Multi-cellular eukaryotes

Obtain food by photosynthesis

Mainly terrestrial

adaptations

required to prevent drying out, etc.

Classification is based on:

presence OR absence of vascular tissue

produce seeds OR not

Two Major Groups:

VASCULAR

composed of leaves, stems, and roots

containing vascular tissue (transport tissue)

NON-VASCULAR

none or poorly developed roots,

leaves, stems (eg. mosses)

Three Division: Mosses, hornworts, & liverworts

No vascular tissue

dependent on diffusion and osmosis for transport

Grow in mats of low tangled vegetation

Hold water like a sponge

No roots but rhizoids

(small root-like structures)

RHIZOID

Four Divisions: Whisk ferns, clubmosses, horsetails, and ferns(ferns and their relatives)

Vascular tissue

Structure varies from whisk fern with no leaves or stem but

rhizomes

(underground stems) to ferns with well developed leaves and thick underground rhizomes

FERN

CLUB MOSSES

HORSETAILS

WHISK FERNS

to allow gametes to move from one organism to another without drying out !

Note: non-seed plants, like mosses and ferns, are dependent on dew/rain for reproduction

Life cycle of these plants consist of TWO generations alternating between a haploid

and

diploid

stage.

Haploid (n)

half the amount of genetic info

Diploid (2n)

full amount of genetic info

Similar to text page 94

DIPLOID (2n) Sporophyte

Through meiosis

sporophytes produce haploid spores which develop without fertilization

Haploid spores grow into a plant bodycalled …………

…..Gametophyte HAPLOID (n)

Gametophytes produce male and female gametes which fuse to form a sporophyte

(which grows by mitosis)

NOTE:

All plant cycles include sporophytes

and gametophytes

However, one “type”

dominates

Non-Vascular plants gametophyte dominates

Vascular plants sporophyte dominates

In Seed Plants

Plants transport waterproof pollen grains by wind, insects, or other animals

After fertilization, zygote develops inside another protective waterproof coat

Seed

Allows for sexual reproduction without water

Provides protection against environmental conditions

Can remain dormant for long periods of time

Allows dispersal over wide areas

A seed is a plant embryo with a food source “a baby plant in a box with its lunch”

Seed = embryo, stored food, and seed coat

By sexual reproduction in plants

recall:

Pollen fertilizes the “eggs”

in

the ovary to create the plant embryo (inside the seed)

See p. 588 in text

1.Embryo2.Seed coat3.Food supply(Endosperm

or Cotyledon)Food Supply

Two Groups:

1.Gymnosperms

and

2.Angiosperms

“naked seeds”conifers and their relatives

Cone bearing plants

Seeds exposed on the surface of cone scales

Pollen from male cones carried by wind

to female cones where

fertilization and seed development occurs

MALE CONES

FEMALE CONE

largest group of gymnosperms

form large forests in cold regions of the world

Bark

Flexible branches

Evergreen

Pyramidal shape

Needle like leaves

Greater than ¾

of living plants

e.g. Trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, vines, and water plants such as lily pads

Since there are so many plant species that belong to angiosperms, they are further grouped into:

1.

Monocots2.

Dicots

1.

Complete comparison chart for “Monocots and Dicots”

see text page 558

See text page 588

gametophyte

reduced to a small group of cells totally dependent on the sporophyte

Sexual reproductive structuresRepresents the “gametophyte”

(n)

Nectar produced by flowers attract insects, bats, and birds

pollen transferred to them as they

visit various flowers

(Note: specific flowers attract specific organisms)

Millweed flowers attracts

monarch butterflies

Red trumpet honeysuckle flowers

attract hummingbirds

http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/images/fig19.gif

Pollination can be by wind (as in gymnosperms) BUT

majority

use

other organisms such as:

insects, animals

After pollen has been deposited on a stigma, pollen grain grows a pollen tube to reach the ovule

method for male “gamete”

to reach female “gamete”

Text p.587

http://www.exploringnature.org/db/detail.php?dbID=94&detID=2195

As seeds develop AFTER fertilization

ovary

matures to form a

fruit

or seed pod

http://emedia.leeward.hawaii.edu/millen/bot130/learning_objectives/lo06/06.html

Q: What’s the function of the fruit?

Dispersal of seeds

wind,

animal ingestion or externally attached

when the plant embryo emerges from protective seed covering in the presence of essential nutrients

Seed GerminationSeed Germination

Epicotyl: cells at the tip of the embryo that form the leaves and upper stem of the plant.

Hypocotyl: middle part of the embryo that becomes the lower part of the stem.

Radicle: cells on the other end of the embryo that develop into the root system of the young plant.

Cotyledon: a source of energy and nutrients for the embryo

Seed Coat: protects the seed and also controls germination by restricting water and oxygen to the embryo.

Coleoptile: (monocots only) pointed covering that protects first few leaves

Finish “Plant Organs”

handout and

“Plant Tissue”

labelling

Complete chart for different types of “Asexual Reproduction in Plants”

see text pages 590-591

Purpose:

to absorb nutrients from food supply and/or provide energy to plant embryo.

usually becomes the embryonic first

leaves

of a seedling.

The number of cotyledons present is one characteristic used by botanists to classify the flowering plants (angiosperms).◦

Species with one

cotyledon are called

monocotyledonous (or, "monocots")◦

Plants with two

cotyledons are

termed dicotyledonous ("dicots")