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Luke Droney Memory B cells Explain the process of Bcell memory immunophenotyping and its diagnostic and management implications for CVID Flow for memory Bs uses three significant markers: CD27 (+ve memory marker) CD21 (+ve with maturation) IgD neg/IgM neg (defines isotype switched) The ‘Freiburg’ classification defines two main groups: 1. Reduction of isotypeswitched memory B cells (CD27+/IgM/IgD) – expressed as percentage of lymphocytes 2. Normal memory B cells Group 1 is further divided: 1a. Increased proportion of naïve B cells 1b. Normal proportion of naïve (CD21) B cells Reference ranges suggested by the Freiburg classification and confirmed in subsequent studies: Memory Bs >0.4% of peripheral blood lymphocytes CD21 B cells <20% (expressed as a percentage of total B cells) Or represented graphically in the Westmead cohort: There’s also the ‘Paris’ classification: 1. MB0: reduced memory B cells (as a proportion of total B cells)

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Page 1: Memory B cells - LD - WordPress.com€™B’cells’ ’ ExplaintheprocessofB2cellmemoryimmunophenotypinganditsdiagnosticand(managementimplicationsforCVID

Luke  Droney  

Memory  B  cells    Explain  the  process  of  B-­‐cell  memory  immunophenotyping  and  its  diagnostic  and  management  implications  for  CVID    Flow  for  memory  Bs  uses  three  significant  markers:  

•   CD27  (+ve  -­‐  memory  marker)  •   CD21  (+ve  with  maturation)  •   IgD  neg/IgM  neg  (defines  isotype  switched)  

 The  ‘Freiburg’  classification  defines  two  main  groups:  

1.   Reduction  of  isotype-­‐switched  memory  B  cells  (CD27+/IgM-­‐/IgD-­‐)  –  expressed  as  percentage  of  lymphocytes  

2.   Normal  memory  B  cells    Group  1  is  further  divided:  1a.  Increased  proportion  of  naïve  B  cells  1b.  Normal  proportion  of  naïve  (CD21-­‐)  B  cells    Reference  ranges  suggested  by  the  Freiburg  classification  and  confirmed  in  subsequent  studies:  

•   Memory  Bs  >0.4%  of  peripheral  blood  lymphocytes  •   CD21-­‐  B  cells  <20%  (expressed  as  a  percentage  of  total  B  cells)  

 Or  represented  graphically  in  the  Westmead  cohort:      

   There’s  also  the  ‘Paris’  classification:  

1.   MB0:  reduced  memory  B  cells  (as  a  proportion  of  total  B  cells)  

Page 2: Memory B cells - LD - WordPress.com€™B’cells’ ’ ExplaintheprocessofB2cellmemoryimmunophenotypinganditsdiagnosticand(managementimplicationsforCVID

Luke  Droney  

2.   MB1:  normal  levels  of  non-­‐isotype  switched  memory  B  cells  (IgD+/CD27+)  but  deficient  switched  memory  B  cells  

3.   MB2:  normal  memory  B  cells    Represented  graphically,  thanks  to  Westmead  again:    

   Process:  Flow  with  the  following  markers:  

•   CD19  •   CD21  •   CD27  •   CD20  •   IgD  

 Analysis  –  Path  QLD  plots:    

Page 3: Memory B cells - LD - WordPress.com€™B’cells’ ’ ExplaintheprocessofB2cellmemoryimmunophenotypinganditsdiagnosticand(managementimplicationsforCVID

Luke  Droney  

   Results  from  studies:  

•   The  Freiburg  classification  found  an  increased  occurrence  of  splenomegaly  and  autoimmune  cytopaenias  in  group  1a.  

•   Paris  classification  showed  increased  incidence  of  splenomegaly,  lymphoproliferation  and  granulomatous  disease  in  MB0,  increased  splenomegaly  in  MB1  but  equal  prevalence  of  autoimmunity  in  all  three  groups.  

•   The  Westmead  cohort  showed:  o   Increased  splenomegaly,  lymphadenopathy,  autoimmune  cytopaenias  

in  Freiburg  1a  group  c.f  1b  and  2.  o   Paris  classification  was  not  as  useful.  MB2  were  less  likely  to  display  

lymphoproliferation  and  cytopaenias.  o   Increased  immature  B  cells  were  associated  with  lymphoproliferation  

and  autoimmune  cytopaenias.  •   A  French  study  (Mouillot  et  al  J  Clin  Immunol  2010)  in  a  cohort  of  313  with  

CVID  showed:  o   Decreased  switched  memory  B  cells  in  patients  with  ‘infection  only’  

but  more  marked  defects  in  patients  affected  by  lymphoproliferation,  autoimmune  cytopaenias  and  chronic  enteropathy.  

o   Patients  with  these  manifestations  were  also  more  likely  to  have  an  increase  in  CD21-­‐  B  cells.  

o   In  this  study  there  was  no  link  between  transitional  B  cells  (IgM++/CD38++)  and  clinical  phenotype.  

o   (Patients  with  the  above  manifestations  also  had  a  more  marked  decrease  in  naïve  CD4+  and  CD8+  T  cells,  an  increase  in  activated  T  cells  and  a  decrease  in  T  regs)  

Page 4: Memory B cells - LD - WordPress.com€™B’cells’ ’ ExplaintheprocessofB2cellmemoryimmunophenotypinganditsdiagnosticand(managementimplicationsforCVID

Luke  Droney  

•   A  French  study  published  in  2008  (same  cohort)  (Oksenhendler  et  al)  demonstrated  that  patients  with  switched  memory  Bs  <2%  of  total  B  cells  had  an  increased  requirement  for  antibiotics  and  were  more  likely  to  progress  to  bronichectasis.  

•   Patients  with  decreased  non-­‐switched  (IgD+)  memory  B  cells  have  impaired  IgM  responses  to  polysaccharide  pneumococcal  vaccine  and  increased  risk  of  pneumococcal  pneumonia.  

•   As  an  aside,  post-­‐splenectomy  patients  commonly  display  a  reduction  in  non-­‐switched  memory  B  cells  and  looking  for  this  reduction  may  select  a  sub-­‐group  of  patients  whom  benefit  most  from  antibiotic  prophylaxis  

 Therefore  I  would  say  that  the  clinical  utility  of  B-­‐cell  immunophenotyping  in  CVID  is:  

•   To  identify  a  subset  of  patients  with  reduced  switched  memory  B  cells  that  have  been  demonstrated  to  have  an  increased  risk  of  splenomegaly  and  lymphadenopathy.  

•   These  patients  also  have  a  greater  requirement  for  antibiotics  and  are  more  likely  to  progress  to  bronchiectasis.  

•   Patients  with  reduced  memory  B  cells  also  have  an  increased  risk  of  granulomatous  disease.  

•   An  increase  of  CD21  -­‐    B  cells  (both  Freiburg  group  1  and  group  2)  has  been  associated  with  autoimmune  cytopaenias  and  lymphoproliferation.  

   Other:  

•   A  marked  reduction  in  switched  memory  B  cells  is  seen  in  XLP  and  X-­‐linked  hyper-­‐IgM  syndrome.  i.e  male  patients  in  Freiburg  1  group  should  have  these  excluded.  

•   The  observed  increased  CD21-­‐  immature  B  cell  population  may  represent  a  subset  of  chronically  activated  B  cells  that  contribute  to  autoimmunity  –  similar  to  SLE.