Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D Slide 1

Modular Pumped Hydro for Grid Energy Storage

Renewable Energy Storage Working Group Meeting for the State of New Mexico

Mark L. Bibeault Los Alamos National Laboratory

Applied Engineering Technology, AET-1

bibeault@lanl.gov

August 27, 2014

LAUR-14-26722

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D Slide 2

Why Energy Storage? Best Utilize Our Water and Fuel Resources.

Figure I-1 of “Energy Demands on Water Resources, A Report to Congress”, US DOE, December 2006.

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D Slide 3

The Holes That We Dig and Must Fill. (It’s Mind Boggling!)

% Net US Fuel Consumption (2009) Electric Generation

Slide 16 of presentation “Will There be Enough Energy for All in the 21’st Century”, LA-UR-06-2989, 2006, by Rajan Gupta.

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D Slide 4

Total US Fuel (Electric Gen) and Water Usage (More Mind Boggling)

Figure II-1 of “Energy Demands on Water Resources, A Report to Congress”, US DOE, December 2006.

US Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Monthly, March 2010, Table ES1.B for 2009, for all sectors.

% Net US Fuel Consumption (2009) Electric Generation

3.95 x 109 MW-hrs across all sectors

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D Slide 5

How Does Energy Storage Fit In? Variable/Uncertain Generation Requires

Increased Need for Grid Flexibility

Adapted From Figure on pg. 7 “Load Profile for a Large Scale Energy Storage Facility,” from “Energy Storage—The Missing Link in the Electricity Value Chain, An Energy Storage Council White Paper,” copyright May, 2002.

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D Slide 6

How Does Energy Storage Fit In? Variable/Uncertain Generation Requires

Increased Need for Grid Flexibility

Adapted From Figure on pg. 7 “Load Profile for a Large Scale Energy Storage Facility,” from “Energy Storage—The Missing Link in the Electricity Value Chain, An Energy Storage Council White Paper,” copyright May, 2002.

Or Renewables Or Renewables

Variable Generation Example (i.e. Renewables)

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D

To Be Fair…….. There are Several Ways to Provide Grid flexibility

(It’s All About Economics and Risk!)

Slide 7

Paul Denholm et. el, “The Role of Energy Storage with Renewable Electricity Generation”, Fig 4.10, Technical Report NREL/TP-6A2-47187, January 2010.

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D

We’ll Continue with Energy Storage

Slide 8

Slide 15 from presentation by Aiden Tuohy and Dan Rastler of Electric Power Research Institute, “Wind Integration And Energy Storage”, MISO Energy Storage Workshop, June 29, 2011.

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D Slide 9

Slide 15 from presentation by Aiden Tuohy and Dan Rastler of Electric Power Research Institute, “Wind Integration And Energy Storage”, MISO Energy Storage Workshop, June 29, 2011.

This is area of interest!

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D Slide 10

Slide 20 from presentation by Aiden Tuohy and Dan Rastler of Electric Power Research Institute, “Wind Integration And Energy Storage”, MISO Energy Storage Workshop, June 29, 2011.

Today, Energy Storage Penetration is Actually Very Small

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D

Growth in Conventional Pumped Hydro Faces Challenges

Slide 11

Change the Paradigm!

Hoover Dam from Wikipedia.

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D

Basic Concept of Pumped Hydro 70 - 80% Efficient (Full cycle)

Slide 12

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D

View of Reversible Francis Turbine/Pump

Slide 13

One of 6 turbines for Grand Coulee Dam project, Columbia River, State of Washington, each rated at 750 MW, from the Bureau of Reclamation via Wikipedia.

One of

From Fig 1.3 of Thesis for Doctor of Philosophy, “Numerical Investigations of Turbulent Flow in Water Turbines”, Hakan Nilsson, Department of Thermo and Fluid Dynamics, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden, 2002. Picture courtesy of GE Energy (Sweden) AB.

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D

Modular Pumped Hydro(MPH) Design Philosophy

Slide 14

Modular size enables design Ring embankment, earth fill Reservoirs covered & lined Leakage recycled Catch rainfall Complimentary solar siting 20 to 300 m head 0.5 to 300 MW power rating Up to 12 hrs discharge Build above ground where feasible Minimize effects on local environment Coatings allow water quality range Per reservoir

• Approx. 1000 acre-ft volume • Approx. 10 acres surface area • Located flat top mountain with flat basin

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D

Modular Pumped Hydro(MPH) Operation

Slide 15

Up to 1 GW-hr electric storage Closed-loop pumped hydro technology “Smart-Sited” near existing production,

transmission, and water infrastructure “Smart-Sited” away from endangered

species, environmentally sensitive areas Permit/Build/Commission < 4 yrs Total Cost < 2 $/W “Black Start” capability Emergency backup capability Depending upon configuration,

simultaneously store and produce Total Operating Cost < 10 mills/kW-hr < 1 minute zero to full power < 10 minutes max. storage rate

to max. production rate

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D

Modular Pumped Hydro(MPH) Water Management

Slide 16

Evaporation controlled by cover Seepage and permeation controlled by

liner Sum of rainfall minus evaporation,

seepage and permeation losses equal net zero over life of facility

System charge duration (flexible): • 18 – 24 months (< 2 acre-ft/day) full capacity • > 24 months with delayed capacity

Fresh to brackish sources (site specific): • Rainfall • Groundwater • Surface (temporary flumes/pumps)

Periodic maintenance: • Aerate using solar energy • Remove settled out solids • Remove weeds mechanically • Vacuum covers

Opportunities to integrate with

existing municipality infrastructure

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D

Modular Pumped Hydro (MPH) Example # 1 Case Study for Discovery Day

Location: 200 MW NM Wind Center, Vaughn, NM Store energy 20 hrs per day, release to grid 4 hrs per day (during peak demand) 22.5% Wind Farm operational cycle H = 400 ft (122 m), Reservoir Volume = 1639 acre-ft Energy Storage Power = 250 MW Total energy released = 281,600 MW-hrs*

Table 1 : Financial Results

Item Result

Normalized Capital Cost ($/W) 1.80 Yearly Profit used for loan payments ($M)* 24.6

Total Cost ($M) 450

Loan Interest (%) 4.00

Monthly Loan Payment ($M) 2.05 Payback, not including electricity price increases (yrs) 32.8 *From energy storage facility, includes operating cost of 10 mills/kWh.

Slide 17

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D

Modular Pumped Hydro (MPH) Example #2 Case/Cost Study for SFCC

Slide 18

This study is still ongoing (final results not available)

Existing infrastructure: • Two water treatment ponds • 60 feet of useful elevation head

New infrastructure: • 1.5 MW DC output solar array • Micro-Modular grid

Goal is to eliminate on-peak surcharges Energy storage capacity: 3000-6000 kWh Reservoir volumes: 60-150 acre-ft Energy storage power: 0.5-1 MW Potential savings per year = 100k$

Implications for Regional Energy

Storage Facilities

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D

Modular Pumped Hydro (MPH) Example #2 Case/Cost Study for SFCC (Continued)

Slide 19

Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA

U N C L A S S I F I E D

Modular Pumped Hydro(MPH) Rethinking the Possibilities

Slide 20

Many people have supported me We want to make this a viable

option for many communities Thank you

Any Questions?