IT Infrastructure, Emerging Technologies And

TelecommunicationsPresented By:

Deepali Bhardwaj

IT Infrastructure• Defining IT infrastructure

• Evolution of IT infrastructure: 1950-2009• Electronic accounting machine era: 1930-

1950• General-purpose mainframe and

minicomputer era: 1959 to present• Personal computer era: 1981 to present• Client/server era: 1983 to present• Enterprise Internet computing era: 1992 to

present• Cloud computing era: 2000 to present

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Multi-Layered C/S Network

Technology Drivers Of Infrastructure Evolution

• Processing power has increased over the years• From 75 megahertz to 4 gigahertz

• Over the years, cost of Digital Storage has decreased and capacity increased

• Network economics• Social and business value of digital networks enables

rapid multiplication of links among network members • Power of network grows as a function of number of

people in the network• Increasing returns to scale for the members

• Declining communications costs and the Internet• Standards and network effects

Infrastructure ComponentsH/W

O/S

S/W AppsN/W

Telecom

SIs

Data Mgmt

Internet

Hardware Platform Trends And Emerging Technologies• While cost of computing is lower,

infrastructure costs have expanded• The emerging mobile digital platform

• Cell phones, smartphones (BlackBerry, iPhone) have assumed data transmission, Web surfing, e-mail and IM duties

• Netbooks: small, low-cost lightweight notebooks optimized for wireless communication and core computing tasks

H/W Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies• Cloud computing (utility computing)

• Data permanently stored in remote servers, accessed and updated over the Internet by users

• Purchase computing power and pay as per use (on-demand or utility computing)

• Reduces risk of over-investment• Flexible infrastructure

Salesforce.com

Hardware Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies• Virtualization and multicore processors

• Presents computing resources so that they can be accessed in ways that are not restricted by configuration

• Simultaneously run more than one operating system on the same machine

• Increases server utilization rates from 10-15 to 70 percent of capacity

• Multicore processors: reduced power requirements, enhanced performance

H/W Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies

• Grid computing• Connects geographically remote computers into

a single network to combine processing power and create virtual supercomputer

• Provides cost savings, speed, agility• Autonomic computing

• Systems that can configure, optimize themselves, heal themselves when broken, and protect themselves from outside intruders

• Similar to self-updating antivirus software; Apple and Microsoft both use automatic updates

Software Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies

• Linux and open-source software

• Java is everywhere

• Object oriented programming language

• Platform independent

• Software for enterprise integration

• Data exchange for multiple systems through single software

hub

• Web services and service-oriented architecture (SOA)

• XML(eXtensible Markup Language): applies self-describing tags to

data in web documents

• Allows automatic transfer of data, manipulation of data and

execution of operations

• Ajax, Mashups, Web 2.0, and Web-based software

applications

Software Outsourcing• Software packages and enterprise software• Software as a service (SaaS)• Software outsourcing

Management Issues• Dealing with infrastructure change

• Management and governance

• Making wise infrastructure investments• Competitive forces model for IT infrastructure inves

tment

• Total cost of ownership of technology assets

• Cost components: hardware / software acquisition,

installation, training

• Hidden costs: support, maintenance, downtime,

utility costs

Competitive Forces Model for IT Infrastructure

There are six factors you can use to answer the question, “How much should our firm spend on IT infrastructure?”

Management Issues

Telecommunications

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Corporate Network Infrastructure

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Communications Networks• Signals: digital vs. analog

• Types of networks• Local area networks• Metropolitan and wide area networks

• Physical transmission media• Twisted wire• Coaxial cable• Fiber optics cable• Wireless transmission : radio signals

• Long distances• Satellites, relay stations to microwave

signals

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The Internet• Internet addressing and architecture

• Each computer on Internet given a numeric IP address

• The Domain Name System: converts IP addresses to domain names• 195.128.15.11 to an easily read address such as

www.USAToday.com

• Internet architecture and governance• Transcontinental high-speed backbone of

networks in the range of 45 Mbps to 2.5 Gbps• Internet architecture board, Internet Corporation

for Assigned Names and Numbers, World Wide Web Consortium

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The Internet• The future Internet: IPv6 and Internet2

• 128 bit addresses in IPv6• Internet2 – a new, robust high band width version

of Internet• Digital libraries, effective routing practices,

different levels of service

• Internet services• E-mail, instant messaging, chatting, Telnet, FTP,

WWW

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The Internet

• The World Wide Web• Hypertext• Web servers• Searching for information on the Web• Internet based groupware and electronic

conferencing software• Web 2.0 : Wiki, Blogs, RSS

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• Intranets and extranets

• Technologies and tools for communication and

e-business

• E-mail, chat, instant messaging, Usenet, and

electronic discussions

• Groupware for collaboration

• Internet telephony : VoIP

• Virtual private networks

• Secure, encrypted private network

• Point to point tunneling

The Internet

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• Cellular network standards • Global System for Mobile Communication(GSM)• Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA)

• Cellular Generations• 1G: Analog networks• 2G: Digital, circuit switched networks, primarily used for voice

transmission• 2.5G: Packet switched, data transmission speed 50 – 144 Kbps• 3G : Digital, high speed, high bandwidth, 384 Kbps for mobile

users and 2 Mbps for stationary users

• Mobile wireless standards for Web access• Wireless Application Protocol(WAP)• iMode

The Wireless Revolution

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• Wireless computer networks and Internet

access• Bluetooth (802.15) for personal area networks• Wi-Fi (802.11) for LANs

• 802.11b: wireless Internet access; vulnerable security • Access point is a box consisting of a radio receiver /

transmitter and antennas that links to wired network• Wireless Network Interface Cards

• WiMax (802.16) access range of 31 miles; suitable

for providing broadband Internet access; robust

security• Broadband cellular wireless and emerging wireless

services

• RFID and wireless sensor networks

The Wireless Revolution

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Assignment – Sec A

Roll Nos 1 – 15 : Salesforce.com, Q2Roll Nos 16 – 30 : Salesforce.com, Q4Roll Nos 31-46: Amazon case, Q2Roll Nos 47 – 60, Amazon case, Q1

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Assignment – Sec B

Roll Nos 62 – 77 : Salesforce.com, Q2Roll Nos 78 – 93 : Salesforce.com, Q4Roll Nos 94- 109: Amazon case, Q2Roll Nos 110 – 122, Amazon case, Q1

Q & A