Micro Processer

7/29/2019 Micro Processer

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BY:-

AMIT BANSAL

ROLL NO.19


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A microprocessorincorporates most or all of the functions of acentral processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC).

Components of CPUALU, instruction decoder, registers, bus control circuit, etc.

Microcontroller Computer on a single chip of silicon

INTRODUCTION


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SOME PROCESSORS ARE..

1.Dual Core

2.Quad Core

3.core2duo

4. Intel Core i7for desktop

5.AMD(Advanced Micro Devices )Xilleonprocessor

6.Intel Core2 Extreme

7. Intel Celeron processor


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MOTHER-BOARD Structure

Central Processing Unit (CPU): To recognize

and carry out program instructions Input & Output Interfaces: To handle

communications between computer and the

external world

Storage: To hold the program instructionsand data.

Bus: Bridges connecting the components

and transport data and commands
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AMD_X2_3600.jpg


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Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Performsthe actual data manipulation.

Control Unit: Determines the timing and

sequence (or the speed) of operations.

Registers: Holds the internal data temporarilywhile the instructions are being executed.

Components of CPU
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Robert Noyce is the first Intel's founder. The intel 4004 was the worlds

first processor.

The central processing unit also contains the control unit and thearithmetic/logic unit, both working together as a team to process the

computer's commands.

The control unit controls the flow of events inside the processor.


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Registers

Registers

Microprocesor

Instruction

Cache

Arithmetic

& Logic

Unit

Control

UnitBus

Interface

Unit

DataCache

Instruction

Decoder

I/O

RAM

Memory

Bus

System

Bus

FloatingPoint

Unit


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BUS INTERFACE UNIT

Receives instructions & data from mainmemory

Instructions are then sent to the instructioncache, data to the data cache

Also receives the processed data and sends it

to the main memory


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INSTRUCTION DECODER

This unit receives the programming instructionsand decodes them into a form that is

understandable by the processing units, i.e. the

ALU or FPU

Then, it passes on the decoded instruction to

the ALU or FPU


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ARITHMETIC & LOGIC UNIT (ALU)

Also known as the Integer Unit

It performs whole-number math calculations(subtract, multiply, divide, etc) comparisons (isgreater than, is smaller than, etc.) and logicaloperations (NOT, OR, AND, etc)

The new breed of popular microprocessorshave not one but two almost identical ALUsthat can do calculations simultaneously,doubling the capability


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FLOATING-POINT UNIT (FPU)

Also known as the Numeric Unit It performs calculations that involve numbers

represented in the scientific notation (alsoknown as floating-point numbers).

This notation can represent extremely smalland extremely large numbers in a compact form

Floating-point calculations are required fordoing graphics, engineering and scientific work

The ALU can do these calculations as well, but

will do them very slowly


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REGISTERS

Both ALU & FPU have a very small amount ofsuper-fast private memory placed right next to

them for their exclusive use. These are called

registers

The ALU & FPU store intermediate and final

results from their calculations in these registers

Processed data goes back to the data cache

and then to main memory from these registers


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INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Commonly known as an IC or a chip

A tiny piece of Silicon that has several

electronic parts on it

Most of the size of an IC comes form the pins

and packaging; the actual Silicon occupies a

very small piece of the volume

The smallest components on an IC are much

smaller than the thickness of a human hair


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POWER

Power dissipation limits performance Lower voltage

Conditional clocks

Power distribution is a major concern Supply affects circuit performance, reliability

IR drops, L dI/dt drops

Requires careful design of power supply grid

On/off chip decoupling capacitors


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MOORES LAW

In 1965, one of the founders of Intel GordonMoore predicted that the number of

transistor on an IC (and therefore the

capability of microprocessors) will doubleevery year. Later he modified it to 18-months

His prediction still holds true in 02. In fact, thetime required for doubling is contracting to the

original prediction, and is closer to a year now


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EVOLUTION OF INTEL MICROPROCESSORS

4004 8008 8080 8086 286 386 486 Pentium Pentium 2 Pentium 3 Pentium 4

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005


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THANKS..

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Micro Processer