MINERAL PROCESSING

Lecturer

Professor Jan Drzymala, Ph.D., D.Sc., Eng.

Room 512, pl. Teatralny 2

Big Bang

atoms H, D, He, (Li)

nucleus (H, D, He, (Li)

largeratoms

chemical compounds

present Universe

protonsneutrons

elemental particles & radiation

3 K18 K6000 K10 K

9

15 bln ys

0.3 mln ys3 min1 s

10 s–43

10 K32

10 K10

wpr 6

1 bln ys

Future of Universe

cosmic era

black erainfla

tion

big bang

black holes era

radiation era

XXI century

degeneration era

photons, neutrino,positons, electrons

black holesneutron starspossible decomposition of protons

atoms starsgalactics (man)

photons: visible,ultrafiolet, radio, Xquarks, protons H, D, Liand neutrons

vaporation of stars and planets, formation of black holes,neutron stars

logarithmic time scale

10-40s 10-30s 1s1 day

1year1 billion

1010years 1050years10100years

by F. Adams, Univ. of Michigan, USA)

Presently known elementary particles of the universe

Elementary particles

Fermions  (matter carriers)

Bosons  (force carriers)

Leptons QuarksWeak(bosons)

Strong(gluons)

Electro-magnetic (photon)

Gravity (graviton)

electron neutrino

up W- boson color 1E1=h1 *

electron down W+ boson color 2 E2=h2

muon neutrino

charm Zo boson color 3 E2=h2

muon strangeE3=h3

tau neutrino

topEn=hn

tau bottom

* not yet discovered

grain

molecule

atom

nucleus

elektron

lower quark

upper quark

gluon

proton

neutron

Elements of matter

magmaticprocesses

post

-mag

mat

ic

proc

esse

swea

ther

- i

ng

transpor- tation

sedimen- tation dia-

genesis

met

amor

- p

hosi

s

palino-genesis

juvenile flux

anath-

exis

Cycle of processes in the Earth crust

(Mg, Fe)2[SiO4] + SiO2 = (Mg, Fe)2[Si2 O6]

olivine + SiO2 = pyroxene (enstatite-ferrosilite)

CaAl2Si2O8 + 4SiO2 + Na2O= 2 NaAlSi3O8 + CaO

anorthite + quartz + Na2O = albite + CaO

primary magma

sulfide melt

basaltic magma

olivine

pyroxene

biotite

hornblende

anorthite

andesite

bytovnite

labradorite

oligoclase

albite

plagioclase

alkaline feldspars+ quartz + muscovite

Bowen's series

Magmatic process

Ca

Na

KMgFe

GabroDiorite

Piroksenite

PeridotiteGranite

Sjenite

Fajalite

Lujawrite

Ijalite

Granodiorite

SiO2

Th

Ba

ZrSr

ClTi

NbTa

Pt

Zr

P

Ni

Cr

Co

Ti

VS

S

Cu

Li

Be

Ta

Y

TiPCoNi

Nb

U

Au

Bi

AgAs

Pb

Sn

Zn

Hg

BW

Mg

Sb

Pb

ZnCu

As

F

Relation between chemical elements and type of magmatic rocks

iron cap

primary zone

cementation zone

weathering zone

secondary sulfides

reduction zone

oxidation zone

carbonatization zone

hydration zone

biosphere zone

sulfate

carbonateshydroxides

primary sulfides

Ore deposits formation, for example

System Elemental cell (lattice) Minerals 1 2 3

1. Regular (C )

a = b = c = = = 90o

halite (NaCl) galena (PbS) fluorite (CaF2)

sphalerite (ZnS)

2. Tetragonal (Q)

a = b c = = = 90o

rutile (TiO2) zyrkon (ZrSiO4) hausmanite (Mn3O4) cassiterite (SnO2)

3. Rombic (O)

a b c

= = = 90o

sulfur (S) barite (BaSO4) stibnite (Sb2S3) anhydrite (CaSO4)

4. Hexagonal (H)

a = b c = = 90o, = 120o

graphite (C) wurzite (ZnS) corundum (Al2O3) covellite (CuS)

5. Trigonal (T ) (romboedric)

a = b = c = = 90o

-quartz (SiO2) calcite (CaCO3) dolomite (MgCa(CO3)2) hematite (Fe3O4)

6. Monoclinic (M)

a b c

= = 90o, 120o

arsenopyrite (Fe-SAs) gipsum (CaSO4

·2H2O) kriolite (Na3AlF6) diopside (Ca-MgSi2O6)

7.Triclinic (A)

a b c

albite (NaAlSi3O8) microcline (KAl-

Crystalline solids

7 elemental cells

A description of the inner structure of crystals makes use of 7 crystallographic systems containing 32 elements of symmetry combined with 14 translation lattices. The combination of 32 classes of symmetry and 14 translation lattices makes 230 space groups.

particular crystal must belong to one of the 230 space groups

To distinguish between space groups there are used two different, international and the Schoenflies, notations. For example, the symbol of NaCl lattice in the international system is Fm3n while in the Schoenflies system is O5h.

Solid chemical compounds occurring in Nature are called

minerals

Presently we know about 4 000 minerals

It is recommended to use names endorsed by the Committee on Names of Minerals and New Minerals of the International Mineralogical

Association

Learn by heart names of 100 most important minerals

Remember:

metallurgy chemical industry

construction materials

wastes

MINERAL PROCESSING

mining raw materials

post-mining raw materials

secondary raw materials

EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY

MINERAL PROCESSING METALLURGY(separations with chemical changes)

feed concentrate

tailing

metalsmelting leachingelectrolysis

grindingscreeningflotation & other

tailing

other industries

(separations without chemical changes)

Upgrading-flotation -gravity-magnetic-etc.

Final treatment -drying -sampling-portioning

-etc.

Comminution

Classification

Fig. 3. Typical treatment of mineral processing operations

MAIN SEPARATION -flotation -gravity-magnetic-etc.

ADDITIONAL SEPARATION-drying -sampling-portioning

-etc.

Mechanical separation (Comminution)

Size separation (Classification)

MINERAL PROCESSING SEPARATIONS

Fig. 4. Treatment of mineral processing operations proposed in this course