morphology-110215230534-phpapp01

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English Morphology


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Focus

What is a word?

How do new words enter a language?


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Morphology

The study of words

Perceptual units, not physical units

Concept of word associated with writtenlanguage than spoken language


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How words are formed

Morphemes

Free morphemes-units that can stand aloneas words by themselves

tree

Bound morphemes-units that must beattached or bound to a free morpheme

trees


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Bound morphemes

Affixes (prefix/suffix)

Inflectional morphemes add to a word withoutchanging the part of speech

Does not change the meaning of the base word

8 inflectional affixes in English

-s, -es (plural), -s (possessive), -s, -ing, -ed, -en (showtense), -er, -est (show comparison)

Derivational affixes when added to a baseword, a new word is derived

May change the part of speech of the base word


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English Morphemes

Free Morphemes Bound Morphemes

Tree PrefixesDerivational (un-)

Suffixes:Derivational (-ion)Inflectional (-s)


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Prefixes help readers understand themeaning of a word.

Suffixes tell more about the part of speechthan the meaning of the word.


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Types of Words

Simple words Words with just one free morpheme

Tree

Complex words Words with a free morpheme and one or more

bound morphemes trees

Compound words Words that consist of two free morphemes

teacup


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Word Classifying

Content Words

Parts of speech

Noun

Verb

Adjectives

adverbs


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Parts of speech Can add theseinflectional suffixes

Can add thesederivational suffixes

Noun ~s or ~es (plural):trees, bushess (possessive): animals

CommencementPreventionNeatness

ClarityDependenceFarmerparachutist

Verb ~s (third-person

singular):He walks.~ing (progressive):He is walking.~ed (past):He walked.

~en (past participle):He has driven

Classify

Characterizeevaluate

AdjectiveAdverb

~er (comparative):Bigger/fasterest (superlative):

Biggest/fastest

MischievousColorfulFestiveRegal

Flexibleuickl adverb


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Function Words

Determiners

Quantifiers

Pronouns

Auxiliaries

Prepositions

Conjunctions

Intensifiers

Particles


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Types of Function Words

Type Example Example Example

Determiners The This My

Quantifiers One Every SeveralPronouns You Yourself Who

Auxiliaries Is Has Might

Prepositions In Before Of

Conjunctions And If However

Particles Up Down Around

Intensifiers Rather Very so


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How New Words Enter a Language

Coining-someone makes up a name for anobject and the name sticks

Compounding-joining two freemorphemes.

Clipping-when a word is shortened

Mathematics-math

Gasoline-gas


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Acronyms-words made up of the firstletters of several words.Acrois Greek for

high, so acronyms are high names,

names made up of the tall (capital) firstletters.

Scuba (self-contained underwater

breathing apparatus)


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Blending-combining two words

Brunch (breakfast + lunch)

Motel (motor + hotel)

Back-formation-noun to verb

Peddler peddle

Borrowing-using words from otherlanguages

Boutique (French)


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Text Analysis

Take a passage of one hundredconsecutive words. Working in pairs,classify each word by placing it on a chart

similar to the one that follows. All functionwords go in the rightmost column. If aword is repeated, list it each time it

appears.


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Text Analysis

SIMPLE COMPLEX COMPOUND FUNCTION

NOUNS BOY BOYS TOOTHBRUSH THE

THROUGH

VERBS GO PRIORITIZE

ADJECTIVES GREEN UNSATISFACTORY

ADVERBS FAST SLOWLY


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Analyze your results

What percent of the words are functionwords?

What percent are simple words?

What percent are complex words withinflection suffixes?

What percent are complex words with

derivational suffixes? What percent are compound words?

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