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tergum pleuralmembrane

epiproct

cercus

paraproct

valve 3

valve 2

valve 1coxite 1

coxite 2sternum

spiracle

segment# 11

ovipositor

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

6

6

7

7

8

8

9 10

Modifications of the genital abdomen: the Ovipositor

coxite = valvifer

valve = valvule or valvulaor gonapophysis

cross-section:

inner valve (V2, segm. 9)

dorsal valve [sheath](V3, segment 9

ventral valve(V1, segment 8)

subgenital plate

Greatest development in:

• Orthopteroids• Hemipteroids• Hymenoptera

Ovipositors: variants on a theme (most common = lost)

Cicadidae (Hemiptera)

Apidae (Hymenoptera)

Muscidae (Diptera)(functional

“ovipositor”)

Thermobia(Zygentoma)

Ichneumonidae(Hymenoptera)

Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera)

valve 3

valve 2

valve 1

When lost:& gonoporemigrates fromsegm. 8 to 9

, butnot homologous)

7

7

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Ovipositors: shovel type of Acrididae (Orthoptera)

Romalea sp.

Ovipositors: sword or sawof Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera)

Amblycoryphaalexanderi

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Ovipositors of Hymenoptera

Drills: IchneumonidaeMegarhyssa sp. (parasitoid

of horntail wasp larvae)

Stings: VespidaeVespa sp.

Saws: TenthredinidaeDolerus sp. (Symphyta)

Ovipositor in stinging Hymenoptera

original genital pore (segment 9)secondary positionof gonopore (8)

poison gland

valves

ovary

ovipositor

sternite 7 (S7)

S8(subgenital plate)

S9

TERGUMootheca

S7

6 7 8 9 10 11

S6

Cockroach ovipositor

T10+11

T6

( y p )

paraproct

epiproct

valve 3

valve 2

valve 1

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Additional abdominal “appendages:”

styli & median caudal filament

† Monura

Archaeognatha:segm. 2-9 (tot = 8)

Thysanura (7,8,9)

median caudal filament(jumping; balance)

styli

Ephemeroptera

median caudal

filament

Blattodea (8,9,10)

styli

stylus

cercus

Appendage-like segmental gills (limb homologues)

Megaloptera larva (hellgrammite) Ephemeroptera naiads

Coxoplectoptera(U. Jurassic)

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Abdominal “legs:” Prolegs

Lepidoptera caterpillar(3, 4, 5, 6; 10 – 5 pairs)

Sawfly larva (Hymenoptera)

Coleoptera larvacrochets

Diptera larva

(8 pairs)

Cerci

Thysanura& Plecoptera

Odonata:zygopteran

naiad

cerci

Dermaptera& Diplura

Blattodea:“giant fibers”

cerci

cerci

MCF

Odonatamale

Ephemeroptera adultEmbioptera

male

GONE: in Hemiptera (almost); most of Holometabola(except Mecoptera & ‘basal’ Hymenoptera)

cerci

(ganglion)

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Abdominal spiracles

Hymenoptera:Symphyta

Hymenoptera:Apocrita propodeum (abd. segm. 1)

Lepidoptera: Sphingidae

“brain”

subesophagealganglion

alimentarytract

ventral nerve cord

anus

heartgonads

Internal anatomy of a cricket

Internal anatomy of a generalized insect(note idea of “polarity reversed” homeotic gene expression – Nubler-Jung ‘99)

crop midgut hindgut

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Generalized layout of internal organs(except central nervous system)

dorsal vessel

thoracic segment

hemocoele(blood space)

pharynx

malpighiantubuleHINDGUT

abdominal segment

mouth

mandible

first segmentof leg

salivary gland

salivary duct

FOREGUT

musculargizzard

MIDGUTovarioles

oviduct

spermatheca

ovipositor

crop

Alimentary tract: ontogeny

head pointsthis way

mesoderm

ectoderm

posteriormidgut

rudiment

anterior midgut rudiment

proctodeumstomodeum

anus

midgut

midgut caeca malpighiantubules

mouth

hemocoele

hindgut

hemocoele

esophagealdiverticulum

foregut

hemocoele

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Alimentary tract: the salivary glands

hypopharynx

mouth

clypeus

labrum

pharynx

cibarium(preoral cavity or

buccal cavity)

labiumsalivarium

salivary gland(= labial gland)

esophaguscrop gizzard

intima

salivaryreservoir

stomodeal or cardiac valve

midgut caecum

midgut

MIDGUT

peritrophicmembrane

FOREGUT

Basic functions of saliva:1. moistens food2. lubricates food3. starts digestion: amylase & invertase; pectinase, lipases, proteases

mesodermalglandular

tissue

cuticle(ectodermal) salivarium

and buccal cavity

common ormedian salivary duct

salivaryreservoir

salivarygland

labial silk glands

anticoagulants: but not in Cimex,nor all mosquitoes

Salivary glands: ontogeny & specializations

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Salivary glands: extra-oral digestion

Hemiptera: Reduviidae

Neuroptera: Chrysopidae

Diptera:Muscidae

(Jeff Goldblum)

Salivaryglands:

Gallformation

Hymenoptera: Cynipidae

Diptera: Tephritidae

Oak galls

Solidago(goldenrod)

Galls on sweetgum

Alfred Kinsey,sex institute

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Salivary glands: nuptial gifts in Panorpidae (Mecoptera)

prey

saliva