄ n. A[n-Im-cn-hÀ¤w cma-Ir-jvW-]n-ÅsbA£-cmÀ°-̄ n `b-s¸-«p. Cu teJ-\-§sf Kuc-h-_p²ym ho£n¨ kÀ¡mÀ 1910 sk]väw-_À26þmw XobXn sI.-cm-a-Ir-jvW-]n-Åsb Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ\n¶v \mSp-I-S-¯n-s¡mv Hcp cmP-Iobhnfw-_cw ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-̈ p. Kh¬saâv kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n \ntcm-[n-¡p-Ibpw AXnsâ ap{Z-Wm-ebw Ip-sI-«p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kÀ¡m-cnsâ Cu {]hr-̄ n-bn P\-§Ä kmÀh-{Xn-I-ambnFXnÀ¸p-tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n. cma-Ir-jvW-]nÅ ZoÀL-Imew tcmK-i-¿-bn InS-¶-Xn-\p-tijw 1916 þÂI®q-cnÂh¨v A´-cn-¨p. ]{X-kzm-X-{´y-̄ n-\p-th-n-bpÅ t]mcm-«-¯n PohnXw Dgn-ªp-h¨kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n-Åsb [oc-\mb ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I-³ F¶p-hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡mw.
D¯-c-hmZ {]t£m-`Wwkwbpà cmjv{Sobkan-Xn-bn aäp-k-ap-Zm-b-§-sf-¡qSn DÄs¸-Sp¯n ]«w-Xm-Wp-
]n-ÅbpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯n 1938 s^{_p-h-cnbn Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ tÌäv tIm¬{Kkv cq]o-Ir-X-am-bn. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse P\-§Ä¡v ]qÀW-amb D¯-c-hm-Z-̀ -cWw t\Sn-s¡m-Sp-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p kwL-S-\-bpsS e£yw. Cu e£y-̄ n-se-̄ m³ {]Xy-£-k-acw XpS-§p-¶-Xn\v Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ tÌävtIm¬{Kkv Xocp-am-\n-̈ p. {]Xy-£-k-a-c-]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ap-¼v, kwØm-\-¯nse P\-§Ä¡v Ign-bp-¶Xpw thKw D¯-c-hm-Z-̀ -cWw A\p-h-Zn-̈ p-sIm-Sp-t¡--Xnsâ Bh-iy-I-X-bpsS ASn-b-´n-c-kz-`mhw hni-Z-am-¡n-s¡mv tÌäv tIm¬{Kkv alm-cm-Pm-hn\v Hcp \nth-Z-\-]-{XnI kaÀ¸n-̈ p. AXn Znhm³ kn.-]n. cma-kzm-an-A-¿Às¡-Xnsc Nne Btcm-]-W-§Ä D¶-bn-¡p-Ibpw At±-ls¯ ]ncn-̈ p-hn-S-W-sa-¶m-h-iy-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CX-dnª kn.-]n., tÌävtIm¬{K-kns\ \nb-a-hn-cp-²-kw-L-S-\-bmbn {]Jym-]n-̈ p. AtX-̄ p-SÀ¶v \nb-a-ew-L\ {]t£m-̀ -Whpw t\Xm-¡-fpsS AdÌpw P\-§fpw t]meokpw X½n-epÅ Gäp-ap-«-ep-saÃmw \S-¶p.
`c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb {]iv\-§-tfmSv tbmPn-̈ p-t]m-Im³ Ign-bmsX kwL-S-\-bnse Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fmb NneÀ Iayq-Wn-Ìp-]mÀ«n cq]o-I-cn-̈ p. CXn-\nsS 1946 kn.-]n. `c-W-L-S\]cn-jvI-cn-¡m³ {ian-s¨-¦nepw \S-̧ m-bn-Ã. Iayq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ Znhm³`-c-W-a-h-km-\n-̧ n¨v D¯-c-hm-Z-̀ -cWw GÀs¸-Sp-̄ -W-sa¶ Bh-iy-hp-ambn A{I-am-k-à-amb kacw-Xs¶ \S-¯n. HSp-hnÂ, 1947BKÌv 19\v kn.-]n. Znhm-³ Øm-\samgn-ªp. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ C´y³bq-Wn-b-\n ebn-¡p-¶-Xm-bpÅ Xocp-am\w Xma-kn-bmsX Nn¯n-c-Xn-cp-\mÄ cmPmhv KhÀWÀ P\-d auv _mäs\ Adn-bn-̈ p. XpSÀ¶v 1948 amÀ¨v 24\v ]«w-Xm-Wp-]nÅ apJy-a-{´n-bmbn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse BZys¯P\-Iob a{´n-k` \ne-hnÂh-¶p.
\nhÀ¯-\-{]-t£m-`WwCcp-]Xmw \qäm-nsâ Bcw-̀ -̄ n Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn P\m-[n-]-Xym-h-Im-i-
§Ä¡p-th-n-bpÅ {]t£m-̀ -W-§Ä Bcw-̀ n-¨p. kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]nÅ A¶s¯Znhm³ cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-s¡-Xnsc kztZ-im-̀ n-am-\n- ]-{X-¯n-eqsS \S-¯nb cq£-hn-aÀi-\-§-fmWv AXn\p XpS-¡w-Ip-dn-̈ -Xv. AXnsâ t]cn 1910þ At±lw \mSp-I-S- -̄s¸-«p. \nb-a-k-̀ m-]-
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cn-jvImcw e£y-am-¡n-bpÅ P\-Io-bm-̀ n-{]mbw am\n¨v 1922þ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ \nb-a-k` sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-«-hÀ¡p `qcn-]-£-apÅ Hcp P\-{]-Xn-\n[n k`-bm-¡n. ]t£ thm«-h-Imiw Ic-sam-Sp-¡p-¶-hÀ¡p-am-{X-ambn ]cn-an-X-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\m Cug-h, apÉow, {InkvXy³ kapZm-b-§Ä¡v XpÑ-amb {]mXn-\n-[yta e`n-̈ n-cp-¶p-Åp. 1932þ  {ioNn-¯n-c-Xn-cp-\mÄ {]Jym-]n¨ `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c-¯nepw, P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn t\m¡p-t¼mÄ Cu kap-Zm-b-¡mÀ¡v \ymb-ambnInt« koäp-IÄ e`n-¡p¶ hn[-̄ n-em-bn-cp-¶nà \ntbm-P-I-a-WvU-e-hn-̀ -P-\hpw thm«-h-Im-ihpw\nÀW-bn-̈ n-cp-¶-Xv. AÀl-amb Ah-Imiw Øm]n-̈ p-In-«p-hm³ aq¶p-k-ap-Zm-b-¡mcpw tbmPn¨vHcp kwbpà cmjv{So-b-k-anXn cq]o-I-cn-̈ p. kÀ¡m-cp-tZym-K-§-fnepw \nb-a-k-̀ -bnepw P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-amb {]mXn-\n[yw Dd-̧ p-h-cp-̄ -W-sa-¶m-h-iy-s¸«v kn. tIi-h³, ]n.-sI. Ipªv, F³.-kn. tPmk^v F¶n-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯n ià-amb {]t£m-̀ -W-am-cw-̀ n-̈ p. Ah-Im-i-§Ä AwKo-I-cn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xp-hsc \nb-a-k-̀ -bn-te-¡pÅ sXc-sª-Sp¸v _ln-jvI-cn-¡p-hm³ Xocp-am-\n-̈ p.Cu _ln-jvI-c-W-¯n\v AhÀ \evInb t]cmWv \nhÀ¯-\-{]-t£m-̀ -Ww .
\nhÀ¯-\-{]-t£m-̀ Ww FÃm Øe-§-fn-te¡pw Bfn-̧ -SÀ¶p. 1935 PqWnÂkn.-tI-i-h³ tImg-t©-cn-bn sNbvX {]t£m-̀ -P\I-amb {]kw-Ks¯ ap³\nÀ¯n cmPy-t{Zm-l-Ipäw Npa¯n Ad-Ìp-sNbvXp cp-hÀjs¯ ITn-\-X-S-hn\v in£n-̈ p. CXv {]t£m-̀ -Ws¯IqSp-X iàn-s¸-Sp-¯n. A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX kÀ¡m-cnsâ `mK-¯p-\n¶v A\p-Iqe Xocp-am-\-§-fp-m-bn. kÀ¡m-cp-tZym-K-§-fn ]n¶m¡ kap-Zm-b-¡mÀ¡v AÀl-X-bpÅ {]mXn-\n[yw Dd-̧ p-h-cp-̄ m³ Hcp ]»nIv kÀÆokv I½o-js\ \nb-an-̈ p. k½-Xn-Zm-\m-h-Imiw hn]p-e-s¸-Sp-̄ n. Cug-h, apÉow kap-Zm-b-§Ä¡pw AÀl-amb hnlnXw kwh-cWw sN¿p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1936þ {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ ]cn-jvI-cn¨ k½-Xn-Zm-\m-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-{]-Imcw 1937 G{]nÂþsabv amk-§-fn \S¶sXc-sª-Sp-̧ n kwbp-à-cm-jv{So-b-k-anXn Øm\mÀ°n-IÄ an¡ aWvU-e-§-fnepw hnP-bn-̈ p.kan-Xn-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn Sn.-Fw. hÀKokv {ioaqew Akw-»n-bpsS D]m-²y-£-\m-bn. At±lwPbn hnap-à-\mb kn. tIi-hs\ ]c-ky-ambn kzmKXw sNbvXp. AXnsâ t]cn Akw-»n-Zn-hm³ {]kn-Uânsâ \nÀt±-i-̄ m Hc-hn-izm-k-{]-ta-bw-sImv Sn.-Fw. hÀKo-kns\ D]m-²y-£-]-Z-hn-bnÂ\n¶pw ]pd-̄ m-¡n.
\thm-°m-\-¯nsâ kmaq-lnIþkmw-kvIm-cnI ^e-§ÄtIc-fob \thm-°m\w \nc-h[n ka-c-§fpsSbpw {]t£m-̀ -W§-fp-sSbpw ^e-
ambn krjvSn-¡-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. \nc-h[n kmaq-ly-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw \thm-°m-\-\m-b-Icpw Ah-cpsS{]hÀ -̄\-§fpw CXn \nÀWm-bI ]¦p-h-ln-¨p. A\m-Nm-c-§sf XpS-̈ p-\o-¡p-hm\pw PmXn-Nn´ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc Ipd-̈ p-sIm-p-h-cm\pw Ah-cpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v Ign-ªp. kÀthm-]cnFÃm P\-§fpw kzmX-{´y-̄ n-te¡pw bYmÀ°-Po-hn-X-̄ n-te¡pw Itc-dn-bXv \thm-°m-\-¯nsâ^e-am-bn-«m-bn-cp-¶p.
kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI-cWw e£yw-h¨v {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ At\Iw {]Øm-\-§Ä C¶vtIc-f-̄ n-ep-v. Cu P\-Iob {]Øm-\-§Ä tIc-f-̄ nsâ kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-ambD¶-Xn¡v henb kw`m-h-\-IÄ \evIn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. \thm-°m-\-¯n-\p-tijw tIc-f-¯nse P\-§Ä hnZym-̀ ymkw IqSp-X-embn t\Sn. AtXm-Sp-IqSn ]ptcm-K-Xn-¡pÅ A`n-hmRvOP\-§-fn hÀ²n-¨p-h-¶p. Ht«sd Abn- -̄§Ä¡pw kmaq-ly- A-\o-Xn-IÄ¡pw hnt[-b-am-bn-cp¶tIc-fob P\-Xbv¡v \thm-°m-\-̄ nsâ ^e-ambn ]p -̄\p-WÀhpw kzmX-{´yhpw e`n-̈ p. Abn-¯hpw ASn-a-̄ hpw CÃm-Xm-bn. CjvS-apÅ hkv{Xw [cn-¡p-hm\pw t£{X-§-fn {]th-in-¡p-
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hm\pw hnZym-̀ ymkw t\Sp-hm-\p-saÃmw km[n-̈ p. km¼-̄ nI taJ-e-I-fnepw ]p¯-\p-WÀhv {]I-S-am-bn. XXv^-e-ambn tIcfw hnI-k-\-̄ nsâ ]mX-bn-se-̄ n-t¨À¶p.
C´y-bnse atä-sXmcp kwØm-\-s -̄bpw-ImÄ tIc-fobP\X C¶v kwL-Sn-X-cm-Wv. sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw DtZym-K-Øcpw kw-L-Sn-X-i-àn-bn-eqsS Ht«sd Ah-Im-i-§Ä t\Sn-sb-Sp-¯p. kv{Xoim-ào-I-c-W-cw-K¯pw ]pXnb DbÀ¨-bp-m-bn. tIc-fob {Kma-§-fnse kv{XoIÄ Hcp-an-̈ p-IqSn Iq«mb ]cn-{i-a-§-fn-eqsS hen-sbmcp apt¶-ä-¯n\p XpS¡w Ipdn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. \nc-h[nkzm{i-b-kw-L-§fpw skmssk-än-Ifpw cq]w-sIm--Xnsâ ^e-ambn km¼-¯n-I-ta-J-ebpw \ho-I-cn-¡-s¸-«p. P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W-]-²-Xn-Ifpw A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-c-Whpw C¯cw tkh-\-kw-L-§-fpsS {]hÀ -̄\-§Ä¡v t{]mÕm-l-\-am-bn- am-dn. Npcp-¡-̄ n Hmtcm hyàn¡pw kaq-l-̄ nÂXnIª {]m[m-\y-ap-s¶pw Pohn-¡m-\pÅ Ah-Imiw FÃm-hÀ¡p-ap-s¶pw DÅ t_m[y-¯n-te-¡pÅ shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ -em-bn-cp¶p tIc-f-̄ n-ep-m-b -km-aq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-ambapt¶-ä-§fpw AXnsâ ^e-am-bp-mb \thm-°m-\-hpw.
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samUyqÄ þ3sFIy-tI-cfw
`mj-bnepw kwkvIm-c-̄ nepw Pohn-X-co-Xn-bnepw H¶mb ae-bm-fn-IÄ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepwsIm¨n-bnepw {_n«ojv ae-_m-dn-ep-ambn `n¶n¨p InS-¶n-cp-¶p. ae-bm-fn-IÄ Hcp-an¨v Hcp `cW-¯n³Io-gn Ign-bp¶XpIm-Wm³ {]_p-²-cmb P\-§Ä B{K-ln-̈ p. sFIy-tI-c-fs¯ Bkv]-Z-am¡n 1928 G{]n-en Fd-Wm-Ip-f-̄ p-Iq-Snb \m«p-cm-Py-{]-Pm-k-t½-f\w sFIytI-c-f-{]-tabw]mkm-¡n-b-sXm-gn-¨m 1940 hscbpw sFIy-tI-cfw F¶Xv Hcp kz]v\w am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p.
1940 \ptijw C´y-bpsS kzmX-{´y-{]m]vXn kp\n-Ýn-X-am-b-t¸mÄ sFIy-tI-c-f-{]-Øm-\-¯n\pw iàn-hÀ²n-̈ p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw sIm¨n-bnepw D¯-c-hm-Z-`-c-W-{]-t£m-̀ -W§Äh¼n¨ P\-Iob ka-c-§-fm-hp-Ibpw ae-_m-dn kzmX-{´y-k-acw IqSp-X Icp-̄ mÀÖn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS C´ybv¡v kzmX{´yw e`n-¡p-sa¶pw \m«p-cm-Py-hy-h-Øn-Xn¡v Adp-Xn-h-cp-sa-¶papÅ {]Xo£ P\-§-fn-ep-m-bn. 1946 Pqsse 29þmw XobXn A¶s¯ sIm¨n cmPmhv (tI-c-f-hÀ½) sIm¨n \nb-a-k-̀ -bv¡-b¨ Hcp ktµ-i-¯n Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw sIm¨nbpw ae-_mdpwtNÀ¶v tIc-f-kw-Øm\w cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\p Xm³ A\p-Iq-e-am-sW¶v ]c-ky-ambn {]kvXm-hn-¨p. sFIy-tI-c-f-sa¶ Bi-b-¯n\v HutZym-Kn-I-ambn In«nb BZy-Aw-Ko-Im-c-ambn CXns\ IW-¡m-¡mw. 1946 HSp-hn sI.-]n. tIi-h-ta-t\msâ A[y-£-X-bn sNdp-Xp-cp-̄ n-bnÂsh¨v IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-¡p-Ibpw Imte-Iq«n Hcp sFIy-tI-c-f-k-t½-f\w hnfn-̈ p-Iq-«m³ Xocp-am-\n-¡p-IbpwsNbvXp. CXnsâ ^e-ambn 1947 G{]n-en Xriq-cn- h¨v sI. tIf-̧ sâ A[y-£-X-bn \S¶sFIy-tI-c-f-k-t½-f-\¯n tIc-f-¯nsâ FÃm `mK-¯p-\n-¶p-apÅ {]Xn-\n-[n-IÄ ]s¦-Sp-¯p.Cu kt½-f-\-¯n sIm¨n-almcm-Pmhv t\cn-«p-h¶v A\p-Iq-e-ambn {]kw-Kn-̈ Xv P\-§-fnÂBth-i-ap-WÀ¯n. sFIy-tI-cfw F{Xbpw thKw \S-̧ n-em-¡-W-sa¶v Bh-iy-s¸-Sp¶ Hcp{]tabw kt½-f-\-̄ n AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«p. tIm¬{Kkv t\Xm-hmb C. sambvXp-au-e-hn-bm-bn-cp¶p {]ta-bm-h-Xm-c-I³. sFIy-tI-c-f-sa¶ kz]v\w km£m-XvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ap-t¶m-Sn-bmbn 1949s^{_p-h-cn-bn Bep-h-bnepw \hw-_-dn ]me-¡m«pw kt½-f-\-§Ä \S-¶p.
Cu Ime-L-«-̄ n C´y-bn s]mXpsh `mjm-kw-Øm-\-§Ä¡p-th-n-bpÅ {]t£m-̀ W-§Ä iàn-bmÀÖn-̈ p. {]mtZ-inI `mjm-Sn-Øm-\-¯n kwØm-\-]p\:kwL-S\ \S¯p-¶-Xn-\mbn tI{µ-kÀ¡mÀ kwØm-\]p\:kwL-S-\m -I-½o-js\ \nb-an-̈ p. I½o-j³ dnt¸mÀ«v sFIy-tI-c-f-̄ n-\-\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp-¶p. tI{µ-kÀ¡mÀ AXw-Ko-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw ]mÀe-saân kwØm-\-]p\:kwL-S-\m-_n Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈ p ]mkm-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A§s\ 1956 \hw-_À H¶mwXobXn sFIy-tI-cfw \ne-hnÂh-¶p. sFIy-tI-cfw cq]o-Ir-X-am-b-tXmsS kwØm-\-¯nsâ Xe-h-\mbn cmP-{]-ap-J\p]Icw KhÀWÀ \nb-an-X-\m-bn. AtXmsS cmP-hmgvN Ah-km-\n-¨p.
Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ þ sIm¨n kwtbm-P\wC´ym-K-h¬saânsâ tÌävkvan\nkv{Sn kÀZmÀ hÃ-̀ mbn ]t«-ensâ t\Xr-Xz-̄ n \m«p-
cm-Py-§-fpsS eb-\-̄ n\pw kwtbm-P-\-¯n\pw thn kzoI-cn¨ \b-]-²-Xn-Ifpw sFIy-tI-c-fcq]oI-c-W-¯n\v t{]mÕm-l-I-am-bn. 1949 Pqsse 1þmw XobXn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw sIm¨nbpwkwtbm-Pn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw A§s\ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ-þ-sIm¨n kwØm\w P·-sa-Sp-¡p-IbpwsNbvXp. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-sebpw sIm¨n-bn-sebpw cmPm-¡-·mÀ kwtbm-P-\-{]-am-W-¯n H¸p-h-¨p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ alm-cm-Pmhv ]pXnb kwØm-\-̄ nsâ cmP-{]-ap-J-\m-bn. sIm¨o-almcm-Pm-
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hm-Is« kz´w {]P-IÄ¡v IqSp-XÂ hnim-e-amb Hcp PohnXw ssIh-cm³ thn ka-kvXm-h-Im-i-§fpw XyPn-¡m³ kzbw k¶-²-\mbn. Ccp-cm-Py-§-fn-se-bpw \nb-a-k-̀ -Ifpw a{´n-k-̀ -IfpwGtIm-]n-̧ n¨v ]pXnb kwØm-\-¯nsâ \nb-a-k-̀ bpw a{´n-k-̀ bpw Dm-bn. kwØm-\-¯nsâBØm\w Xncp-h-\-́ -]p-c¯pw sslt¡m-SXn Fd-Wm-Ip-f¯pw Bbn-cn-¡-W-sa¶pw Xocp-am-\n-¡-s¸-«p.
Xncp-þ-sIm¨n kwtbm-P\w \S-¡p-t¼mÄ Sn.-sI. \mcm-b-W-]n-Å-bm-bn-cp¶p Xncp-hn-XmwIqdnse apJy-a{´n. At±-l-¯nsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ-þ-sIm¨n kwØm-\-¯nse BZy-P-\-Iob a{´n-k-̀ . 1951 hsc Cu a{´n-k` A[n-Im-c-¯n XpSÀ¶p. tIm¬{KkvkwL-S-\-bn-ep-mb ]nfÀ¸n-s\-¯p-SÀ¶v 1951 s^{_p-h-cn-bn Cu a{´n-k` cmPn-h-̈ p. XpSÀ¶vkn.-tI-i-h³ apJy-a-{´n-bm-bpÅ a{´n-k` {lkz-Im-e-t¯¡v `cWw \S-¯n.
1951þ52 se s]mXp-sXc-sª-Sp-̧ n Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Xan-gv\mSvtIm¬{K-knsâ]n´p-W-tbmsS Fw.-sP. tPmWnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n Hcp tIm¬{Kkv a{´n-k` cq]w-sIm-p.Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Xan-gv\mSv tIm¬{K-kp-ImÀ ]n´pW ]n³h-en-̈ -t¸mÄ tPm¬ a{´n-k`XIÀ¶p. Xncp-þ-sIm¨n \nb-a-k-̀ -bn-te¡v 1954 s^{_p-h-cn-bn \S¶ CS-¡me sXc-sª-Sp¸nÂIayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n a{´n-k` cq]-h-Xv¡-cn-¡p-¶Xv Hgn-hm-¡m-\mbn Ipd-̈ p-ko-äp-IÄ am{Xw In«nbtIm¬{K-kp-ImÀ {]Pm tkmjy-enÌv ]mÀ«n (]n.-F-kv.-]n.)bpsS a{´n-k-̀ bv¡p ]n´pW \evIn.A§s\ Ah-cpsS a{´n-k` 1954 amÀ¨v 17-þmw XobXn ]«w. F. XmWp-]n-Å-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ`c-W-ta-äp. C¡m-e¯v Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Xan-gv\mSv tIm¬{Kkv sX¡³ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Xan-gv{]-tZ-i-§Ä aZn-cmin kwØm-\-t¯mSv tNÀ¡-W-sa¶v Bh-iy-s¸-«p-sImv ià-amb {]t£m-`Ww Bcw-̀ n-̈ p. {]t£m-`-W- -̂e-ambn amÀ¯m-WvU-̄ n-\-Sp¯p \S¶ t]meokv shSn-sh-bv]nÂGgp-t]À sImÃs¸-«p. Cu kµÀ`-¯n tIm¬{Kkv -I-£nbpsS ]n´p-W-tbm-Sp-IqSn \nb-a-k`]mkm-¡nb Hc-hn-izm-k-{]-tabw ]n.-F-kv.-]n. a{´n-k-̀ -bpsS ]X-\-¯n\v Imc-W-am-bn.
1955 s^{_p-h-cn-bn Xan-gv\mSv tIm¬{K-knsâ ]n´p-W-tbm-Sp-IqSn ]\-¼nÅntKmhn-µ-ta-t\msâ t\Xr-Xz-̄ n Hcp tIm¬{K-kva-{´n-k` A[n-Im-c-¯n h-¶p. tIm¬{KkvkwLS\-bnse ]nfÀ¸p-Im-cWw 1956 amÀ¨n Cu a{´n-k-̀ bpw \new-]-Xn-̈ p. AtXm-Sp-IqSnkwØm-\¯v BZy-ambn {]kn-Uâv `cWw \ne-hnÂh-¶p.
tIc-f-kw-Øm-\-cq-]o-I-cWwXncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ-þ-sIm-¨n-bn {]knUâp-̀ -cWw \ne-hn-en-cn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv `mjm-Sn-
Øm-\-̄ n kwØm-\-§sf ]p\:kwL-Sn-̧ n-¡m-\pÅ C´ym-K-h¬saânsâ Xocp-am-\-ap-m-b-Xv.1956 se kwØm-\- ]p\:kwL-S-\m-\n-b-a-{]-Imcw tXmhm-f, AK-kvXo-iz-cw, I¡-fw, hnf-h-t¦mSvF¶o \mep -sX-¡³Xmeq-¡p-Ifpw sNt¦m-«-¯m-eq-¡nsâ Hcp `mKhpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ-þ-sIm-¨n-bnÂ\n¶p thÀs]-Sp¯n aZn-cmin kwØm-\-t¯m-Sp-tNÀ¯p. tijn¨ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ-þ-sIm-̈ n-kwØm-\-t¯mSp ae-_mÀ PnÃbpw sX¡³ Im\-dm-Pn-Ã-bnse ImkÀtIm-Sp-Xm-eq¡pw tNÀ¡-s¸-«p. A§s\ 1956 \hw-_À 1þmw XobXn tIc-f-kw-Øm\w (sF-Iy-tI-c-fw) bmYmÀ°y-am-bn.
`q]-cn-jvI-c-W-\n-b-a-§Ä`q]-cn-jvI-c-W-¯nsâ e£yw km¼-̄ n-tIm-¶-a-\hpw kmaq-ln-I-]-cn-hÀ¯-\hpw
]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-am-Wv. C¡m-cy-̄ n Gähpw ap³]-´n-bn \nev¡p¶ kwØm-\-amWv tIc-fw. Chn-Sps¯ `q]-cn-jvI-c-W-b-Xv\-§sf cp-L-«-§mbn Xncn-¡mw. H¶v, tIc-f-̧ nd-hn-¡p-ap¼v cmP-̀ -
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cWw \ne-hn-en-cp-¶-t¸m-gp-mb `q]-cn-jvI-c-Ww, cv, tIc-f-kw-Øm-\-¯nsâ BhnÀ`m-h-̄ n-\p-tijw P\m-[n-]-Xy-kÀ¡m-cp-IÄ sImp-h¶ `q]-cn-jvI-cWw.
`qhp-S-a-I-fmb P·n-amcpw IpSn-bm-·m-cmb Irjn-¡mcpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw {Iao-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n-bpÅ Nne \nb-a-§Ä 19-þmw \qäm-nsâ D -̄cmÀ²-¯n Xs¶-bp-m-bn-«p-v. kaq-l-¯n {]_-e-cmb P·n-am-cpsS Aan-Xm-[n-Im-cs¯ \nb-{´n-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶pAXnsâ e£yw. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse BZy-\n-b-a-§-fn {][m-\-s¸« H¶mWv 1865 se ]m«-hn-fw-_cw. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ {]tZ-is¯ Irjn-¡m-cpsS amám-¡mÀ«m F¶v Cu hnfw-_-cs¯ hnti-jn-̧ n-¡m-dp-v. {]kvXp-X-hn-fw-_cw kÀ¡mÀ hI ]m«-h-kvXp-¡-fpsS ssIh-im-h-Im-i-¡mÀ¡vAh-bpsS DS-a-Øm-h-Imiw Ønc-s¸-Sp-̄ n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-Ibpw \nbac-ln-X-amb Hgn-̧ n-¡-enÂ\n¶p]m«-¡p-Sn-bm-·mÀ¡v kwc-£Ww \ÂIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpSÀ¶v 1867þ Hcp cmP-Io-b-hn-fw-_cwDm-bn. CXn P·n-bp-sSbpw IpSn-bm-sâbpw IS-a-Ifpw Ah-Im-i-§fpw \nÀh-Nn-̈ p. 1896þseP·n-þ-Ip-Sn-bm³ \nb-ahpw 1932þse \nb-ahpw Imem-Im-e-§-fn P·n-¡cw sImSp-¡Ww F¶ hyh-Ø-bn-t·Â IpSn-bmsâ P·m-h-Imiw Dd-̧ p-h-cp-¯n.
sIm¨n-bn 1863þ ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn¨ Xo«qcw 12 sImÃs¯ ssIh-im-h-Im-i-apÅImW-¡p-Sn-bm-·msc Hgn-̧ n-¡m³ ]mSnà F¶ hyhØ sNbvXp. 1915 se IpSn-bm³\n-baw 1885\pap¼p ImW-¡p-Sn-bm-·m-cm-bn-cp-¶-hÀ¡v P·m-h-Imiw \evIp-Ibpw IpSn-bm-·msc Hgn-̧ n-¡p-t¼mÄ tZlWvUw \evtI--Xm-sW¶v hyh-Ø-sN-¿p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1938þse sIm¨n IpSn-bm³\nbaw ImW-¡p-Sn-bm-·mcpsS Ah-Im-i-§Ä Hcn-¡ÂIqSn Dd-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw Hgn-̧ n-¡-ens\ kw_-Ôn¨ hyh-Ø-IÄ IqSp-X IÀi-\-am-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ae-_m-dnse `q]-cn-jvI-c-W-\n-b-a-§Ä1880Ifn-emWv XpS§p¶-Xv. 1887 se ae-_mÀ tZlWvU\n-baw IpSn-sbm-gn-̧ n-¡Â 1880 Ifn-emWvXpS-§p-¶-Xv. 1887 se ae-_mÀ tZl-WvU-\n-baw IpSn-sbm-gn-̧ n-¡Â \ntcm-[n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ hyh-Ø-IÄ GÀs¸-Sp-̄ n. 1930þ ]mkm-¡nb ae-_mÀ IpSn-bm³ \nbaw IpSn-bm-·mÀ¡v `qan-bnÂØncm-h-Imiw Dd-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]e hyh-Ø-Ifpw GÀs¸-Sp-̄ n. acym-Z-̧ m«w \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\vtImS-Xn-Isf kao-]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v hyh-Ø-sN-bvXn-cp-¶p. 1945, 1951, 1954 F¶o hÀj-§-fn Cu \nb-a-̄ n-\p-hopw t`Z-K-Xn-IÄ hcp-̄ n. t`Z-K-Xn-I-fpsS e£yw IpSn-bmsâ Xmev]-cy-§Ä IqSp-XÂ^e-{]-Z-ambn kwc-£n-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.
tIc-f-kw-Øm-\-]n-d-hn-¡p-tijw A[n-Im-c-¯nÂh¶ a{´n-k` Irjn-̀ q-an-bnseFÃm-hn[ Hgn-̧ n-¡epw XSªp-sImv HmÀUn-\³kv ]pd-s¸-Sp--hn-̈ p. ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-IÄ\nÀt±-in-̈ -X-̄ z-§Äs¡m¯v `q\n-baw ]cn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ka{K-amb {ia-am-bn-cp¶p1960þse ImÀjnI _Ô-\n-baw. CXnse hyh-Ø-IÄ ]eXpw tImSXn d±m-¡n-b-Xn-\m Cu\nbaw ]pXp-t¡-n-h-¶p. 1963  ]mkm-¡nb `q]-cn-jvI-c-W-\n-baw 1964 G{]n 1 apX \ne-hnÂh-¶p. F¦nepw {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn \S-̧ n-em-bnÃ.A-Xn-\m 1969þse `q\n-baw 1963þse \nb-a-¯n kmc-amb t`Z-K-Xn-IÄ hcp-̄ n. AX-\n-k-cn¨v 1970 P\p-hcn 1\v tIc-f-̄ n \qäm-p-I-fmbn \ne-hn-en-cp¶ P·n¯w ]qÀ®-ambn Ah-km-\n-¨p.
`q]-cn-jvI-c-W-\n-bawsImv {][m-\-ambpw aq¶p-{]-tbm-P-\-§-fm-Wp-m-b-Xv.kz´w InS-̧ mSw Ffp-̧ -h-gn-bn hne-bvs¡-Sp-¡p-hm³ IpSn-In-S-̧ p-Im-c\v km[n-̈ p. `qan-bn-epÅØncm-h-Im-ihpw DS-a-Ø-Xbpw Irjn-¡m-c\v A\p-h-Zn-¨p-In-«n. ]cn-[n-\nÀWb N«-§-fn-eqsS an¨`qan Gsä-Sp¯v `qan-bn-Ãm¯ IÀj-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡v hnX-c-Ww-sN-bvXp. 19þmw \qäm-nsâD -̄cmÀ²w apX tIc-f-̄ n ]e-X-hW `q]-cn-jvI-c-W-b-Xv\-§Ä \S-¶n-«p-v. Ah-bpsSBXy-́ n-I-^ew P·n- -̄¯nsâ k¼qÀ®-\-io-I-c-W-am-Wv. tIc-f-̄ nsâ km¼-̄ n-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb hnI-k-\-̄ n\v Cu bXv\-§Ä anI¨ kw`m-h\ \evIn-bn-«p-v.
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{KÙ-im-em-{]-Øm\wae-bm-fn-I-fpsS kmwkvImcn-I-Po-hn-X-̄ nsâ {]Xn- -̂e-\-amWv {KÙ-im-em-{]-Øm-
\w. Hcp-P-\-X-bpsS kmaqly-kmw-kvIm-cnI \thm-°m-\-̄ nsâ `mK-ambn cq]-s¸« tIc-f-{K-Ù-im-em-kwLw P\m-[n-]Xy ASn-̄ -d-bn hfÀ¶p-hn-I-kn-̈ -Xm-Wv. tIc-f-̄ nse DbÀ¶ km£-c-Xbv¡pw kmwkvIm-cnI hfÀ¨bv¡pw P\-Iob ASn-̄ -dbv¡pw ASn-Øm-\-am-bXv kwL-SnX{KØim-em-{]-Øm-\-am-Wv.
Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ, sIm¨n, ae-_mÀ {]tZ-i-§-fn hf-sc-¡mew ap¼p-Xs¶ {KÙ-im-e-IÄ {]hÀ¯n¨p-Xp-S-§nbncp-¶p. kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mÄ alm-cm-Pmhv 1829  Xncp-h-\-́ -]pcw]»nIv sse{_dn Øm]n-̈ -tXmsS Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn s]mXp-{K-Ù-imeIÄ¡p XpS-¡-ambn.1894þ Øm]n-X-amb h©n-bqÀ Ip¶n³]p-d¯p kpKp-W-t]m-jn-Wn-bmWv BZys¯ P\-Iob{KÙ-im-e. XpSÀ¶v 1910 s\¿m-än³Ic Úm\-{]-Zm-bn\n {KÙ-im-ebpw 1913þ Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw {ioNn-̄ n-c-Xn-cp-\mÄ {KÙ-im-ebpw Øm]n-X-am-bn. {KÙ-im-e-I-fpsS F®w IqSn-b-tXmsS{KÙ-im-em-k-t½-\-§Ä XpS§n. 1934 se Nn¯n-c-Xn-cp-\mÄ {KÙ-im-em-k-t½-f-\s¯ XpSÀ¶v{KÙ-im-e-IÄ¡v [\-k-lmbw sN¿m³ kÀ¡mÀ X¿m-dm-bn.
sIm¨n-bn {KÙ-ime {]hÀ¯\w XpS-§p-¶Xv tZio-b-{]-Øm-\-¯nsâ cmw-L-«-¯n-em-Wv. 1914 sNdm-bn, sImSp-§-ÃqÀ F¶n-hn-S-§-fn ]»nIv sse{_-dn-IÄ Øm]n-X-am-b-tXmsS sIm¨n-bnepw P\-Iob {KÙ-im-em-{]-Øm-\-¯n\v XpS-¡w-Ip-dn-̈ p. ae-_m-dn P\-Iob{KÙ-im-em-{]-Øm-\w tZio-b-t_m-[-¯nsâ Xo¨q-f-bn-emWv cp]w-sIm--Xv. {_n«ojv `c-W-¯n³Iogn-em-bn-cp¶ ae-_m-dnse P\-X-bpsS kzmX-{´y-hmRvO AXn\p \nan- -̄am-bn.
1943þ ae-_mÀ hmb-\-imem kwL-̄ nsâ B`n-ap-Jy-̄ n tIc-f-{K-Ù-im-em-
kw-L- sa¶ t]cn Hcp kwL-S\ cPn-ÌÀ sNbvXp. C¶s¯ kwL-Sn-X-{K-Ù-im-em-{]-Øm\wcq]w-sIm-Xv 1945 sk]väw-_À 14þmw XobXn A¼-e-̧ p-g-bn h¨m-Wv. Øm]-I-Zn-\-amb sk]väw-_À 14 FÃm-hÀjhpw {KÙ-im-em-Zn-\-ambn BN-cn-̈ p-hcp¶p. ]n.-F³. ]Wn-¡À apJy-kw-Lm-S-I-\mbn 47 {KÙ-im-e-I-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-IÄ ]s¦-Sp¯ AJne Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ {KÙ-im-em-kw-L-¯nsâ XpSÀ¨-bmWv C¶s¯ tIcf {KÙ-im-em-kw-Lw. 1949 se Xncp-þ-sIm¨n kwtbm-P-\-t¯msS Xncp-s¡m¨n {KÙ-im-em-kw-L-ambn, F¶m 1958þ am{X-amWv `c-W-k-anXn tbmK-Xo-cp-am-\-a-\p-k-cn¨v Xncp-s¡m¨n {KÙ-im-em-kwLw tIc-f-{K-Ù-im-em-kw-L-am-b-Xv.
1970þÂ {KÙ-im-em-kw-L-̄ nsâ Pq_nen Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v hn]p-e-ambnBtLm-jn-̈ p. AXn-t\m-S-\p-_-Ôn-¨p-\-S¶ kmwkvIm-cn-I-PmY hmbn-̈ p-h-f-cp-I, Nn´n-¨p-hn-
thIw t\SpI F¶o- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-§-fp-bÀ¯n-̧ n-Sn-¨p. 1977-þ {KÙ-im-e-kw-L-̄ nsâ `cWw HcpHmÀUn-\³kn-eqsS kÀ¡mÀ Gsä-Sp-¯p. 1994 G{]n 27\v sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸« tÌäv sse{_dnIu¬kn A[n-Im-c-ta-äp. AXnsâ Iogn sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸« PnÃm-sse-{_dn Iu¬kn-ep-Ifpw Xmeq-¡p-sse-{_-dn-bq-Wn-b-\p-I-fp-ap-m-bn. kwØm-\-̄ pÅ s]mXp-{K-Ù-im-e-I-fpsStI{µ-kw-L-S-\-bm-bn-«mWv {KÙ-im-em-kwLw {]hÀ¯n-̈ p-h-cp-¶-Xv.
s]mXp-P-\-§-fn hmb-\m-ioew hfÀ¯p-I, htbm-P\ hnZym-̀ ym-ks¯ klm-bn-¡p-I, \nim-]m-T-im-e-IÄ Øm]n-¡p-I, \ne-hn-epÅ {KÙ-im-e-Isf ]pjvSn-s¸-Sp-̄ pI, {KÙ-im-em-{]-hÀ¯\s¯¡p-dn¨v {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fn-d-¡pI F¶n-h-bmWv {{KÙ-im-em-kw-L-̄ nsâ s]mXp-hmb e£y-§Ä. hnÚm\w hnI-k-\ -¯n\v F¶ ap{Zm-hmIyw DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn-̈ p-sImv {KÙim-e-Isf kmaq-ly-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-̄ nsâ tI{µ-_n-µp-hm¡n P\Xsb apgph³ s]mXp-th-Zn-bn AWn-\n-c-̄ m-\pÅ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä kwLw Bhn-jvI-cn-¨p.
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tIcf {KÙ-im-em-kw-L-¯nsâ t\Xr-Xz-̄ n-emWv tIc-f-̄ n km£-c-Xm-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n\v XpS¡wIpdn-̈ -Xv. km£-c-Xm-{]-Øm\w {KÙ-im-e-IÄ apJy-Np-a-X-e-bmbn Gsä-Sp-¯p. C´ybn-se-Xs¶ Gähpw henb kwL-SnX kmwkvIm-cn-I-{]-Øm-\-amb {KÙ-im-em-kw-L-¯n\v 1975þ bp\kvtIm AwKo-Imcw t\Sm³ Ign-ªp. \nc-h[n \ho\ kwcw-̀ -§Ä tIcf{KÙ-im-em-kwLw \S-̧ n-em-¡n-h-cp-¶pv. {Kmao-W-cmb kv{XoI-fnepw sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw hmb-\m-ioew hfÀ¯p-¶Xn\mbn hoSp-I-fn ]pkvX-I-sa-¯n-¡p¶ ]²-Xn, ae-bm-fn-bpsS hmb-\m-̀ n-cp-Nnbpw {]h-W-Xbpw Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶-Xn-\p-thn hmb-\m-kÀth XpS-§n-bh Ah-bn Nne-Xm-Wv.
tIcf {KÙ-im-em-kw-L-¯nsâ apJ-̧ -{X-ambn {KÙm-temIw amknI 1948 apXÂ{]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ p-h-cp-¶p. 1998 Â CXnsâ kphÀW-Pq-_nen BtLm-jn-̈ p.
]©-h-Õ-c-]-²XnIÄH¶mw]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn (1951-þ56)
]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn F¶ Bibw C´y IS-sa-Sp-̄ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv bp.-F-kv.-F-kv.-BÀ. \n¶m-Wv. 1951 G{]n H¶n-\mWv H¶mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn Bcw-̀ n-̈ -Xv. CXnsâ BapJwX¿m-dm-¡n-bXv sI.-F³. cmPv Bbn-cp-¶p. ImÀjn-I-]-²Xn F¶m-WnXv Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Irjn,Pe-tk-N-\w, sshZyp-Xo-I-cWw F¶o taJ-e-IÄ¡m-bn-cp¶p H¶mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn {]m[m\yw\evIn-b-Xv. `{Im-\w-KÂ, lncm-¡pUv F¶n-h-bpsS \nÀ½m-Whpw Zmtam-ZÀhmen ]²-Xnbpw Bcw-`n-̈ Xv Cu Ime-̄ m-Wv. bqWnthgvknän {Kmâv I½o-j³ (bp.-Pn.-kn.)(1953) kmaq-lnI hnI-k-\-]-²Xn (I-½yq-Wnän Uh-e-]vsaâv t{]m{Kmw), \mj-W FIvkvä³j³ kÀhokv F¶nh Bcw-̀ n-¨Xpw H¶mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-¡m-e-¯m-Wv. kmaq-ln-I-hn-I-k-\-]-²Xn 1952 HIvtSm-_À cn-\mWv Bcw-̀ n-̈ -Xv. {Kma-§-fnse `uXn-Ihpw am\p-jn-I-hp-amb hn`-h-§-fpsS ]cn-]qÀ®-amb hnI-k-\-am-bn-cp¶p e£yw. H¶mw ]²Xn e£y-an« hfÀ¨m-\n-c¡v 2.1% Dw ssIh-cn-̈ Xv 3.6% Dw Bbn-cp-¶p. temIm-tcm-Ky-kw-L-S-\-bp-ambn tNÀ¶v inip-a-c-W-\n-c¡v Ipd-bv¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bpÅ ]²-Xn-IÄ Bcw-̀ n-̈ Xpw C¡m-e-̄ m-Wv. \yqUÂln-bn HmÄ C´ym C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v saUn-¡Âkb³kv (F.-sF.-sF.Fw.Fkv.) Øm]n-̈ Xpw H¶mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-¡m-e-̄ m-Wv.
cmw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn (1956þ61)hyh-km-b-h-Xv¡-c-W-¯n\v IqSp-XÂ {]m[m\yw \ÂIn-s¡mv Bhn-jvI-cn¨
]²-Xn-bmWv cmw ]©h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn. hymh-km-bn-I-]-²Xn F¶pw CX-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Cu ]²-Xn-bpsS amXrI X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv ]n.-kn. al-e-t\m-_n-km-Wv. tkmjy-enÌv kaq-ls¯ hmÀs -̄Sp-¡p-I F¶ Dt±iyw cmw-]-²-Xn-¡p-m-bn-cp-¶p. sXmgn-en-Ãm-bva Ipd-bv¡p-I, tZio-b-h-cp-am\wDbÀ¯pI F¶nh Cu ]²-Xn-bpsS D]-e-£y-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. cmw ]²-Xn-bpsS Ime-̄ mWvCcp-¼p-cp-¡p-im-e-I-fmb ZpÀKm-]qÀ (]-Ýn-a-_w-KmÄþ {_n«ojv klm-bw), `nembv (O-¯o-kvK-Uv-þ-d-jy³ klm-bw), dqÀ¡e (H-Vo-j-þ-PÀa³ klmbw) F¶nh Øm]n-¡-s¸-«-Xv. cmw ]²Xn 4.27%hfÀ¨m-\n-c-¡mWv ssIh-cn-̈ -Xv. e£yw h¨Xv 4% hfÀ¨m-\n-c-¡m-bn-cp-¶p.
aq¶mw- ]-©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn (1961þ66)kzm{ibXzw BÀÖn-̈ p-sImv k¼-Zvhy-hØ hfÀ¯pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p
aq¶mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-bpsS e£yw. `£y-kz-bw-]-cym-]vX-Xbv¡v Cu ]²Xn Du¶Â \evIn.1962 se C´y-þ-ssN\ bp²hpw 1965 se C´y-þ-]mIv bp²hpw ISp¯ hcĨbpw ImcWw 5.6 %hfÀ¨ e£y-an-«n-cp¶ ]²Xnbv¡v 2.4% hfÀ¨ t\Smt\ Ign-ªp-Åp. 1966 apX 69 hscbpÅ
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aq¶p-hÀj-amWv ¹m³ tlmfntU F¶dn-b-s¸-«-Xv. £otcm-Xv]m-Z\w hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn \mj-W Ubdn sUh-e-]vsaâv t_mÀUv (1965) Øm]n-̈ Xpw C´y-bn lcn-X-hn-¹-h-̄ n\v XpS¡wIpdn-̈ Xpw Cu Ime-b-f-hn-em-Wv. aq¶mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn Du¶Â \evIn-bXv k¼-ZvL-S-\-bpsSkzbw ]cym-]vX-X-bv¡m-bn-cp-¶p.
\memw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn (1969þ74)ZpÀ_-e-hn-̀ m-K-§-fpsS D¶-a-\-̄ n\v Du¶Â \evInb ]²-Xn-bm-bn-cp¶p \memw
]©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn. Ønc-X-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb hfÀ¨, kzm{i-bXzw t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡Â F¶n-h-bm-bn-cp¶pCXnsâ e£yw. hyh-km-b-cw-K¯v 9% Dw ImÀjnI cwK¯v 5.6% Dw hfÀ¨ Cu ]²Xn e£y-an-«n-cp-¶p. 3.3% hfÀ¨ ssIh-cn-¡mt\ Cu ]²-Xn-¡m-bp-Åp. C´y-bn BZy-ambn _m¦v tZi-km¡-c-Whpw (1969þ 14 _m¦p-IÄ) BZys¯ BW-h-]-co-£-Whpw (1974 sabv 18) \S-¯n-bXvCu ]²-Xn-¡m-e-̄ m-Wv. £otcm-Xv]m-Z\w hÀ²n-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn \mj-W Ubdn sUh-e-]vsaâvt_mÀUnsâ B`n-ap-Jy-¯n Hm¸-td-j³ ^vfUv Bcw-̀ n-̈ Xpw Cu ]²-Xn-¡m-e-̄ m-Wv. Ct´m-þ-]mIv bp²hpw (1971) _w¥m-tZ-inÂ\n-¶pÅ A`-bmÀ°n-{]-hm-lhpw Cu ]²Xn ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sm³Imc-W-am-bn.
A©mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn (1974þ79)Zmcn-{Zy\nÀamÀÖ-\-¯n-\m-bn-cp¶p A©mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn {]mapJyw \ÂIn-
b-Xv. Un.-Un. ZÀ Bbn-cp¶p Cu ]²-Xn-bpsS amXrI X¿m-dm-¡n-b-Xv. 5.1% ambn-cp¶p Cu ]²-Xn-bpsS icm-icn hfÀ¨m-\n-c-¡v. Zmcn{Zy-\nÀamÀÖ-\-¯n-\mbn Cµn-cm-KmÔn 1975þ Ccp-]-Xn-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ \S-̧ n-em-¡n-bXv A©mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-¡m-e-̄ m-Wv. Kco_n lTmthm F¶ ap{Zm-hmIyw Cu ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. ImÀjn-tIm-Xv]m-Z\w e£y-am¡nIamâv Gcn-b-hn-I-k-\-]-²Xn Bcw-̀ n-̈ Xpw C¡m-e-̄ m-Wv. BZys¯ B`y-´c ASn-b-́ n-cm-hØ{]Jym-]-\hpw XpSÀ¶p-mb cmjv{So-b-am-ähpw A©mw-]-©-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-bpsS kpK-a-amb \S-̄ n-¸n\v XS-Ê-am-bn. samdmÀPn tZimbn Kh¬saâv 1978 Hcp-hÀjw apt¼ A©mw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn Ah-km-\n-̧ n-̈ p.
Bdmw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn (1980þ85)Zmcn-{Zy-\nÀ½mÀÖ-\-am-bn-cp¶p Bdmw-]-©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-bpsS e£yw. ImÀjn-I-
þ-hy-h-km-b-ta-J-e-I-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-ku-I-cy-§Ä sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯pI F¶Xv D]-e£y-am-bn-cp-¶p.BÀ.-FÂ.-C.Pn.-]n., sF.-BÀ.-Un.-]n., F³.-BÀ.-C.-]n. XpS-§nb hnI-k-\-]-²-Xn-IÄ Bdmw-]-©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn¡me-̄ mWv XpS-§n-b-Xv. sUh-e-]vsaâv Hm^v hna³ Bâv NnÂ{U³ C³ dqd Gcn-bmkv ({Km-ao-W-kv{Xo-I-fp-sSbpw Ip«n-I-fp-sSbpw hnI-k\w e£yw) ]²Xn Bcw-̀ n-̈ -Xpw C¡m-e-b-f-hn-em-Wv. 5.4 % hfÀ¨ t\Snb ]²-Xn-bm-bn-cp¶p Bdmw-]-©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn.
Ggmw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn (1985þ90)sXmgn-e-h-k-c-§Ä hÀ²n-̧ n-¡Â, `£y-[m-\y-D-ev]m-Z-\-hÀ²-\, B[p-\nIhXvI-c-
Ww, kzbw-]-cym-]vX-X, kmaq-ln-I-\oXn XpS-§n-b-hbv¡v {]m[m\yw \evIn-s¡m-pÅ ]²-Xn-bmWv Ggmw -]-©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-. C´y¡v hmÀ¯m-hn-\n-ab KXm-K-X-ta-J-e-I-fn h³]p-tcm-KXnssIh-cn-¡m³ C¡m-e-b-f-hn km[n-̈ p. tI{µ-¯nse cmjv{Sob A\n-Ýn-XXzw ImcWw 1990apX 92 hsc hmÀjnI ]²-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu ]²Xn 6% hmÀjn-I-h-fÀ¨ t\Sn.
School of Distance Education
tIc-f-]-T\w þ B[p-\n-I-tI-cfw Page 33
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