IT Infrastrcture MIS

Management Information Management Information SystemsSystems

Information Technology (Infrastructure and Emerging Technologies)


• Problem: Aging systems no longer able to provide

information rapidly enough for timely decisions; too

unreliable for 24/7 operations

• Solutions: Replaced and upgraded hardware and

software and used leading-edge technology

• CRIS (IRCTC) Speeds Up with a New IT Infrastructure

Solutions: Replaced and upgraded hardware and

software and used leading-edge technology

– Grid computing

– Virtualization

– Blade servers

• Demonstrates IT ’ s role in using resources more

efficiently; reducing computing energy usage,

modernizing services

© Prentice Hall 20112


• IT infrastructure:

– Set of physical devices and software required to operate enterprise

– Set of firmwide services including:• Computing platforms providing computing services

• Telecommunications services• Telecommunications services

• Data management services

• Application software services

• Physical facilities management services

• IT management, standards, education, research and development services

– ““““Service platform”””” perspective more accurate view of value of investments



• IT InfrastructureConnection between the firm, IT infrastructure and Business Capabilities

The services a firm is capable of providing to its customers, suppliers, and employees are a

direct function of its IT infrastructure. Ideally, this infrastructure should support the firm’s

business and information systems strategy. New information technologies have a powerful

impact on business and IT strategies, as well as the services that can be provided to

customers.© Prentice Hall 20114


• Evolution of IT infrastructure– General-purpose mainframe & minicomputer era:

1959 to present• 1958 IBM first mainframes introduced

• 1965 Less expensive DEC minicomputers introduced

– Personal computer era: 1981 to present– Personal computer era: 1981 to present• 1981 Introduction of IBM PC

• Proliferation in 80s, 90s resulted in growth of personal

software

– Client/server era: 1983 to present• Desktop clients networked to servers, with processing

work split between clients and servers

• Network may be two-tiered or multitiered (N-tiered)

• Various types of servers (network, application, Web)© Prentice Hall 20115


• Stages in IT infrastructure evolution



• Evolution of IT infrastructure (cont.)

– Enterprise computing era: 1992 to present

• Move toward integrating disparate networks, applicationsusing Internet standards and enterprise applications

– Cloud Computing: 2000 to present– Cloud Computing: 2000 to present

• Refers to a model of computing where firms andindividuals obtain computing power and softwareapplications over the Internet or other network

• Fastest growing form of computing



• Stages in IT infrastructure evolution



• Multitiered Client/Server Network (N-Tier)

In a multitiered client/server network, client requests for service are handled by different levels of servers.



• Technology drivers of infrastructure evolution

– Moore’’’’s law and microprocessing power

• Computing power doubles every 18 months

• Nanotechnology: • Nanotechnology:

– Shrinks size of transistors to size comparable to size

of a virus

– Law of Mass Digital Storage

• The amount of data being stored each year doubles



MOORE’’’’S LAW AND

MICROPROCESSOR

PERFORMANCE

Packing over 2 billion

transistors into a tiny

microprocessor has

exponentially increased exponentially increased

processing power. Processing

power has increased to over

500,000 MIPS (millions of

instructions per second).



FALLING COST

OF CHIPS

Packing more transistors

into less space has

driven down transistor

cost dramatically as well

as the cost of the

products in which they products in which they

are used.



• IT Infrastructure has 7 main components

1. Computer hardware platforms

2. Operating system platforms

Infrastructure ComponentsInfrastructure Components

3. Enterprise software applications

4. Data management and storage

5. Networking/telecommunications platforms

6. Internet platforms

7. Consulting system integration services



THE IT

INFRASTRUCTURE

ECOSYSTEM

There are seven major

components that must be

coordinated to provide the firm

with a coherent IT with a coherent IT

infrastructure. Listed here are

major technologies and

suppliers for each component.



• Computer hardware platforms

– Client machines

• Desktop PCs, mobile devices – PDAs, laptops

– Servers

• Infrastructure Components

– Servers

• Blade servers: ultrathin computers stored in racks

– Mainframes:

• IBM mainframe equivalent to thousands of blade servers

– Top chip producers: AMD, Intel, IBM

– Top firms: IBM, HP, Dell, Sun Microsystems



• Operating system platforms

– Operating systems

• Server level: 75% run Windows; 25% run Unix or Linux

• Client level:


• Client level:

– 90% run Microsoft Windows (XP, 2000, CE, etc.)

– Handheld device OS’s (Android, iPhone OS)

– Cloud computing OS’s (Google’s Chrome OS)

• Enterprise software applications

– Enterprise application providers: SAP and Oracle

– Middleware providers: BEA



• Data management and storage

– Database software:

• IBM (DB2), Oracle, Microsoft (SQL Server), Sybase (Adaptive Server Enterprise), MySQLSybase (Adaptive Server Enterprise), MySQL

– Physical data storage:

• EMC Corp (large-scale systems), Seagate, Maxtor, Western Digital

– Storage area networks (SANs):

• Connect multiple storage devices on dedicated network



• Networking/telecommunications platforms– Telecommunication services

• Telecommunications, cable, telephone company charges for voice lines and Internet company charges for voice lines and Internet access

• AT&T, Verizon

– Network operating systems:

• Windows Server, Novell, Linux, Unix

– Network hardware providers:

• Cisco, Alcatel-Lucent, Nortel, Juniper Networks



The Evolution of NetworkingThe Evolution of Networking

Telecommunications, combined use of computer hardware andcommunications software for sending and receiving information overcommunications media, enables computer users throughout the world tocommunicate.


Data Transmission CharacteristicsData Transmission Characteristics

What are the characteristics of transmitted data?

– BandwidthBandwidth – number of bits that can be transferred

per second over a given medium

– AnalogAnalog signalssignals – continuous waves transmitted over a medium at a– AnalogAnalog signalssignals – continuous waves transmitted over a medium at a

certain frequency range

– Digital signals send data in the form of bits



Bandwidth

– number of bits that can be transmitted per second

– terms for measuring bandwidth

Analog and Digital Transmission

– Modulate – sending modem changes digital signal into analog signal

– Demodulate – receiving modem changes analog signal back into digital


Translating digital signals to analog signals


InternalInternal modemmodem – electronic boardplugged into a slot on a computer’smotherboard

ExternalExternal modemmodem – stand-alone device connected bycable to a computer


Serial transmission – data transmitted one bit after another

Parallel transmission – 8bits

(1 byte) plus a parity bittransmitted at the sametime over 9 separate paths



Parallel and Serial Transmission

– Serial transmission sends 1 byte plus the parity bit one bit after anotherin a continuous line.

– Parallel transmission sends 8 bits plus a parity bit at the same time over – Parallel transmission sends 8 bits plus a parity bit at the same time over 9 separate paths.


CommunicationsCommunications MediaMedia

TwistedTwisted--pairpair cablecable is two parallel copper wires, individually wrapped inplastic and bound by another plastic casing.


Communications MediaCommunications Media

Coaxial cableCoaxial cable is an insulated center wire grounded by a shield of braided wire.


FiberFiber--optic cableoptic cable transmits beams of light through a glass or plastic core.


– Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Lines are used to dial into

the Internet and receive information at high speeds.

– Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) use existing phone lines and new

switched connections to get faster speeds than traditional phone access.

Wired Communications Media

switched connections to get faster speeds than traditional phone access.

– T Lines are digital, high-speed, long-distance lines capable of carrying

signals across the line.


Microwave systems transmit data through the atmosphere from onemicrowave station to another.


HowHow doesdoes wirelesswireless communicationcommunication work?work?

– Satellite system is a solar-powered device containing radios called

transponders.

– Transponders receive signals from transmission stations on ground.

– Satellites receives signals, amplifies them, and retransmits them to other

locations on earth.

– Geosynchronous orbit rotates satellite at same speed as earth’s rotation.


Communications satellite is a solar-powered, electronic device withspecialized radios (transponders) for receiving signals from groundtransmission stations. A satellite receives transmitted signals, amplifiesthem, and retransmits them to other ground locations.


InfraredInfrared technologytechnology allows data as infrared light waves to betransmitted from a special port in a computer to an infrared sensor in aprinter.


Signals sent by cell phones are transmitted and received from cell to cell until they reach their destination.


home

WiWi--FiFi--enabledenabled devices use abroadband Internet connectionthrough a wireless access point.


Wireless Communications Media

– Bluetooth technology offers short-range connectivity with otherBluetooth devices.

– Devices form a small, temporary network that can transmit voice anddata.


Network ClassificationsNetwork Classifications

Networking paths allow networked client computers to send information to aserver, which relays information back to the computer or to another on thenetwork. Fax machines and printers are shared resources. The file serveraccesses a shared hard disk.


In peer-to-peer architecture, computers act as both client and server.


Local area network (LAN)Local area network (LAN) is a private network using a file server that houses all network resources.


Wide area network (WAN) spans a large geographical area connecting two or more LANs.


An intranetintranet is a network within an organization to serve internal users.


An extranetextranet is an extension of an intranet that allows specified external users access via the Internet


Network TopologiesNetwork Topologies

Bus TopologyBus Topology

– all computers linked to a single line of cable (bus)

– all communications travel length of bus


Star Topology Star Topology links multiple computers and devices to a central hub in a configuration resembling a star.


RingRing TopologyTopology has no hub, and each computer is connected to two othercomputers in a circular path.


Network HardwareNetwork Hardware

HubHub It is a device that links computers in a network and coordinates messages computers send and receive


SwitchSwitch devicedevice that joins multiple computers within one local area network(LAN)


Repeater deviceRepeater device that receives signals, amplifies the signals, and sends the signals along the communication path


Router deviceRouter device that joins two or more networks


A gatewaygateway is a combination of hardware and software that allows dissimilarnetworks to communicate. This gateway connects a star network to a ringnetwork.


A bridgebridge is a combination of hardware and software that enables devices on similar networks to communicate. This bridgebridge connects two star networks.


Network Interface Card (NIE)Network Interface Card (NIE) connects each client computer to a network

A networkinterface card(NIC) is used forwiredwiredconnections in adesktop PC. A wireless NIC

allows notebookcomputers to useWi-Fi hotspots.


Network Operating Systems (NOS)Network Operating Systems (NOS)

– controls flow of messages from client computers and provides services such

as file access and printing

– systems such as UNIX and Mac OS have networking functions built in– systems such as UNIX and Mac OS have networking functions built in

– Windows systems include Novell’s Netware or Windows Server software to

enhance the basic operating system


Communications Software and ProtocolsCommunications Software and Protocols

Communication software programs can be used to

– access and use services of an Internet service provider for e-mail and Webbrowsers

– send and receive information to and from computers through LAN andWAN networksWAN networks

– send and receive faxes


CommunicationsCommunications SoftwareSoftware andand ProtocolsProtocols

What are protocolsprotocols?

– Protocols are rules and procedures for exchanging information amongcomputers on a network.

– Computers involved must have the same settings and follow the samestandards.standards.


Communications Software and ProtocolsCommunications Software and Protocols

Examples of communications protocols


With simplex datatransmission, dataflows only one way.

With half-duplex datatransmission,data flows inboth directionsbut only in onedirection at atime.

With full-duplex datatransmission,data flows inboth directionsat the sametime.


DirectionalDirectional ProtocolsProtocols

–– SimplexSimplex transmissiontransmission – communications flow in only one direction

–– HalfHalf--duplexduplex transmissiontransmission – communications flow in both directions,

but not at the same timebut not at the same time

–– FullFull--duplexduplex transmissiontransmission – communications flow in both directions

simultaneously


• Internet platforms

– Hardware, software, management services tosupport company Web sites, (including Webhosting services) intranets, extranetshosting services) intranets, extranets

– Internet hardware server market: Dell,HP/Compaq, IBM

– Web development tools/suites: Microsoft(FrontPage, .NET) IBM (WebSphere) Sun (Java),independent software developers: Adobe,RealMedia



What is Web 2.0?What is Web 2.0?

• Web as a platform

• Software as services

• Architecture of participation• Architecture of participation

• Social media

• Harnessing collective intelligence

• Originated from O'Reilly and MediaLive

International in 2004


“Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the

computer industry caused by the move to

the Internet as a platform, and an attemptthe Internet as a platform, and an attempt

to understand the rules for success on that

new platform.”

- Tim O’Reilly


Traditional MediaTraditional Media


Social MediaSocial Media


Web Web 22..0 0 Provides the Infrastructure for InnovationProvides the Infrastructure for Innovation


And a personal changeAnd a personal change


Web Web 22..0 0 ConceptsConcepts• Blogging

• Forums

• Wikis

• Social Networks

• Syndication

• Instant Messaging

• Mashup

• RIA• Social Networks

• Bookmarking

• Folksonomy = Tagging

• E-commerce

• RIA

• Collaborative Software


BloggingBlogging

• Individuals broadcast ideas to like-mindedpeople

• Business to broadcast latest information tostakeholdersBusiness to broadcast latest information tostakeholders

• Citizen journalism

• Receive comments from readers

• Photos, videos, podcasts

• Micro-blogging (twitter)


ForumsForums

• Online message board around one topic

• Discussions with posts and replies

• Threads are collections of posts and replies• Threads are collections of posts and replies

• Moderators to clean up spam

• Software communities use forums as part

of support platform


WikiWiki

• Collectively share and edit a body of knowledge

• Ongoing process of creation and collaboration

• Knowledge Management • Knowledge Management

• Wikipedia

• Enterprise wikis


Social NetworkingSocial Networking

• Online communities

• Share information

• Connect people with same interest• Connect people with same interest

• Personal, Business, Political

• Facebook, Hyves, Friendster, Orkut,

MySpace, LinkedIn, Plaxo

• Flickr, You-Tube, Slideshare, Iens


EE--CommerceCommerce

• Connect seller and buyer

• Adds value by providing service

• Ebay, Amazon, Marktplaats• Ebay, Amazon, Marktplaats

• Kayak, hotels.com, Funda, Monsterboard

• Business model to leverage Web 2.0

technology


BookmarkingBookmarking

• Users save and share links

• Add meta-data

• Access bookmarks on any computer• Access bookmarks on any computer

• Delicio.us, Digg, Reddit, StumbledUpon

• Rating

• Also social networking sites


FolksonomyFolksonomy = Tagging= Tagging

• Cooperative Classification

• Classification by users not experts

• Easier to find• Easier to find

• Blog posts, photos, videos, bookmarks

• Common problems

– Spelling

– Plurals

– Specificity


Instant MessagingInstant Messaging

• MSN, Yahoo Messenger, ICQ, Aim, Jabber, Google Talk, Skype

• Instant updates and feedback

• Real-time communication• Real-time communication

• Mobile-enabled

• Extra features: file transfer, contact lists, conferences

• Business use to for more efficient communication


SyndicationSyndication

• Make updates come to you

• RSS (Rich Site Summary, Really Simple Syndication)

• Standard format used to publish frequently updated worksworks

– Blog posts, comments, news, forum feeds, audio, video, stock market

• Aggregated for you by a RSS feed reader

• Bloglines, GoogleReader


MashupMashup

• Aggregates data from more than one source

• Often using Open API to build services from

data sourcesdata sources

• e.g. Real estate data on Google map


RIARIA

• Rich Internet Application

• Enhance user experience

• Thin client to fat client• Thin client to fat client

• Technologies: Adobe Flex, JavaFX


Collaborative SoftwareCollaborative Software

• Google Docs

• Vyew

• Real-time collaboration on documents• Real-time collaboration on documents

• Change the way we work


Social Media Game

• Pick a character

• Discuss which Web 2.0 technology and how

they can be usedthey can be used

• Work as a group for this assignment. Split in

to groups of 5.

• Discuss how Web 2.0 concepts can help thefollowing characters


Character #1:

Project Manager

• Ramesh is a project manager for aproject whose team is split between theproject whose team is split between theAustralia and India. The client for theproject, which in the US, would like tobe informed about how the project isgoing.


Character #2:

Freelance Consultant

• Soundarya is a freelance consultant with expertise in environmental law. She would like to show potential clients the with expertise in environmental law. She would like to show potential clients the extent of her knowledge. She would also like to expand her network so as to reach more potential clients.


Character #3:

Campaign Manager

• Soumitra is the campaign manager for anational politician. She would like to letmore people know about her candidatenational politician. She would like to letmore people know about her candidateand would like to get more peopleinvolved in the cause.


Character #4

University Dean

Prof. Sangvikar HOD PUMBA. He is settingup a program that will introduce students toup a program that will introduce students tocultural differences and prepare them forworking in a global economy. To do this,there will be assignments to be done bystudent from 3 other participatinguniversities around the world.


Character #5: PRO

• Shital is Public Relations Officer at theKattaPWN (Professional Women's

Network). She wants to get moreNetwork). She wants to get morevisibility for the KattaPWN and shewants to use the internet for that. Shealso wants to get more people involvedin activities.


Character #6: Marketing

• Praful is VP of marketing at a companythat sells electronics online. He wantshis company website to be the one thathis company website to be the one thatpeople come to for information aboutthe products.


• Consulting and system integration services

– Even large firms do not have resources for a full range of support for new, complex infrastructure

– Software integration: ensuring new


– Software integration: ensuring new infrastructure works with legacy systems

– Legacy systems: older TPS created for mainframes that would be too costly to replace or redesign

– Accenture, IBM Global Services, EDS, Infosys, Wipro



• The emerging mobile digital platform

– Cell phones, smartphones (BlackBerry, iPhone)

• Have assumed data transmission, Web surfing, e-mail and IM duties

• Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends

e-mail and IM duties

– Netbooks:

• Small, low-cost lightweight notebooks optimized for wireless communication and core computing tasks

– Tablets (iPad)

– Networked e-readers (Kindle)



• Grid computing

– Connects geographically remote computers into a single network to combine processing power and create virtual supercomputer


create virtual supercomputer

– Provides cost savings, speed, agility

• Virtualization

– Allows single physical resource to act as multiple resources (i.e., run multiple instances of OS)

– Reduces hardware and power expenditures

– Facilitates hardware centralization



• Cloud computing

– On-demand (utility) computing services obtained over network

• Infrastructure as a service


• Infrastructure as a service

• Platform as a service

• Software as a service

– Cloud can be public or private

– Allows companies to minimize IT investments

– Drawbacks: Concerns of security, reliability



• Green computing– Practices and technologies for manufacturing, using,

disposing of computing and networking hardware

• Autonomic computing


• Autonomic computing– Industry-wide effort to develop systems that can configure,

heal themselves when broken, and protect themselves from outside intruders

– Similar to self-updating antivirus software; Apple and Microsoft both use automatic updates

• High performance, power-saving processors

– Multi-core processors



• Linux and open-source software– Open-source software: Produced by community of

programmers, free and modifiable by user– Linux: Open-source software OS

• Software for the Web

• Contemporary Software Platform Trends

• Software for the Web

– Java: • Object-oriented programming language• Operating system, processor-independent

– Ajax• Asynchronous JavaScript and XML• Allows client and server to exchange small pieces of

data without requiring the page to be reloaded



• Web Services– Software components that exchange information using

Web standards and languages

– XML: Extensible Markup Language• More powerful and flexible than HTML


• More powerful and flexible than HTML

• Tagging allows computers to process data automatically

– SOAP: Simple Object Access Protocol• Rules for structuring messages enabling applications to pass data

and instructions

– WSDL: Web Services Description Language• Framework for describing Web service and capabilities

– UDDI: Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration• Directory for locating Web services



• SOA: Service-oriented architecture

– Set of self-contained services that communicate with each other to create a working software application

– Software developers reuse these services in other


– Software developers reuse these services in other combinations to assemble other applications as needed

• Example: an “invoice service” to serve whole firm for calculating and sending printed invoices

– Dollar Rent A Car

• Uses Web services to link online booking system with Southwest Airlines’Web site



Example Case StudiesExample Case Studies

www.makemytrip.com , www.cleartrip.com

http://in.bookmyshow.com/



• Software outsourcing and cloud services

– Three external sources for software:

1. Software packages and enterprise software

2. Software outsourcing (domestic or offshore)


2. Software outsourcing (domestic or offshore)

– Domestic:

» Primarily for middleware, integration services, software

support

– Offshore:

» Primarily for lower level maintenance, data entry, call

centers, although outsourcing for new-program

development is increasing



• Three external sources for software (cont.)

3. Cloud-based software services

• Software as a service (SaaS)

• Accessed with Web browser over Internet


• Accessed with Web browser over Internet

• Ranges from free or low-cost services for individuals to business and enterprise software

• Users pay on subscription or per-transaction

• E.g. Salesforce.com

• Service Level Agreements (SLAs): formal agreement with service providers



• Software outsourcing and cloud services (cont.)

– Mashups

• Combinations of two or more online applications, such as combining mapping software (Google Maps) with


as combining mapping software (Google Maps) with local content

– Apps

• Small pieces of software that run on the Internet, on your computer, or on your cell phone

– iPhone, BlackBerry, Android

• Generally delivered over the Internet



• Dealing with platform and infrastructure change

– As firms shrink or grow, IT needs to be flexible and scalable

– Scalability:

• Management Issues

– Scalability:

• Ability to expand to serve larger numbers of users

– For mobile computing and cloud computing

• New policies and procedures for managing these new platforms

• Contractual agreements with firms running clouds and distributing software required



• Management and governance

– Who controls IT infrastructure?

– How should IT department be organized?


• Centralized

– Central IT department makes decisions

• Decentralized

– Business unit IT departments make own decisions

– How are costs allocated between divisions, departments?



• Making wise infrastructure investments

– Amount to spend on IT is complex question• Rent vs. buy, outsourcing

– Total cost of ownership (TCO) model


– Total cost of ownership (TCO) model • Analyzes direct and indirect costs

• Hardware, software account for only about 20% of TCO

• Other costs: Installation, training, support, maintenance, infrastructure, downtime, space and energy

• TCO can be reduced through use of cloud services, greater centralization and standardization of hardware and software resources



• Competitive forces model for IT infrastructure investment

1. Market demand for firm’’’’s services

2. Firm’’’’s business strategy


2. Firm’’’’s business strategy

3. Firm’’’’s IT strategy, infrastructure, and cost

4. Information technology assessment

5. Competitor firm services

6. Competitor firm IT infrastructure investments



Management IssuesManagement Issues

COMPETITIVE FORCES MODEL FOR IT INFRASTRUCTURE

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Documents

IT Infrastrcture MIS