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. 1501-51 . 1507-51

..2551

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. 1501-51 . 1507-51

ISBN 978-974-16-5840-4

1 .. 2551 200

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1.

(Visual Inspection Method)

(. 1501-51)1. 12. 13. 14. 15. 2

5.1 25.2 35.3 45.4

5

5.5 55.6 55.7 55.8 65.9 6

6. 6

7. 71 82 103 144 15

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2.

(Rebound Hammer)

(. 1502-51)1. 192. 193. 194. 205. 216. 21

7. 228. 23

1 242 253

26

3.

(. 1503-51)1. 272. 273. 274. 28

5. 296. 307. 308. 31

1 322 333

34

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4.

(Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity)

(. 1504-51)1. 352. 353. 354. 365. 376. 37

7. 378. 38

1 392 403 414 43

5.

(Cover Meter)

(. 1505-51)1. 452. 453. 454. 455. 476. 487. 488. 499. 50

1 51

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6.

(Half Cell Potential)

(. 1506-51)1. 532. 533. 534. 545. 546. 56

7. 568. 57

1 582 593 604

61

7.

(Radar)

(. 1507-51)1. 632. 633. 634. 645. 656. 657. 668. 67

1 682 70

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. 1501-51 1

. 1501-51

(Visual Inspection Method)

1.

2.

(Visual Inspection)

(Damage) (Deterioration) 3.

3.1

3.2

3.3

4.

4.1 (1)

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2 . 1501-51

(2)

(3)(4)(5) (6)4.1:

(1)

(2)

4.2

() 5

4.3 4.3:

5.

5.1(Construction Faults)

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. 1501-51 3

5.2(Cracking) 5.2.1

5.2.2 4 (1)

(2) (3) (4)

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4 . 1501-51

5.2.3 3 (1) (2) (3) 5.2.3: 0.1 (0.1 )

5.2.4

5.2.4:

5.2.5

(1)

(2)

5.3(Disintegration)(Cement Paste)

(Spalling)

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. 1501-51 5

5.4(Distortion and Movement). 1552-51 ()

5.5(Erosion)

(1)(Abrasion)

(2) (Cavitation)

12

5.6(Joint Sealant Failure)

5.7(Seepage)

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6 . 1501-51

5.8(Spalling)

5.8:

20 150

5.9(Delamination)

(Delamination)

6.

5 (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

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. 1501-51 7

7.

7.1ACI 201.1R-92 Guide for Making a Condition Survey of Concrete in Service

7.2ACI 207.3R-94 Practices for Evaluation of Concrete in Existing Massive Structures for Service

Conditions

7.3ACI 224.1R-93 Causes, Evaluation, and Repair of Cracks in Concrete Structures

7.4ACI 437R-03 Strength Evaluation of Existing Concrete Buildings

7.5Standard Specification for Concrete Structure 2001 Maintenance, Japan Society of Civil Engineers

7.6Evaluation of Concrete in Concrete Structures, USACE

7.7 Properties of Concrete, A.M. Neville, Fourth Edition, Pearson Education Limited

7.8 Concrete Society Report, Non-structural Cracks in Concrete, Technical Report, No.22, 3rd

Edition,

page 48 (Concrete Society, London, 1992)

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8 . 1501-51

1

1.

(Load Carrying Capacity)

(Serviceability) (Durability)

2.

(1) (2)(Stiffness) (3)(4)

(5)(6)(Serviceability)

3. (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

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. 1501-51 9

(6)

4.

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10 . 1501-51

2

1. .

(1)

(2)

. . . .

(3) 1

1 (2 1 (3))

1.

. 1501-51

2. (Rebound Hammer)

. 1502-51

3. (Penetration Resistance)

. 1503-51

4. (Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity)

. 1504-51

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. 1501-51 11

1 ()(2 1 (3))

5. (Cover Meter)

. 1505-51

6.(Half-Cell Potential Test)

. 1506-51

7. (Radar)

. 1507-51

1

(Fundamental Frequencies)

(Nuclear Gamma Radiation) (Probe) (Calibration)

(Resonant Frequency Testing) (Fundamental Modes) (Resonant Frequency) OscillatorAmplifier

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12 . 1501-51

Ultrasonic Pulse-echo

(Acoustic Emission) (Proof Testing)

(Strain Energy) (Acoustic Impact)

(Electrical Resistance Measurement)

(Fiber Optics)

(Bore Holes)

(Gamma Radiograph)

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. 1501-51 13

(Impact Echo) (Transient Stress Waves)

(Infrared Thermography) (Internal Flaws)

(Defects) Laser Interferometry

(Hologram) (Creep Cracks)

(Polarization Method)

(Standard Reference Electrode) (PolarizationResistance)

Penetrability Method (Penetration) ()

(4)

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14 . 1501-51

3 1 (Non-structural Cracks) 3

1: (3)

: A.M. Neville, Properties of Concrete, Concrete Society Report,

Non-structural Cracks in Concrete, Technical Report No.22

1 (3)

A, B, C (Plastic Settlement)D, E, F (Plastic Shrinkage)G, H (Thermal Contraction)I (Drying Shrinkage) J, K -

(Crazing)L ()M N P D-cracking

:P (D-cracking)

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. 1501-51 15

4

2:

3:

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16 . 1501-51

4:

5: (Abrasion)

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. 1501-51 17

6:

7:

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18 . 1501-51

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. 1502-51 19

. 1502-51

(Rebound Hammer)

1.

1.1 (Rebound Hammer) (ReboundNumber)

1.2(SI)2.

(Schmidts Hammer)(Surface Hardness)(Compressive Strength)3.

3.1 (Body) (Plunger) (Hammer) (Spring) (Latch)

(Indicator) 10 100(Rebound Number) 1 (Schmidts Rebound Hammer)

3.2(Abrasive Stone)

3.3(Test Anvil) 150 Brinell 500 Rockwell 52C

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20 . 1502-51

4.

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5 (Rebound Number)

(Rebound Number) (1) 150 300

3

(2)(Capping) 15

(3)15 3 5 120 200 2 3

(4)

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. 1502-51 21

(5)1 4 (6)(7)

(Least Square Technique) 5.

5.1 5.1:

5.25.35.4

5.5 (Rebound Number)

5.6

5.725

6.

(Rigidity) (Carbonation)

6.1

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22 . 1502-51

6.2

6.3 28

6.4 (Rebound Number) (Limestone) (LightweightAggregate)

6.5

(Rebound Number) 1 (Rebound Number)

6.620

50 (Rebound Number)

7.

7.110 6 6

7.2

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. 1502-51 23

7. (Uniformity)

8.

8.1ACI 228.2R-98 Nondestructive Test Methods for Evaluation of Concrete in Structures -Reported by

ACI committee 228

8.2BS 1881 - 201: 1986, Testing Concrete. Guide to the Use of Non-Destructive Methods of Test for

Hardened Concrete

8.3ASTM C805-02 Standard Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete

8.4BS EN 12504-2:2001 Testing Concrete in Structures. Non-Destructive Testing. Determination of

Rebound Number

8.5BS 1881 - 202: 1986, Testing Concrete. Recommendations for Surface Hardness Testing by Rebound

Hammer

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24 . 1502-51

1

(1) 1948 (Rebound Hammer)

(2) 1 3.1

1: (Schmidts Rebound Hammer)(1 (2))

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. 1502-51 25

2 2 15 4.5 200 600

Strength (ksc) = 12.366RN - 174.5

R2= 0.9979

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

20 30 40 50 60 70

Rebound Number (RN)

CompressiveStr

ength(ksc)

Average

Maximum Rebound Number

Minimum Rebound Number

2:

(3)

: 2

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:.................................................................

:

...................................................................

:

.......................................................

:.................................................................

:...........................................................

.

.

1502-1

:...............

..

..........

/..........

(

)

:........................................................................

:

.....................................................................

:......................................................................

()

(

ReboundIndex)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(

)

(4)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

:

(1)10

(2)

.1502-5

1

(3)

[

(A

djust

ing

Coef.)

=.]

(4)

(3)

(5).1502-5

1

(6)

3

26 . 1502-51:

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. 1503-51 27

. 1503-51

1.

1.1 (Penetration Resistance)

1.2(SI)2.

(Surface Hardness)(Compressive Strength)(Penetration Resistance) (Probe) (Penetration Depth)3.

3.1

0.5 Rockwell 44 HRC 48 HRC

3.2 3

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28 . 1503-51

3.3

3.4 0.5 3 50

4.

4.1

4.2 175 4.3100 4.4

(1) 150 300

150 600 x 600 x 200

(2)

ASTM C42(3)3

150

(4)1 3 3 (5)

(Least Square Technique)

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. 1503-51 29

5.

5.1 5.1: 17 2000

5.2 5.3

5.3:

5.4

5.53 4

5.6 4.2

5.7

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30 . 1503-51

6.

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

7 7.

1

1: (7.1)

(.)

(.)

No. 4 ()25 .50 .

2.0 .2.5 .3.6 .

6.6 .8.4 .11.7 .

3.3

4.1

5.6

: 1

3 (3 ) 4

: ASTM C803/C803M-97

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. 1503-51 31

8.

8.1 ACI 224.1R-03 In-Place Methods to Estimate Concrete Strength Report by ACI Committee 228.

8.1ACI 228.2R-98 Nondestructive Test Methods for Evaluation of Concrete in Structures - Reported by

ACI committee 228

8.2 BS 1881 - 201: 1986, Testing Concrete. Guide to the Use of Non-Destructive Methods of Test for

Hardened Concrete

8.3ASTM C803/C803M-97 Standard Test Method for Penetration Resistance of Hardened Concrete

8.4BS 1881 - 207: 1992 Testing Concrete. Recommendations for the Assessment of Concrete Strength by

Near-to-Surface Tests

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32 . 1503-51

1

1. (PenetrationResistance)

2.

3.

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. 1503-51 33

2 1

1 (2)

: ACI 228.1R-03 Figure 2.4

:

(

)

(

)

()

()

(Soft Aggregate) (Limestone)

(Hard Aggregate) (Chert)

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34 . 1503-51

3

: ..................................................................................................

: ...................................................................................................

: .............................................................

: ...

.........................................................

: ...................................

. . 1503:................................

............./...................

()

: ..........................................

: .....................................

: .......................................

(.)

(1)

(.)

(2)

()

(3)

1 2 3

: (1) 3 (2) (3)

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. 1504-51 35

. 1504-51

(Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity)

1.

1.1

1.2(SI)2.

(Wave) (Pulse Wave) 1 (Mechanical Wave) (Ultrasonic Wave)(20 ) (Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity)(Uniformity)3.

3.1 (Pulse Generator) 3

3.2 (Transmitting Transducer) (30 100 ) (Piezoelectric Material) (Triggering Pulse)

3.3(Receiving Transducer)

3.4(Amplifier)

3

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36 . 1504-51

3.5 (Time-Measuring Circuit) 0 40

3.6(Display Unit) 2 :

3.7 (Reference Bar)

3.8 (Connecting Cables)

3.9 (Coupling Agent) ()

4.

4.1

4.2

4.3 ()

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. 1504-51 37

5.

5.1

5.1: 100 300 5.25.35.4

5.55.6

5.76.

6.1

5

6.2

6.3

7.

7.17.2

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38 . 1504-51

7.3(Contour Graph)

8.

8.1ACI 228.2R-98 Nondestructive Test Methods for Evaluation of Concrete in Structures - Reported by

ACI Committee 228

8.2BS 1881 - 201: 1986, Testing Concrete. Guide to the Use of Non-Destructive Methods of Test for

Hardened Concrete

8.3ASTM C597-97 Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Though Concrete

8.4BS 1881 - 203: 1986, Testing Concrete. Recommendations for Measurement of Velocity of Ultrasonic

Pulses in Concrete

8.5BS EN 12504-4:2004 Testing Concrete. Determination of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

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. 1504-51 39

1

( )( )( )

211

1

+

=E

V (1)

V : E: :

: (Poisson ratio)

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40 . 1504-51

2 1 4 x 2 200 500 ()

1: (Contour Map) (1)

(Uniformity of Concrete)

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. 1504-51 41

3 (x1x21)x22 x1

1: (3)

(2)

2

1

2

2

2

2

2

1

1

4

tt

ttxd

= (2)

d: ()x1:()t1:

x1( s)

t2:

x2( s)

:

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42 . 1504-51

:

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. 1504-51 43

4

: .........................................

.........................................................

: ....................................................................................................

: ................................................................................

:.............................................................

: ..................................

. . 1504 : ............................

............./...................

()

: ........................................

: ..................................

: ....................................

(.)

(1)

(10-6)

(2)

(10-6)

(3)

(./)

(4)

1 2 3

: (1)

(2) (3) (2)(4) = (1)/(3) /

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44 . 1504-51

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. 1505-51 45

. 1505-51

(Cover Meter)

1.

1.1

1.2(SI)2.

(Concrete Cover) (Electromagnetic Induction) 3.

3.13 (1) (2) (3)

4. (Calibration)

4.1

4.2

5

2

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46 . 1505-51

4.3(1)

12 1 12 0.5

0.5 1 1

1 BS 1881 Part 204

(4.3)(1)7

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. 1505-51 47

(2)

(3)

5.

5.1

5.2

5.3(In-Situ Calibration)(1)

(2)

(Calibration Curve)

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48 . 1505-51

4

5.4

6.

6.1(Calibration Curve)

6.2 6.3

(Laps)

6.4

(20 )

7.

7.1: (High Tensile Prestressing Bars) 5

7.2 : (Rib)

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. 1505-51 49

7.3 :

7.4 : 1

7.5 :

7.6 :

()

7.7 :

7.8:

7.9 :

8.

8.1 15 5 100

8.27

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50 . 1505-51

9.

9.1 ACI 228.2R-98 Nondestructive Test Methods for Evaluation of Concrete in Structures Reported by

ACI Committee 228

9.2 BS 1881 - 201: 1986, Testing Concrete. Guide to the Use of Non-Destructive Methods of Test for

Hardened Concrete

9.3 BS 1881 - 204: 1988 Testing Concrete. Recommendations on the Use of Electromagnetic Covermeters

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. 1505-51 51

1

1. (Cover Meter)

2. (Cover Meter)

3. (1) (2) (3)

(4)

4. 2 (1)

(Eddy Current Effects) (2) (Magnetic Induction Effect)5.

(Eddy Current) (Impedance) 1 (Calibration)

6.

90 2 2

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52 . 1505-51

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. 1506-51 53

. 1506-51

(Half-Cell Potential)

1. 1.1

1.2 (SI)2.

(Half-Cell) (Half-Cell Potential) (Anode)(Cathode)3.

3.1 (Half Cell) (Copper-Copper Sulphate Half Cell) (1)

25 (2)

(3)13 (4)() 6 50

3.2 (Electrical Junction Device)

-

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54 . 1506-51

3.3(Electrical Contact Solution) 100

20 (Isopropyl)

(Denatured Alcohol) 10

3.4(Voltmeter) () 310 100 0.02

3.5(Electrical Lead Wires) 0.1

4.

4.1

4.2 (Copper Rod)

4.3

5.

5.1 :

50 100 . 0.5 1

5.2

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. 1506-51 55

5.3

5.4 5.5

5.6

0.02 5 2 4.6.2.3

4.6.2.3

5.7 0.01 :

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56 . 1506-51

6.

6.1 (1)(2)(3)(4)

6.2

:

7.

7.1 1

: 1

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. 1506-51 57

1

(7.1)

-

(Cu/ CuSO4)

-0.20 CSE 90

-0.20 -0.35 CSE

-0.35 CSE 90

: CSE : ASTM C876-91(1999) Standard Test Method for Half-Cell Potentials of Uncoated ReinforcingSteel in Concrete

7.2 10

7.3 20

8.

8.1 ACI 228.2R-98 Nondestructive Test Methods for Evaluation of Concrete in Structures - Reported by

ACI committee 228

8.2 BS 1881 - 201: 1986, Testing Concrete. Guide to the Use of Non-Destructive Methods of Test for

Hardened Concrete

8.3 ASTM C876-91 Standard Test Method for Half-Cell Potentials of Uncoated Reinforcing Steel in

Concrete

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58 . 1506-51

1

1.

2.

3.

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. 1506-51 59

2 1 3 5.6

1 ASTM 876(2)

-

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60 . 1506-51

3 2 2 30 50 () -350

2 (3)

3 5 7 1000 () -350

3 (3)

>-0.20, 90

- 0.20 to-0.35,

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. 1506-51 61

4

: ..................................................................................................

: ....................................................................................................

: ..................................................................................

: .............................................................

: ..................................

. . 1506 : ............................

............./...................

()

: ........................................

: ..................................

: ....................................

()

(1)

. 1506

(3)

: (1) -(2) . 1506-51 3

1. > -200 : 90 2. -200 -350 : 90 3.

< -350 : 90

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62 . 1506-51

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. 1507-51 63

. 1507-51

(Radar)

1.

1.1 Radar

1.2 (SI)2.

(Radar) (Radio Detection and Ranging) 10 3 (Void) (Dielectric Constant) 3.

3.1 (Antenna with Transmitter and Receiver) (Transmitter) (20 )

500 2

3.2 (Display Device) (1) Grey-Level Chart Recorder

(2)Oscilloscope

(3)

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64 . 1507-51

3.3 (Power Source) 12 220

4.

4.1 (Calibration)(1)(Calibration Time Constant, CT)

(dc) 125x125 300x300 2 300

(2)(3)

(Calibration Time Constant, CT)

1 ASTM D4748(4.1)

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. 1507-51 65

4.2 (Dielectric Constant)(1)

(2) (3)

2

2

=

T

c

rCT

dt (1)

r : t :

cd : T :

TC :

5.

5.1

5.2

5.3

6.

6.1

(1) :

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66 . 1507-51

(2) :

6.2 (1)

(2)

7.

7.1

7.2

Tr

c

C

dtT=

2 (2)

T :

r : t :

cd :

TC :

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. 1507-51 67

8. 8.1 ACI 228.2R-98 Nondestructive Test Methods for Evaluation of Concrete in Structures - Reported by

ACI committee 228

8.2 BS 1881 201: 1986, Testing Concrete. Guide to the Use of Non-Destructive Methods of Test for

Hardened Concrete

8.3 ASTM D4748-98 Standard Test Method for Determining the Thickness of Bound Pavement Layers

Using Short-Pulse Radar

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1

1. (DielectricConstants)

21

21

0

+

=

A

A (3)

A :

oA :

1 : 1

2 : 2

r

ctT

2

= (4)

T :

r : t :

c : (3 x 108)

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2. 11

1 80 - 88

2-6 5 - 12

1 6 - 11 3 - 5

3. PVC

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2

1. 2 2

2: Grey-Level Chart

(9.3)

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2. 3

3 Grey-Level Chart

(9.3)

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3. 4 (Strand) (Conduct Multi Wires)

4 Grey-Level Chart

(9.3)

0.40 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.40

2.20

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4. 5

5 Grey-Level Chart

(9.3)

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5. 6

6 Grey-Level Chart

(9.3)

0.40

2.20

0.200.200.250.150.200.200.20

Foam(50x25x650mm)

Foam(50x25x650mm)

Foam(100x25x650mm)

PlasticBagcontainedAggregates

50mmx650mm.

0.40

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(Nondestructive Test)

1.

2.

3. 9 () .

4. 9 () .

5. 8 .

6. 8 () .

7. 8 () . 8. 8 .

9. 8 .

10. 8 .

11. 8 () .

12. 7 .

13. 8 () .

(Nondestructive Test)

:. .

:. Asian Institute of Technology,

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6 10400. 0 - 2299 - 4813 0 - 2299 - 4797