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M O D U L E 2 : M A I N S T R E A M I N G G E N D E R I N T O C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O J E C T S , P R O G R A M M E S A N D P O L I C I E S .
T H E P A C I F I C G E N D E R & C L I M A T E C H A N G E T O O L K I T
01
Key messages
• Gender mainstreaming follows a similar process to climate change mainstreaming by systematicallyintegratingagenderperspectiveintoeveryphaseoftheprogramme,projectandpolicycycle.
• Phase1:Preparatory–Itiscrucialthatagenderperspectiveisintegratedintothisearlyphaseoftheclimateriskmanagementcycletoensurethesuccessofanyclimatechangeinitiative.Theinstitutionsresponsibleforcoordinatingandsteeringtheprogramme,projectorpolicyshouldbeabletoidentifyandplanforthetypeofsupporttheyrequireinintegratinggenderthroughoutthevariousphasesofthecycle.
• Phase2:Situationalanalysis–Anassessmentofthedifferencesinmen’sandwomen’sroles,responsibilities,accesstoandmanagementofstrategicresources,andparticipationindecisionmakingshouldbeundertakentocontributetoabetterunderstandingofvulnerabilityandcapacitytoadapttoclimatechangeimpacts.
• Phase3:Problemanalysis–Genderperspectivesareappliedtouncoverrootcausesofinequality,includinganydiscriminatoryattitudes,behavioursandpracticesthatmaypreventwomenfromrealisingtheirrightsandopportunities.Byexaminingtheunderlyingcausesindetail,itispossibletoidentifyrisksthatneedtobeavoided,minimisedormanaged.
• Phase4:Solutionanalysis–Solutionsorinterventionoptionsareassessedthroughagenderlenstomakesuretheycontributetothereductioninvulnerabilityandinequalities,andidentifystrategiesforenhancingcapacitiesandopportunitiesnecessaryforachievingbothclimateresilienceandgenderequality.
• Phase5:Design–DesigndocumentsandM&Eframeworksshouldincorporateagenderperspective,andinclude indicators and processes tomeasure the effectiveness of the programme, project or policy inaddressinggenderinequalitiesthathinderresiliencetoclimatechange.
• Phase6:ImplementationandM&E–Genderperspectivesmustbeconsciouslyexaminedandintegratedinimplementation,M&Eandreporting.
• Phase7:Adaptivemanagement–Ongoingreviewandfeedbackfromkeystakeholdersaresoughttoensureclimatechangeinitiativesareadjustedandimprovedtoincreasetheireffectivenessinachievingresilienceandgenderequalityoutcomes.Programmeresultsandlessonslearntinmainstreaminggenderintoclimatechangeinitiativesshouldbecommunicatedtorelevantstakeholderstoinfluencepoliticaldecisionsandtheformulationofclimatechangeadaptationandmitigationpolicies.
Module 2: Mainstreaming gender into climate change projects, programmes and policies.
Source:SPREP,2014
T H E P A C I F I C G E N D E R & C L I M A T E C H A N G E T O O L K I T
M O D U L E 2 : M A I N S T R E A M I N G G E N D E R I N T O C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O J E C T S , P R O G R A M M E S A N D P O L I C I E S .02
Introduction Climatechangemainstreamingisaboutintegratingclimaterisksintodevelopmentplanningprocessesanddecisionmaking(PACC,2014).Gendermainstreamingfollowsasimilarprocessbysystematicallyintegratinggenderintoeverystepoftheprocess:fromdefiningtheproblemtoidentifyingpotentialsolutions;inthemethodologyandapproachtoimplementingtheproject;instakeholderanalysisandthechoiceofpartners;indefiningtheobjective,outcomes,outputs,andactivities;inthecompositionoftheimplementationandmanagementteam;throughthebudgetingprocess;inmonitoringandevaluation(M&E);andinpolicydialogue.
This Module provides guidance for climate change practitioners to recognise where and how genderconsiderationsshouldbetakenintoaccountaspartoftheprocessofmainstreamingclimateriskinpolicies,plans,andon-the-groundactivities.Todothis,itusestheprogramme/project/policycycleusedinMainstreamingClimateChangeintoDevelopmentinthePacific:APracticalGuide(PACC,2014).
Note the recommendations on applying a gender-responsive approach throughout this Module may berepetitive;thisisbyintentiontoassistclimatechangepractitionerstoembedgenderequalityintoallstagesoftheclimatechangeprogramme/project/policy.
Module Objectives1. Introducetheframeworkforintegratingagenderperspectiveintotheclimateriskmanagementcycle.2. Provideguidanceandchecklistsforincorporatingagenderperspectiveintoeachstageofthecycle.3. Identifyusefulchecklists,toolsandresourcestosupportgendermainstreaming(refertotheendofthis toolkit)
Womenandmendifferintheirroles,responsibilities,accesstoandmanagementofresources,andparticipationindecisionmaking.Becausegenderinequalitycontributestopeople’svulnerabilityandseriouslyhampersacountry’scapacitytoadapttotheadverseimpactsofclimatechange,itisvitalthatclimatechangeprogrammesandprojectsaregenderresponsive:theyneedtoincludestrategiesandactionsthatdirectlyaddressthecausesofgenderinequality.
Source:Goulding,2014
M O D U L E 2 : M A I N S T R E A M I N G G E N D E R I N T O C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O J E C T S , P R O G R A M M E S A N D P O L I C I E S .
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Mainstreaming gender throughout the policy, programme and project cycle
Figure1illustratesthekeystagesofanintegratedclimateriskmanagementprocess,takenfromMainstreamingClimate Change into Development in the Pacific: A Practical Guide (PACC, 2014). It is based on a policyformulationcycle,howeveritcanalsobeappliedtoclimatechangeprogrammesandprojects.Theredlettersrepresentvarioustoolsthatunderpinkeytechnicalanalysesassociatedwithclimateriskmanagement.
Figure1.StrategiclevelclimateriskmainstreamingmethodologybasedonacombinedCRMandpolicycycle:keyphases,andrespectivedecisionsandoutputs.Source:PACC(2014).
Wecanapplyagenderlenstoeachphaseoftheintegratedclimateriskmanagementcycle.Todothis,weneedtoaskthefollowingquestionsateachphase:• Howhavemenandwomenparticipatedinthedecision-makingandpriority-settingprocess?• Domenandwomenhaveequalaccesstoinformation,opportunitiesandotherresourcesnecessaryto participateandbenefitfully?• Aretheirrespectiveneedsandprioritiesbeingmet?• Aretheirspecificknowledgeandskillsbeingutilisedtocontributetooutcomesandsolutions?• Havetheneedsofspecificsub-groupsbeentakenintoaccount(e.g.boys,girls,womenwithdisabilities, malelabourers)?• Whatstrategiesareinplacetoachievegenderequalityandbringaboutpositiveandrespectfulrelations betweenmenandwomen?
1 AWeatherandclimatehazardassessment;BVulnerabilityassessment;CDisasterriskanalysis;DIdentificationofclimate changeadaptationstrategiesandmeasures;ERiskreductionanalysis;FCostbenefitandotheranalysisofmeasuresand selectionofpreferredmeasure.
Politicalandstakeholdersupport,institutionalsetupand
technicalexpertise
Changesandadjustments:adaptive
management
Identicationofcurrentweatherandclimaterisksandunderlying
causesofvulnerability
Understandingoflocal
economic,socialand
environmentalcontextofclimateriskmanagement
Phase 7: Adaptive managementReview,feedbackandadjust
Phase 2: Situational analysisUnderstandlocalcontext,climatechangeplusotherriskanddriversA, B
Phase 1: Preparatory
Laythefoundation
STRATEGIC LEVELMAINSTREAMING:integratedclimateriskmanagementandmethodology
basedonpolicycycle
Phase 6: Implementation,monitoring and evaluation
Implementation,M&EandreportingA, B, C, E
Phase 5: Design instrument
5a.Exists:useclimatelenstoreviewandreviseinstrument5b.Doesnotexist:designinstrument
fromscratch
Phase 4: Solution analysisSolutionidentication,assessment,decision
makingcriteria,prioritisationandselectionofadaptationinitiative
D,E, F
Development/riskreductionoutcomesreportson
performance
Appropriatedesignofstrategiclevelpolicyandplanofaction(strategies)
Identicationofresponse
measurestomeetdevelopment
needs,climateriskandotherdriversofrisks.Decisiononpreferred
responseoptionstoimplement
Phase 3: Problem analysisRiskanalysisB, C
T H E P A C I F I C G E N D E R & C L I M A T E C H A N G E T O O L K I T
M O D U L E 2 : M A I N S T R E A M I N G G E N D E R I N T O C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O J E C T S , P R O G R A M M E S A N D P O L I C I E S .04
Climate change mainstreaming and gender mainstreaming
Gender analysis
Climate change mainstreaming is about integrating climate risks into development planningprocessesanddecisionmaking.Thismeansincorporatingclimateriskconsiderationsintoeveryaspectofthepolicyandprojectdevelopmentprocess.Thisappliestoallkeygovernmentagencies
and sectors (e.g. finance,planning,health, agricultureandenvironment), andall levelsof government (i.e.nationalandsub-national).Thiscanbethoughtofasapplyinga‘climatelens’totheworkthegovernmentisalreadydoing,thatis,analysingeachstageofpolicyandprojectformulationfromaclimateriskperspective.
Similarly,gender mainstreaming isasystematicprocessofintegratingtheneedsandinterestsofbothwomenandmenacrossallstagesofprogrammesandprojects,andinanorganisation’sstructureandmanagement.Itencouragestheparticipationofmenandwomenindefiningobjectivesandplanningsothatdevelopmentactionssatisfytheprioritiesandneedsofbothsexes.Thereforeitmeansapplyinga‘genderlens’togovernmentpoliciesandprojectstoachievegenderequalityandotherkeydevelopmentoutcomes.
Gender analysis isaprocessofexaminingtheroles,knowledge,capacityandassetsofwomenandmen,asthefirststepinplanningefficientdevelopmentstrategies,programmesandprojectsthat address bothmen’s andwomen’s needs, and reduce the inequalities that exist between
them.Genderanalysisisusedtodesign,implement,monitorandevaluateprogrammeinterventionsandpolicydecisionstomakesurethediverseneedsofwomenandmenareaddressed,thatgenderinequalityistackled,andthatprogrammesdonotexacerbategenderinequality.
In the case of climate change programmes, a gender analysis will help identify the multiple causes ofvulnerability,includinggenderinequality.Italsocontributestotheidentificationofthediversecapacitiesandknowledgewithincommunitiesandhouseholdsthatcanbetappedtoadapttoclimatechangeandtohelpdevelop adaptation strategies that aremore responsive to the capacities, needs andpriorities of the localpeople.
This Module discusses in detail how to integrate gender considerations into each phase of the climateriskmanagement cycle. It also contains genderanalysis checklists and identifies specific tools to guide themainstreamingofgenderintoclimatechangeprogrammes,projectsandpolicies.
M O D U L E 2 : M A I N S T R E A M I N G G E N D E R I N T O C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O J E C T S , P R O G R A M M E S A N D P O L I C I E S .
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Phase 1: Preparatory phaseThe preparatory phase helps to lay the political,organisational, and institutional foundation to integrateclimate risk management into policies, plans and on-thegroundactions.
Integrating gender into this early phase of the climateriskmanagement process is crucial for the success of anyclimate change initiative. The institutions responsible forcoordinatingandsteeringtheprogramme,projectorpolicyshouldidentifyandplanforthetypeofsupporttheyrequirein integrating gender throughout the various phases ofthecycle.Partnersshouldbechosenthatcanprovidethatsupport.Ifnecessary,awarenessraisingandtrainingshouldbeprovidedtostakeholderstoensurethatfromtheoutset,thereisacommonunderstandingaboutgenderequalityanditsrelevancewithintheclimatechangecontext.
Preparatorysteps Expectedoutputs Howtoapplyagenderperspective
Keyguidingquestions
1.1RaiseAwareness Improvedunderstandingandsecuredpoliticalsupport
Ensurefromthebeginningthatawarenessmaterialsproducedexplainthatclimatechangeaffectseverybodybutgenderinequalityisafactorofvulnerabilityandanadditionalconstrainttoadaptation;womenandmenaredifferentlyaffectedbecauseoftheirroles,responsibilities,accesstoandmanagementofresources,andparticipationindecisionmaking
• Howdoesclimatechangeaffectmenandwomen?
• Aretheredifferencesinmen’sandwomen’svulnerabilityandadaptivecapacitytoclimatechange?
• Arethereexistinggenderinequalitiesthatmaybeexacerbatedbyclimatechangeimpacts?
1.2 Establishstakeholdersupport,includingpoliticalsupport
Securedcross-agencyandotherstakeholderengagementandsupport
Institutionalarrangementsforcoordinationofclimatechangeprogrammesshouldincludetheministryresponsibleforwomen,civilsocietyorganisations,andnon-governmentalorganisationsresponsibleforhumanrights/women’srights
• Arekeystakeholdersengagedintheproject?Whattypeofsupportcantheyprovide?
1.3 Establishappropriateinstitutionalarrangements,includinggovernmentandnon-governmentstakeholderengagementinthedecision-makingprocesses
Interagencycommitteesandstakeholdergroupsestablishedtoguideandsupportmainstreaming
• Whatrole/resourceswillkeystakeholdersbringtotheproject?
Politicalandstakeholdersupport,institutionalsetupand
technicalexpertise
Phase 7: Adaptive managementReview,feedbackandadjust
Phase 2: Situational analysisUnderstandlocalcontext,climatechangeplusotherriskanddriversA, B
Phase 1: Preparatory
Laythefoundation
STRATEGIC LEVELMAINSTREAMING:integratedclimateriskmanagementandmethodology
basedonpolicycycle
Phase 6: Implementation,monitoring and evaluation
Implementation,M&EandreportingA, B, C, E
Phase 5: Design instrument
5a.Exists:useclimatelenstoreviewandreviseinstrument5b.Doesnotexist:designinstrument
fromscratch
Phase 4: Solution analysisSolutionidentication,assessment,decision
makingcriteria,prioritisationandselectionofadaptationinitiative
D,E, F
Phase 3: Problem analysisRiskanalysisB, C
T H E P A C I F I C G E N D E R & C L I M A T E C H A N G E T O O L K I T
M O D U L E 2 : M A I N S T R E A M I N G G E N D E R I N T O C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O J E C T S , P R O G R A M M E S A N D P O L I C I E S .06
Gender and climate change checklistTool2:Vulnerabilityandadaptationassessment–integratinggender
Thereisoftenatendencytothinkaboutgenderonlyinrelationtoonon-thegroundinitiatives,andnothowgenderperspectivescanbeaddressed inpolicy,planning, institutional,andgovernancearrangements. Addressing gender in a holistic way requires thinking about how governancemechanisms,policiesandplansframethewayinwhichinitiativesareundertaken.Thisiswhyitis
importanttoincorporategenderfromtheverybeginningoftheclimateriskmanagementcycle,toestablishasolidfoundationforallstakeholders.
In recognizing that men and women face different social, economic and environmental situations gender issues are to be considered in all planning and implementation processes. A better understanding of the vulnerabilities and capacities of different gender groups to deal with climate change is to be promoted.
FijiClimateChangePolicy–PolicyPrinciple10
Preparatorysteps Expectedoutputs Howtoapplyagenderperspective
Keyguidingquestions
1.4 Identifytypesofscientificinformation,analysisandexpertsupportthatmayberelevant
Technicalcommitteeestablishedtohelpaccessandanalysedata,andprovidetechnicalinputs
Thismustalsoincludetheidentificationofsocio-economicinformationandanalysis;andwhoholdsthisinformation,andifthereareanyinformationgaps
• Arethereexistingsocio-economicdatathatmayberelevantfortheproject?Howcanthedatabeaccessedorobtained?
• Whatadditionaldataneedtobegatheredbytheproject?
1.5Identifystrategiclevelformainstreaming
Establishappropriateinstitutionalarrangements,includinggovernmentandnon-governmentstakeholderengagementinthedecision-makingprocesses
Interagencycommitteesandstakeholdergroupsestablishedtoguideandsupportmainstreaming
M O D U L E 2 : M A I N S T R E A M I N G G E N D E R I N T O C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O J E C T S , P R O G R A M M E S A N D P O L I C I E S .
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Phase 2: Situational analysisThepurposeofthisphaseistounderstandthedevelopmentcontext, current weather and climate risks, and projectedclimatechangescenarios.
The initial analysis of thedevelopment situationwill oftenstart by examining the relevant climate change scenarios,theirimpactonphysicalinfrastructureandecosystems,andthe resulting consequences for people and communities.It is also likely to include a stocktake of existing policies,strategies,institutionalarrangements,andproposedpriorityactionstodealwiththeseimpacts.
Aspartofthisinitialanalysisitisimportanttoincludeanassessmentofgenderrolesingeneral,andthesectorspecificroles,knowledge,capacityandassetsofmenandwomenwhereaprogrammewillbeimplemented.This analysis contributes to a better understanding of the social dimensions of climate change impacts byidentifyingthesocialinequalitiesandgapswhichcontributetoindividualvulnerability,aswellastheassetsandcapacitieswhichwillhelppeopletocopewithenvironmentalstresses.
Inmanycases,informationrelatingtogenderissuesislacking.However,nationalgenderequalitypoliciesandplansareausefulsourceforprovidingabroadoverviewofkeygenderissuesandpriorities.Thisinformationcanthenbeappliedtoinformthedevelopmentsituation;anyinformationgapsorpotentialrisksorimpactsspecifictoparticulargroupswithinsocietycanbeflaggedforfurtherresearchandanalysis.
Politicalandstakeholdersupport,institutionalsetupand
technicalexpertise
Phase 7: Adaptive managementReview,feedbackandadjust
Phase 2: Situational analysisUnderstandlocalcontext,climatechangeplusotherriskanddriversA, B
Phase 1: Preparatory
Laythefoundation
STRATEGIC LEVELMAINSTREAMING:integratedclimateriskmanagementandmethodology
basedonpolicycycle
Phase 6: Implementation,monitoring and evaluation
Implementation,M&EandreportingA, B, C, E
Phase 5: Design instrument
5a.Exists:useclimatelenstoreviewandreviseinstrument5b.Doesnotexist:designinstrument
fromscratch
Phase 4: Solution analysisSolutionidentication,assessment,decision
makingcriteria,prioritisationandselectionofadaptationinitiative
D,E, F
Phase 3: Problem analysisRiskanalysisB, C
Situationanalysissteps Expectedoutputs Howtoapplyagenderperspective
Keyguidingquestions
2.1Understandthecountry’sdevelopmentcontext
A status report on:- Economic, social
and environmental context, together with institutional and political environment
- Current weather and climate context
- Projected climate change scenarios
AgenderanalysismustformakeycomponentofasituationalanalysisandbeincludedinthestatusreportGenderinequality,withinthebroadersocio-economiccontext,maybeadriverofvulnerabilityasitinfluencesrolesandresponsibilities,accesstoresourcesandinformation,participationindecision-makingprocesses,andbarrierstotherealisationofhumanrights
• Whataretheinequalitiesthatexistbetweendifferentgroups?
• Howdotheinequalitiesaffectclimatechangevulnerability?
• Howdotheinequalitiesaffectpeople’scapacitytoadapttoclimatechange?
T H E P A C I F I C G E N D E R & C L I M A T E C H A N G E T O O L K I T
M O D U L E 2 : M A I N S T R E A M I N G G E N D E R I N T O C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O J E C T S , P R O G R A M M E S A N D P O L I C I E S .08
Situationanalysissteps Expectedoutputs Howtoapplyagenderperspective
Keyguidingquestions
2.2 Understandcurrentweatherandclimaterisks
A status report on:- Economic, social
and environmental context, together with institutional and political environment
- Current weather and climate context
- Projected climate change scenarios
Different people may highlight different risks and impacts of weather based on their particular roles, knowledge, and experiences. It is important to consider and include these different perspectives because it gives a broader picture of the issues and the capacitiesLocal knowledge, in addition to scientific information, must be considered in assessing climate risks as it may indicate groups that are more vulnerable or have greater capacity to adapt than others
• Howdotheidentifiedrisksaffectdifferentgroups?
2.3 Understandprojectedclimatechangescenarios
• Basedontheprojectedclimatechangescenarios,whatimpactwilltheyhaveondifferentgroupsinthecommunity?
• Whatknowledgeand/orcopingstrategiesarecurrentlyusedbythedifferentgroups?
Gender and climate change checklistTool1:Weatherandclimatehazardassessment–integratinggenderTool2:Vulnerabilityandadaptationassessment–integratinggenderTool2.2:Divisionoflabourandactivitymatrix
Climatechangestrategiesorprogrammesareoftenassumedtobegenderneutral–benefittingeveryone equally. However, when programmes do not acknowledge the differences betweenpeople,and thesocial,economic, culturalandpolitical inequalities thatexistbetweenmenandwomen, there is a high risk of inducing discrimination and or exacerbating vulnerability (i.e.maladaptation).
Itisoftenthecasethatagenderanalysisisnotconductedatthebeginningoftheproject,andifitisdone,itistaggedonasanafterthought.Thismissesagoodopportunitytogatherinformationandknowledgetohelpstrengthenprojectdesignandmakeoutcomesmoreeffective.Theanalysisshouldbeconductedintheearlyphasesoftheclimateriskmanagementcycle.
M O D U L E 2 : M A I N S T R E A M I N G G E N D E R I N T O C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O J E C T S , P R O G R A M M E S A N D P O L I C I E S .
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Phase 3: Problem analysisThe purpose of this phase is to understand the hazardsandrisksposedbycurrentclimateandbyprojectedfutureclimate,andgapsincurrentdisasterriskmanagement.Thishelps to better understand the nature and extent of theclimateriskandtoprovideafoundationfordecisionmaking.
Inthisphase,genderperspectivescanbeappliedtouncoverroot causes of inequality, including any discriminatoryattitudes,behavioursandpracticesthatmaypreventwomenfrom realising their rights andopportunities.Byexaminingtheunderlyingcausesindetail,itispossibletoidentifyrisksthat need to be avoided,minimised ormanaged, and thepotentialfortheclimatechangeinitiativetobringaboutpositivechangeforwomenandmenandthelong-termresilienceofhouseholds,communitiesandcountries.
Gender and climate change checklistTool2:Vulnerabilityandadaptationassessment–integratinggenderTool2.1:ProblemTreeAnalysis–diggingdeeperTool2.2:Divisionoflabourandactivitymatrix
Assessing vulnerability to climate risks is not just about assessing scientific information nor is itaboutthelocationofpeopleorinfrastructure.Theunderlyingcausesofvulnerabilitymayberootedin social issues such as a lack of access to information due to exclusion from decision-makingprocesses.Adetailed situationandproblemanalysis thatexamines social structurescanhelp toidentifytheseunderlyingcauses.Inthiscasetheissuetoaddresswouldbewhycertaingroupsare
excludedfromaccessinginformationtheyneedtomakeinformeddecisions–andhowcanwedevisestrategiestoensuretheinformationreachesthem?
Source:SPC/GIZ,2013
Politicalandstakeholdersupport,institutionalsetupand
technicalexpertise
Phase 7: Adaptive managementReview,feedbackandadjust
Phase 2: Situational analysisUnderstandlocalcontext,climatechangeplusotherriskanddriversA, B
Phase 1: Preparatory
Laythefoundation
STRATEGIC LEVELMAINSTREAMING:integratedclimateriskmanagementandmethodology
basedonpolicycycle
Phase 6: Implementation,monitoring and evaluation
Implementation,M&EandreportingA, B, C, E
Phase 5: Design instrument
5a.Exists:useclimatelenstoreviewandreviseinstrument5b.Doesnotexist:designinstrument
fromscratch
Phase 4: Solution analysisSolutionidentication,assessment,decision
makingcriteria,prioritisationandselectionofadaptationinitiative
D,E, F
Phase 3: Problem analysisRiskanalysisB, C
T H E P A C I F I C G E N D E R & C L I M A T E C H A N G E T O O L K I T
M O D U L E 2 : M A I N S T R E A M I N G G E N D E R I N T O C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O J E C T S , P R O G R A M M E S A N D P O L I C I E S .010
Problemanalysissteps Expectedoutputs Howtoapplyagenderperspective
Keyguidingquestions
3.1Analysecurrentweatherandclimaterisks,otherdriversofrisks,includingrootcauses
Astatusreporton:• Currentweatherand
climaterisksandotherdriversofriskandrootcauses
• Gapsindisasterriskmanagement
• Projectedclimaterisksandvulnerability
Decisionsaboutpriorityriskstotargetthroughtheproject,programmeorpolicy
Existingsocialinequalitiesmaybeanunderlyingdriverofriskandshouldbehighlightedaspartofavulnerabilityassessment
• Areexistinginequalitiesbetweendifferentgroupsincludedinthevulnerabilityassessment?
3.2Assessgapsincurrentdisasterriskmanagement
Attentionshouldbepaidtoensuringthatallrelevantstakeholdersparticipateintheprocessofidentifyinggapsandassessingrisks.Existingcopingstrategiesshouldbedocumented.Differentpeoplemayidentifyandprioritisedifferentrisks.Theymayhavedifferentknowledgeandskillstorespondtotheserisks.Agenderanalysiscanhelpuncoverthesedifferences
• Areallgroupsinvolvedinidentifyingandassessingrisks?
• Areknowledgeandcopingstrategiesofdifferentgroupsdocumentedandassessed?
• Whatgapsexistincurrentcopingstrategiesanddevelopmentneeds?
3.3Assessprojectedweatherandclimaterisks,andotherdriversofrisks
Sex-disaggregateddatashouldbecollectedtoprovideadetailedassessmentofdifferencesinrisks,experiencesandcopingstrategiesbetweenmen,women,boysandgirls
• Whatgapsexistincurrentcopingstrategiesanddevelopmentneeds?
M O D U L E 2 : M A I N S T R E A M I N G G E N D E R I N T O C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O J E C T S , P R O G R A M M E S A N D P O L I C I E S .
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Phase 4: Solution analysis The purpose of this phase is to identify options to reducetheidentifiedclimaterisks.Theoptionscanbeinterventionsapplicabletonationalstrategy,sectorpolicyand/oron-the-ground activities. There is more than one way to solve aclimatechangeordevelopmentproblem.Itisimportantthatallpossibleoptionsareidentifiedandproperlyconsideredsothatthemosteffectiveoptionisselected.
For the integration of gender in this phase of the climateriskmanagement cycle, ‘options’ will include strategies toreducevulnerabilitytoclimatechange,aswellasstrategiesfor enhancing capacities and opportunities necessary forachievingbothclimateresilienceandgenderequality.Therefore,optionsneedtobedevelopedtofulfilthisdualpurposetoensuretheinterventionscontributetopositivedevelopmentoutcomes.
Optionidentificationsteps
Expectedoutputs Howtoapplyagenderperspective
Keyguidingquestions
4.1Selectadaptationpathway
Briefreportoutliningprocessfollowedandbasisforidentifyingmainoptions
Ensurethatbothmen’sandwomen’sabilities,knowledgeandskillsareconsideredintheidentificationofriskreductionoptions
Ensurethattherearesuitableopportunitiesforthegenuineparticipationofallmembersofsocietyinidentifyingandprioritisingoptions
Ensureappropriateattentionispaidtothesocialcontext(inadditiontophysicalscience)inidentifyingfeasibleoptions
Avoidreinforcingtraditionalgenderstereotypes.Activelyseeknewopportunitiesforbothmenandwomenthatmaychallengethesestereotypesandotherinequalities,toestablishpositivegenderrelations
• Havemen’sandwomen’sabilities,knowledgeandskillsbeendocumented?
• Areallgroupsinvolvedinidentifyingandprioritisingoptions?
• Isthebroadersocialcontextconsideredintheidentificationofoptions?
• Whatspecificsocialconditionswillaffectthefeasibilityofoptions?
• Arethereopportunitiestochallengegenderstereotypesandincreasepositivegenderrelationsthroughtheidentifiedoptions?
Politicalandstakeholdersupport,institutionalsetupand
technicalexpertise
Phase 7: Adaptive managementReview,feedbackandadjust
Phase 2: Situational analysisUnderstandlocalcontext,climatechangeplusotherriskanddriversA, B
Phase 1: Preparatory
Laythefoundation
STRATEGIC LEVELMAINSTREAMING:integratedclimateriskmanagementandmethodology
basedonpolicycycle
Phase 6: Implementation,monitoring and evaluation
Implementation,M&EandreportingA, B, C, E
Phase 5: Design instrument
5a.Exists:useclimatelenstoreviewandreviseinstrument5b.Doesnotexist:designinstrument
fromscratch
Phase 4: Solution analysisSolutionidentication,assessment,decision
makingcriteria,prioritisationandselectionofadaptationinitiative
D,E, F
Phase 3: Problem analysisRiskanalysisB, C
T H E P A C I F I C G E N D E R & C L I M A T E C H A N G E T O O L K I T
M O D U L E 2 : M A I N S T R E A M I N G G E N D E R I N T O C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O J E C T S , P R O G R A M M E S A N D P O L I C I E S .012
Optionidentificationsteps
Expectedoutputs Howtoapplyagenderperspective
Keyguidingquestions
4.2Identifyrelevantadaptationstrategiesandmeasures
Keyadaptationanddevelopmentmeasuresidentifiedforfurtheranalysis
Includecriteriaforequalitytoensureproposedmeasuresareassessedintermsoftheireffectivenessinaddressinginequalitiesbetweenandwithingroups.Theconsequencesofselectingoptionsthataregenderblindorgendersensitiveshouldbeconsideredandassessed
• Isgenderequalityincludedinthecriteriaforassessingtheeffectivenessofoptions?
Solutionanalysissteps Expectedoutputs Genderperspective Keyguidingquestions
4.3Prioritisestrategiesandselectpreferredadaptationmeasures
Keyadaptationmeasuresanalysedusingcost-benefitanalysisand/orotherassessments,andpreferredoption(s)selected
Costsandbenefitsshouldbedisaggregatedaccordingtovarioussocialgroupswherepossible,includingwomen,men,girlsandboys
Qualitativeinformationaboutthedistributionofcostsandbenefitsacrosssocialgroupsshouldberecorded,andusedtosupportthequantitativeanalysis
Cleardocumentationshouldbeprovidedregardingtheprocessofselectingthepreferredoptionsincludingwhethertherewereanygender-baseddifferencesinprioritiesexpressedbystakeholders,andhowtheyweretakenintoaccount
• Aretheoutcomesofthecost−benefitanalysisassessedforeachsocialgroup?
• Areageandgenderconsideredinthedistributionofcostsandbenefits?
• Istheprocessforselectingthepreferredoptionsproperlydocumented?
• Whatdecisionsaremadeinrelationtoaddressinggender-baseddifferencesinpriorities?
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Whenconsideringoptionsitisimportanttoreflectonwhoisprovidinginputintotheidentificationand selectionofoptions.As individualsweoftenapproachaproblemwithpreconceived ideasaboutwhatthesolutionsshouldbe.Itisthereforeimportanttogetawiderangeofviewsintothisstagetoensurevalidoptionsarenotoverlooked.
GenderandclimatechangechecklistTool2:Vulnerabilityandadaptationassessment–integratinggenderTool2.3:AdaptivecapacityassessmentmatrixTool2.4:Adaptationplanning–needsassessmentmatrixTool3:Feasibilityassessment–integratinggenderTool4:Cost−benefitanalysis(CBA)framework–integratinggender
Source:SPC,2013
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Phase5steps Expectedoutputs Howtoapplyagenderperspective Keyguidingquestions
5.1a‘Climate-proof’anexistingstrategicdocumentbasedontheresultsofPhases2,3and4
5.1bDevelopanationalclimatechangepolicyorotherstrategicclimatechangedocumentusingtheresultsofPhases2,3and4
‘Climate-proofed’strategicdocument(NSDS,sectoralplan/programmeofwork,policy,and/orcorporateplans)
AclearlydesignedstrategicdocumentthatshowsverticallinkagesacrossNSDS,climatechangepolicy,nationalactionplan,andsectoralprogrammeofwork,and/orcorporateplans
Thedesignoftherelevantinitiativeshouldbeguidedbytheinformationfrompreviousstepsandshouldincorporatetheresultsfromthegenderanalyses
• Aretheresultsofthegenderanalysisincorporatedintothedesigndocument?
Phase 5: DesignThe purpose of this phase is to produce a strategic leveldocument that clearly articulates the country’s policy and/or plan of action. The design document should includeobjectives and outcomes, expected outputs, inputs and abudget.Itshouldalsoincludespecificindicatorsandtargetsforinclusioninamonitoringandevaluation(M&E)plan.
Design documents and M&E frameworks need to takeinto account gender perspectives. They need to includeindicatorsandprocessestomeasuretheeffectivenessoftheprogramme,projectorpolicysothatitbenefitswomenandmenequitablyandsupportsgenderequality.
Forexample,withintheoverallresultsmatrixfortheSCP/GIZCopingwithClimateChangeinthePacificIslandRegion(CCCPIR)programme,severalindicatorsmakeexplicitreferencetomenandwomenandgenderequality.Theseensurethateveryoneinvolvedunderstandsthataddressinggenderissuesiscentraltotheachievementofprogrammeresults.Examplesofindicatorsinclude:• 50%ofmenandwomenintenruralcommunitiesinfivecountriesindicatethattheyaremoreresilientasa
resultofadaptationmeasuresimplementedthroughtheproject.• Multi-sectoral adaptation approaches incorporating principles of gender equality and ecosystem-based
adaptationareimplementedintencommunitiesineightcountries.• OnejointlydevelopedREDD+projectincorporatingtheprinciplesofgenderequalityisimplementedinFiji.
Politicalandstakeholdersupport,institutionalsetupand
technicalexpertise
Phase 7: Adaptive managementReview,feedbackandadjust
Phase 2: Situational analysisUnderstandlocalcontext,climatechangeplusotherriskanddriversA, B
Phase 1: Preparatory
Laythefoundation
STRATEGIC LEVELMAINSTREAMING:integratedclimateriskmanagementandmethodology
basedonpolicycycle
Phase 6: Implementation,monitoring and evaluation
Implementation,M&EandreportingA, B, C, E
Phase 5: Design instrument
5a.Exists:useclimatelenstoreviewandreviseinstrument5b.Doesnotexist:designinstrument
fromscratch
Phase 4: Solution analysisSolutionidentication,assessment,decision
makingcriteria,prioritisationandselectionofadaptationinitiative
D,E, F
Phase 3: Problem analysisRiskanalysisB, C
M O D U L E 2 : M A I N S T R E A M I N G G E N D E R I N T O C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O J E C T S , P R O G R A M M E S A N D P O L I C I E S .
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Phase5steps Expectedoutputs Howtoapplyagenderperspective Keyguidingquestions
1. 5.2Developanimplementationstrategy,includinggovernancearrangement,financingstrategyandmonitoringandevaluation(M&E)strategy
Documentwithclearlyarticulatedimplementationstrategy
Theimplementationstrategyshouldbeinformedbyasituationalanalysisthatincorporatesgenderanalysis
Gendershouldbeintegratedintotheproposedimplementationmechanisms(e.g.technicalassistancesupport,procurementrulesandprocesses,steeringstructures).Iftheimplementingorganisationsrequireadditionaltrainingandcapacitybuilding,thisshouldbecarriedoutatthebeginningoftheimplementationprocess,andcontinuethroughoutthelifeoftheinitiative
Aspecificgenderactionplanwithdefinedstakeholderrolesandresponsibilitiesshouldbedevelopedtoensureidentifiedactivitiesaredeliveredandarereportedagainst
Jobdescriptions/consultancycontractsshouldclearlyincludethescope,outputsandoutcomesspecifictointegratinggenderperspectivesintheprogramme,projectorpolicyimplementation.WithintheM&Estrategyandplan,ensuregenderequalityisexplicitlystatedaspartoftheoverallgoals,objectives,andactivities.Thisway,itwillbemonitoredandreportedonduringprogrammeimplementation.
Indicatorsmustbedisaggregatedbyageandsex,andshouldmeasuretheimpactsonwomenandonmen.
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Genderspecialistsareoftenaskedtocontributelateintheprocessofdesigningaproject.Whenthishappensthegenderperspective isoftenseenasan‘additional’component insteadofbeingconsidered as part of the programme. In some cases, sufficient resources may not have beenallocatedtowardsthecostofconductinggenderanalyses.Wherespecificgenderexpertisewillberequired,ensurethatthisisplannedearlyandisbudgetedfortosupporttheprojectdesignprocess.
Gender and climate change checklistTool3:Feasibilityassessment–integratinggenderTool4:Cost−benefitanalysis(CBA)framework–integratinggenderTool5:Policy,programmeandprojectscreeningmatrixTool6:Genderactionplan
Source:SPC-GIZ,2013
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Phase 6: Implementation, and monitoring and evaluation Thepurposeofthisphaseistoimplement,monitor,evaluateandreportonprogressagainstthestatedobjectivesofthepolicyandplanofactionandwithrespecttothecountry’sdevelopmentgoals.
As with all phases of the climate risk management cycle,gender must be fully integrated into implementation andM&E. If the gender perspective is not embedded at everystep, there is the possibility of exacerbating, rather thanreducing, vulnerabilities and inequalities, which can haveserious implications on the effectiveness of a programme,projectorpolicy.Integratinggenderintheimplementationprocessrequirescapableandskilledindividuals,whotakeconsciousstepstomakesuregenderperspectivesareidentified,assessedandactedon.
Similarly,genderequalityshouldbeakeyfocusofallstagesofM&E.GenderexpertsshouldbeengagedintheinitialstagesofaprojecttohelpdesignthemonitoringandevaluationsystemsandtoconductgendertrainingwithM&E specialists. This canhelpensure that theM&Eoutcomes clearly articulatehow theprogramme,projectorpolicyisperforminginachievinggenderequality.
Phase6steps Expectedoutputs Howtoapplyagenderperspective Keyguidingquestions
6.1Implementation• Confirmsector/
cross-sectoralprogrammeofactionsidentifiedinPhase5
• Identifyappropriatelysequencedsetofactivitiestobeimplemented,includingleadagenciesandcollaboratingpartners
• Securefunding
LinkedNSDS,climatechangepolicy,nationalactionplan,andorsectoralprogrammeofwork
Theinvolvementofbothmenandwomenatallstagesofimplementationiscrucialtoensuretheinitiativeiseffective,anddrawsonallavailableknowledgeandskills
Particularattentionshouldbepaidtoensurethatwomenareactivelyinvolvedindecision-makingprocesses,andhaveequalaccesstobenefits,forexample,trainingorincome-generatingopportunities
Insomecases,interventionsmayneedtobeadaptedtoovercomeculturalconstraintsthatrestrictwomen’sparticipationindecisionmaking.
• Doallgroupshaveopportunitiestoparticipateindecision-makingprocessesthroughoutallstagesofimplementation?
• Aretherespecificstrategiesinplacetoensurewomen’sparticipationindecisionmaking?
Politicalandstakeholdersupport,institutionalsetupand
technicalexpertise
Phase 7: Adaptive managementReview,feedbackandadjust
Phase 2: Situational analysisUnderstandlocalcontext,climatechangeplusotherriskanddriversA, B
Phase 1: Preparatory
Laythefoundation
STRATEGIC LEVELMAINSTREAMING:integratedclimateriskmanagementandmethodology
basedonpolicycycle
Phase 6: Implementation,monitoring and evaluation
Implementation,M&EandreportingA, B, C, E
Phase 5: Design instrument
5a.Exists:useclimatelenstoreviewandreviseinstrument5b.Doesnotexist:designinstrument
fromscratch
Phase 4: Solution analysisSolutionidentication,assessment,decision
makingcriteria,prioritisationandselectionofadaptationinitiative
D,E, F
Phase 3: Problem analysisRiskanalysisB, C
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GenderandclimatechangeM&Eisnotonlyaboutsex-disaggregatedindicators.AkeyobjectiveofanyM&Eframework,particularlyforclimatechange,mustbeaboutsharedlearning.Theframeworkshould provide away to evaluate qualitatively howmen andwomen have benefitted from theprogrammeandprovideexamplesofwherewomen’s involvement (or lackof)hasstrengthened(weakened)theprojectoutcomes
Gender and climate change checklistTool2.4:Adaptationplanning–needsassessmentmatrixTool3:Feasibilityassessment–integratinggenderTool4:Cost−benefitanalysis(CBA)framework–integratinggenderTool5:Policy,programmeandprojectscreeningmatrixTool6:Genderactionplan
M&Esteps Expectedoutputs Genderperspective Keyguidingquestions
1. MonitoringandEvaluation,andreporting
RegularM&Ereportsacrossdifferentstakeholdersandalllevelsofgovernment,Reflectingverticalrelationshipbetweenproject,programme,sectorclimatechangepolicygoals,objectivesandstrategiesandNSDS
Sex-andage-disaggregateddataarecollectedandanalysedregularlytoassessprogressagainstgenderindicatorsandtargetsAgenderspecialistshouldbepartoftheindependentevaluationcommitteetoassess:• Therolesofwomenandmenincontributingtotheachievementoftheoutcomes• Howtheprogrammehasaffectedwomenandmen,andthedirectbenefits• Howtheprogrammeempoweredwomenandmenandchallengedexistingpowerrelationsandstereotypes• Sharingchallenges,successesandbestpracticeinintegratinggenderperspectivesintoclimatechangeinitiativessupportscontinuedlearningamongstakeholders,climatechangepractitionersandgenderexperts
• Issex-andage-disaggregateddatacollectedfortheproject?HowwillthedatabeusedforM&E?
• Isthereagenderspecialistontheevaluationcommitteetoassesshowtheprogrammecontributestotheachievementofgenderequalityoutcomes?
• Howwillthekeyoutcomesandlessonslearntbedocumentedandsharedwithinternalandexternalstakeholders?
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Phase7steps Expectedoutputs Howtoapplyagenderperspective
Keyguidingquestions
7.1Reviewandadjustorchangeadaptationpathwayandspecificinstruments
Adjustmentsinstrategiclevelinstrumentasrelevant. Revisedstrategiesandplansofactionsatthenationalandassociatedprovincial/areaactionplans,sectoralplansofaction,andcorporateplansetc.
Ensurethestrategicinstrumentisreviewedbysomeonewithgenderexpertise,preferablysomeonewithknowledgeofthelocalcontext.
• Hastheinstrumentbeenreviewedbyagenderspecialistorasocialscientist?
Gender and climate change checklistTool2.4:Adaptationplanning–needsassessmentmatrixTool4:Cost–benefitanalysis(CBA)Framework–integratinggenderTool5:Policy,programmeandprojectscreeningmatrixTool6:Genderactionplan
Phase 7: Adaptive management Integrating a gender perspective is not optional; it is anessential element of every climate change programme,project or policy process. Whether failing to adoptappropriatetechnologyorconsultingonlywithpeoplewhoturnuptomeetings,anoversightofgenderperspectives–orbeinggenderblind–canhavesignificantimplicationsonintervention outcomes. Therefore, gender mainstreamingisacontinuousprocesswhichrequiresongoingreviewandfeedback from key stakeholders to ensure climate changeinitiatives are adjusted and improved to increase theireffectiveness.
Atapolicylevel,communicatingprogrammeresultsandlessonslearntfrommainstreaminggenderintoclimatechange initiatives can influence political decisions and the formulation of climate change adaptation andmitigationpolicies.Identifyingchampionswhocanbeadvocatesforgenderequalityatnationalandprovincialgovernmentlevelsisimportantforkeepinggenderequalityonthepoliticalagenda.
Politicalandstakeholdersupport,institutionalsetupand
technicalexpertise
Phase 7: Adaptive managementReview,feedbackandadjust
Phase 2: Situational analysisUnderstandlocalcontext,climatechangeplusotherriskanddriversA, B
Phase 1: Preparatory
Laythefoundation
STRATEGIC LEVELMAINSTREAMING:integratedclimateriskmanagementandmethodology
basedonpolicycycle
Phase 6: Implementation,monitoring and evaluation
Implementation,M&EandreportingA, B, C, E
Phase 5: Design instrument
5a.Exists:useclimatelenstoreviewandreviseinstrument5b.Doesnotexist:designinstrument
fromscratch
Phase 4: Solution analysisSolutionidentication,assessment,decision
makingcriteria,prioritisationandselectionofadaptationinitiative
D,E, F
Phase 3: Problem analysisRiskanalysisB, C
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References
PACC(PacificAdaptationtoClimateChange).2014.MainstreamingClimateChangeintoDevelopmentinthePacific:APracticalGuide.SPREP,Samoa.